𝜇 M) hyperpolarized membrane potential and reversibly suppressed the amplitude of EPSPs evoked by layer I stimulation. Both AMPA- and NMDA-mediated components were suppressed, and paired-pulse facilitation was also enhanced indicating that the suppression is mediated largely by reduced glutamate release. Blockade of D 2 -like receptors greatly reduced the suppression of EPSPs. Dopamine also lowered input resistance, and reduced the number of action potentials evoked by depolarizing current steps. The drop in input resistance was mediated by activation of D 1 -like receptors, and was prevented by blocking K + channels with TEA. The dopaminergic suppression of synaptic transmission is therefore mediated by a D 2 receptor-dependent reduction in transmitter release, and a D 1 receptor-dependent increase in a K + conductance. This suppression of EPSPs may dampen the strength of sensory inputs during periods of elevated mesocortical dopamine activity."> 多巴胺能抑制突触传递的横向内嗅皮层</t我tle> <link href="//www.newsama.com/static/themes/hindawi/base.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/static/lib/basictable.css" rel="stylesheet" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/static/lib/owl.carousel.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/static/lib/owl.theme.default.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.18/bib-related-content.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.18/bib-related-content.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/css/common.ae0ad5f7.chunk.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/css/static/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/pages/journal_article.js.a0652bba.chunk.css"> <style data-styled="NQpXC gnduKR iDEFxF bNmdOy hqwaVF bUhGXt dtdpWS hCWCYG eIIwaK ivbKJD fopjOz eXznhK khbeDd gvAGTV kNoiZu diutvq bqeMOy bMdQcY feaNwj cmzomn bomGMi cnVFQI fMysxi eywbjC hdSPnx drXyHg dDYYdJ EwsTm jGASYF ijtMvb ciIPDK jOLhQl TsaZF fknadA yDBBr gaRePw gyrlwB kvMqkB bcjrxJ fFuCDm irxuxk eGgIVT bWFUuQ kFIuIX hoOvRq lnpHcm ieulRf bcxtxQ itkvWp iHxDYu eILPxx RBVZC MzKKr fedCNn hmOYYz fsxuEC bjwAQR dodfTt eslOan dIyyAR uVYyF fkVFlF hPDggI eVAVoo cfvYGB gxpLsG iXqXlM bbzREB jknsZc eSvjPB jntdRu hAzjHP jxEVjH knRIAt icFqNo drbbAL bPVowM dcKYMv exLcDH kzNyka hCCmjz dJIaji gDNLQN bycqoT jkPgtr flUtLE iUuzmH cdKJIh jVvWtU kNPCsS lnoGXA dxqSPm evMkvU fYrLtk fjviok hgKieC cIribm khHUcu khtExS dbAANp eyHfWh cBTaXT kgAKHb ihOEEr jzTMLK gbrQxi lwEtq fOYLEe gEbQUn bGHCWJ isgRZA cBpQvD cZpOzA prPtb gzkcXu iaVowO jIQcJs cpuiKr hnolyX jmLwpf Lnbhf blbVzE bzUZma eatOFG gOltjj hZsedb idXHYp keayzM cYsVdk bJWOrU fVMBet cxmqZh bzVSCX csdpbK ebwWJp" data-styled-version="4.4.1"> /* sc-component-id: sc-bdVaJa */ .EwsTm{height:200vh;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:1;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.8);} .EwsTm.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){} @media (min-width:992px){.EwsTm{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-htpNat */ .bUhGXt{color:black;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;} .bUhGXt:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bxivhb */ .ivbKJD{display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-ifAKCX */ .fopjOz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0;} .fopjOz li{padding:0 10px;} .fopjOz li a{padding:0;} .fopjOz a{-webkit-transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;border-bottom:2px solid #fff;border-radius:0;} .fopjOz a:hover{border-bottom:2px solid #9b9b9b;padding-bottom:4px;} .fopjOz .active{border-bottom:2px solid #57a61e;} /* sc-component-id: sc-EHOje */ .jOLhQl{vertical-align:middle;height:24px;}.TsaZF{vertical-align:middle;height:40px;}.fknadA{vertical-align:middle;height:14px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bZQynM */ .bNmdOy{max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;width:100%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-htoDjs */ .khbeDd{vertical-align:middle;font-size:24px;}.gvAGTV{vertical-align:middle;font-size:9px;}.kNoiZu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;}.diutvq{vertical-align:middle;font-size:22px;}.bqeMOy{vertical-align:middle;font-size:20px;}.bMdQcY{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jTzLTM */ .iDEFxF{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:1000;background:#fff;height:70px;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;-webkit-transition:all 0.5s;transition:all 0.5s;} @media (max-width:991px){.iDEFxF{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;}} @media (max-width:767px){.iDEFxF{margin-bottom:70px;height:60px;}} .iDEFxF .header__padding{padding:0 20px;box-sizing:border-box;} @media (max-width:991px){.iDEFxF .header__padding{padding:0 0 0 20px;}} .iDEFxF .menu{position:fixed;top:60px;right:0;width:100%;background:white;} @media (max-width:991px){.iDEFxF .menu{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:768px){.iDEFxF .menu{width:500px;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iDEFxF .menu{display:none;}} .iDEFxF .menu ul{list-style-type:none;text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0;} @media (min-width:768px){.iDEFxF .menu ul{padding:0;border-left:1px solid #e3e3e3;}} .iDEFxF .menu ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;padding:10px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;} .iDEFxF .menu .button_wrap{width:90%;margin:10px auto;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;} @media (min-width:768px){.iDEFxF .menu .button_wrap{display:none;}} .iDEFxF .menu .button__publishing{background-color:#6ba439;color:#fff;border-color:#6ba439;} .iDEFxF .menu .button__login{display:none;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#e3e3e3;} .iDEFxF.headerUp{-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);-ms-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjdhpX */ .hCWCYG{-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .hCWCYG a{padding:10px;} .hCWCYG nav{-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} @media (max-width:991px){.hCWCYG nav{display:none;}} .hCWCYG nav ul{margin-right:16px;} .hCWCYG nav ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;padding:10px 0px 4px;margin:0 6px;} @media (max-width:991px){.hCWCYG .icon-themeable{border-left:1px solid #e3e3e3;padding:23px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767px){.hCWCYG .icon-themeable{padding:18px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hCWCYG.mobileButtonFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 51%;-webkit-flex:0 0 51%;-ms-flex:0 0 51%;flex:0 0 51%;max-width:51%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jzJRlG */ .feaNwj{display:none;padding:0;background-color:#fff;border:none;height:59px;} @media (min-width:768px){.feaNwj{height:69px;}} .feaNwj img{box-sizing:content-box;width:28px;padding:17px 20px;} @media (min-width:768px){.feaNwj img{padding:22px 20px;}} @media (max-width:991px){.feaNwj{display:inline-block;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cSHVUG */ .hqwaVF a{display:inline-block;padding:15px 0;} @media (max-width:767px){.hqwaVF a{padding:10px 0;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hqwaVF.mobileLogoFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 49%;-webkit-flex:0 0 49%;-ms-flex:0 0 49%;flex:0 0 49%;max-width:49%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kAzzGY */ .eXznhK{border:none;height:50px;background-color:#fff;margin:10px 0 0 17px;position:relative;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.eXznhK{margin:0 3px 0 16px;padding:0;height:69px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.eXznhK{height:59px;}} .eXznhK img{box-sizing:content-box;} .eXznhK .icon__cross{width:24px;height:24px;} @media (min-width:768px){.eXznhK .icon__cross{padding:23px 20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.eXznhK .icon__cross{padding:0px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dxgOiQ */ .dtdpWS{vertical-align:middle;height:39px;} @media (max-width:401px){.dtdpWS{max-width:100%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ckVGcZ */ .bJWOrU{border-top:4px solid rgba(107,164,57,.25);background-color:#F9FBF6;font-size:16px;position:relative;z-index:3;} @media (max-width:991px){.bJWOrU{z-index:0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jKJlTe */ .fVMBet{border-bottom :1px solid;border-color:#E3E3E3;padding:29px 40px 30px 40px;} @media (min-width:992px){.fVMBet{padding:40px 40px 40px 35px;}} .fVMBet .primary__footer .mobile{display:block;} .fVMBet .primary__footer .desktop{display:none;} @media (min-width:992px){.fVMBet .primary__footer{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;}.fVMBet .primary__footer .mobile{display:none;}.fVMBet .primary__footer .desktop{display:block;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fVMBet .col5{-webkit-flex:0 0 18%;-ms-flex:0 0 18%;flex:0 0 18%;max-width:18%;}} .fVMBet address{font-style:inherit;line-height:1.5;font-size:16px;display:none;border-right:1px solid #EBEBEB;} @media (max-width:767px){.fVMBet address{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-bottom:20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fVMBet address{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-right:50px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.fVMBet address{margin-right:70px;}} .fVMBet address p{margin:0;font-size:14px;} @media (max-width:767px){.fVMBet address p{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.fVMBet address p{font-size:16px;}} .fVMBet nav ul{list-style:none;padding:0;line-height:2;font-size:16px;margin:18px 0 0 0;} .fVMBet nav ul:first-child{margin:0;} @media (min-width:992px){.fVMBet nav ul{margin:0;}} .fVMBet nav ul li{line-height:22px;padding:5px;} .fVMBet nav ul li a{color:#4A4A4A;font-weight:500;display:block;font-size:16px;} .fVMBet nav ul li img{padding:2.5px 0 0 10px;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-eNQAEJ */ .cxmqZh{padding-top:6px;color:#4A4A4A;font-weight:500;margin-bottom:29px;} @media (min-width:992px){.cxmqZh{-webkit-flex:0 0 25%;-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:-webkit-fit-content;max-width:-moz-fit-content;max-width:fit-content;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hMqMXs */ .csdpbK{margin-right:20px;} .csdpbK:last-child{margin-right:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kEYyzF */ .bzVSCX{margin-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kkGfuU */ .ebwWJp{line-height:30px;font-size:11px;padding:10px 20px;} .ebwWJp .textright{text-align:right;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:767px){.ebwWJp .textright{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:992px){.ebwWJp .textright{font-weight:100;}} .ebwWJp span a{font-size:13px;} @media (max-width:767px){.ebwWJp span{text-align:center;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iAyFgw */ .irxuxk{display:inline-block;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#E3E3E3;width:auto;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;} .irxuxk:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hSdWYo */ .drXyHg{font-size:22px;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.drXyHg{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.drXyHg{font-size:25px;}} .drXyHg:after{content:'';display:inline-block;margin-top:0.2em;margin-left:0.5em;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gPEVay */ .iUuzmH{font-size:30px;font-weight:500;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;-ms-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1;margin-top:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iUuzmH{font-size:40px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iUuzmH{font-size:40px;}} .iUuzmH sup,.iUuzmH sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:-10px;} .iUuzmH sub{top:10px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-csuQGl */ .idXHYp{font-size:20px;font-weight:500;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-Rmtcm */ .hZsedb{display:inline-block;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.hZsedb{width:100%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hZsedb.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bRBYWo */ .keayzM{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;width:100%;padding:0 !important;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .keayzM li{width:100%;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;padding:17px 0px;min-height:48px;} .keayzM li a{display:block;} .keayzM .iconBorder{border-right:1px solid #fff;} .keayzM img{width:23px;} .keayzM img.socialLinkedin{width:28px;} .keayzM .wechat-container{position:relative;} .keayzM .wechat-container .addthis_inline_share_toolbox{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:0 !important;} /* sc-component-id: sc-GMQeP */ .cnVFQI{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;position:fixed;top:60px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cnVFQI{position:fixed;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cnVFQI{position:fixed;top:70px;}}.fMysxi{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;top:0px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fMysxi{top:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fMysxi{position:fixed;top:241px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gFaPwZ */ .kFIuIX{background-color:#6BA439;color:#fff;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .kFIuIX img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .kFIuIX span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .kFIuIX span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.kFIuIX span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.kFIuIX span.text{padding-left:20px;}}.hoOvRq{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .hoOvRq img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .hoOvRq span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .hoOvRq span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.hoOvRq span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.hoOvRq span.text{padding-left:20px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fhYwyz */ .ieulRf{width:20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jzgbtB */ .bcxtxQ{width:20px;height:16px;color:#6ba439;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gJWqzi */ .gyrlwB{position:relative;background:#007d8d;} @media (max-width:991px){.gyrlwB{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.gyrlwB{width:50%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gyrlwB{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;border-top:1px solid white;}} .gyrlwB.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gyrlwB.isHide{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .gyrlwB .submit__button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.5);padding:0 20px;min-height:45px;} .gyrlwB .submit__button span.text{font-size:16px;} .gyrlwB .submit__button img{width:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gyrlwB .submit__button{min-height:58px;}.gyrlwB .submit__button img{width:22px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gyrlwB .submit__button{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-rBLzX */ .bcjrxJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bcjrxJ{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bcjrxJ{border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.bcjrxJ{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} .bcjrxJ .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bcjrxJ .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(0);-ms-transform:rotateZ(0);transform:rotateZ(0);}} .bcjrxJ.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.bcjrxJ.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .bcjrxJ .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bcjrxJ .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);}} .bcjrxJ .icon__hidden{display:none;}.fFuCDm{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fFuCDm{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fFuCDm{border-top:none;border-right:0;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.fFuCDm{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} .fFuCDm .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fFuCDm .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(0);-ms-transform:rotateZ(0);transform:rotateZ(0);}} .fFuCDm.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.fFuCDm.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .fFuCDm .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fFuCDm .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);}} .fFuCDm .icon__hidden{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bMvGRv */ .bWFUuQ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bWFUuQ{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bWFUuQ{-webkit-transition:all 0.25s;transition:all 0.25s;border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;border-left:0;padding:14.5px 30px 14.5px 20px;width:calc(100% / 6);font-size:14px;}.bWFUuQ:hover{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.bWFUuQ{font-size:16px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-CtfFt */ .eGgIVT{width:18px;margin-right:-4px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eGgIVT{width:7px;font-size:7px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.eGgIVT{width:18px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-laTMn */ .itkvWp{position:absolute;top:0;width:calc(100% - 20px);right:0;bottom:0;background:#fff;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;min-height:290px;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);} .itkvWp.