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.expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTZweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxNnB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMTYgMTYiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDUzLjIgKDcyNjQzKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5JY29ucy9DbG9zZSBNZW51IC08L3RpdGxlPgogICAgPGRlc2M+Q3JlYXRlZCB3aXRoIFNrZXRjaC48L2Rlc2M+CiAgICA8ZGVmcz4KICAgICAgICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMTMsMTEgTDE5LDExIEMxOS41NTIyODQ3LDExIDIwLDExLjQ0NzcxNTMgMjAsMTIgQzIwLDEyLjU1MjI4NDcgMTkuNTUyMjg0NywxMyAxOSwxMyBMMTMsMTMgTDEzLDE5IEMxMywxOS41NTIyODQ3IDEyLjU1MjI4NDcsMjAgMTIsMjAgQzExLjQ0NzcxNTMsMjAgMTEsMTkuNTUyMjg0NyAxMSwxOSBMMTEsMTMgTDUsMTMgQzQuNDQ3NzE1MjUsMTMgNCwxMi41NTIyODQ3IDQsMTIgQzQsMTEuNDQ3NzE1MyA0LjQ0NzcxNTI1LDExIDUsMTEgTDExLDExIEwxMSw1IEMxMSw0LjQ0NzcxNTI1IDExLjQ0NzcxNTMsNCAxMiw0IEMxMi41NTIyODQ3LDQgMTMsNC40NDc3MTUyNSAxMyw1IEwxMywxMSBaIiBpZD0icGF0aC0xIj48L3BhdGg+CiAgICA8L2RlZnM+CiAgICA8ZyBpZD0iUGFnZS0xIiBzdHJva2U9Im5vbmUiIHN0cm9rZS13aWR0aD0iMSIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJldmVub2RkIj4KICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iQXJ0aWNsZS0tLU1vYmlsZS0tLWZpZ3VyZSIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTIwLjAwMDAwMCwgLTg2MS4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9Ikdyb3VwLTkiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDAwMDAwLCAzMzAuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iR3JvdXAtOCIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC4wMDAwMDAsIDUwNi4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iR3JvdXAtNyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC4wMDAwMDAsIDE2LjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iSWNvbnMvT3Blbi1NZW51LSsiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDEzLjAwMDAwMCwgMi4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJwbHVzIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgzLjAwMDAwMCwgMy4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8bWFzayBpZD0ibWFzay0yIiBmaWxsPSJ3aGl0ZSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgeGxpbms6aHJlZj0iI3BhdGgtMSI+PC91c2U+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9tYXNrPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgaWQ9IkNvbWJpbmVkLVNoYXBlIiBmaWxsPSIjMDAwMDAwIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9Im5vbnplcm8iIHhsaW5rOmhyZWY9IiNwYXRoLTEiPjwvdXNlPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJDT0xPUi8tUHJpbWFyeS1HcmVlbiIgbWFzaz0idXJsKCNtYXNrLTIpIiBmaWxsPSIjNkJBNDM5IiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8cmVjdCBpZD0iUmVjdGFuZ2xlIiB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiPjwvcmVjdD4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPg==') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .vOMzS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .vOMzS ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .vOMzS ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .vOMzS ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .vOMzS ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .vOMzS ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .vOMzS ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .vOMzS ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .vOMzS .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .vOMzS .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .vOMzS .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.vOMzS .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.vOMzS .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.vOMzS .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.vOMzS{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.vOMzS{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.vOMzS{margin-bottom:100px;}} .vOMzS .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .vOMzS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .vOMzS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .vOMzS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .vOMzS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .vOMzS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active svg{fill:#007B8B;} .vOMzS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .vOMzS .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .vOMzS .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .vOMzS .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.vOMzS .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .vOMzS .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .vOMzS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.vOMzS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .vOMzS .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .vOMzS 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href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/" aria-label="Advances in Civil Engineering">土木工程的发展</一个>/<一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/contents/year/2021/" aria-label="2021">2021年</一个>/<span class="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</span> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</button> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" 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class="sc-kxynE fgGykB"> <span class="sc-cooIXK gQxyld">特殊的问题</span> <h2 class="sc-fcdeBU bVtmCk">先进的规划、设计、建设和道路基础设施的管理</h2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gmeYpB hSHJbi" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/si/562435/" aria-label="">把这个特殊的问题</一个> <hr class="sc-clNaTc ktFfKO"> </div> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|开放获取</p> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积 2021年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</span>文章的ID 7709027 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</span> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7709027" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7709027</一个> </div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>Liangliang陈冯张,导致长郡周, ”<span class="adjust-article-svg-size">最大似然估计参数先进的连续配筋混凝土路面(该)Punchout校准模型</span>”,<i>土木工程的发展</我>, 卷。2021年, 文章的ID7709027, 8   页面, 2021年。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7709027</p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN HhXOr article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">最大似然估计参数先进的连续配筋混凝土路面(该)Punchout校准模型</h1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>Liangliang陈</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2462-2723" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="">冯张<一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9280-641X" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<sup>2</sup> 和</span> <span class=""><b>导致长郡周</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6685-8590" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a><sup>3</sup></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</sup><span>国家工程实验室地面交通天气影响预防Broadvision工程顾问,9号Shijiaxiang Tuodong路,650041年昆明,中国</span></p> <p><sup>2</sup><span>哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院科技,73号,黄河公路、150090年哈尔滨,中国</span></p> <p><sup>3</sup><span>运输和物流学院,大连理工大学,2 Linggong街,116023年大连,中国</span></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>雨果·罗德里格斯</div> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2021年6月18日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2021年8月24日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2021年9月3日</span> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ vOMzS article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>路面性能预测是路面设计的重要组成部分,这是非常重要的高速公路机构预算分配的目的。本研究介绍了当地的模型校准punchout,这是连续配筋混凝土路面的主要结构性困境(该)。假设等效单轴加载的数量(ESALs)导致punchout遵循威布尔分布。威布尔分布的参数估计,最大似然估计(标定)。此外,估计参数的初始值的方法也提出申请前牛顿法求解方程的可能性。回归结果发现从LTPP很好适应性能监视数据。拟议的校准模型能够描述punchout和可以用来预测的失败率和可靠性该路面设计和康复活动的安排。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>预测路面性能的各种组合下交通水平、环境条件、路面结构和材料是高速公路的重要组成部分机构做出适当的预算决定的维护和康复活动<一个href="#B1">1</一个>]。毫无疑问,危机预测的准确性取决于mechanistic-empirical的校准和验证(我)设计模型与独立的数据集。路面工程师可以肯定获得信心在设计模型校准过程,当我通过建立一个可接受的相关性预测和衡量祸患。本地校准系统和数学过程尽量减少观察和预测结果通过修改之间的区别,例如,经验校准参数,最终将发现一个函数的关键因素来提高预测模型的准确性(<一个href="#B2">2</一个>]。没有机械的路面设计路面性能预测模型可以应用在实践中没有校准由于各种各样的环境条件,路面结构、材料、和交通负荷。为了提高精度、可靠性和鲁棒性的性能预测模型,从LTPP现场调查数据是利用在校准过程中<一个href="#B3">3</一个>]。LTPP数据库是名副其实的最大的路面性能数据库,测试部分LTPP被广泛使用在校准过程中,可为路面工程师提供历史记录的气候信息,监测压力和反应,材料测试,维护,尤其是路面性能监控数据。LTPP数据用来进行路面性能的地方和国家校准许多研究人员在职柔性和刚性路面(<一个href="#B4">4</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B7">7</一个>),以及为预防性维修(生存分析<一个href="#B8">8</一个>,<一个href="#B9">9</一个>]。</p> <p>然而,如前所述Prozzi和Madanat<一个href="#B10">10</一个>),高品种的路面窘迫是一个事件,它是更合理的描述路面的失败概率密度的函数,而不是定点估计。值得注意的是,痛苦不是LTPP不断进行的调查数据;此外,祸患的发展是不一致的<一个href="#B7">7</一个>]。录音punchouts以及其他类型的痛苦不是同时发生的路面失败。相反,只有punchouts制定的数量在间隔LTPP数据库中可用。路面性能调查通常是由不规则的间隔,从1 - 6年。因此,假设所有punchouts发生在每个间隔将不可避免地低估punchouts的发生的概率。</p> <p>ESALs的数量为该小组被认为导致punchout服从威布尔分布和最大似然估计(标定)介绍了参数估计的参数,由于数据不足,建立校正模型。似然方程解决了牛顿法,并提出了最小二乘回归估计初始值。因此,调查数据的性能从LTPP GPS-5(该)中提取部分<一个href="#sec3">3</一个>说明信度和效度的校准过程开发的这项研究。</p> <h4 id="calibration-model">2。校准模型</h4> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。威布尔分布</h5> <p>威布尔分布是最受欢迎和广泛应用于一生的分析数据和可靠性,因为它首次引入了威布尔在1950年代(<一个href="#B11">11</一个>]。它已经被证明是非常有效的建模和分析生命周期数据在医疗、生物和工程科学(<一个href="#B12">12</一个>]。例如,威布尔加速失效时间模型,并成功地应用于预测路面疲劳(<一个href="#B13">13</一个>]。</p> <p>它是假定路面的疲劳过程遵循威布尔分布。两个参数威布尔分布的概率密度<span class="equation_break" id="EEq1"><span class="left_break" id="L1"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M1"> <svg height="19.0073pt" id="M1-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 161.964 19.0073" width="161.