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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption 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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .fCSoxK .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .fCSoxK ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .fCSoxK ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .fCSoxK ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .fCSoxK ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .fCSoxK ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .fCSoxK ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .fCSoxK ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .fCSoxK .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .fCSoxK .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .fCSoxK .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 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svg{fill:#007B8B;} .fCSoxK .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .fCSoxK .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .fCSoxK .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .fCSoxK .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fCSoxK .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .fCSoxK .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .fCSoxK .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fCSoxK .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .fCSoxK .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .fCSoxK 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class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|开放获取</p> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积 2018年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代pan>文章的ID 8386428 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代pan> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8386428" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8386428</a> </div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>红花歌,一心赵、江Yaodong王公司, ”<年代pan class="adjust-article-svg-size">规模效应对声发射的各向异性煤</年代pan>”,<i>冲击和振动</我>, 卷。2018年, 文章的ID8386428, 11   页面, 2018年。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8386428</p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN bPKnl article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">规模效应对声发射的各向异性煤</h1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>红花歌</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-6013" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<年代up>1,2</年代up></span> <span class="">鑫赵<a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9756" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<年代up>1,2,3</年代up></span> <span class="">Yaodong江,<年代up>3,4</年代up> 和</年代pan> <span class="">王公司<年代up>2</年代up></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><span>资源与安全工程学院,中国矿业大学,北京,中国</年代pan></p> <p><sup>2</年代up><span>能源和矿产工程、G3中心和EMS能源学院,宾夕法尼亚州立大学,大学公园,美国宾夕法尼亚州</年代pan></p> <p><sup>3</年代up><span>国家重点实验室的煤炭资源安全开采,中国矿业大学和技术,北京100083,中国</年代pan></p> <p><sup>4</年代up><span>力学与土木工程学院,中国矿业大学和技术,北京100083,中国</年代pan></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>罗伯特·帕尔玛</d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">02年9月2018年</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2018年10月27日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2018年11月11日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2018年12月18日</年代pan> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ fCSoxK article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>声发射(AE)煤是各向异性。在本文中,我们探讨microstructure-related规模效应在各向异性AE特征在煤无侧限加载过程。一系列煤标本处理直径25毫米,38毫米,50毫米,和75毫米(2)高径比和各向异性的角度0°,15°、30°、45°,60°、90°。AE累计计数和能量耗散增加样本大小,能量耗散/ AE数表现在相反的方向。这可能是因为越来越多的先前存在的断层和裂缝(体积/数量)所需标本失败和较低的能量耗散AE数生成的。微观结构的影响在各向异性的AE削弱增加样本大小。TRFD及其各向异性减少随着试样尺寸的增加,和分形维数的减少最为明显的各向异性45°角。TRFD之间的相关性和累积AE能量大小不同的标本分别符合负指数方程谢和Pariseau提出的。样本大小增加,减少TRFD削弱的越来越多的累积绝对AE能量。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>声发射(AE)是一个广泛存在的现象对脆性断裂(<a href="#B1">1</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B4">4</a>]。煤和岩石的声发射研究实验室和现场使用(<a href="#B5">5</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B14">14</a>)由于财富AE信号中包含的信息。自然特性,各向异性和规模效应都是还发现,在煤炭/岩石AE加载方向和样本规模变化(<a href="#B15">15</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B18">18</a>]。