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);-ms-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.itkvWp.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(-200%);-ms-transform:translateX(-200%);transform:translateX(-200%);}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.itkvWp{left:100%;width:100%;padding-top:20px;z-index:-1;min-height:375px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.itkvWp{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hGoxap */ .RBVZC{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.RBVZC.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-300%);-ms-transform:translateY(-300%);transform:translateY(-300%);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.RBVZC{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:186px;top:49px;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;background:#fff;z-index:-1;box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.21);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjmCvl */ .iHxDYu{font-weight:700;border:0;color:#4A4A4A;padding:10px 0;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;} .iHxDYu:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iHxDYu{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bHwgHz */ .eILPxx{margin:0px 10px 2px 20px;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-krDsej */ .fedCNn{width:50%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dTdPqK */ .hmOYYz{color:#007B8B;width:50%;font-size:16px;line-height:26px;margin:auto;padding:0 6%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-itybZL */ .MzKKr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:50%;padding:24.5px 2% 0;-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;} @media (min-width:1024px){.MzKKr{padding:24.5px 3% 0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eMigcr */ .kvMqkB{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.kvMqkB{width:calc(100% / 6);}.kvMqkB:first-child{border-left:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fzsDOv */ .fsxuEC{background-color:#D8D8D8;position:absolute;left:50%;display:inline-block;height:121px;width:2px;top:33px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bmyXtO */ .gDNLQN{padding:0;margin:10px 0 25px 0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dEoRIm */ .jkPgtr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .jkPgtr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jkPgtr{margin-top:10px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtggT */ .bycqoT{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;background-color:#F2F2F2;padding:0 16px;} .bycqoT.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .bycqoT p{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .bycqoT sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-ebFjAB */ .jxEVjH{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jKVCRD */ .knRIAt{margin-top:30px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.knRIAt{margin-top:0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kaNhvL */ .icFqNo{background:#FF9014;color:white;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;padding:5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-LKuAh */ .drbbAL{font-size:14px;margin:15px 0 5px;} @media (min-width:768px){.drbbAL{font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.drbbAL{font-size:20px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iBEsjs */ .bPVowM{font-size:12px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hzNEM */ .exLcDH{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:16px;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.58px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.58px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.58px;letter-spacing:0.58px;margin:23px 0 0px !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.exLcDH{margin:34px 0 0px !important;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.exLcDH{margin:-4px 0 0 !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-chbbiW */ .kzNyka{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .kzNyka a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .kzNyka a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kxynE */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Bold.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .flUtLE{font-weight:700;font-family:STIXGeneral-Bold;margin:19px 0 22px;font-size:25px;line-height:28px;-webkit-letter-spacing:normal;-moz-letter-spacing:normal;-ms-letter-spacing:normal;letter-spacing:normal;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.flUtLE{font-size:25px;margin:20px 0 23px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.flUtLE{font-size:30px;line-height:34px;margin:19px 0 22px;}} .flUtLE p{margin:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cooIXK */ .hCCmjz{padding:0 3px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fcdeBU */ .dJIaji{font-size:14px;} .dJIaji:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gmeYpB */ .dcKYMv{border:none;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;height:2px;margin:15px 0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hgHYgh */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{src:url('https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .khtExS{font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;text-align:justify;} .khtExS h4:first-of-type{border-top:0px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:0;} .khtExS h4{font-size:20px;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans",sans-serif;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:-3px;} .khtExS h4#abstract{margin-top:-7px;margin-bottom:-3px;} @media (min-width:767.5){.khtExS h4#abstract{margin-top:-6px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.khtExS h4#abstract{margin-top:34px;}} .khtExS h4.references,.khtExS h4.copyright{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;} .khtExS h4.references{margin-bottom:-8px;} .khtExS h5,.khtExS h6{margin:22px 0;font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .khtExS h6{margin:25px 0;text-align:left;} .khtExS p{font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:25px auto;} @media (max-width:767px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section{margin:0 auto;overflow-x:hidden;}} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:19px 0px 19px 0px;height:254px;width:96%;overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;position:relative;cursor:pointer;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content table{margin:0 auto;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table object{z-index:-1;position:relative;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td{padding:4px 7px;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_left{text-align:left;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_center{text-align:center;} @media (min-width:768px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:22px 0px 0 0px;height:197px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:23px 0px 13px 0px;height:215px;}} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content:after{content:"";height:20%;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;background:-moz-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,color-stop(0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(100%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)));background:-webkit-linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.5) 30%,rgba(255,255,255,0.