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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="6">文章部分</bgydF4y2Bautton> <div class="sc-iSDuPN hKBkaE static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-hZSUBg gogxKe sc-RcBXQ eDANAO left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#abstract" aria-label="">摘要</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#materials-and-methods" aria-label="">材料和方法</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#results" aria-label="">结果</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#discussion" aria-label="">讨论</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">致谢</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#references" aria-label="">参考文献</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-cqCuEk dDomlX article_header_class"> <p class="sc-ipZHIp hDKZCZ article_type">研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放访问</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="sc-iGrrsa eZlme article_citation"> 体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2010<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-dEoRIm gusDuS">|</gydF4y2Baspan>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 701212<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-dEoRIm gusDuS">|</gydF4y2Baspan> 10.<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-dEoRIm gusDuS">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtggT iUDBGe" href="https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/701212" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/701212</一个> </div> <h1 class="sc-jAaTju cxkaTM sc-bmyXtO lmNMHJ article_title">PKG和PKC在胚胎干细胞心肌细胞分化过程中下调:这些途径的操纵提高心肌细胞的产量</gydF4y2Bah1> </div> <div class="sc-jeCdPy bpzNtR article_authors"> <hr class="sc-likbZx PHYWq hr__author"> <span class="">斯蒂芬·莫布里<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->，<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">杰西卡·m·Shookhof<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->，<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">卡拉Foshay<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->，<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">米歇尔公园<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->，<gydF4y2Basup>2</gydF4y2Basup> 和</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class=""><b>G. Ian Gallicano.</bgydF4y2Ba><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail to Author Option"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-jtRlXQ jIaDFG" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a><sup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <div class="sc-ePZHVD eecoTM isHide"> <p><sup>1</gydF4y2Basup><span>乔治敦大学医学中心生物化学与分子与细胞生物学系，Med/Dent Building NE205, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057-1455, USA</gydF4y2Baspan></p> <p><sup>2</gydF4y2Basup><span>美国弗吉尼亚州亚历山大市布拉多克路6560号托马斯杰斐逊科学技术高中科学技术部生物技术和生命科学实验室</gydF4y2Baspan></p> </div> <button class="sc-kEYyzF gRIXYh sc-bEjcJn cFrLKZ" color="">显示更多</bgydF4y2Bautton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑：</bgydF4y2Ba>Jeffrey平衡台</dgydF4y2Baiv> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">已收到</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2009年6月11日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2009年11月26日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2010年1月20日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2010年4月26日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-kZmsYB iukjRu article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">摘要</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>如果要将成年干细胞或胚胎干细胞(ESCs)用于治疗疾病，了解其分化的信号转导机制是非常必要的。虽然调控干细胞分化的信号通路越来越多，但还远远不够完整。确定细胞谱系的调控机制和时间进程是产生纯群体最终分化细胞类型的必要条件，在ESCs中，抑制畸胎瘤的形成。为此，我们研究了参与心肌生成的特定信号机制，然后操纵这些途径来增强ESCs向心肌细胞分化。通过对新生esc来源的心肌细胞进行蛋白质组学分析，我们发现心肌生成受到一些激酶的上调和下调的影响，其中cmp依赖的蛋白激酶(PKG)在分化过程中显著下调。进一步研究，我们发现，与没有抑制剂的ESCs相比，使用PKG特异性抑制剂操纵PKG途径可以从ESCs产生更多的心肌细胞。此外，我们发现在培养抑制PKG和PKC亚型的ESCs时存在组合效应。因此，我们提出了一个新的假设:下调PKG和特定的PKC通路对心肌生成是必要的，当调控这些通路时，这些通路产生的心肌细胞明显多于未处理的ESCs。</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1.介绍</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>为了实现干细胞治疗的目标，必须了解调控成人或胚胎干细胞从未分化状态过渡到分化状态的各种机制。这一概念对于从胚胎干细胞中产生真正的终末分化细胞类型，防止畸胎瘤的形成非常重要。干细胞治疗的一个主要候选对象是修复心脏疾病引起的梗死区域。目前面临的挑战是找到在心脏重塑中防止细胞死亡的修复机制，并引入新生心肌细胞来恢复心脏功能。一种可能的解决方法是成体或ES细胞心肌成形术[<一个href="#B1">1</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B4">4</一个>］．但是，如果没有详细理解调节ES细胞分化的机制，一旦考虑临床使用，质量控制问题就比着。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>如在胚胎中，ES细胞分化被认为是一种感应过程，其中每个种系层的发展影响了其他胚层。一旦我们了解干细胞如何履行某个命运，我们可以永远放弃其多能性，我们可以使用这些知识来增强命运定向的ES形细胞分化。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>有了这个概念，我们之前演示了JAK/STAT3的功能重要性[<一个href="#B5">5</一个>ES细胞中的PKC途径，因为它们分化为击打心肌细胞[<一个href="#B6">6</一个>］．在这里，我们不仅揭示了PKG的功能重要性，而且还展示了该通路如何被操纵以诱导ES细胞形成比对照组明显更多的心肌细胞。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>PKG是一种在许多系统中被广泛研究的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶[<一个href="#B7">7</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B9">9</一个>］．在血管平滑肌中，PKG1已被证明通过磷酸化肌球蛋白结合亚基激活肌球蛋白轻链(MLC)磷酸酶，从而抑制MLC的磷酸化和收缩[<一个href="#B10">10.</一个>］．最近的证据表明，PKG激活可通过磷酸化和抑制心脏l型干扰心功能<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.2" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.17554pt;width:35.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.174999 14.2" width="35.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1394529" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.78,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>通道电流<gydF4y2Basvg height="16.137501" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:40.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.237499 16.137501" width="40.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.79,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.06,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.87,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.03,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>以及PKA，快速减少电压依赖性<gydF4y2Basvg height="12.5375" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.13792pt;width:26.