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,15.043)"> <path d="M619 670C619 686 593 712 555 712S459 686 410 634S335 504 320 430H250L219 400L222 388H312L258 73C223 -133 201 -166 187 -180C175 -191 158 -199 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,125.33,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,130.89,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,134.15,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,139.34,8.779)"> <path d="M329 433H203L239 587L230 596L147 534L123 433H57L30 395L34 388H115L61 129C37 16 59 -12 85 -12C147 -12 222 58 260 98L241 125C212 95 160 62 144 62C132 62 127 71 138 126L192 386L305 394L329 433Z" id="g50-117"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,142.5,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,145.76,4.669)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,150.7,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="19.0073pt" id="M2-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.534 19.0073" width="28.534pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B2-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.07,15.043)"> <path d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230Z" id="g117-92"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.33,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.57,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="40.0262pt" id="I2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 182.46 40.0262" width="182.46pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B2-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 153.85 21.02)" xlink:href="#B2-2"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R2"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M2-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.038 11.44" width="15.038pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B2-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M411 139C381 76 368 73 314 73H129L267 224C351 317 400 380 400 469C400 574 322 635 233 635C176 635 128 610 98 576L40 495L63 476C89 515 130 568 198 568C274 568 316 519 316 436C316 347 251 264 191 192C142 134 85 76 30 21V0H403C415 45 425 89 438 131L411 139Z" id="g190-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="40.0262pt" id="IL2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.1 40.0262" width="15.1pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 14.08)" xlink:href="#B2-3"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>威布尔分布的生存功能,不能不良路面的概率至少一次<我>t</我>,可以表示如下:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq3"><span class="left_break" id="L3"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M3"> <svg height="41.0224pt" id="M3-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 83.518 41.0224" width="83.518pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.184)"> <path d="M449 634C442 637 425 643 405 650C376 660 341 666 307 666C181 666 98 590 98 485C98 400 170 343 215 310L246 288C307 243 343 204 343 147C343 67 291 18 219 18C104 18 61 124 51 202L23 199C28 124 27 71 27 47C47 22 122 -16 204 -16C324 -16 428 60 428 174C428 256 379 309 307 360L276 382C223 419 179 455 179 516C179 576 221 632 293 632C379 632 410 564 418 487L448 490C446 536 446 592 449 634Z" id="g113-84"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.31,9.367)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.83,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.26,9.367)"> <use 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.41,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.95,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.02,37.241)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.54,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.97,37.241)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.13,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.39,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,74.78,30.795)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,80.34,30.795)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.59,30.795)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,88.79,30.795)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,91.95,30.795)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,95.2,26.684)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.14,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="41.0224pt" id="M3-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.524 41.0224" width="28.524pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.06,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.32,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.56,37.058)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="41.0224pt" id="I3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 167.29 41.0224" width="167.29pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B3-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 25.45 0)" xlink:href="#B3-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 138.52 0)" xlink:href="#B3-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R3"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M3-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.868 11.44" width="14.868pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M269 381C298 400 325 421 340 436C360 455 370 476 370 504C370 579 313 635 223 635H222C170 635 123 610 95 579L52 516L72 497C95 533 136 577 193 577C245 577 286 546 286 482C286 408 218 369 127 339L133 314C149 319 174 325 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id="g113-133"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.096,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.529,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>,</span></span>作为<svg height="8.8423pt" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.9135 8.8423" width="12.9135pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </svg>接近零。威布尔分布的故障率函数<span class="equation_break" id="EEq4"><span class="left_break" id="L6"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M6"> <svg height="92.1192pt" id="M6-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.328 92.1192" width="22.328pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B6-1"> <g 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.06,18.175)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.04,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-94"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.3,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.54,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="63.4506pt" id="I9" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 172.78 63.4506" width="172.78pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -4.45)" xlink:href="#B9-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 13.6 23.42)" xlink:href="#B9-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 134.17 44.44)" xlink:href="#B9-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R9"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M9-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.028 11.44" width="15.028pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B9-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M430 623H48C43 580 39 534 30 478H57C80 544 84 550 152 550H369C286 366 187 178 74 -1L81 -12L156 -2C249 201 343 408 438 611L430 623Z" id="g190-223"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="63.4506pt" id="IL9" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.09 63.4506" width="15.09pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 25.8)" xlink:href="#B9-4"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>监测以来的痛苦不是连续的,只有号码<我>n</我><sub><i>j</我></sub>发生在每个时间间隔的<我>N</我><sub><i>e</我></sub><span class="inline_break"> <svg height="14.8173pt" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 31.966 14.8173" width="31.966pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.547,3.132)"> <path d="M400 606C400 634 383 656 353 656C316 656 294 620 294 593C294 564 317 545 343 545C375 545 400 573 400 606ZM366 351C379 413 381 451 356 451C323 451 251 408 183 341L199 313C223 335 267 365 277 365C285 365 284 354 277 312C245 132 222 27 193 -100C182 -148 160 -188 131 -188C113 -188 90 -178 75 -170C64 -164 55 -168 48 -175C38 -185 24 -203 24 -222S48 -257 71 -257C89 -257 131 -241 186 -192C243 -141 286 -46 310 74L366 351Z" id="g50-107"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.461,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.021,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.002,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="14.8173pt" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="34.0951838 -9.28833 19.206 14.8173" width="19.206pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.145,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,44.207,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.633,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>,</span></span>和间隔的总数<我>k + 1</我>,<我>j</我><i>=</我>1、2⋯,<我>k, 0</我><i>=</我><i>N</我><sub><i>0</我></sub><i>< N</我><sub><i>1</我></sub><i>< < N⋯</我><sub><i>k</我></sub><i><</我><i>N</我><sub><i>k + 1</我></sub><i>=</我><i>∞</我>。</p> <p>punchout的概率发生的时间间隔<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="14.8173pt" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 31.966 14.8173" width="31.966pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.547,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.461,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.021,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.002,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="14.8173pt" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="34.0951838 -9.28833 19.206 14.8173" width="19.206pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.145,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,44.207,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.633,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg></span>可以表达的<span class="equation_break" id="EEq8"><span class="left_break" id="L12"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M12"> <svg height="46.1897pt" id="M12-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 154.579 46.1897" width="154.579pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.485)"> <path d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 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<path d="M748 650H522L515 622L546 617C580 611 587 604 565 575C518 513 469 451 419 393C376 474 349 534 330 580C318 609 325 612 361 618L383 622L392 650H151L144 622C214 616 224 612 257 543L360 327C270 218 187 124 159 95C106 40 92 34 26 28L17 0H252L259 28L236 31C189 37 188 47 209 78C249 136 308 210 377 294L478 79C494 44 487 37 449 32L418 28L409 0H673L680 28C596 34 591 39 554 116L436 361C526 469 574 521 604 553C659 612 669 614 739 622L748 650Z" id="g113-89"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.95,12.485)"> <path d="M448 1V51H364C248 51 153 129 140 230H448V280H140C153 381 248 459 364 459H448V509H365C208 509 80 395 80 255S208 1 365 1H448Z" id="g117-173"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,93.44,12.485)"> <path d="M335 -404V-369L312 -368C205 -360 203 -355 203 -249V751C203 895 206 900 312 908L335 909V944H138V-404H335Z" id="g119-129"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.8,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.87,15.