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,0.9) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);background:-o-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-ms-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);-webkit-filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer{background-color:#F2F2F2;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTZweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIycHgiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNiAyIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgeG1sbnM6eGxpbms9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkveGxpbmsiPgogICAgPCEtLSBHZW5lcmF0b3I6IFNrZXRjaCA1My4yICg3MjY0MykgLSBodHRwczovL3NrZXRjaGFwcC5jb20gLS0+CiAgICA8dGl0bGU+SWNvbnMvQ2xvc2UgTWVudSAtPC90aXRsZT4KICAgIDxkZXNjPkNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBTa2V0Y2guPC9kZXNjPgogICAgPGRlZnM+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTUsMTMgTDE5LDEzIEMxOS41NTIyODQ3LDEzIDIwLDEyLjU1MjI4NDcgMjAsMTIgQzIwLDExLjQ0NzcxNTMgMTkuNTUyMjg0NywxMSAxOSwxMSBMNSwxMSBDNC40NDc3MTUyNSwxMSA0LDExLjQ0NzcxNTMgNCwxMiBDNCwxMi41NTIyODQ3IDQuNDQ3NzE1MjUsMTMgNSwxMyBaIiBpZD0icGF0aC0xIj48L3BhdGg+CiAgICA8L2RlZnM+CiAgICA8ZyBpZD0iUGFnZS0xIiBzdHJva2U9Im5vbmUiIHN0cm9rZS13aWR0aD0iMSIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJldmVub2RkIj4KICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iQXJ0aWNsZS0tLU1vYmlsZS0tLUFsZ29yaXRobSIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTIwLjAwMDAwMCwgLTU0MS4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9Ikdyb3VwIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgwLjAwMDAwMCwgMjU3LjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9Ikdyb3VwLTkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJHcm91cC04IiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgwLjAwMDAwMCwgMjUyLjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iR3JvdXAtNyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC4wMDAwMDAsIDIuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iSWNvbnMvQ2xvc2UtTWVudS0tIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMy4wMDAwMDAsIDE2LjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJtaW51cyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMy4wMDAwMDAsIDMuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxtYXNrIGlkPSJtYXNrLTIiIGZpbGw9IndoaXRlIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgeGxpbms6aHJlZj0iI3BhdGgtMSI+PC91c2U+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvbWFzaz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPHVzZSBpZD0iU2hhcGUiIGZpbGw9IiMwMDAwMDAiIGZpbGwtcnVsZT0ibm9uemVybyIgeGxpbms6aHJlZj0iI3BhdGgtMSI+PC91c2U+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJDT0xPUi8tUHJpbWFyeS1HcmVlbiIgbWFzaz0idXJsKCNtYXNrLTIpIiBmaWxsPSIjNkJBNDM5IiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPHJlY3QgaWQ9IlJlY3RhbmdsZSIgeD0iMCIgeT0iMCIgd2lkdGg9IjI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjI0Ij48L3JlY3Q+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPg==') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;} @media (min-width:768px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{display:none;}} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .khtExS .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .khtExS ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .khtExS ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .khtExS ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .khtExS ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .khtExS ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .khtExS ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .khtExS ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .khtExS .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .khtExS .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .khtExS .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.khtExS .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.khtExS .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.khtExS .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.khtExS{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.khtExS{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.khtExS{margin-bottom:100px;}} .khtExS .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .khtExS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .khtExS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;width:100%;} .khtExS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .khtExS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .khtExS .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active svg{fill:#007B8B;} .khtExS .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .khtExS .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .khtExS .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .khtExS .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .khtExS .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .khtExS .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:357px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:417px;}} .khtExS .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:16px;}} .khtExS .owl-nav,.khtExS .owl-dots{display:none;} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{position:relative;height:auto;max-height:287px;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:477px;}} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.khtExS .owl-stage-outer,.khtExS .owl-stage{max-height:287px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.khtExS .owl-stage-outer,.khtExS .owl-stage{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.khtExS .owl-stage-outer,.khtExS .owl-stage{max-height:477px;}} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content::after,.khtExS .owl-stage-outer::after,.khtExS .owl-stage::after{background:transparent;} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-align-items:self-start;-webkit-box-align:self-start;-ms-flex-align:self-start;align-items:self-start;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:calc(100% - 110px);}} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:100%;position:relative;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:20%;}} .khtExS .floats-partial-middle{position:relative;} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 17.5px;height:50px;width:61px;display:inline-block;border:0;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background-position-y:54.35%;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:51px;background-position-x:8px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:59px;background-position-x:16px;}} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 18.5px;height:52px;width:61px;display:inline-block;padding:0px;cursor:pointer;border:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:51px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:59px;}} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:-50px;height:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{bottom:0;}} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content{padding:12px;} .khtExS .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{border-left:none;} .khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-content{display:none;} .khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer{background-image:url(https://w2o-xhtml-parsed-preprod.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/table_thumb.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:17px 17px;background-size:100px 70px;border-top:none;min-height:110px;position:relative;} .khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .table-thumb-overlay{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;left:17px;top:17px;height:70px;width:100px;} .khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text{padding-left:137px;padding-right:0px;position:relative;} .khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text .caption-text-overlay{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;top:20px;left:135px;height:20px;width:60px;} .khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{color:black;display:block !important;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:auto;margin-left:140px;margin-right:20px;padding:0px 0px 15px 0px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .minimize_btn{display:none !important;} .khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .expand_btn{display:none !important;} @media (max-width:567px){.khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer{background-size:60px 45px;}.khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .table-thumb-overlay{height:45px;width:60px;}.khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text{padding:30px 0px 15px 95px;}.khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text .caption-text-overlay{top:30px;left:95px;}.khtExS .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{margin:0px 20px;}} .khtExS .owl-item{overflow-y:hidden;margin-bottom:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;} .khtExS .supplementary--docs{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:2em;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS .supplementary--docs{padding-left:1em;}} .khtExS .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;-webkit-flex:0 0 100%;-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.khtExS .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;-webkit-flex:0 0 50%;-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%;}} .khtExS .supplementary--docs li a::after{content:'';background :url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) no-repeat 5px;padding-right:35px;background-size:14px;} .khtExS .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc{padding-left:19px;} .khtExS .