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.1875 12.5375" width="26.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8021116" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.6,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>哺乳动物心室肌细胞的目前[<一个href="#B11">11.</一个>］．</gydF4y2Bap> <p>基于PKG1与肌肉收缩减弱相关的证据，结合激酶表达筛查(图)<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>)提示心肌细胞PKG1缺失，我们假设PKG1必须下调才能使ES细胞完全分化成跳动的心肌细胞。此外，基于我们之前的工作，我们假设操纵PKG和PKC途径将比未处理的ES细胞产生更多的心肌细胞。为了验证我们的假设，我们将ES细胞暴露于特定的PKG抑制剂中，并分析了ES细胞的分化。我们发现，与对照组相比，在ES细胞分化过程中抑制PKG1可以促进心肌生成。此外，结合PKC亚型拮抗剂[<一个href="#B6">6</一个>]和PKG1明显增加心肌细胞的产量。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="701212.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="http://www.kinexus.ca/">http://www.kinexus.ca/</一个> <math id="M4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> G</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math> <table> 图表显示了直接从Kinexus蛋白激酶筛网拍摄的原始和归一化数据。（a）Kinexus Inc.（gydF4y2Ba）使用具有16位摄像头（BIO-RAD FLUN-S MAX MULTIMER）的高敏感的成像系统，与定量软件（BIO-RAD量一）组合以量化和分析化学发光样品。在最大扫描时间扫描在最大扫描时间时的每个带的结果跟踪量被称为原始数据。随着扫描时间和带强度之间的关系在信号强度的可量化范围内线性，来自扫描的原始数据被标准化为60秒（每分钟计数-C.p.m。）。（b）正常化后，通过减去控制（非竞选）标准化C.M.将数据转换为百分比。从实验（殴打）归一化C.M.，然后除以对照（非竞选）归一化C.M.的差异。并乘以100.（c）与非公开区域相比，来自Kinexus报告的实际PKG1带在跳动区域中显示出更强的信号。（c）中的红线是由计算机生成并使用的，以找到正确的频段。（d）随访Western印迹确认了Kinexus数据。通过向小管蛋白归一化，计算PKG1蛋白水平的比率，显示出在非拍摄区域中有1.7倍（69％）的PKG1与搏动区域。（e） - （g）与非匹配区域相比，EBS的共聚焦显微镜在非靶向肌钙蛋白（E） - （F）表示的非拍摄区域中的PKG1水平较高。 Arrows point to PKG1 within cells negative for cardiac troponin. Scale bar in= 100微米。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="materials-and-methods">2.材料和方法</gydF4y2Bah4> <h5 id="sec2.1">2．1.细胞</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>多能cce型小鼠胚胎干细胞[<一个href="#B12">12.</一个>]，如[<一个href="#B5">5</一个>，<一个href="#B6">6</一个>，<一个href="#B13">13.</一个>]，并诱导其按照既定的协议进行分化[<一个href="#B5">5</一个>，<一个href="#B6">6</一个>，<一个href="#B13">13.</一个>］．在悬浮7天后，人工将EBs从悬浮培养皿中取出，并放入一个24孔培养皿中的每个孔中。在第11 ~ 18天，利用相显微镜监测EBs的节律性搏动。实验模型如下:对照EBs，对照EBs加DMSO, EBs加PKG1抑制剂，EBs加PKG或PKC<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>或pkc.<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.425" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.4875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4875002 13.425" width="8.4875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>抑制剂。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。试剂</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>PKG1的<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1750002" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>细胞渗透性抑制剂DT-3购自Calbiochem (San Diego, CA)， 100倍DMSO溶解。DT-3是一种分子抑制剂，而不是一种药理学药物，是调节亚基的一部分，只与PKG1特异性结合并抑制PKG1<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1875" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:12.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.85 7.1875" width="12.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.0391889" y="0"> ．</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>DT-3的工作浓度为50<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.6750002" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M. Myr-PKC伪底物购自Biomol (Plymouth Meeting, PA)。每一种抑制剂在使用前立即在DMSO中溶解100X。未使用的抑制剂被aliquote并存储在<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0375" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:45.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.237499 11.0375" width="45.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> 8</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.816055" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.88,68.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∘</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.32,63.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> ．</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>PKC抑制剂是与各自的rack(活化蛋白激酶C受体)结合的氨基酸序列[<一个href="#B6">6</一个>，<一个href="#B14">14.</一个>，<一个href="#B15">15.</一个>］．</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.3">２.３.rt - pcr,<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.875" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9124999 9.875" width="7.9124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>RT-PCR, Western Blot分析，共聚焦显微镜和视频显微镜</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>按[<一个href="#B5">5</一个>，<一个href="#B6">6</一个>，<一个href="#B13">13.</一个>］．为了<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.875" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9124999 9.875" width="7.9124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>RT-PCR，所有RNA样品用mirVana miRNA isolation kit (Ambion, Austin, TX)提取。样品经dnase处理以消化和污染基因组DNA，并稀释至10 ng/<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.6750002" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>L.借助于使用Promega Biomath网站设计所有引物<一个href="http://www.promega.com/biomath/calc11.htm" target="_blank">http://www.promega.com/biomath/calc11.htm</一个>．用RT²First Strand Kit (C-03)和<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:25.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.8125 13.775" width="25.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0394287" y="0"> T</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.27,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>SYBR Green qPCR Master Mixes (PA-012)来自SA Biosciences (Frederick, MD)。所有qRT-PCR反应均为非rt对照。每个样本重复三次，每次实验至少重复三次。根据制造商的说明，所有样品使用SDS 2.1软件在Applied Biosystems ABI Prism 7500系统上运行。样本分析使用SA生物科学网站上的可下载表格<一个href="http://www.sabiosciences.com/pcrarraydataanalysis.php" target="_blank">http://www.sabiosciences.com/pcrarraydataanalysis.php</一个>．以GAPDH作为内源性RNA对照，将每个样本归一化以其表达。所有样品使用SDS 2.1软件在Applied Biosystems ABI Prism 7500系统上运行。通过计算相对基因表达量<gydF4y2Basvg height="19.0375" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-4.05911pt;width:39.