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,112.78,15.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118.34,15.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,123.32,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,128.47,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,138.53,15.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,142.95,12.485)"> <path d="M364 271V272C364 550 278 798 87 953L65 927C205 795 285 542 285 271S204 -253 65 -385L87 -411C278 -259 364 -10 364 271Z" id="g119-134"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,148.82,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="46.1897pt" id="M12-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 111.264 46.1897" width="111.264pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,42.225)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,42.225)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.64,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.2,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.46,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.65,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,37.81,38.063)"> <path d="M405 606C405 634 387 657 355 657C316 657 294 621 294 593C294 563 319 543 346 543C377 543 405 573 405 606ZM371 354C383 412 387 454 360 454C324 454 253 412 182 345L199 312C221 333 269 364 278 364C288 364 287 354 279 310L195 -97C185 -139 166 -179 137 -179C119 -179 94 -169 79 -164C68 -160 59 -160 52 -168C42 -177 25 -197 25 -216C25 -238 50 -253 74 -253C91 -253 124 -242 189 -187C255 -131 292 -40 316 81L371 354Z" id="g176-107"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,40.65,38.063)"> <path d="M578 242V297H59V242H578Z" id="g180-33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,44.79,38.063)"> <path d="M394 0V37C301 42 295 50 295 122V635C236 613 178 596 109 583V553L165 551C205 549 209 544 209 495V122C209 50 203 42 111 37V0H394Z" id="g176-50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,48.54,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,51.79,31.851)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.65,42.225)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.19,42.225)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,75.57,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,81.13,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,84.39,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,89.58,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,96.74,38.063)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,100.09,35.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,103.34,31.851)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,108.3,42.225)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R12"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M12-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.168 11.44" width="15.168pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M246 635C138 635 67 554 67 471C67 401 116 348 178 315C143 296 103 268 87 252C65 231 42 203 42 157C42 50 128 -12 234 -12C319 -12 432 52 432 169C432 256 370 303 299 344C347 376 373 399 381 408C399 430 408 459 408 487C408 569 341 635 246 635ZM235 603C284 603 334 567 334 483C334 420 306 383 273 358C202 393 142 427 142 503C142 552 173 603 235 603ZM245 21C179 21 122 70 122 163C122 219 155 270 204 300C279 263 352 219 352 144C352 66 308 21 245 21Z" id="g190-152"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.67,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>punchouts总数是观察在最近的调查<我>n</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>,然后,面板的数量<svg height="9.25202pt" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 9.55832 9.25202" width="9.55832pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z" id="g113-111"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.461,3.132)"> <path d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z" id="g50-109"></path> </g> </svg>表示混凝土面板的数量失去了观察的网站吗<span class="equation_break" id="EEq9"><span class="left_break" id="L14"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M14"> <svg height="14.6581pt" id="M14-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.284 14.6581" width="63.284pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B14-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.46,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.07,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.33,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.79,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.37,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.9,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,54.36,12.316)"> <path d="M573 302C573 402 527 451 414 451C386 451 343 446 313 437L330 513L320 522C295 508 261 484 243 463L230 415C194 400 159 383 126 359L131 330C159 344 187 357 222 368L109 -147C96 -204 80 -214 18 -223L13 -255L256 -244L259 -212L236 -210C184 -205 180 -195 191 -141L219 -1C240 -10 268 -12 284 -12C352 4 431 48 484 104C543 166 573 240 573 302ZM481 290C481 165 381 37 305 37C280 37 249 56 235 71L302 395C328 399 353 402 372 402C427 402 481 378 481 290Z" id="g50-113"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.32,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R14"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M14-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.338 11.44" width="15.338pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B14-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M247 635C117 635 41 518 41 422C41 317 114 239 220 239C239 239 256 244 278 255L348 290C315 139 207 37 63 13L67 -15C93 -15 155 -5 207 17C343 71 443 203 443 385C443 520 371 635 247 635ZM231 602C331 602 355 476 355 390C355 371 354 349 351 325C334 310 298 294 261 294C177 294 128 369 128 457C128 516 155 602 231 602Z" id="g190-193"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.84,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<svg height="9.25202pt" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 10.2525 9.25202" width="10.2525pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.461,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> </svg>在寿命试验板的总数LTPP测试部分。</p> <p>威布尔分布的生存函数:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq10"><span class="left_break" id="L16"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M16"> <svg height="19.0073pt" id="M16-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 157.944 19.0073" width="157.944pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B16-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.82,9.26)"> <path d="M248 635C97 635 43 457 43 311C43 153 97 -12 247 -12S450 166 450 312C450 466 397 635 248 635ZM246 603C337 603 361 452 361 312S337 20 248 20S132 172 132 313C132 452 156 603 246 603Z" id="g190-254"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.23,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="19.0073pt" id="IL16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.81 19.0073" width="19.81pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 3.57)" xlink:href="#B16-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。最大似然估计的参数</h5> 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B17-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 2.18 -13.48)" xlink:href="#B17-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 22.07)" xlink:href="#B17-4"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 17.83 62.23)" xlink:href="#B17-5"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R17"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.788 11.44" width="17.788pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.29,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.468 11.44" width="19.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.93,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="139.101pt" id="IL17" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.55 139.101" width="19.55pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 14.73)" xlink:href="#B17-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 88.71)" xlink:href="#B17-6"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>我们微分方程(<一个href="#EEq11">12</一个>)对两个未知参数和相等的结果为零方程如下:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq13"><span 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xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.85,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.18,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.72,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.98,14.