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc p{margin:10px 0;} .khtExS .table-group.fixed-width,.khtExS .table-group.sidewaystable{min-width:auto;} .khtExS .noliststyle{padding-left:1em;} .khtExS .noliststyle li{padding-left:0;} .khtExS .xml-content > hr{display:none;} .khtExS sup,.khtExS sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:5px;} .khtExS sup{top:-5px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS a{position:relative;}} .khtExS a div.tooltip{cursor:auto;position:absolute;width:280px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #adadad;padding:20px;margin:0;display:none;z-index:2;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS a div.tooltip{width:400px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.khtExS a div.tooltip{width:572px;}} .khtExS a div.tooltip .cross{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;display:block;height:14px;width:14px;cursor:pointer;} .khtExS a div.tooltip ol{margin:0;padding:0 0 10px 20px;} .khtExS a div.tooltip ol li{text-align:left;margin:0;} .khtExS a div.tooltip.left{left:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS a div.tooltip.left{left:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.khtExS a div.tooltip.left{left:-100px;}} .khtExS a div.tooltip.right{right:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.khtExS a div.tooltip.right{right:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.khtExS a div.tooltip.right{right:-100px;}} .khtExS a div.tooltip a.seeRef{padding-left:30px;} .khtExS .gloss-abbr tr td:first-child{white-space:nowrap;} .khtExS table.algorithm td{word-break:keep-all;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eInJlc */ .cfvYGB{width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cfvYGB{width:19%;}} @media (min-width:1280px){.cfvYGB{width:24%;max-width:350px;}} .cfvYGB p{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gtfDJT */ .eVAVoo{-webkit-flex:1 0 30%;-ms-flex:1 0 30%;flex:1 0 30%;list-style:none;padding:0;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.eVAVoo{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:2;margin:0;margin-top:50px;top:169px;max-height:calc(100vh - 165px);overflow-y:auto;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.eVAVoo{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1200px){.eVAVoo{max-width:354px;-webkit-flex:1 0 20%;-ms-flex:1 0 20%;flex:1 0 20%;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.eVAVoo{-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;max-width:354px;}} .eVAVoo p{margin:0;padding:10px 0;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:24px;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eVAVoo p{display:block;padding:10px 20px;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}} .eVAVoo.links__hidden{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eVAVoo.links__hidden{display:block;}} .eVAVoo.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:768px){.eVAVoo.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eVAVoo.translate{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}.eVAVoo.translate #leftSectionMenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fOICqy */ .iXqXlM{color:#4A4A4A;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hzDEsm */ .gxpLsG{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;color:#4A4A4A;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:list-item;} @media (min-width:991px){.gxpLsG{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.gxpLsG:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .gxpLsG:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .gxpLsG a{display:block;padding:10px 20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jeCdPy */ .hPDggI{position:fixed;width:100%;height:50px;color:#4D8A17;background-color:#F2F2F2;border:none;font-size:16px;line-height:18px;font-weight:500;z-index:2;top:170px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;text-align:left;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.hPDggI{padding-left:15px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hPDggI{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hPDggI{display:none;}} .hPDggI .icon__dots{cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);margin-right:15px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hPDggI .icon__dots{padding-right:20px;margin-bottom:2px;-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}} .hPDggI.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);top:170px;} @media(min-width:991.5px){.hPDggI.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);-ms-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gpHHfC */ .cdKJIh{padding:0;margin:20px 0;} .cdKJIh span{font-size:14px;} .cdKJIh span.isHide{display:none;} .cdKJIh span i{font-style:italic;} .cdKJIh span i.isHide{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gVyKpa */ .kNPCsS{width:16px;margin:0 2px 2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cpmKsF */ .dxqSPm{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .dxqSPm:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dxqSPm{margin-top:5px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kQsIoO */ .lnoGXA{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .lnoGXA.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .lnoGXA p:first-child{margin-top:15px;} .lnoGXA p{font-size:14px;line-height:23px;display:block;} .lnoGXA sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gPzReC */ .jVvWtU{border:none;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;height:2px;margin:15px 0;} .jVvWtU.hr__author{margin-bottom:12px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dxZgTM */ @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.lwEtq{display:none;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.lwEtq{z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iomxrj */ .fOYLEe{background-color:#6ba339;color:#ffffff;display:none;} .fOYLEe span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.fOYLEe{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.fOYLEe:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dvCyap */ .gEbQUn{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:none;} .gEbQUn span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.gEbQUn{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.gEbQUn{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.gEbQUn:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gEbQUn.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iFMziU */ .bGHCWJ{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:none;} .bGHCWJ span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.bGHCWJ{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.bGHCWJ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.bGHCWJ:hover{background-color :#5D9230;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bGHCWJ.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cBdUnI */ .blbVzE{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-top:1px solid #ffffff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:14px;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:20px 55px 20px 25px;} @media (max-width:1279.5px){.blbVzE{padding-right:20px;}} @media (max-width:991.5px){.blbVzE{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-exkUMo */ .bzUZma div{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} .bzUZma div:last-of-type{padding-top:20px;} .bzUZma span{color:#4F4F4F;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:26px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kcDeIU */ .eatOFG{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse;height:100%;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .eatOFG span{padding-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-drKuOJ */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.cBpQvD{width:100%;z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gRnDUn */ .cZpOzA{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:991px){.cZpOzA{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.cZpOzA:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cZpOzA.hide{display:none !important;}} .cZpOzA.active .icon-themeable{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-cmjSyW */ .cpuiKr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-sdtwF */ .hnolyX{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;font-size:16px;color:#4a4a4a;font-weight:500;padding:11px 20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;} @media (min-width:991px){.hnolyX{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.hnolyX:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iYUSvU */ .jmLwpf{-webkit-flex:1 0 90%;-ms-flex:1 0 90%;flex:1 0 