Fish Husbandry Practices and Water Quality in Central Kenya: Potential Risk Factors for Fish Mortality and Infectious Diseases

The optimal ranges of water parameter for fish culture are as follows: dissolved oxygen = 1–5 mg/L; temperature = 20°C–32°C; pH = 6.5–8.5; total ammonia = 0–0.05 mg/L; nitrate = 0–100 mg/L; nitrite = 0.02–0.2 mg/L as described by Bhatnagar and Devi [46].Note.^ccBoth lower and upper values of the reported range exceeded the optimum range.^aOnly lower value was below the optimum range.^bLower value was below the optimum range and the upper value was above the optimum range.^cOnly upper value was above the optimum range.Significantly different ( )across subcounties.