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.92,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.93,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.97,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R21"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M21-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.758 11.44" width="19.758pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B21-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-227"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.26,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的牛顿法解方程组<span class="equation_break" id="EEq17"><span class="left_break" id="L22"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M22"> <svg height="16.2605pt" id="M22-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 110.974 16.2605" width="110.974pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B22-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.27,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.82,6.033)"> <path d="M556 236V289H337V504H275V289H56V236H275V-4H337V236H556Z" id="g54-36"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.38,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.99,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.25,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.52,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.48,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.02,12.296)"> <path d="M429 650H175L169 622C251 614 259 612 244 532L174 152C163 91 152 37 135 -6C109 -72 67 -101 23 -113L33 -144C45 -143 73 -134 102 -119C186 -76 229 -1 254 133L327 532C341 609 347 613 423 622L429 650Z" id="g113-75"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,64.9,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,70.46,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,64.05,16.08)"> <use 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xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.81,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.84,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>J</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>的雅可比矩阵<我>f</我>在<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.9805pt" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 10.4495 11.9805" width="10.4495pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.267,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> </svg>,</span>见以下表达式:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq18"><span class="left_break" id="L24"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M24"> <svg height="150.89pt" id="M24-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.719 150.89" width="58.719pt" 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<use xlink:href="#g119-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,120.34,127.138)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,120.34,149.23)"> <path d="M478 39V1733H397V230C397 124 395 111 288 111H165V39H478Z" id="g119-58"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,131.52,92.363)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R24"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M24-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.498 11.44" width="19.498pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-152"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。初始值估计</h5> <p>确保迭代方法的收敛和收敛快,一个初始值之前必须估计牛顿法的应用。</p> <p>类似于钱和科雷亚(<一个href="#B21">21</一个>),假设研究对象失去后续流程与punchout发生(就像板)至少一半的时间。这是假定所有punchout发生在每个区间的中期,说<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="17.6175pt" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-6.1814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 14.8431 17.6175" width="14.8431pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.91,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> </svg>:</span><span class="equation_break" id="EEq19"><span class="left_break" id="L26"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M26"> <svg height="63.2431pt" id="M26-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 90.824 63.2431" width="90.824pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B26-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.32,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.1,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.01,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.16,18.827)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.8,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.25,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.51,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,54.9,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,60.46,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.71,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,68.91,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,76.66,4.669)"> <path d="M323 549L316 585C302 600 218 636 190 624L84 81L142 54L323 549Z" id="g176-31"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,76.07,11.364)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,79.65,8.779)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,82.91,4.669)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.86,15.043)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="63.2431pt" id="M26-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 99.064 63.2431" width="99.064pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B26-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,53.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.91,47.704)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.06,57.752)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.34,53.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.8,42.576)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.58,42.576)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.64,45.708)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,50.55,45.708)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.11,45.708)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64,42.576)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.54,42.576)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,84.6,45.708)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,89.02,42.576)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="64.112" x="30.8" y="50.314"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.72,63.193)"> <path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z" id="g113-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.1,53.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R26"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M26-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.598 11.44" width="19.598pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B26-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.76,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-193"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.1,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>取自然对数方程(<一个href="#EEq19">19</一个>),我们得到<span class="equation_break" id="EEq20"><span class="left_break" id="L27"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M27"> <svg height="44.8047pt" id="M27-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 205.274 44.8047" width="205.274pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B27-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.77,16.501)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.05,16.501)"> <path d="M524 0V26C466 32 460 36 460 104V297C460 393 411 449 331 449C302 449 276 437 248 419C223 402 201 387 181 372V451C137 432 90 420 42 411V388C96 378 102 374 102 310V104C102 38 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,116.99,16.501)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,124.16,16.501)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,135.07,10.759)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,134.22,20.285)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,138.87,16.501)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,144.71,7.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,37.832)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.29,37.832)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.62,37.832)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-129"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.98,37.832)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.79,37.832)"> <use 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xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,189.41,15.095)"> <path d="M416 0V886C416 1122 265 1150 162 1150V1109C293 1089 309 1011 309 923V0H416Z" id="g119-48"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,189.41,30.232)"> <path d="M636 590V642C423 654 416 746 416 816V1200H309V848C309 740 348 644 448 618V614C349 586 309 490 309 380V0H416V416C416 486 423 578 636 590Z" id="g119-64"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,189.41,44.755)"> <path d="M416 289V1153H309V268C309 176 293 94 162 74V33C265 33 416 57 416 289Z" id="g119-72"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,202.31,25.73)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="44.8047pt" id="I27" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 209.46 44.8047" width="209.46pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B27-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R27"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M27-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.518 11.44" width="21.518pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B27-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.61,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-254"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.02,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="44.8047pt" id="IL27" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.6 44.8047" width="21.6pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 16.47)" xlink:href="#B27-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>使<我>y</我>=<svg height="17.6175pt" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-6.1814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 74.1066 17.6175" 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,60.224,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.868,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.366,0)"> <path d="M226 -163V703H56V676C162 667 165 662 165 584V-43C165 -122 162 -126 56 -136V-163H226Z" id="g113-94"></path> </g> </svg>和<我>x</我>=<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="17.6175pt" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-6.1814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 29.6364 17.6175" width="29.6364pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.289,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.793,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.704,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.35,40.281)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R32"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M32-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.468 11.44" width="19.