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.150002 19.0375" width="39.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.7,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.314064" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.07,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-18.629999" y="9.21"> T</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>方法。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.4">２.４.流式细胞仪分析</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>流式细胞术数据分析与[<一个href="#B16">16.</一个>］．乔治城大学的成员流式细胞术核心设施获得并分析了所有流式细胞术数据。简而言之，将EBS胰蛋白酶化，固定在4％甲醛中，并在阻断缓冲液中用0.1％Triton-X-100渗透。心肌肌钙蛋白的一抗来自Santa Cruz Inc.和来自来自分子探针（Eugene，Oregon）的Alexa Fluor 488荧光染料缀合的二抗。将原发性抗体加入到样品中1小时，然后在封闭缓冲液中进行5次洗涤。然后对样品进行次生抗体1小时，然后在PBS中进行5次洗涤。这<gydF4y2Bai>x</gydF4y2Bai>轴是心肌肌钙蛋白的荧光水平。这<gydF4y2Bai>y</gydF4y2Bai>轴是小区数。M1标记心脏阳性细胞。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.5">2.5。统计数据</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>本研究中所有实验组至少重复3次。为了显示数据，图上的每个点代表一个平均值<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.3249998" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 9.3249998" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ±</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>平均值的标准误差(SEM;用误差条表示)，用于实验组或观察。为了确定实验组和观察点之间的统计差异，我们采用Microsoft Excel提供的方差分析统计软件包(修改后)<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>以及)。显示百分比的图表以两种方式进行分析:将给定处理组的所有数据汇集在一起，或者获得每个实验的百分比，并生成所有实验的扫描电镜。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="results">3.结果</gydF4y2Bah4> <h5 id="sec3.1">3．1.搏动区PKG1蛋白和mRNA水平降低</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>来自激酶表达屏幕的原始数据表明与非拍摄控制区域相比，在跳动区域中PKG1的显着降低（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个> <svg height="13.45" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:17.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.475 13.45" width="17.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个> <svg height="13.45" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:17.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.475 13.45" width="17.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> c</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）.两个独立实验室的Western blot分析证实了PKG1在心肌细胞中的下调(图)<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个> <svg height="13.5625" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.5625" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> d</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）.在将蛋白质水平的强度正常化到小管蛋白之后，测定非匹配区域比跳动区域具有1.7倍（69％）的PKG1蛋白。共聚焦显微镜证实了蛋白质组学屏幕（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>(e) -<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>（G））。新分化，击打心肌肌钙蛋白T-（TNNT2-）阳性染色鉴定的心肌细胞（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个> <svg height="13.5625" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:15.7375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.7375 13.5625" width="15.7375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> f</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3269978" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)显示，与tnnt2阴性、非搏动区相比，搏动区PKG1水平较低(图)<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个> <svg height="13.45" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:17.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.475 13.45" width="17.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个> <svg height="14.1" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 14.1" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.72)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）.与确认Western印迹分析的非匹配区域相比，半定量RT-PCR显示出跳动区域的大约一半的PKG1 mRNA水平大约一半（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig2/" target="_blank">2(一个)</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (b)</一个>）.</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（一种）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.002a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.002a.jpg"> <br> <strong>（一种）</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（b）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.002b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.002b.jpg"> <br> <strong>（b）</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（C）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.002c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.002c.jpg"> <br> <strong>（C）</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.002d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.002d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig2"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="（一种）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.002a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.002a.jpg"><br><strong>（一种）</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="（b）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.002b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.002b.jpg"><br><strong>（b）</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="（C）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.002c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.002c.jpg"><br><strong>（C）</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.002d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.002d.jpg"><br><strong>(d)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig2"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B4">4</一个> <a href="#B10">10.</一个> <math id="M23" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mo> ±</gydF4y2Bamo> </mrow> </math> <math id="M24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mo> ±</gydF4y2Bamo> </mrow> </math> <math id="M25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 005.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math> <table> 采用pkg1特异性引物进行半定量RT-PCR检测基因表达。(a)按[gydF4y2Ba，gydF4y2Ba]，然后进行RNA分离和定量。对照GAPDH RT-PCR扩增发现有35个循环在线性范围内，PCR反应中的核苷酸未耗尽。