90%;padding-left:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jmLwpf{padding-left:93px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jmLwpf{padding-left:50px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cHSUfg */ .prPtb{width:20px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cTjmhe */ .jIQcJs{width:22px;height:21px;padding:2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cugefK */ .gzkcXu{-webkit-flex:1 0 80%;-ms-flex:1 0 80%;flex:1 0 80%;padding-left:26px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gzkcXu{padding-left:69px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gzkcXu{padding-left:20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.gzkcXu{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fnwBNb */ .iaVowO{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iaVowO{padding-left:20px;max-width:100px;display:inline;}} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.iaVowO{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iNhVCk */ .gOltjj{width:100%;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:none;cursor:pointer;} .gOltjj li{background-color:#f2f2f2;} @media (min-width:991px){.gOltjj li{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.gOltjj li:hover{background-color :#ffffff;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .gOltjj h3{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eAKXzc */ .Lnbhf{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:block;border-top:1px solid #ffffff;border-radius:0;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} .Lnbhf .right__icon{padding:0;height:16px;width:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.Lnbhf{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.Lnbhf:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.Lnbhf.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bfYoXt */ .jGASYF{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:25%;float:right;margin-top:-49px;} @media (max-width:374px){.jGASYF{width:26.5%;}} @media (min-width:992px){.jGASYF{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gbOuXE */ .ijtMvb{background-color:#6BA339;color:white;-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;z-index:100;padding:14px 16px 10px 19px;border-radius:0px;border-bottom:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767px){.ijtMvb{border-bottom:none;padding:16px 16px 14px 16px;font-size:14px;}.ijtMvb .article_toolbar_icon{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dRFtgE */ .ciIPDK{margin-right:16px;width:24px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gkFcWv */ .yDBBr{width:16px;height:auto;float:right;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.yDBBr{width:24px;height:24px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ciodno */ .dodfTt{font-size:14px;padding:16px 20px 24px;} @media (max-width:991px){.dodfTt{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gGCbJM */ .eslOan{font-size:14px;} .eslOan:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-lcpuFF */ .dIyyAR{font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;} /* sc-component-id: baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 */ .cmzomn{margin-top:140px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cmzomn{margin-top:85px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cmzomn{margin-top:70px;min-height:calc(100vh - 334px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 */ .uVYyF{width:100%;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.uVYyF{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap;padding:0 20px;max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1100.5px){.uVYyF .partenership__collabText{font-size:12px;}} @media (min-width:1100.5px) and (max-width:1200.5px){.uVYyF .partenership__collabText{font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1071.5px){.uVYyF .partenership__logoWrapper img{margin-left:20px;margin-bottom:10px;}.uVYyF .partenership__logoWrapper img:last-child{margin-left:0;margin-bottom:0;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 */ @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.fkVFlF{width:20%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.fkVFlF{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 */ .jzTMLK{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jzTMLK{width:20%;margin-bottom:60px;}.jzTMLK.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.jzTMLK{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 */ .bbzREB{margin:0 20px;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.bbzREB{width:calc(60% - 40px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.bbzREB{width:calc(50% - 40px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 */ .jknsZc{margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:768px){.jknsZc{max-width:688px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jknsZc{max-width:100%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1075px){.jknsZc{max-width:572px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 */ .gnduKR{width:100%;margin-top:170px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:180px;min-height:840px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 */ .bomGMi{width:100%;max-width:1440px;z-index:3;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-120px);-ms-transform:translateY(-120px);transform:translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 */ .hdSPnx{background-color:#007B8B;opacity:0.8;color:#fff;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:17px 0 17px 20px;line-height:23px;height:60px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hdSPnx{line-height:26px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hdSPnx{line-height:50px;padding:5px 0 5px 20px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 */ .dDYYdJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;height:50px;width:100%;background-color:#007B8B;color:#fff;text-align:left;padding-left:14px;padding-right:0;border:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .dDYYdJ span{font-size:24px;padding-right:14px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dDYYdJ{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 */ .eywbjC{background-color:#fff;display:block;} .eywbjC h1,.eywbjC h2{color:#fff;} .eywbjC h2{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.eywbjC h2{font-size:25px;}} .eywbjC h1{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.eywbjC h1{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eywbjC h1{font-size:40px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 */ .eSvjPB{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} .eSvjPB .author__editor--hr{display:block;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 */ .jntdRu{width:100%;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.jntdRu{margin-top:52px;}} .jntdRu p{margin:12px 0;line-height:20px;} .jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:100%;min-width:306px;padding-left:7px;padding-right:7px;} @media (min-width:346px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:543px;margin:auto;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{max-width:612px;width:75%;margin:inherit;margin-left:50px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:1100px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{margin-left:118px;}} .jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:15px;}} .jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:65px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:75px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu #vjs_video_3 button{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;left:40%;margin-top:0;}} .jntdRu .video-js .vjs-big-play-button{top:calc(50% - 22.5px);left:calc(50% - 50px);} .jntdRu .video-js{margin:20px 0;} .jntdRu a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .jntdRu a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 */ .hAzjHP{background-position:0px 0px;background-origin:content-box;background-size:99%;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 */ .evMkvU{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 */ .fjviok{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:15px 0 30px;border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fjviok{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:20px 0 30px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 */ .hgKieC{-webkit-flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:5px 0 15px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC{padding:5px 0;}} .hgKieC.notPublished{display:none;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.notPublished{display:block;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.isPublished{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.hgKieC.isPublished span:first-child::after{content:':';padding-right:3px;}} .hgKieC:last-child{border-right:none;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 */ .cIribm{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 */ .khHUcu{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 */ .fYrLtk{margin:-7px 0 -5px;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 */ .eyHfWh{position:relative;} .eyHfWh.hide{display:none;} .eyHfWh hr{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-30px;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}.cBTaXT.hide{display:none;} .cBTaXT hr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/_/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');} .ihOEEr{padding:0 20px 20px;} .ihOEEr .bib__image{display:none;} .ihOEEr .bib__title{font-size:20px;} .ihOEEr .bib__name{font-size:18px;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Bold",serif !important;color:rgb(74,74,74);font-weight:700;} .ihOEEr .