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B32-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.58,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <h5 id="sec2.4">2.4。测定ESALs</h5> <p>该小组的生活是量化的总数80 kN ESALs设计车道导致punchout的配方。distressed-based等效单轴负载(<我>N</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>)可以通过提出的方法得到陈和Zollinger [<一个href="#B22">22</一个>]。</p> <h4 id="validation-with-ltpp-data">3所示。与LTPP数据验证</h4> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。摘要信息GPS-5测试部分</h5> <p>有85个测试部分在一般路面研究该性能研究GPS-5位于在美国29个州。LTPP数据的收集自1989年以来一直在(<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。两个测试部分被选来说明方法的有效性,如表所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>。一段来自南卡罗来纳和其他来自德克萨斯州。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="8"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">状态</td> <td class="align_center">SHRP_ID</td> <td class="align_center">日通车</td> <td class="align_center">在开始的一年年度日常卡车交通</td> <td class="align_center">平均裂缝间距(m)</td> <td class="align_center">钢含量(%)</td> <td class="align_center">PCC厚度(毫米)</td> <td class="align_center">基本类型</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="8"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">南卡罗来纳</td> <td class="align_center">45 _5035</td> <td class="align_center">10/1/1975</td> <td class="align_center">257年</td> <td class="align_center">0.75</td> <td class="align_center">0.63</td> <td class="align_center">203年</td> <td class="align_center">土路基土</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">德州</td> <td class="align_center">48 _5323</td> <td class="align_center">9/1/1980</td> <td class="align_center">768年</td> <td class="align_center">0.71</td> <td class="align_center">0.61</td> <td class="align_center">229年</td> <td class="align_center">协会和土壤含水率</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="8"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 对LTPP数据摘要信息。</div> </div> </div> <p>ESALs两个站点的数量决定根据Chen等人提出的过程。<一个href="#B22">22</一个>),详细信息如表所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。值得注意的是,连续的调查进行了部分自1990年代到2000年代,和punchouts被数的增加几乎连续地期间。不幸的是,调查数据,因为最新的调查,发现没有更新,和表中列出<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">州和ID</td> <td class="align_center">调查日期</td> <td class="align_center">punchouts数量</td> <td class="align_center">ESALs</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="6">45 _5035</td> <td class="align_center">3/17/1992</td> <td class="align_center">21</td> <td class="align_center">8.42 E + 06</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">6/8/1993</td> <td class="align_center">28</td> <td class="align_center">9.00 E + 06</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">6/25/1997</td> <td class="align_center">30.</td> <td class="align_center">1.05 E + 07</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">2/10/1999</td> <td class="align_center">39</td> <td class="align_center">1.16 E + 07</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">2/27/2002</td> <td class="align_center">58</td> <td class="align_center">1.35 E + 07</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">2/4/2003</td> <td class="align_center">75年</td> <td class="align_center">1.40 E + 07</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="6">48 _5323</td> <td class="align_center">6/11/1991</td> <td class="align_center">17</td> <td class="align_center">5.44 E + 06</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">5/19/1993</td> <td class="align_center">22</td> <td class="align_center">6.44 E + 06</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">8/10/1995</td> <td class="align_center">23</td> <td class="align_center">7.44 E + 06</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">5/14/1997</td> <td class="align_center">39</td> <td class="align_center">8.44 E + 06</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">6/16/1999</td> <td class="align_center">71年</td> <td class="align_center">9.45 E + 06</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">6/25/2002</td> <td class="align_center">55</td> <td class="align_center">1.10 E + 07</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 在LTPP路面性能监视。</div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。每个部分的板数量</h5> 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</g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,134.7,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,139.07,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R33"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M33-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.158 11.44" width="21.158pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B33-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.61,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.66,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<svg height="11.9453pt" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 22.6632 11.9453" width="22.6632pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.185,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-80"></use> </g> </svg>是punchout的数量,<svg height="12.3915pt" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-3.638161pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 50.2181 12.3915" width="50.2181pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.568,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.281,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.131,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.497,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-91"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.057,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,35.489,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.646,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-58"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.078,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-110"></use> </g> </svg>裂缝的数量与裂缝间距小于0.9米,<svg height="11.927pt" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 11.1333 11.927" width="11.1333pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> </svg>是概率的侵蚀,<svg height="11.9087pt" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 13.7639 11.9087" width="13.7639pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.267,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> </svg>是疲劳开裂的概率。</p> <p>因此,PCC面板两个横向裂缝间距之间的数量小于0.9 m作为样品的总数,放置在寿命试验,和横向裂缝间距的分布可能被发现后,威布尔分布。因此,横向裂缝间距的概率LU和你可以由以下表达式<一个href="#B24">24</一个>]:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq23"><span class="left_break" id="L38"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M38"> <svg height="29.9173pt" id="M38-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 106.095 29.9173" width="106.095pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B38-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.2,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.25,18.411)"> <path d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z" id="g190-112"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.82,18.411)"> <path d="M152 404V712C115 698 54 683 7 677V654C71 648 73 642 73 579V24C128 -2 179 -12 220 -12C353 -12 471 92 471 238C471 357 381 449 274 449C262 449 249 446 233 439L152 404ZM152 374C170 384 202 393 230 393C313 393 382 326 382 213C382 97 330 26 246 26C194 26 165 62 158 81C154 91 152 101 152 116V374Z" id="g190-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.65,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.67,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.97,21.542)"> <path d="M757 650H506L497 618C579 615 596 608 596 570S591 477 571 380L560 327C516 117 435 41 309 41C199 41 108 114 144 303L187 529C202 609 208 612 291 618L296 650H30L24 618C109 612 113 606 99 529L58 299C33 161 62 83 113 41C161 0 222 -17 283 -17C348 -17 417 3 470 48C546 111 584 203 603 311L615 380C631 474 647 531 658 567C667 599 672 616 750 618L757 650Z" id="g50-86"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.83,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-94"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.09,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.91,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-94"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.17,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,95.47,21.542)"> <path d="M567 167L534 181C505 122 482 94 454 70C428 46 385 42 330 42C288 42 248 44 235 55C216 70 213 91 220 130L295 528C310 609 314 611 401 618L409 650H140L131 618C222 611 224 609 209 528L133 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version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.018 11.44" width="21.018pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B38-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.64,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.52,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="53.3417pt" id="IL38" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.1 53.3417" width="21.1pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 20.74)" xlink:href="#B38-4"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的概率,裂缝间距小于0.9 m可以确定<span class="equation_break" id="EEq24"><span class="left_break" id="L39"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M39"> <svg height="29.9173pt" 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B39-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.06,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.22,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.28,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-153"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.21,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.02,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-149"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.52,9.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,64.82,12.69)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-86"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.95,9.