一般来说,调查规模影响煤和岩石的力学性能是有益的升级实验室实验结果现场使用(<a href="#B19">19</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B21">21</a>]。研究煤炭/岩石的各向异性AE特征有助于预防各种动态灾害(煤炭凹凸、岩爆、煤和天然气爆发)和采矿失败。然而,这两个因素的交互影响的AE不是调查也不是约束煤炭。因此,在这项研究中,规模效应在各向异性的AE特征煤是探索。</p> <p>规模效应和AE各向异性与机械相关的microstructure-related现象反应煤(<a href="#B18">18</a>,<a href="#B19">19</a>,<a href="#B21">21</a>,<a href="#B22">22</a>]。煤炭机械性能上的规模效应的结果越来越多的微观结构在一个更大的样本<a href="#B19">19</a>,<a href="#B21">21</a>),而各向异性AE特征受到这些微观结构的定向空间分布的影响相对于加载方向自AE信号生成的快速增长和交互的微裂隙在脆性材料(<a href="#B17">17</a>]。因此,获得试样的微观结构变化与不同大小是重要的理解在AE各向异性规模效应。</p> <p>x射线计算机断层扫描(x射线CT)是一种无损成像和分析技术(<a href="#B23">23</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B29">29日</a>]。它提供了可行性在地球科学描述各种各样的材料,包括防滑钉/骨折,矿物质夹杂和气孔(<a href="#B21">21</a>,<a href="#B30">30.</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B33">33</a>]。因此,煤的微观结构的体积变化与样本大小可以获得的定量x射线CT结合重建算法和阈值分割技术。</p> <p>分形维数提供了一种方法在整个AE特征的描述<a href="#B12">12</a>,<a href="#B34">34</a>,<a href="#B35">35</a>)由于其广泛的相关性与其他AE参数(<a href="#B12">12</a>,<a href="#B36">36</a>]。因此,总体规模效应在各向异性AE特征能够被一个参数定量描述。sequence-related分形维数的空间分布和时间是两个主要的分形维数的形式<a href="#B35">35</a>,<a href="#B37">37</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B39">39</a>),分类所需的AE数分布计算,即空间或时间顺序分布(<a href="#B18">18</a>,<a href="#B36">36</a>]。</p> <p>了解规模效应的各向异性AE和调查可能的升级使用实验室AE数据分析微震的在煤炭开采过程中,一系列的煤处理标本25毫米直径,38毫米,50毫米,和75毫米(2)高径比和各向异性的角度0°,15°、30°、45°,60°、90°(层面的取向相对于加载方向)。微观结构表征的x射线ct机后,标本暴露于破坏性的无侧限抗压测试并发AE测量。AE的实验数据分析的分形维数,分形维数之间的相关性和能量耗散在不同样本尺度也探索。</p> <h4 id="experimental-materials-and-methods">2。实验材料和方法</h4> <p>与煤的基本物理性能测试、煤炭标本准备不同的大小和各向异性的角度。这些标本的AE响应测量单轴条件下,通过x射线ct机成像后内部结构特征。</p> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。煤的性质</h5> <p>阻止煤炭样本挖掘45号煤层,破裂的趋势,在我Wudong(新疆,中国)。可以观察到两个系列的楔子块煤。块煤有∼密度1.46克/厘米<年代up>3</年代up>和∼1.8%的水分含量。矿物质是出现在小比例(8.2%),包括高岭石(62.0%)、利蛇纹石(10.8%)、珍珠陶土(26.5%),和pentahydroborite (0.4%)、x射线衍射所定义的。</p> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。标本的过程</h5> <p>四组标准圆柱标本准备的长度直径比两个(<a href="#B40">40</a>),直径25毫米的38毫米,50毫米和75毫米。为每个组煤的标本,至少19标本(包括备用样品)准备的床上用品的飞机倾斜角度为0°、15°、30°、45°,60°、90°相对于加载方向。煤炭样品和各向异性的角度为每个直径的原理图如图所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.001.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 标本处理的实验。(一)标本有不同的直径。(b)原理图各向异性的角度,<我>β</我>。(c)原理图的每个标本的标本与不同的各向异性的角度大小。</d我v> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。x射线ct机扫描</h5> <p>直径25毫米的标本,38毫米和75毫米是由x射线ct机扫描获得微观结构的体积变化与样本大小的变化。本研究中使用的x射线ct机扫描NanoVoxel 4000(三一重工、中国)。这是一个使用高压大功率微ct系统x射线源(225千伏、240千伏和300千伏是可选的),亚微米空间分辨率≤0.5<我>μ</我>m。这里使用的电压是225 kV,和空间分辨率为0.5<我>μ</我>m。</p> <p>CT数据被过滤反射影重建Feldkamp算法在软件VGStudio马克斯2.0(德国海德堡体积图像有限公司)。中值滤波的方法对图像去噪,利用和灰度值作为阈值的图像分割AVIZO(美国范有限公司)。</p> <h5 id="sec2.4">2.4。单轴压缩试验和AE测量</h5> <p>单轴压缩试验和AE测量x射线ct机扫描后进行。单轴加载框架的容量为100 kN,位移精度±0.5%。测试在室温和由位移控制进行一个恒定的速度为0.1毫米/分钟。</p> <p>AE测量,获得更多的AE功能,四个Micro30S传感器(考虑到样本大小,选择传感器的直径10毫米)和型前置放大器用于信号检测;传感器的位置示意图如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig2/" target="_blank">2</a>。AE信号由PCI-2记录设备(物理声学公司:PAC)下的波形流模式。带宽的频率是1 kHz∼3兆赫,有100分贝的最大信号振幅和动态范围大于85分贝。在这项研究中,一个阈值的前置放大器增益是40 dB 45分贝。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.002.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 的位置示意图AE的AE传感器测量。</d我v> </div> </div> <h4 id="results-and-discussion">3所示。结果与讨论</h4> <p>在本部分中,我们探索微观结构的体积变化增加样本大小和调查microstructure-related规模效应在AE响应(数量、时间和能源)和各向异性AE特征。</p> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。CT扫描</h5> <p>矿物包裹体和先前存在的不连续性,包括裂缝和楔子,煤炭(两种主要的微观结构<a href="#B21">21</a>,<a href="#B33">33</a>]。自个人立体像素的灰度在x射线CT图像直接显示材料的密度,因此作为阈值来区分图像分成多个部分的材料。</p> <p>AE一代是一个crack-related能量耗散现象。因此,了解样本大小对煤炭的AE特征的影响,先前存在的不连续的体积变化与样本规模的调查。</p> <p>数字x射线CT图像的本质有助于评价煤炭的组件。在这项研究中,x射线CT图像获得标本4-45用于标本重建、选择和灰度值作为阈值分离楔子(值范围0∼57)其他材料的煤炭,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>。体素的灰度值范围使用Avizo体积分数计算模块(热费希尔科学范,Avizo用户指南,2013年,<a href="https://www.fei.com/software/avizo-3d-user-guide.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.fei.com/software/avizo-3d-user-guide.pdf</a>),相比之下,整个数字量的标本获取楔子体积。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.003.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 先前存在的不连续的变化量与样本大小。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>显然,两个系列的楔子存在于煤样品,一个是平行于层面,另一个是垂直于层理面,增加与样本大小增加,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>。基于上面提到的体积评价方法,既存的体积变化不连续的标本从25到75毫米直径增加了人物<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig4/" target="_blank">4</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.004.