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.ihOEEr .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info,.ihOEEr [class*=bib--txt] .bib__link .bib__info,.ihOEEr [class*=bib--txt] .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 0 !important;} .ihOEEr .bib__author{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(132,132,132);margin-top:3px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:20px;opacity:1;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:500;} .ihOEEr #biblio_sidebar .bib__link{border-top:1px solid rgb(227,227,227) !important;padding-top:5px !important;padding-bottom:5px !important;} .ihOEEr #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child{border-top:0 !important;padding-top:0 !important;} .ihOEEr #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child .bib__info{padding-top:0 !important;} .ihOEEr #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.ihOEEr #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 15px 10px 0 !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.ihOEEr{padding:0 40px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ihOEEr{padding:0 20px;}} /* sc-component-id: biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 */ .kgAKHb{font-size:20px;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans";color:#000;font-weight:600;margin-top:34px;margin-bottom:18px;padding:0 20px;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 */ .gbrQxi{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gbrQxi{display:block;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar{top:110px;z-index:-100;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar .pdf_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar .ref_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .gbrQxi .article_toolbar_views{margin-top:-58px;display:block;text-align:right;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.isgRZA .article_bottom_toolbar{top:292px;z-index:-10;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.bjwAQR{padding:16px 20px 24px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 */ .NQpXC .content,.NQpXC .contentWrapper{overflow:visible;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-4 */ .cYsVdk{max-width:350px;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.cYsVdk{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 */ .dbAANp{background-color:#f5f5f5;padding:15px 20px 24px 20px;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dbAANp{margin-top:-64px;margin-bottom:40px;}} .dbAANp .hrTitleRef{padding:0;margin-top:0;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;} .dbAANp #biblio_widget{padding:0;}</style> </head> <body style="margin:0;box-sizing:border-box"> <div id="__next"> <div class="static_page"> <div class="page no__focus__outline"> <header class="sc-jTzLTM iDEFxF"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd header__padding"> <div class="sc-cSHVUG hqwaVF mobileLogoFlex _1fpqArXPCxgnlv2rXZC2sl _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/" aria-label="Home"><img alt="标志”src="https://preprod-admin.w2o.hindawi.com/themes/custom/hindawi_extended/logo.svg" class="sc-dxgOiQ dtdpWS"></a> </div> <div class="sc-fjdhpX hCWCYG mobileButtonFlex _2v1j-tLx3hx0tgKcpPzH6B _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd"> <nav class="sc-bxivhb ivbKJD"> <ul class="sc-ifAKCX fopjOz sc-kGXeez eIIwaK"> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</一个></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</一个></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</一个></li> </ul> </nav> <button class="sc-kAzzGY eXznhK icon__search" aria-label="Search"><span class="sc-htoDjs khbeDd icon__search icon-colored _3hSk3ArgsWMFh5QJIGblNr icon-themeable" title="" font-size="24"></span></button> <button aria-label="Hamburger Menu" class="sc-jzJRlG feaNwj"><span class="sc-htoDjs khbeDd hamburger icon-colored _20YUA8q5mREEBfJm8VsdXV icon-themeable" title="" font-size="24"></span></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"></div> <main class="baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 cmzomn article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 gnduKR DADtd11SJ4KyWZ2l6zAnr base_style journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 NQpXC"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy width_wrapper"> <div id="journal__navigation" class="sc-GMQeP cnVFQI article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 bomGMi"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 eywbjC" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/" aria-label=""><h2 class="sc-hSdWYo drXyHg article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 hdSPnx _1ZrXcsbATVL_kHOpFAan9k">神经可塑性</h2></a> <button class="article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 dDYYdJ journalNavCheck" id="journalMenuTitle"><span>+</span>杂志菜单</button> <div class="sc-bdVaJa EwsTm isHide" id="fadeOut"></div> <div class="sc-bfYoXt jGASYF"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gbOuXE ijtMvb article-toolbar-link" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/np/2008/203514.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-dRFtgE ciIPDK article_toolbar_icon" title="" role="presentation" src="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24">PDF<我mg alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-gkFcWv yDBBr" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <nav id="journal__nav" class="sc-gJWqzi gyrlwB article__JournalNavigationStyle-sc-10qhnp8-4 gaRePw isHide journalNavCheck"> <div class="sc-eMigcr kvMqkB journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-iAyFgw irxuxk sc-rBLzX bcjrxJ journalNavCheck" color="">日报》概述<span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-CtfFt eGgIVT journalNavCheck icon__inactive icon-white _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-CtfFt eGgIVT journalNavCheck icon__active icon-colored icon__hidden _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bMvGRv bWFUuQ" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/guidelines/" aria-label="For authors">对于作者</一个> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bMvGRv bWFUuQ" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="For reviewers">对于审查员</一个> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bMvGRv bWFUuQ" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="For editors">的编辑器</一个> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bMvGRv bWFUuQ" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/contents/year/2021/" aria-label="Table of Contents">表的内容</一个> <div class="sc-eMigcr kvMqkB journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-iAyFgw irxuxk sc-rBLzX fFuCDm journalNavCheck" color="">特殊的问题<span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-CtfFt eGgIVT journalNavCheck icon__inactive icon-white _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-CtfFt eGgIVT journalNavCheck icon__active icon-colored icon__hidden _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gFaPwZ kFIuIX submit__button journalNavCheck" href="https://review.hindawi.com/submit?journal=np" aria-label="" target="" id=""><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-fhYwyz lnpHcm" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">提交</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-jzgbtB bcxtxQ fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-laTMn itkvWp hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-fjmCvl iHxDYu journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz eILPxx journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-hGoxap RBVZC hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-itybZL MzKKr"> <div class="sc-krDsej fedCNn"></div> <div class="sc-krDsej fedCNn"></div> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK hmOYYz"></div> <span class="sc-fzsDOv