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.49,9.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.78,12.69)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.37,12.69)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,103.87,12.69)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-108"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="53.0662" x="56.52" y="14.757"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.35,27.636)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,110.78,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-150"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118.09,4.215)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-225"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,123.31,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-154"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,130.27,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-160"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,140.37,18.411)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="68.7014pt" id="I39" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 156.19 68.7014" width="156.19pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B39-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 81.02 0)" xlink:href="#B39-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 10.68 38.78)" xlink:href="#B39-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R39"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M39-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.318 11.44" width="21.318pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B39-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.36,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-166"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.82,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="68.7014pt" id="IL39" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.4 68.7014" width="21.4pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 28.42)" xlink:href="#B39-4"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.599pt" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-3.2911pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.3079 58.752 12.599" width="58.752pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.202,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.249,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.814,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.468,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.966,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,40.26,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-86"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.121,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-94"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.599pt" style="vertical-align:-3.2911pt" version="1.1" viewbox="62.3341838 -9.3079 18.448 12.599" width="18.448pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.384,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.201,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-94"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.599pt" style="vertical-align:-3.2911pt" version="1.1" viewbox="84.4141838 -9.3079 18.698 12.599" width="18.698pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.464,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.758,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.38,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg></span>裂缝间距的概率吗<svg height="11.927pt" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.6547 11.927" width="15.6547pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.294,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-86"></use> </g> </svg>和<svg height="11.8174pt" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 14.0471 11.8174" width="14.0471pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.294,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-77"></use> </g> </svg>(%),<svg height="11.927pt" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.6547 11.927" width="15.6547pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.294,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-86"></use> </g> </svg>的上限是破解间隔(m),<svg height="11.8174pt" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 14.0471 11.8174" width="14.0471pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.294,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-77"></use> </g> </svg>是破解区间的下限(m),然后呢<svg height="11.8174pt" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 24.1402 11.8174" width="24.1402pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.294,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.883,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.386,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-108"></use> </g> </svg>是裂纹间距(m)的最小长度;这个值将根据现场调查0.2的横向开裂模式。</p> <p>在这里,<svg height="6.1673pt" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.51131 6.1673" width="7.51131pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-223"></use> </g> </svg>和<svg height="9.39034pt" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.63704 9.39034" width="6.63704pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M478 372C478 418 458 448 431 448C409 448 389 431 389 410C389 404 391 400 394 395C398 388 406 371 406 348C406 253 308 122 251 51H249C254 122 249 257 231 336C212 421 189 448 159 448C126 448 75 412 23 327L48 306C83 354 103 371 115 371C125 371 134 360 144 334C185 224 192 64 183 -19C146 -100 116 -202 110 -244L125 -261C154 -259 208 -234 222 -220C222 -194 225 -84 235 -23C247 -3 273 36 308 79C379 165 478 288 478 372Z" id="g113-225"></path> </g> </svg>规模和形状参数的裂缝间距分布,分别。,提供的参数Selezneva et al。<一个href="#B24">24</一个>摘要]被确定该面板的裂缝间距小于0.9 m(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>)。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">部分没有。</td> <td class="align_center">数</td> <td class="align_center"><i>α</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>γ</我></td> <td class="align_center"><span style="width: 62.1012ptpx;"> <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 62.1012 12.5794" width="62.1012pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M822 650H589L583 622C660 617 677 607 674 561C672 534 664 481 647 390L600 137H596L273 650H126L120 622C176 620 194 615 207 594C221 571 225 557 214 504L161 257C141 166 129 112 121 85C108 42 83 30 29 28L23 0H260L266 28C193 33 173 42 176 89C178 122 186 172 202 255L256 527H259L583 -8H612L690 390C708 481 720 535 728 558C744 603 756 619 816 622L822 650Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.91,0)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.408,0)"> <path d="M541 160L512 170C485 116 462 88 439 67C411 41 376 35 318 35C272 35 238 37 224 48C207 61 205 85 212 121L290 533C305 611 308 615 391 622L397 650H139L133 622C217 615 221 612 206 533L126 118C111 41 103 34 23 26L17 0H474C489 31 528 124 541 160Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.702,3.132)"> <path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.134,3.132)"> <path d="M117 -12C153 -12 178 12 178 50C178 84 153 110 118 110C84 110 59 84 59 50C59 12 84 -12 117 -12Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.291,3.132)"> <path d="M247 635C116 635 39 518 39 421C39 315 113 237 221 237C239 237 258 241 281 253L349 289C315 140 204 42 60 19L66 -15C90 -15 153 -5 207 16C344 70 447 199 447 385C447 521 373 635 247 635ZM231 598C329 598 356 478 356 390C356 371 355 347 352 325C330 309 297 297 262 297C179 297 127 369 127 456C127 515 156 598 231 598Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.894,0)"> <path d="M531 285V335L57 550V494L473 310L57 127V71L531 285ZM531 -40V10H57V-40H531Z"></path> </g>  <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.156,0)"> <path d="M541 160L512 170C485 116 462 88 439 67C411 41 376 35 318 35C272 35 238 37 224 48C207 61 205 85 212 121L290 533C305 611 308 615 391 622L397 650H139L133 622C217 615 221 612 206 533L126 118C111 41 103 34 23 26L17 0H474C489 31 528 124 541 160Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.341,0)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">45 _5035</td> <td class="align_center">199年</td> <td class="align_center">25.887</td> <td class="align_center">1.165</td> <td class="align_center">143年</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">48 _5323</td> <td class="align_center">210年</td> <td class="align_center">22.860</td> <td class="align_center">1.812</td> <td class="align_center">176年</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 板的长度小于0.9米</div> </div> </div> <h4 id="result-and-discussion">4所示。结果和讨论</h4> <p>一个数值程序依照方法论部分<一个href="#sec2">2</一个>是估计的值<我>λ</我>和<我>β</我>。从表可以看出<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>方程的根的牛顿迭代收敛很快,和迭代的数量只有3到4。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab4"> <table class="table-group" id="tab4"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">部分没有。</td> <td class="align_center" colspan="2">初始值</td> <td class="align_center" colspan="2">解决方案</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">的迭代次数</td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_center"><i>λ</我>0</td> <td class="align_center"><i>β</我>0</td> <td class="align_center"><i>λ</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>β</我></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">45 _5035</td> <td class="align_center">0.0434</td> <td class="align_center">1.3067</td> <td class="align_center">0.0560</td> <td class="align_center">1.3193</td> <td class="align_center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">48 _5323</td> <td class="align_center">0.0326</td> <td class="align_center">1.0956</td> <td class="align_center">0.0690</td> <td class="align_center">1.1868</td> <td class="align_center">4</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="6"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表4</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 形状和规模估计参数。</div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.1">4.1。