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 先前存在的不连续的体积与试样直径的变化。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>显然,随着试样直径收益25毫米至75毫米,先前存在的不连续的体积增加从10.07毫米<年代up>3</年代up>到1456.08毫米<年代up>3</年代up>的估计,这是符合伯聂乌斯基(<a href="#B19">19</a>和变异所描述的歌曲等。<a href="#B21">21</a>]。然而,先前存在的不连续体密度的增加试样直径和增量最小的标本从50到75毫米直径收益。这可能是因为人工选择钻孔的位置在标本processing-positions少不连续时首选小标本钻以确保其完整无缺。与此同时,这也是一个原因,先前存在的不连续不太明显的体积增量的直径范围25,比38∼∼38毫米75毫米。</p> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。规模效应在AE特征</h5> <p>样本大小的影响煤的AE特征研究在本部分中,基于四个传感器的测量。声发射计数和能量耗散用于实验室实验对应于微震事件和能量耗散在微震的活动<a href="#B36">36</a>]。他们主要参数对AE活动在两个实验室和提交工作。声发射计数和能量耗散的变化提供了各种故障的前兆信息在煤和岩石在加载过程中(<a href="#B41">41</a>,<a href="#B42">42</a>),微震事件和能量耗散的仍然是主要的参数动态灾难预防(煤炭肿块和岩爆)[<a href="#B43">43</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B45">45</a>)和地震的分析和各种微震的活动<a href="#B46">46</a>,<a href="#B47">47</a>]。</p> <p>AE自然存在的分形特性实验室实验和现场微震的活动(<a href="#B12">12</a>,<a href="#B34">34</a>,<a href="#B35">35</a>]。分形维数计算基于AE数的分布揭示了AE数分布的总体特征,能量释放,标本的失败。分形维数之间的相关性,在煤炭开采过程中能量耗散广泛用于描述和动态故障预测(<a href="#B12">12</a>,<a href="#B37">37</a>,<a href="#B48">48</a>]。因此,分形维数在扩大实验室还提供了可行性实验结果田野调查,如果相关的分形维数和能量耗散之间的两个尺度。</p> <p>RA(振幅的上升时间),AF(阈值的比值口岸信号)的持续时间,频率,振幅,信号持续时间也声发射参数。分析这些参数允许研究人员理解能量释放(振幅和频率)<a href="#B41">41</a>,<a href="#B49">49</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B51">51</a>),甚至裂纹故障模式(RA和AF) (<a href="#B52">52</a>,<a href="#B53">53</a>在失败的过程中。然而,样本的大小限制了影响煤和岩石的失效模式(<a href="#B19">19</a>,<a href="#B54">54</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B56">56</a>),和整体故障特征揭示了这些参数不能由单个值随着分形维数和连接实验室实验和提交工作。因此,研究中没有讨论这些参数。</p> <p>考虑以上因素,AE数、能源、和分形维数是用来扩大这些实验AE田野调查结果。累计AE数增加从4.80×10<年代up>5</年代up>1.40×10<年代up>6</年代up>作为标本收益25毫米至75毫米,直径和增加形式如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>。两个因素可能导致这种变化随着试样尺寸:(1)喜爱的AE生成减少阈值压力造成的裂纹萌生减少单轴抗压强度(<a href="#B6">6</a>,<a href="#B57">57</a>,<a href="#B58">58</a>)一起越来越多的先前存在的不连续性,(2)增加所需的变形量较大的标本的标本失败扩展了加载时间和增加了AE监测时间,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig6/" target="_blank">6</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.005.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 变异的平均累积AE数与试样直径。</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.006" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.006.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> AE数的变化和累积绝对AE能量与加载时间和应力加载过程中:(一)25毫米;(b) 38毫米;(c) 50 mm;(d) 75毫米。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>累积绝对AE能量也增加样本大小。它从1.35×10<年代up>9</年代up>aJ 2.75×10<年代up>9</年代up>aJ,试样直径75毫米从25毫米。而每AE数平均绝对AE能量随样本大小,从2808.39 aJ /计数(<我>D</我>= 25毫米)1970.28 aJ /计数(<我>D</我>= 75毫米),累积绝对AE能量的变化特征和平均每个计数AE能量图所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="8386428.fig.007a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.007a.svgz"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="8386428.fig.007b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.007b.svgz"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”name="8386428.fig.007c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.007c.svgz"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)”name="8386428.fig.007d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.007d.svgz"> <br> <strong>(d)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig7"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="8386428.fig.007a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.007a.svgz"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="8386428.fig.007b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.007b.svgz"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”name="8386428.fig.007c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.007c.svgz"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)”name="8386428.fig.007d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.007d.svgz"><br><strong>(d)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig7"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 变化的累积绝对AE能量和平均绝对AE能量/ AE数与试样直径。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>越来越多的累积绝对AE能量的增量可以归因于累积AE数和大变形引起的能量耗散更多的能量积累更大的标本因为更多AE数和更大的累积绝对AE能量峰值强度之前观察到较大的样本,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>(在这里,标本的各向异性的角度90°是策划,考虑到纸长度)。然而,减少平均每个AE数绝对AE能量可能与低能量耗散AE数的增加,所产生的大量先前存在的断层和裂缝所需标本失败在一个更大的标本。然而,由于困难与AE事件和能量耗散与裂纹长度,方向,和类型(现有或新生成的),因此,我们不能进一步讨论物理声发射计数和能量耗散之间的相关性。