(b)归一化至GAPDH水平后，与非搏动区相比，搏动区PKG1 mRNA水平降低约一半(像素强度= 70)13.．9gydF4y2Ba到11.019．．1，resp。）。与跳动区域相比，PKG mRNA信号的代表性比在非拍摄区域中显示出1.98倍（在（b）中的插图）。（c）抑制PKG1导致戏剧性和显着性（）增加EBs内的击打面积;然而，PKG抑制并没有改变EBs的总大小(d)。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。PKG1抑制会影响心肌细胞分化</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>然后我们测试抑制PKG是否会影响ES细胞分化为心肌细胞。我们发现治疗后2-3天，DT-3处理EBS的跳动区域明显大于未经处理的对照（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (c)</一个>）.在图中检查了同一个EBS<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (c)</一个>测量了总EB面积(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (d)</一个>)，显示对照EBs和dt -3处理EBs大小相同，这为抑制PKG比未处理对照组产生更多心肌细胞提供了证据。重要的是要注意添加PKG和PKC抑制剂的时间。我们总是在把EBs放入24孔培养皿后的第3天添加抑制剂。与对照组相比，在此之前(例如，EBs在悬浮液中)、第3天之后或搏动已经开始后添加抑制剂并没有显著增加搏动区域。事实上，在电镀之前添加抑制剂可以防止EBs像未经处理的EBs一样大。我们不知道这一发现的原因，但我们推测，在悬浮状态下，ES细胞需要活性的PKG和PKC来增殖。用解剖显微镜目镜上的标线测量搏动区域，或用免疫细胞化学对EBs染色后测量搏动区域。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。组合PKG和PKC同种型抑制剂促进ES细胞衍生的心肌细胞分化</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>当胚胎干细胞被诱导通过心肌细胞通路时，通常只有一小部分胚胎干细胞变成心肌细胞[<一个href="#B5">5</一个>，<一个href="#B6">6</一个>，<一个href="#B17">17.</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B19">19.</一个>］．我们之前发现PKC通路的分子操纵显著增加了这个百分比[<一个href="#B6">6</一个>类似于操纵PKG通路(上)。基于这些观察，我们推测，与单独或控制任一途径相比，如果两条途径都被显著抑制，将产生更多的心肌细胞。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>分析每种治疗的100多个EBs，我们常规观察到，与对照组相比，在DT-3或DT-3 + PKC抑制剂孵育后，EBs跳动更快(图)<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/" target="_blank">3(一个)</一个>）.平均到分化第12天，10%的未处理/DMSO对照EBs有搏动区<gydF4y2Basvg height="5.7874999" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 5.7874999" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,5.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-67.37)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,67.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 〜</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>40%的治疗EBs有殴打区域。这种趋势在整个实验过程中一直持续着。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（一种）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.003a.jpg"> <br> <strong>（一种）</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（b）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.003b.jpg"> <br> <strong>（b）</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（C）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.003c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.003c.jpg"> <br> <strong>（C）</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig3"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="（一种）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.003a.jpg"><br><strong>（一种）</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="（b）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.003b.jpg"><br><strong>（b）</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="（C）gydF4y2Ba" name="701212.fig.003c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.003c.jpg"><br><strong>（C）</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig3"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <math id="M27" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> β</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math> <math id="M28" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> ζ</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/tab1/">1</一个> <math id="M29" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mo stretchy="false"> （</gydF4y2Bamo> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 05.</gydF4y2Bamn> <mo stretchy="false"> ）</gydF4y2Bamo> </math> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/tab2/">2</一个> <math id="M30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> μ</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math> <math id="M31" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> n</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math> <table> 将每个EB镀入24孔板的孔中2天后(去除LIF后9天)，DT-3和DT-3 + PKCgydF4y2Ba或DT-3 + PKCgydF4y2Ba抑制剂添加到不同的EBs中。单独使用载体和未经处理的EBs作为对照。2天后(取出LIF后第11天)对EBs进行搏动分析。作为额外的对照，所有四名作者都例行地进行盲计数以减少主观性。作者之间的差异很少，但当它们发生时，大多数作者观察到的形态被用作数据点。(a)单独抑制PKG或pkc β或zeta联合抑制PKG，与对照相比，显著增加了至少一个跳动区域的EBs。意义见表gydF4y2Ba在每个时间点。DT-3 + PKCBeta或Zeta抑制剂的组合在与单独的DT-3相比，在更多EB的趋势中显示出具有至少一个跳动区域的EBS。意义gydF4y2Ba在第14天达到。(b)单独抑制PKG或PKCbeta或zeta联合抑制PKG，与对照相比，EBs内的搏动区域显著增加。意义见表gydF4y2Ba在每个时间点。(c)受到DT-3和pkc - beta特异性抑制剂作用的典型第14天EB生长。NB =非跳动区，B =跳动区。箭头表示大跳动区域收缩的方向流动。比例尺= 100gydF4y2Ba米。(a)和(b)中分析的EBs的数量如下所示(例如，gydF4y2Ba= 211 EBs用于DT-3治疗)。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>当计算并平均单个跳动区域时，抑制PKG和PKC对心肌细胞分化的组合效果变得清晰（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/" target="_blank">3 (b)</一个>）.到第12天，仅使用DT-3治疗的EBs与对照组相比搏动区域有20%的差异，而到第16天，使用DT-3抑制的EBs与对照组相比有40%的差异。同时使用了DT-3和PKC抑制剂的EBs在第15天达到了平均55%的峰值。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>跳动模式独特的PKG-和PKC<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>- 也观察到EBS。在文化14天后，PKG-和PKC中的击败区域<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>−受抑制的EBs覆盖了大约2X的控制EBs的总面积(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/" target="_blank">3 (c)</一个>）;然而，抑制剂单独或联合使用均不影响EB的总体大小。它们也只在边缘显示出少量细胞死亡(由台班蓝分析，数据未显示)。有趣的是，在PKG/ pkc抑制的EBs中，收缩似乎在两个大的同时搏动区域之间“流动”，而对照组EBs的搏动区域通常是孤立的。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>拍击频率也被测量;然而，在PKC/PKG抑制剂或不使用PKC/PKG抑制剂的心肌细胞分化方面没有观察到显著差异。对照组EBs心跳率为78<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.3125" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 9.3125" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.55)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>PKC治疗EBs的搏动频率为5次/分<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>、PKG和PKC<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>/PKG抑制剂为70<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.3249998" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 9.3249998" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ±</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>6击/分，68<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.3249998" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 9.3249998" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ±</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>每分钟5次，65次<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.3249998" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 9.3249998" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ±</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别5次/分钟。