阈值的估计<我>N</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>对于Punchout发生</h5> <p>的阈值<我>N</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>相当于交通荷载下的发生的概率punchout是零;然后,函数可以表示如下:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq25"><span class="left_break" id="L49"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M49"> <svg height="37.9247pt" 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,152.19,13.725)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,160.18,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-93"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,171.44,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,181.5,13.725)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,185.34,13.725)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,190.31,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.07,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.1,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.16,37.092)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.51,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.2,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.47,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.61,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.15,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,74.53,28.219)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,80.09,28.219)"> <path d="M297 -163V-131C189 -122 187 -119 187 -41V582C187 660 190 663 297 672V704H122V-163H297Z" id="g50-92"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.35,28.219)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,88.54,28.219)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,91.8,28.219)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,98.96,30.32)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,102.27,28.219)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,107.83,28.219)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,114.99,30.32)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,117.78,30.32)"> <path d="M455 312C455 472 400 635 248 635C95 635 39 458 39 312C39 144 93 -12 248 -12C400 -12 455 166 455 312ZM361 314C361 173 337 30 249 30C163 30 131 174 131 313C131 451 155 594 248 594C334 594 361 454 361 314Z" id="g176-49"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,121.51,28.219)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,124.77,28.219)"> <path d="M237 -163V704H62V672C170 663 172 660 172 582V-40C172 -118 170 -122 62 -131V-163H237Z" id="g50-94"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,128.03,24.108)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,133.05,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,142.13,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,152.19,37.092)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,160.18,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,171.44,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,181.5,37.092)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,185.34,37.092)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,190.31,33.96)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,198.55,22.472)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,203.07,22.472)"> <path d="M283 255V284C195 290 192 337 192 375C192 436 200 508 200 580C200 696 116 709 54 709V681C127 671 139 634 139 588C138 524 125 452 125 387C125 333 149 286 209 272V268C148 253 125 206 125 151C126 87 139 16 139 -47C139 -92 127 -131 54 -141V-169C115 -169 200 -152 200 -41C200 32 192 104 192 164C192 202 195 249 283 255Z" id="g113-126"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="37.9247pt" id="I49" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 210.59 37.9247" width="210.59pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B49-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R49"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M49-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.078 11.44" width="21.078pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B49-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.68,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-161"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.58,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="37.9247pt" id="IL49" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.15 37.9247" width="21.15pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 13.03)" xlink:href="#B49-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的值<我>λβ</我>在表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>,它是有利于评估的价值<svg height="11.927pt" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.0004 11.927" width="19.0004pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.902,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> </svg>通过迭代法寻找最小标准差punchout的预测数字。预测结果的标准偏差在一系列的<svg height="17.949pt" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -14.0054 19.0004 17.949" width="19.0004pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,10.91,-9.852)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.902,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> </svg>可以由方程(<一个href="#EEq26">26</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq26">27</一个>):<span class="equation_break" id="EEq26"><span class="left_break" id="L52"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M52"> <svg height="77.0892pt" id="M52-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 149.784 77.0892" width="149.784pt" 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xlink:href="#g50-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,83.2,58.993)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,82.61,65.688)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,85.41,65.688)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,89.14,63.103)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.4,63.103)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-94"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,95.65,58.993)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.68,69.367)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-142"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,109.48,69.367)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="122.519pt" id="I52" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 149.85 122.519" width="149.85pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B52-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -5.86)" xlink:href="#B52-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 13.59 17.56)" xlink:href="#B52-4"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 27.79 45.43)" xlink:href="#B52-5"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R52"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M52-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.478 11.44" width="21.478pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B52-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-227"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.98,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M52-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.158 11.44" width="21.158pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B52-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.63,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.66,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="122.519pt" id="IL52" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.56 122.519" width="21.56pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 16.8)" xlink:href="#B52-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 82.49)" xlink:href="#B52-6"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<svg height="6.34998pt" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.2063899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -6.14359 7.47218 6.34998" width="7.47218pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-240"></use> </g> </svg>标准偏差,<svg height="8.8423pt" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 11.0475 8.8423" width="11.0475pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> </svg>是路面性能的数量调查,<svg height="12.0262pt" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 34.1617 12.0262" width="34.1617pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.319,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-80"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.9,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-86"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.567,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.099,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> </svg>在调查是punchouts记录的数量吗<我>我</我>,<svg height="14.1179pt" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-5.36456pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 34.2896 14.1179" width="34.2896pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.319,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-80"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.9,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-86"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.567,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.226,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> </svg>punchouts进行调查的预测数量吗<我>我</我>,<svg height="17.949pt" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -14.0054 19.0004 17.949" width="19.0004pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,10.91,-9.852)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.902,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> </svg>分配的价值吗<我>N</我><sub><i>e0</我></sub>缩略字。</p> <p>的价值<我>N</我><sub><i>e0</我></sub>应该在的范围<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 13.689 12.5794" width="13.689pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.725,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.5794pt" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="17.9931838 -9.28833 23.567 12.5794" width="23.567pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.043,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.105,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.946,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.906,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>,</span></span>在哪里<我>N</我><sub><i>e1</我></sub>相当于交通负荷时1<sup>圣</sup>调查与punchouts。