</p> <p>此外,考虑到先前存在的不连续的体积变化量和累积增量的AE能量和绝对AE能量,累计AE数和绝对AE能量可能经常与标本后的试样直径增量大于特定值的大小。</p> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。各向异性的AE特征受样本大小的影响</h5> <p>煤是各向异性的规模对力学性能的影响(<a href="#B21">21</a>]。在本部分中,累积AE数和绝对的AE能量的各向异性研究标本不同大小和各向异性的角度。总结了这两个参数的平均值的数字<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig8/" target="_blank">8</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig9/" target="_blank">9</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.008" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.008.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 各向异性的AE累计计数煤样品用不同的大小。</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.009" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.009.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 各向异性的累积绝对AE能量标本有不同的直径。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>标本不同各向异性的角度,累积AE数减少到最小值作为各向异性角从0增加到30°,然后急剧上涨的最大值各向异性45°角,后跟一个减少到各向异性角收益90°。在同样大小的标本,AE累计计数的变化的空间分布与层理面和脸,孤峰楔子因为他们确定所需的时间标本失败和AE数分布在加载过程中(<a href="#B21">21</a>]。</p> <p>一般来说,标本的累积AE数不同的各向异性的角度获得的样本大小。增量时最显著的各向异性的角度是45°(9.44×10<年代up>5</年代up>),如标本收益25毫米至75毫米,虽然是最小的,当各向异性是0°角(8.97×10<年代up>5</年代up>)。然而,各向异性的变化累积AE数的增加样本大小不能明显观察到这些曲线在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig9/" target="_blank">9</a>。</p> <p>因此,变异系数(均值标准差的比值)的累积AE数标本介绍了不同大小和计算。结果代表的各向异性AE累计计数减少和增加标本大小变异系数从0.151减少到0.057以来随着试样直径的增加从25毫米到75毫米,如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/tab1/" target="_blank">1</a>。这表明先前存在的不连续的定向分布的影响在各向异性AE特征削弱增加样本大小因为先前存在的不连续性和AE代之间的相关性。这是符合各向异性单轴抗压强度的变化(<a href="#B21">21</a>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">试样直径(毫米)</td> <td class="align_center">25</td> <td class="align_center">38</td> <td class="align_center">50</td> <td class="align_center">75年</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">平均值(10<年代up>5</年代up>)</td> <td class="align_center">4.80</td> <td class="align_center">6.30</td> <td class="align_center">8.43</td> <td class="align_center">13.95</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">变异系数</td> <td class="align_center">0.151</td> <td class="align_center">0.133</td> <td class="align_center">0.116</td> <td class="align_center">0.057</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 累计AE数的变化大小不同的标本。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>累积绝对AE能量与不同的各向异性的角度显示了标本的u形形式与单轴抗压强度呈正相关(UCS)标本具有相同的直径,在我们先前的研究中描述(<a href="#B21">21</a>]。累积绝对AE能量标本不同各向异性角度获得的样本大小。增加更明显的各向异性角位于30∼60°的范围,并在各向异性45°角最大。</p> <p>与此同时,累积绝对AE能量的各向异性与增加样本大小也会降低,从0.248到0.112,变异系数减少随着试样直径的增加从25毫米到75毫米,如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/tab2/" target="_blank">2</a>。这可能是由于减少各向异性的UCS增加样本大小,因为UCS和AE能量耗散之间的正相关关系。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">试样直径(毫米)</td> <td class="align_center">25</td> <td class="align_center">38</td> <td class="align_center">50</td> <td class="align_center">75年</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">平均值(10<年代up>9</年代up>aJ)</td> <td class="align_center">1.35</td> <td class="align_center">1.55</td> <td class="align_center">1.86</td> <td class="align_center">2.75</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">变异系数</td> <td class="align_center">0.151</td> <td class="align_center">0.133</td> <td class="align_center">0.116</td> <td class="align_center">0.057</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 累积的变化绝对AE能量大小不同的标本。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>此外,研究目的是集中规模效应在AE的各向异性,但标本大小影响有限标本的失败机制在某些实验(<a href="#B54">54</a>]。困难也存在在描述物理故障类型(取向/形状/主要裂缝的长度)与一个特定的参数。因此,我们不能给相关的讨论和评论失败与声发射模式。</p> <h4 id="fractal-features-of-ae-in-time-sequences">4所示。AE在时间序列的分形特征</h4> <p>时间sequence-related分形维数变化和相关的分形维数和能量耗散的标本不同直径的调查。</p> <h5 id="sec4.1">4.1。理论的发展</h5> <p>分形维数是描述整个AE特征广泛应用于脆性材料。空间和时间sequence-related分形维数的两种主要形式(<a href="#B12">12</a>,<a href="#B18">18</a>,<a href="#B35">35</a>,<a href="#B37">37</a>]。在这项研究中,AE在样本大小不同的各向异性特征研究sequence-related分形维数的时候,基于Grassberger开发的方法论和Procaccia(表压)<a href="#B59">59</a>]。</p> <p>时间sequence-related分形维数(TRFD)实际上是一个关联维数。对一系列特定的AE与一个合适的时间滞后时间序列参数△<我>t</我>,它可以扩展成一个<我>米</我>维相空间(<我>N</我>−<我>米</我>+<我>1</我>)向量具有相同的时间间隔<我>米</我>△<我>t</我>。