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.4">3．4．荧光激活细胞分选揭示eb衍生心肌细胞分化的变化</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>治疗后的EBs搏动区明显增大;然而，很难辨别是更多的细胞在跳动，还是与对照组相同数量的跳动细胞只是分散在更大的EB中。为了确定哪种方案是正确的，我们将处理过的EBs和未处理过的EBs分别置于流式细胞术(FACS)中，结果表明，处理类型影响了ES细胞来源的心肌细胞的产生。尽管与对照EBs相比，所有处理均显著增加了心肌细胞数量，但DT-3 + PKC处理EBs的心肌细胞比例最高<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.425" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>抑制剂（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>）.这些结果证实，EBS内的不同信号转导途径的操纵可以将更多的细胞同乘，以使心肌细胞比未处理的对照EBS成为心肌细胞。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="701212.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B5">5</一个> <a href="#B6">6</一个> <a href="#B17">17.</一个> <math id="M37" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> x</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math> <math id="M38" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math> <math id="M39" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> β</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math> <math id="M40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math> <math id="M41" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mo stretchy="false"> （</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 1</gydF4y2Bamn> <mo stretchy="false"> ）</gydF4y2Bamo> </math> <i>不</gydF4y2Bai> <math id="M42" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mo stretchy="false"> （</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 2</gydF4y2Bamn> <mo stretchy="false"> ）</gydF4y2Bamo> </math> <table> 使用流式细胞术(FACS)分析，采用常规方案量化从ES细胞分化的心肌细胞百分比(对照:DMSO载体+无药物[gydF4y2Ba，gydF4y2Ba，），并使用PKG和/或PKC同型抑制剂。(a) - (e)具有代表性的FACS原始数据。这gydF4y2Ba轴是心肌肌钙蛋白的荧光水平。y轴是单元格数。M1表示心肌肌钙蛋白(+)细胞。(a)与对照组相比，单独抑制PKG(蓝色线)显著推动更多细胞向心肌细胞谱系分化(红色线)。然而,(b) - (c)结合包裹和PKC抑制剂倾斜ES细胞分化进一步向心肌细胞谱系相比DT-3-treated EBs (a)和控制EBs数量最高的心脏troponin-positive细胞中发现EBs接受DT-3和PKCbeta特定抑制剂(b)。(d) - (e) PKC抑制剂单独的数量也增加了(f)四个实验中心肌肌钙蛋白表达细胞的比例使用二项比例的双样本检验进行分析。PKG/ pkc β -(紫色条)抑制的CCE细胞表达心肌肌钙蛋白的比例显著高于未用药的EBs细胞(红色条;gydF4y2Ba）.抑制PKCgydF4y2Ba与所有其他治疗相比，PKG导致心肌细胞最显着增加（gydF4y2Ba值显示为每个比较)。FACS分析采用两种类型的对照:gydF4y2Ba通过分析分化的EBs细胞设置流式细胞仪参数gydF4y2Ba分化的eb细胞只接受二次抗体gydF4y2Ba将处理过的EBs细胞与未经处理(或DMSO载体)EBs细胞经原代(抗心肌钙蛋白)和二次抗体处理后的细胞进行比较。EBs在没有药物(即未治疗)或没有药物的情况下分化，但在DMSO载体中显示几乎相同比例的分化心肌细胞(数据未显示)。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.5">3．5．qRT-PCR提示PKG在心肌细胞分化的基因水平上起作用</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>在接下来的实验中，我们比较了未处理的EBs与单独使用DT-3或DT-3 + PKC处理的EBs<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>摘除LIF后第12天。我们根据图中的观察选择了这个时间点<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/" target="_blank">3.</一个>，这表明在DT-3或DT-3 + PKC中心肌细胞明显更快被观察到<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.425" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>抑制剂处理的EBs与未处理的EBs相比。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>与未治疗的EBs相比，DT-3 + PKC治疗的EBs至少有8个心脏基因上调<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>抑制剂（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个> <svg height="13.45" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:17.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.475 13.45" width="17.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）.有趣的是，当DT-3 + PKC时，特定的心脏基因增强<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>合并抑制剂（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个> <svg height="13.5625" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.5625" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> b</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）.在DT-3处理的EBS中，ANP增加2.87倍（图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个> <svg height="13.45" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:17.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.475 13.45" width="17.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)，而在DT-3 + PKC组ANP增加6.37倍<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>inhibitor-treated细胞(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个> <svg height="13.5625" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.5625" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> b</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）.MLC2a在dt -3处理的细胞中增加了95.24倍(图)<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个> <svg height="13.45" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:17.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.475 13.45" width="17.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）;而在DT-3 + PKC组中增加了251.29倍<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>inhibitor-treated细胞(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个> <svg height="13.5625" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.5625" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> b</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）.DT-3 + PKC<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>与DT-3处理的细胞（3.85倍）相比，抑制剂处理的细胞也具有更高的心脏特异性细胞骨架标记物，CTNT（37.50倍）。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="701212.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sci/volume-2010/701212/figures/701212.fig.005.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/">3(一个)</一个> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/">3 (b)</一个> <i>β</gydF4y2Bai> <i>β</gydF4y2Bai> <i>β</gydF4y2Bai> <table> PKG与PKC组合增加了如QRT-PCR所示的心脏标志物。（a） - （c）中的时间点相当于图12中的第12天gydF4y2Ba和gydF4y2Ba．(a)阴性对照(未处理)与PKG抑制剂:与阴性对照(未处理)EBs相比，DT-3治疗EBs导致早期心脏标志物、心房心脏标志物、心脏标志物、Nkx2.5以及心脏特异性细胞骨架蛋白增加。