替代的一系列<svg height="15.3797pt" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 19.0004 15.3797" width="19.0004pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.91,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.902,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> </svg>到(<一个href="#EEq28">28</一个>)来计算<svg height="6.34998pt" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-0.2063899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -6.14359 7.47218 6.34998" width="7.47218pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-240"></use> </g> </svg>为每一个方便<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.3797pt" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 19.0004 15.3797" width="19.0004pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.91,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.902,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> </svg>,</span>如数据所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="7709027.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2021/7709027/figures/7709027.fig.001.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 的决心<我>N</我> <sub><i>e</我>0</sub>45 _5035。</div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="7709027.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2021/7709027/figures/7709027.fig.002.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 的决心<我>N</我> <sub><i>e</我>0</sub>48 _5323。</div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.2">4.2。风险函数</h5> <p>形状参数<我>β</我>测试部分都大于1,这表明发生的故障率punchout ESALs(数据的积累会增加<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>)。在实践中,疲劳开裂的概率以及基础侵蚀的时间在流逝正在增加。punchout发生的潜力将会增加由于路面结构的恶化。理论上讲,假设威布尔分布特征的估计同意工程实践。该表达的punchout基础概率的乘积腐蚀和疲劳开裂的概率,如方程所示(<一个href="#EEq22">22</一个>)。有趣的是,部分45 - 5035的基本类型和部分48 - 5323是室内外试验基地(施)和热拌沥青(协会),分别。比较数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>,这显然表明该施莱基故障率的增加比这更迅速由沥青基础治疗(作为)不小于1000万。因此,故障率预测的基础的类型对制定punchout大概是决定性的影响。实际上,作为展品更好的抵抗侵蚀比施<一个href="#B26">26</一个>,<一个href="#B27">27</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="7709027.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2021/7709027/figures/7709027.fig.003.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 为网站45 _5035风险函数。</div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="7709027.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2021/7709027/figures/7709027.fig.004.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 网站48 _5323风险函数。</div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.3">4.3。分布函数</h5> <p>最关注的应用水平的毁灭之路的路面性能是痛苦,比如,该punchouts数量。预测结果将帮助决策过程中的高速公路机构相关维护和康复。在德克萨斯州,美国四个水平的治疗要求:(1)预防性维护,(2)光康复,(3)中康复,和(4)重恢复或重建<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。高速公路机构可以设置每单位长度的punchout数量的限制,例如,10 punchouts /公里,预防路面养护需要执行。</p> <p>作为规模和形状参数已经确定,可以预测punchouts的数量在一个特定的交通水平<我>N</我><sub><i>j</我></sub>:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq28"><span class="left_break" id="L62"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M62"> <svg height="25.884pt" id="M62-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.988 25.884" width="21.988pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B62-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.06,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.19,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-80"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="25.884pt" id="M62-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.793 25.884" width="60.793pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B62-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.83,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.54,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.39,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.76,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-91"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.32,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.75,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,48.91,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-58"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,53.34,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-110"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="25.884pt" id="M62-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 136.674 25.884" width="136.674pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B62-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.87,16.269)"> <path d="M389 -694V-650L338 -647C231 -642 229 -634 229 -528V1021C229 1174 232 1182 338 1187L389 1190V1234H159V-694H389Z" id="g119-145"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.27,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.41,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.95,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.48,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.64,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.7,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-149"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.81,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.6,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.67,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.54,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.61,19.401)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.03,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,111.89,7.077)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,117.75,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-150"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,125.09,16.269)"> <path d="M332 -694V1234H102V1190L153 1187C259 1182 262 1174 262 1021V-528C262 -634 260 -642 153 -647L102 -650V-694H332Z" id="g119-146"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,133.71,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="68.918pt" id="I62" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 164.48 68.918" width="164.48pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -7.08)" xlink:href="#B62-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 13.59 13.93)" xlink:href="#B62-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 27.79 43.03)" xlink:href="#B62-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R62"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M62-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.298 11.44" width="21.298pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B62-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.62,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-152"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.8,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="68.918pt" id="IL62" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.38 68.918" width="21.38pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 28.53)" xlink:href="#B62-4"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<svg height="11.9453pt" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 22.6632 11.9453" width="22.6632pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.185,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-80"></use> </g> </svg>是punchout的数量在一个特定的交通水平<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="14.1649pt" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 14.6251 14.1649" width="14.6251pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.062,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> </svg>;</span></p> <p>因为它是如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>,punchouts的预测数量匹配值与现场调查,和该方法提供了一个可靠的路面性能预报模型。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="7709027.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2021/7709027/figures/7709027.fig.005.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 预测与威布尔适合网站45 _5035。</div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="7709027.fig.006" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2021/7709027/figures/7709027.fig.006.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2021/7709027/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 预测与威布尔48 _5323适合网站。</div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.4">4.4。讨论</h5> <p>LTPP观测数据集的数量和准确性起到关键作用的信度和效度上人行道的生存分析。不幸的是,该没有的punchouts不断监测自2000年代最新调查两个部分。广泛的研究时,需要进行一些新的数据集。</p> <h4 id="conclusions">5。结论</h4> <p>在这项研究中,一个先进的校准模型提出了该punchout窘迫。只考虑到LTPP数据库记录的数量punchouts发生在每一个时间间隔,这是公认的分组数据,ESALs的数量被认为服从威布尔分布。提出了最大似然估计来确定参数威布尔分布。拟议的校准模型验证与数据从两个测试部分LTPP数据库。可以得出以下结论:<span class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</span><span class="list-content">ESALs的数量会导致punchout遇险发现符合威布尔分布</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</span><span class="list-content">最大似然估计是有效地确定威布尔分布的参数</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</span><span class="list-content">拟议的校准模型能够描述punchout和可以用来预测该的失败率和可靠性在路面设计和康复活动的安排</span></span></span></p> <h4 id="data-availability">数据可用性</h4> <p>部分或全部数据、模型或代码生成或使用在研究可从相应的作者通过合理的要求。</p> <h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">的利益冲突</h4> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>作者感谢慷慨的帮助和建设性的想法从丹·g·Zollinger博士在德州农工大学。这项研究是由科技创新项目的运输、云南省(批准号云南[2020]15 - 1),基础研究项目(批准号2019 fd004),云南省应用基础研究基金(批准号2016 fb099)</p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4> <ol> <li id="B1">j . a . 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Tallapragada&publication_year=2013" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4> <p>版权©2021 Liangliang陈等。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 jIyXzI"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</span></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/ace/2021/7709027.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<span>70年</span> </div> <div> 下载<span>106年</span> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2021/7709027" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</div> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7709027&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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