自从AE在时间序列的分形特征,向量对的可能性之间的关系<我>X</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>,<我>X</我><sub><i>j</我></sub>)的距离<我>d</我><<我>l</我>在<我>米</我>维相空间,<我>l</我>可以表示为<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq1"><span class="left_break" id="L1"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M1"> <svg height="16.2605pt" id="M1-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.004 16.2605" width="66.004pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.296)"> <path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z" id="g113-81"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.21,12.479)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z" id="g113-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.72,12.296)"> <path d="M238 681C243 705 239 712 230 712C217 712 156 682 75 674L70 648H105C148 648 153 641 144 598L39 110C18 11 35 -12 55 -12C90 -12 166 36 221 103L205 125C174 93 130 65 118 65C112 65 108 68 114 96L238 681Z" id="g113-109"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.22,12.479)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z" id="g113-42"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.38,12.296)"> <path d="M774 30C773 39 771 49 769 58C758 52 747 48 732 48C616 48 566 133 514 239C556 327 604 374 702 374C716 374 729 369 737 365C743 361 747 361 752 365C761 373 770 389 770 406C770 426 754 448 726 448C689 448 629 431 577 391C534 358 509 327 489 288C438 384 373 448 262 448C175 448 53 373 53 208C53 98 131 -12 262 -12C377 -12 426 52 472 147C516 51 579 -12 687 -12C713 -12 748 -2 774 30ZM451 198C415 110 363 21 272 21C195 21 145 114 145 240C145 353 194 415 250 415C357 415 409 304 451 198Z" id="g113-29"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.76,12.479)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.28,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.78,12.479)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,53.3,6.033)"> <path d="M786 370C786 572 637 650 431 650H137L130 618C217 606 220 603 204 519L129 127C115 48 107 39 26 30L18 0H270C410 0 516 20 609 75C722 140 786 240 786 370ZM683 373C683 178 547 40 323 40C298 40 264 40 241 45C213 51 207 64 220 127L295 545C304 582 309 595 320 601C335 610 367 613 406 613C570 613 683 538 683 373Z" id="g50-69"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.04,12.296)"> <path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z" id="g113-45"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R1"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M1-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.398 11.44" width="13.398pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 611 70 451 70 272V271C70 90 136 -71 282 -169L300 -147Z" id="g190-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M311 0V25C221 32 216 41 216 113V635C162 613 103 594 39 583V559L88 556C131 552 135 546 135 500V113C135 41 131 32 40 25V0H311Z" id="g190-213"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.26)"> <path d="M275 271C275 451 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 269V271Z" id="g190-42"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<年代vg height="11.5564pt" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 20.6905 11.5564" width="20.6905pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.026,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.524,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.022,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>是可能的距离(<我>X</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>,<我>X</我><sub><i>j</我></sub>)小于<我>l</我>和<我>D</我>分形维数。</p> <p>因此,时间sequence-related分形维数可以获得的<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq2"><span class="left_break" id="L3"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M3"> <svg height="29.4724pt" id="M3-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 85.264 29.4724" width="85.264pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,17.796)"> <path d="M743 375C743 570 607 650 407 650H136L130 622C214 612 220 606 204 526L125 122C110 43 105 36 24 27L17 0H250C382 0 482 23 571 76C680 141 743 248 743 375ZM644 379C644 188 520 36 305 36C277 36 249 38 229 46C205 55 202 71 212 126L293 553C300 588 306 600 317 606C330 613 356 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version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.038 11.44" width="15.038pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <path d="M411 139C381 76 368 73 314 73H129L267 224C351 317 400 380 400 469C400 574 322 635 233 635C176 635 128 610 98 576L40 495L63 476C89 515 130 568 198 568C274 568 316 519 316 436C316 347 251 264 191 192C142 