(b)阴性对照对PKC的联合治疗gydF4y2Ba抑制剂和DT-3: PKC联合治疗gydF4y2Ba和PKG抑制剂显著上调心房心脏标记物和心肌肌钙蛋白T基因。(c) DT-3治疗与PKC联合治疗gydF4y2Ba抑制剂和DT-3:与PKG单独治疗相比，PKC和PKG联合治疗显著上调心房标记物ANP和MLC2a。(d)用于qRT-PCR的心脏标志物表。图的颜色代码=图中的条形图。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>有趣的是，当比较单独使用DT-3和DT-3 + PKC治疗的EBs时<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>在去除LIF后的第12天，我们发现DT-3 + PKC中心房标记物上调<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>抑制剂处理的EBS。当所有数据组合时，它们支持我们的假设，即与未经处理的EBS相比，同时抑制PKC和PKG的抑制增加了心肌细胞的数量，以及PKC的下调<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>PKG似乎引导他们进入心房通路。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="discussion">4.讨论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>PKG1的信号转导机制在许多系统中都有研究;然而，PKG1在初始心肌细胞分化中的作用尚不清楚[<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>，<一个href="#B21">21.</一个>］．先前的研究表明，PKG1蛋白和基因表达在敲打心肌细胞时减少了[<一个href="#B22">22.</一个>］．在这里，我们表明，在心肌发生过程中，在ES细胞中物理下调PKG产生比未处理的对照的更多心肌细胞。这些结果支持我们的假设，下调PKG1刺激ES细胞分化成心肌细胞，并且与单独的抑制剂或未治疗的对照相比，组合PKG / PKC特异性抑制剂导致有明显更多的心肌细胞。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>为什么pkg和pkc会<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>和<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.425" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.4875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4875002 13.425" width="8.4875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在殴打区域需要降低管制吗?一个答案是PKG可以被一氧化氮(NO)激活，通过鸟苷酸环化酶将GTP转化为cGMP [<一个href="#B7">7</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B9">9</一个>］．尤其是在心脏谱系之前的分化阶段的ES细胞中不断存在于ES细胞中的[<一个href="#B22">22.</一个>，<一个href="#B23">23.</一个>］．过去研究的证据表明，cGMP可以减弱成人心肌细胞的肌肉收缩[<一个href="#B11">11.</一个>，<一个href="#B24">24.</一个>通过抑制心脏的l型<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.2" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-0.17554pt;width:35.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.174999 14.2" width="35.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1394529" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.78,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>通道电流<gydF4y2Basvg height="16.137501" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:40.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.237499 16.137501" width="40.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.79,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.06,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.87,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.03,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>以及PKA，电压依赖性快<gydF4y2Basvg height="12.5375" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.13792pt;width:26.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.1875 12.5375" width="26.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8021116" y="0"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.6,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>心室肌细胞电流[<一个href="#B11">11.</一个>，我们得出结论，ES细胞必须下调PKG以激活心肌细胞电系统。此外，在其他系统中，PKG可以使MLC磷酸酶磷酸化，从而抑制收缩[<一个href="#B10">10.</一个>，<一个href="#B24">24.</一个>]如果没有下调，这可能进一步损害ES细胞衍生的心肌细胞中的收缩。下调PKC的目的已描述于[<一个href="#B6">6</一个>］．</gydF4y2Bap> <p>然而，另一个答案是PKG和PKC可以招募更多的ES细胞以区分成心肌细胞。已显示DT-3仅影响PKG的活性而不会影响基因转录[<一个href="#B25">25.</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B28">28.</一个>］．因此，我们提出特定心脏基因的上调是由于假定的PKG/PKC的释放<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>压迫机制。一次PKG和/或PKC<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>当参与转录的PKG和PKC心脏阻遏因子失活时，EB内更多的细胞可以被招募进入心脏通路。PKG已被证明在某些情况下调节基因表达[<一个href="#B29">29.</一个>pkc [<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>］．</gydF4y2Bap> <p>实质性的研究前景包括将这些信号转导的发现应用于从脐带血、骨髓或新的iPS中获得的人类成体干细胞。虽然目前认为成体干细胞不如ES细胞灵活，但有可能应用这些方法将更多的成体干细胞转分化成胚胎样心肌细胞，用于治疗。我们目前正在研究将这些相同的PKG和PKC抑制剂应用于间充质干细胞的可能性。这项研究的结果可能有助于最终目标的努力，即避免自然心脏重塑的有害影响，从而安全地重建因心脏病发作或充血性心力衰竭而受损的心脏。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6">DT-3与对照组相比</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">日12:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M54" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 02.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">日13:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M55" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 002</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">14天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M56" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 008</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">15天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 005.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第16天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M58" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 002</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第17天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M59" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 002</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6">DT-3 +<gydF4y2Bamath id="M60" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mtext> PKC.</gydF4y2Bamtext> <mi> ζ</gydF4y2Bami> </math>与对照组相比</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">日12:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M61" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 04.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">日13:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M62" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 0005</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">14天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M63" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">15天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M64" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 0001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第16天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第17天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M66" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 05.