134 85 76 30 21V0H403C415 45 425 89 438 131L411 139Z" id="g190-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>一般来说,<年代vg height="9.49473pt" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 3.60972 9.49473" width="3.60972pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use 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id="L7"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M7"> <svg height="40.8873pt" id="M7-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.718 40.8873" width="22.718pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.406)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.21,23.588)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.72,23.406)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.22,23.588)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="40.8873pt" id="M7-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 121.688 40.8873" width="121.688pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.406)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.03,14.898)"> <use 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xlink:href="#B7-5"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R7"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M7-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.458 11.44" width="15.458pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M465 179V225H369V632H330C227 497 124 346 29 205V179H289V107C289 37 284 33 198 26V0H454V26C374 33 369 37 369 107V179H465ZM289 225H92C156 335 222 430 287 520H289V225Z" id="g190-166"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.96,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="101.711pt" id="IL7" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.52 101.711" width="15.52pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 44.93)" xlink:href="#B7-6"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<年代vg height="8.68572pt" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 11.0606 8.68572" width="11.0606pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-73"></use> </g> </svg>是亥维赛函数(<我>H</我>= 1时<年代vg height="14.8173pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 68.5925 14.8173" width="68.5925pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.404,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.94,0)"> <path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.283,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-89"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.163,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.124,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.661,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-89"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,58.541,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.967,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-10"></use> </g> </svg>≧0;否则,<我>H</我>= 0)<我>。</我></p> <p>在这个研究中,<我>米</我>选为4,时间间隔是什么<我>年代</我>。值0.1,0.2,1.2…,是选择<我>k</我>,经过无数次测试。</p> <h5 id="sec4.2">4.2。各向异性分形维数的煤炭</h5> <p>在本部分中,AE的规模效应在各向异性特性进一步研究基于TRFD因为TRFD之间的整体相关性和AE特征在加载过程中(<a href="#B18">18</a>]。</p> <p>的平均值TRFD减少与增加样本大小(从1.63到1.41),如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig10/" target="_blank">10</a>。这表明浓度峰值强度之前AE数度随试样尺寸自低TRFD代表了一个更大的浓度(<a href="#B18">18</a>,<a href="#B37">37</a>]。作为回报,它验证样本的大小影响AE在时间序列的分布特征。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig10"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig10"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.0010" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.0010.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 分形维数的变化与直径煤炭标本。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>直径相同的标本,TRFD有近似与累积AE数正相关,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig11/" target="_blank">11</a>。它减少了一个各向异性的角度范围的最小值0°∼15°。然后,它大幅增加在各向异性45°角峰值。之后,它减少了与各向异性增加角直到90°。这表明AE数浓度峰值强度之前在加载过程中各向异性45°角很小,虽然更明显的各向异性的角度15°、90°,基于放弃研究。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig11"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig11"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.0011" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.0011.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图11</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig11/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 分形的各向异性煤炭样本有不同的直径。