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6">DT-3 + PKC<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>与对照组相比</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">日12:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M67" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">日13:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M68" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 003</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">14天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M69" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 0008</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">15天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M70" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第16天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M71" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第17天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M72" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 003</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="6"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 处理组与对照组的显著性比较(图中的数据点<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/">3(一个)</一个>)击败EBs的百分比。</dgydF4y2Baiv> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6">DT-3与对照组相比</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">12天:NS</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">13天:NS</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">14天:NS</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">15天:NS</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">第16天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M73" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 006</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第17天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M74" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6">DT-3 + PKC<gydF4y2Bamath id="M75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> ζ</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math>与对照组相比</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">12天:NS</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">日13:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M76" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 0001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">14天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M77" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 0001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">15天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M78" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 0006</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第16天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M79" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 006</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第17天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M80" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 02.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6">DT-3 + PKC<gydF4y2Bai>β</gydF4y2Bai>与对照组相比</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">12天:NS</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">13天:NS</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">14天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M81" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 02.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">15天:<gydF4y2Bamath id="M82" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 02.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第16天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M83" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 001</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> <td align="center">第17天：<gydF4y2Bamath id="M84" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi> P</gydF4y2Bami> <mo> <</gydF4y2Bamo> <mo> ．</gydF4y2Bamo> <mn> 02.</gydF4y2Bamn> </math></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="6"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 处理组与对照组的显著性比较(图中的数据点<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212/fig3/">3 (b)</一个>)数跳动区域。NS:没有意义。</dgydF4y2Baiv> </div> </div> <h4 id="acknowledgments">致谢</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>作者用我们的qRT-PCR数据感谢Denver Lough的专家意见。他们还感谢Tammy Gallicano对手稿的批判性阅读。这项研究得到了美国心脏协会(#0265429U)和乔治城大学医学中心内部研究基金的资助。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">参考文献</gydF4y2Bah4> <ol> <li id="B1">S. 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Dey和C.-S.Choi，“通过环状GMP和环状GMP依赖性蛋白激酶的血管平滑肌细胞表型调节”，“<gydF4y2Bai>生命科学前沿</gydF4y2Bai>，第11卷，第5期。1，页356 - 367,2006。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">查看在：<一个href="https://doi.org/10.2741/1803">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Regulation%20of%20vascular%20smooth%20muscle%20cell%20phenotype%20by%20cyclic%20GMP%20and%20cyclic%20GMP-dependent%20protein%20kinase&author=T. M. Lincoln&author=X. Wu&author=H. Sellak&author=N. Dey&author=&author=C.-S. Choi&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B30">M. Jinnin, H. Ihn, K. Yamane, Y. Mimura, Y. Asano, K. Tamaki， "<gydF4y2Bamath id="M94" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> α</gydF4y2Bami> </mrow> </math>2(I)蛋白激酶C信号通路对人真皮成纤维细胞胶原蛋白基因的调控<gydF4y2Bai>核酸研究</gydF4y2Bai>第33卷第3期4、2005年第4期。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">查看在：<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki275">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=a2(I)%20collagen%20gene%20regulation%20by%20protein%20kinase%20C%20signaling%20in%20human%20dermal%20fibroblasts&author=M. Jinnin&author=H. Ihn&author=K. Yamane&author=Y. Mimura&author=Y. Asano&author=&author=K. Tamaki&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>版权所有©2010 Stephen Mobley等。这是分布下的开放式访问文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享署名许可协议</一个>如果正确引用了原始工作，则允许在任何媒体中的不受限制使用，分发和再现。