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>与此同时,各向异性TRFD也是影响标本的大小,它随试样直径增加。作为标本25毫米至75毫米,直径收益减少TRFD更明显的各向异性角范围的30°∼60°,是各向异性45°角最为明显,衰减率为0.44,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig11/" target="_blank">11</a>,虽然不太明显的各向异性的角度为0°时,15°、90°。同时,减少各向异性分形维数减小的角距离45°30°的各向异性的角度范围内∼60°。</p> <p>TRFD与样本大小的变化揭示了规模效应在AE数的分布在时间序列更大的各向异性的角度范围30°∼60°,而少的各向异性角度0°15°、90°的相关性TRFD和AE在时间序列分布。累积AE数的减少各向异性还指示方向分布的影响的微观结构对煤炭疲软与样本大小,这是符合我们得到的结论基于单轴抗压强度的变化(<a href="#B21">21</a>]。</p> <h5 id="sec4.3">4.3。绝对的相关性AE能量和分形维数与不同大小的标本</h5> <p>分形维数之间的相关性和AE能量是重要动力灾害的预防(煤撞、煤和瓦斯突出)(<a href="#B12">12</a>,<a href="#B36">36</a>]。相信TRFD负相关,在实验室规模累积绝对AE能量。因此,TRFD的相关性和累积绝对AE能量在不同样本尺度研究开发应用实验数据的方法。</p> <p>总结的经验关系由谢和Pariseau [<a href="#B12">12</a>)是用于分析相关变化的分形维数和AE能量耗散在标本不同大小:<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq5"><span class="left_break" id="L10"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M10"> <svg height="14.5707pt" id="M10-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 116.754 14.5707" width="116.754pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-69"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.59,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.85,10.593)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 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455 411V437H272V411C316 406 323 401 305 370C287 337 267 306 247 276L188 369C169 397 173 405 215 411V437H16V411C71 404 83 396 114 348L201 212C171 167 144 127 116 92C77 42 66 34 4 26V0H190V26C139 34 136 43 156 77C175 113 198 150 220 183L294 66C311 39 302 31 260 26V0H474Z" id="g121-118"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.54,10.593)"> <path d="M169 380V459C122 440 66 423 24 416V392C86 384 90 382 90 317V-135C90 -201 81 -207 17 -213V-240H253V-213C176 -207 169 -201 169 -125V6C182 -1 208 -11 238 -12C368 12 487 109 487 260C487 358 421 449 310 449C298 449 279 444 261 433L169 380ZM169 346C196 367 237 389 269 389C341 389 403 329 403 221C403 109 347 37 263 37C228 37 191 53 169 76V346Z" id="g121-110"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.6,10.593)"> <path d="M308 -259V-228H299C192 -219 190 -215 190 -109V616C190 755 193 759 299 768H308V799H127V-259H308Z" id="g119-1"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.46,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.09,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.71,13.725)"> <path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.65,10.593)"> <path d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z" id="g113-70"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.66,10.593)"> <path d="M244 -259V799H63V768H72C178 759 181 755 181 616V-109C181 -215 179 -219 72 -228H63V-259H244Z" id="g119-2"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,113.79,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R10"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M10-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.898 11.44" width="14.898pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M130 550H367L393 615L386 623H101L63 323C82 331 123 342 165 342C275 342 328 277 328 188C328 107 283 40 201 40C141 40 99 72 78 91C69 99 59 98 51 91C39 81 30 67 29 58C28 48 33 37 46 24C60 10 104 -12 149 -12C203 -11 269 14 323 59C384 109 412 165 412 225C412 308 347 399 219 399C193 399 146 382 104 367L130 550Z" id="g190-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.4,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>C</我><sub>1</年代ub>和<我>C</我><sub>2</年代ub>与区域和测量尺度是常数不同,分形维数<我>D</我>范围从0.0到3.0,<我>E</我>单位面积上的平均释放AE能量。在这里,<我>E</我>取而代之的是平均累积绝对AE能量,然后呢<我>D</我>平均在每个加载方向分形维数。回归的结果显示在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig12/" target="_blank">12</a>;总结了参数和相应的相关系数表<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/tab3/" target="_blank">3</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig12"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig12"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="8386428.fig.0012" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/sv/volume-2018/8386428/figures/8386428.fig.0012.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图12</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig12/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 相关性的分形维数和累积绝对AE能源煤炭样本有不同的直径。