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-6 bqUtxN article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</gydF4y2Bah4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 dhicaS"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 sZeeW rightWrapper"> <div id="rightSectionMenu" class="sc-hZSUBg hwTmaF journal_article__StickyRight-sc-12fk6zy-0 xuPEv"> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 iKpUSJ article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div 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height="20"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cbkKFq dNPgJJ sc-fHxwqH dPWBKK ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sci/2010/701212.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-krvtoX isUmzT" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iMTgiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxOCAyMiI+PGRlZnM+PGNsaXBQYXRoIGlkPSJhIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMmEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjNBMywzLDAsMCwxLDMsMGg4YS45OTEuOTkxLDAsMCwxLC41NzMuMTgxbDAsMCwuMDA4LjAwNmEuOTU1Ljk1NSwwLDAsMSwuMTIyLjFsNiw2YTEuMDI1LDEuMDI1LDAsMCwxLC4xLjEyMmwuMDA2LjAxLDAsMEExLDEsMCwwLDEsMTgsNi45NzVWMTlhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMsM1pNMiwzVjE5YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLDFIMTVhMSwxLDAsMCwwLDEtMVY4SDExYTEsMSwwLDAsMS0xLTFWMkgzQTEsMSwwLDAsMCwyLDNaTTEyLDZoMi41ODdMMTIsMy40MTRaTTUsMTdhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAtMmg4YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLDJabTAtNGExLDEsMCwxLDEsMC0yaDhhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAsMlpNNSw5QTEsMSwwLDEsMSw1LDdIN0ExLDEsMCwwLDEsNyw5WiIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMyAxKSIvPjwvY2xpcFBhdGg+PC9kZWZzPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKC0zIC0xKSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTMsMjJhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMtM1YzQTMsMywwLDAsMSwzLDBoOGEuOTkxLjk5MSwwLDAsMSwuNTczLjE4MWwwLDAsLjAwOC4wMDZhLjk1NS45NTUsMCwwLDEsLjEyMi4xbDYsNmExLjAyNSwxLjAyNSwwLDAsMSwuMS4xMjJsLjAwNi4wMSwwLDBBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDE4LDYuOTc1VjE5YTMsMywwLDAsMS0zLDNaTTIsM1YxOWExLDEsMCwwLDAsMSwxSDE1YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLTFWOEgxMWExLDEsMCwwLDEtMS0xVjJIM0ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMiwzWk0xMiw2aDIuNTg3TDEyLDMuNDE0Wk01LDE3YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLTJoOGExLDEsMCwxLDEsMCwyWm0wLTRhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAtMmg4YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLDJaTTUsOUExLDEsMCwxLDEsNSw3SDdBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDcsOVoiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDMgMSkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="24"><span class="text">引用</gydF4y2Baspan></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje ggEPYc sc-fYiAbW eBEQa fileArrow" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="20"></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-2 gvAMNw article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-fyjhYU bmCmNg article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-ugnQR bdNavy accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-iomxrj czMNsj" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-iFMziU gCiAsp">下载其他格式</gydF4y2Baspan><span class="sc-keVrkP hYjHxB">更多的</gydF4y2Baspan></span> <img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-dvCyap bivFoZ" title="" role="presentation" 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">关于我们</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link contact_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us"><img alt="" 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href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">合作伙伴关系</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link blog" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">博客</一个></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link journals" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">期刊</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article_processing_charges" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">文章处理费用</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link subscriptions" href="//www.newsama.com/subscriptions/" aria-label="Subscriptions"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">订阅</一个></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link authors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">作者</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link editors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iOCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxNCIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDggMTQiPjxkZWZzPjxjbGlwUGF0aCBpZD0iYSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTcsMi40MTRsNS4yOTMsNS4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMSwwLDEuNDE0LTEuNDE0bC02LTZhMSwxLDAsMCwwLTEuNDE0LDBsLTYsNkExLDEsMCwwLDAsMS43MDcsNy43MDdaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSg1IDgpIi8+PC9jbGlwUGF0aD48L2RlZnM+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTggMTkpIHJvdGF0ZSgtOTApIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNNywyLjQxNGw1LjI5Myw1LjI5M2ExLDEsMCwxLDAsMS40MTQtMS40MTRsLTYtNmExLDEsMCwwLDAtMS40MTQsMGwtNiw2QTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLjcwNyw3LjcwN1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDUgOCkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0iIzZiYTQzOSIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="14">编辑</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link reviewers" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">雷电竞APP</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link open_archives_initiative" href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open 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