</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_center">25毫米</td> <td class="align_center">38毫米</td> <td class="align_center">50毫米</td> <td class="align_center">75毫米</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>C</我><sub>1</年代ub></td> <td class="align_center">2.82</td> <td class="align_center">2.48</td> <td class="align_center">2.17</td> <td class="align_center">2.19</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>C</我><sub>2</年代ub>(×10<年代up>−10</年代up>)</td> <td class="align_center">4.15</td> <td class="align_center">3.18</td> <td class="align_center">2.16</td> <td class="align_center">1.61</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</年代up></td> <td class="align_center">0.78</td> <td class="align_center">0.80</td> <td class="align_center">0.73</td> <td class="align_center">0.68</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 常量和相关系数(<我>R</我> <sup>2</年代up>)与不同大小的标本。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>回归曲线在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428/fig12/" target="_blank">12</a>与实验数据吻合较好,相关系数都大于0.71。这表明方程的适用性(<a href="#EEq1">1</a>)在描述分形维数之间的相关性和累积AE能量。然而,参数方程(<a href="#EEq1">1</a>)与标本的大小变化。常数<我>C</我><sub>1</年代ub>和<我>C</我><sub>2</年代ub>在方程(<a href="#EEq1">1</a>)减少样本规模收益,减少与累积AE能量随分形维数增加样本大小。</p> <h4 id="conclusion">5。结论</h4> <p>我们探索microstructure-related规模效应的各向异性AE在煤炭、AE响应测量的基础上,在一系列煤炭样本具有不同直径(25毫米,38毫米,50毫米,75毫米)和各向异性的角度(0°、15°、30°、45°,60°、90°)。AE响应测量单轴压缩条件下进行,而样本的显微结构的变化与不同的大小和各向异性的角度以x射线CT成像。与此同时,这些标本的AE信号的分形维度表压计算的算法,对分形维数之间的相关性和规模效应和能量耗散也是调查。结论总结如下:<年代pan class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(一)</年代pan><span class="list-content">累积AE数和绝对AE能量增加样本的大小,而平均绝对AE能量耗散AE数随样本的大小。这可能与越来越多的先前存在的断层和裂缝(体积/数量)所需标本失败和AE数较低的能量耗散所产生的。</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(b)</年代pan><span class="list-content">方向分布的影响微观结构的各向异性AE特征削弱随着样本的大小。AE特征的各向异性(AE累计计数和绝对AE能量)与增加样本大小被削弱。</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(c)</年代pan><span class="list-content">的价值和各向异性TRFD减少与增加样本大小。TRFD上的规模效应更大的各向异性的角度范围内30°∼60°的各向异性的角度比0°15°、90°,和最明显的各向异性45°角的范围。</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(d)</年代pan><span class="list-content">TRFD之间的相关性和累积AE能量标本不同尺寸也符合负指数方程提出了谢和Pariseau<a href="#B12">12</a>),而这个方程的常数改变样本的大小。减少的TRFD增加累积AE能量减少更大的样本大小。</年代pan></span></span></p> <h4 id="data-availability">数据可用性</h4> <p>使用的数据来支持本研究的发现可以从相应的作者。</p> <h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">的利益冲突</h4> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>这项研究受到了中国国家重点研发项目(2016 yfc0801401和2016 yfc0600708),曰气中国矿业大学杰出学者工程技术(北京),中央大学和基础研究基金。</p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4> <ol> <li id="B1">横档和m . l . 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Grassberger &author=I. Procaccia&publication_year=1983" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4> <p>版权©2018红花歌等。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">知识共享归属许可</a>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__StyledBibblio-sc-1nou1lz-0 hxekTq"> <div id="takeover" class="biblio__TakeoverWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-2 htjhiS"> <div id="bib--hide-takeover-element-mobile"> <div id="bib--takeover-element-mobile"> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-4 lhUKwc">相关文章</h4> <div id="bib--rcm-takeover-element-mobile"> 对本文没有相关内容可用。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__StyledBibblio-sc-1nou1lz-0 hxekTq"> <div class="biblio__FooterWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-3 etZutQ mobile-widget" id="related-articles-hidden"> <div id="bib--hide-footer-element-mobile"> <hr class="biblio__HR-sc-1nou1lz-5 bkemVQ"> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-4 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/sv/2018/8386428.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</年代pan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</年代pan></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/sv/2018/8386428.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</d我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</年代pan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<年代pan>686年</年代pan> </div> <div> 下载<年代pan>631年</年代pan> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2018/8386428" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</d我v> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8386428&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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