fsxuEC"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-ciodno dodfTt breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gGCbJM eslOan breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/" aria-label="Neural Plasticity">神经可塑性</一个>/<一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gGCbJM eslOan breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/contents/year/2008/" aria-label="2008">2008年</一个>/<span class="sc-lcpuFF dIyyAR">文章</span> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 uVYyF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-jeCdPy hPDggI section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</button> <div class="sc-gtfDJT eVAVoo static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-GMQeP fMysxi sc-eInJlc cfvYGB left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</一个></span> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></span> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#materials-and-methods" aria-label="">材料和方法</一个></span> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#results" aria-label="">结果</一个></span> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#discussion" aria-label="">讨论</一个></span> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#conclusions" aria-label="">结论</一个></span> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">确认</一个></span> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</一个></span> <span class="sc-hzDEsm gxpLsG grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fOICqy iXqXlM" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-ebFjAB jxEVjH article_header_class"> <div class="sc-jKVCRD knRIAt"> <span class="sc-kaNhvL icFqNo">特殊的问题</span> <h2 class="sc-LKuAh drbbAL">内嗅皮层神经元可塑性</h2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iBEsjs bPVowM" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/si/184914/" aria-label="">把这个特殊的问题</一个> <hr class="sc-gmeYpB dcKYMv"> </div> <p class="sc-hzNEM exLcDH article_type">研究文章|<!-- -->开放获取</p> <div class="sc-chbbiW kzNyka article_citation"> 体积<!-- --> <!-- -->2008年<!-- --> <span class="sc-cooIXK hCCmjz">|</span>文章的ID<!-- --> <!-- -->203514年<!-- --> <span class="sc-cooIXK hCCmjz">|</span> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fcdeBU dJIaji" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/203514" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/203514</一个> </div> <div class="sc-bmyXtO gDNLQN article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-jtggT bycqoT isHide"> <p>道格拉斯·a . Caruana c·安德鲁·查普曼<!-- -->,<!-- --> <!-- -->”<span>多巴胺能抑制突触传递的横向内嗅皮层</span>”,<!-- --><i>神经可塑性</我>,<!-- --> <!-- -->卷。<!-- -->2008年<!-- -->,<!-- --> <!-- -->文章的ID<!-- -->203514年<!-- -->,<!-- --> <!-- -->14<!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- -->页面<!-- -->,<!-- --> <!-- -->2008年<!-- -->。<!-- --> <!-- -->https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/203514</p> </div> <button class="sc-iAyFgw irxuxk sc-dEoRIm jkPgtr" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-gPEVay iUuzmH sc-kxynE flUtLE article_title heading-title">多巴胺能抑制突触传递的横向内嗅皮层</h1> </div> <div class="sc-gpHHfC cdKJIh article_authors"> <hr class="sc-gPzReC jVvWtU hr__author"> <span class="">道格拉斯·a·卡鲁阿纳<sup>1</sup>和</span> <span class=""><b>c·安德鲁·查普曼</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gVyKpa kNPCsS icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><sup>1</sup></span> <div class="sc-kQsIoO lnoGXA isHide"> <p><sup>1</sup><span>行为神经生物学研究中心的心理学,康科迪亚大学,蒙特利尔,魁北克,加拿大</span></p> </div> <button class="sc-iAyFgw irxuxk sc-cpmKsF dxqSPm" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>罗兰·s·g·琼斯</div> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2008年3月29日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2008年6月21日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2008年8月25日</span> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-hgHYgh khtExS article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>多巴胺能预测的表层横向内嗅皮层可以调节嗅觉输入该地区的力量。我们发现,低浓度的多巴胺促进领域EPSPs内嗅皮层,而更高浓度的多巴胺抑制突触反应。在这里,我们使用全细胞电流钳记录从第二层神经元到确定抑制的机制。多巴胺(10到50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米)超极化膜电位和可逆地抑制EPSPs的振幅诱发层我刺激。AMPA和NMDA-mediated组件被镇压,paired-pulse便利化也增强,表明抑制介导主要由减少谷氨酸的释放。的封锁<svg height="14.375" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.5 14.375" width="17.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> D</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>例如受体大大减少EPSPs的抑制。多巴胺也降低了输入电阻,减少的数量由去极化电流所引起的动作电位的步骤。输入电阻的下降是由激活的<svg height="14.375" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.5 14.375" width="17.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> D</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>例如受体,阻止通过阻断<svg height="12.3625" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:19.525px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.525 12.3625" width="19.525" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> K</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>渠道与茶。突触传递的多巴胺能抑制介导的<svg height="14.375" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.5 14.375" width="17.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> D</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>receptor-dependent降低发射机释放,<svg height="14.375" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.5 14.375" width="17.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> D</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>receptor-dependent增加一个<svg height="12.3625" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:19.525px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.525 12.3625" width="19.525" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> K</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>电导。这种抑制EPSPs可能抑制感觉输入的强度升高时期mesocortical多巴胺活动。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>内嗅皮层是一个重要的界面,主要感觉和联合皮层海马结构的链接,这是至关重要的感官和记忆功能的内侧颞叶(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B4">4</一个>]。老鼠,横向分工内嗅皮层接收大部分从嗅觉皮层和皮质输入边缘皮层,和内侧内嗅皮层接收视觉和多通道输入主要通过postrhinal皮层(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B7">7</一个>]。这种皮质内侧的输入模式和横向部门内嗅皮层有助于他们的不同的角色在感觉和认知过程<一个href="#B8">8</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B10">10</一个>]。此外,neuromodulatory发射器刺激活动内侧和外侧内嗅皮层和可以拥有强大的对这些地区的感官和记忆功能的影响。具体来说,乙酰胆碱和5 -羟色胺调节突触传递和节奏在内侧内嗅皮层脑电图活动(<一个href="#B11">11</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B15">15</一个>]。此外,中脑多巴胺神经元发送他们的一个最大的外侧皮质投射到表面的层内嗅皮层,他们目标主细胞群岛(<一个href="#B16">16</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B18">18</一个>]。相对较少,然而,对于横向内嗅皮层neuromodulatory多巴胺的影响。</p> <p>大的多巴胺能投影到前额叶皮层是调节细胞过程与工作记忆相关的(<一个href="#B19">19</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B21">21</一个>,多巴胺能的输入侧内嗅皮层也可能感觉和记忆功能的影响机制。前额叶皮层,激活D<sub>1</sub>受体可以抑制谷氨酸释放在第五层<一个href="#B22">22</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B24">24</一个>在第三层),但可以提高glutamatergic传播(<一个href="#B25">25</一个>,<一个href="#B26">26</一个>]。此外,D的积极影响<sub>1</sub>受体激活工作记忆遵循一个倒u形的函数(<一个href="#B27">27</一个>),和强弱刺激D<sub>1</sub>受体对NMDA受体介导的突触电流也可以有相反的影响(<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>,<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。我们还发现多巴胺剂量依赖性双向影响层二世内嗅皮层外侧。清醒动物,增加水平的多巴胺选择性再摄取抑制剂促进突触反应的刺激所激活的梨状皮层,和现场兴奋性突触后电位(fEPSPs)也促进体外低浓度的多巴胺(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。然而,更高浓度的多巴胺抑制fEPSPs,和类似的抑制效应已经被其他内侧内嗅皮层观察到层二世(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>和第三层<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>]。多巴胺还可以减少输入电阻层二世在内侧内嗅皮层神经元的<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>),减少时间总和在第五层神经元通过增加横向的部门<svg height="14.2375" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:13.725px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.725 14.2375" width="13.725" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> h</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>当前的(<一个href="#B32">32</一个>]。多巴胺可能因此调节突触功能内嗅皮层外侧通过多种机制。</p> <p>我们使用全细胞电流钳录音调查EPSPs的抑制多巴胺的电生理学机制确定“粉丝”II的横向内嗅皮层细胞层。受体阻滞剂被用来确定调解EPSPs的抑制多巴胺受体,和paired-pulse测试是用来评估是否表示前或postsynaptically压制。风扇的内在兴奋性细胞的变化也监控使用超极化反应和去极化电流的步骤。除了一个D<sub>2</sub>例如抑制受体介导的发射机释放,我们展示的证据表明EPSPs也减少了K<sup>+</sup>电导依赖激活D<sub>1</sub>受体。</p> <h4 id="materials-and-methods">2。材料和方法</h4> <h5 id="subsec2.1">2.1。组织切片</h5> <p>获得全细胞电流钳记录方法是类似于前面描述的<一个href="#B13">13</一个>,<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>,<一个href="#B33">33</一个>,<一个href="#B34">34</一个>]。男性Long-Evans老鼠4至6周大与氟烷麻醉,斩首,他们的大脑迅速移除并转移到冷(4<sup>°</sup>C)人工脑脊液(ACSF)饱和O为95%<sub>2</sub>和5%的公司<sub>2</sub>包含(124毫米)氯化钠,氯化钾,1.25不<sub>2</sub>阿宝<sub>4</sub>2 MgSO<sub>4</sub>2 CaCl<sub>2</sub>26 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>和10个葡萄糖(pH值<svg height="7.5500002" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:15.175px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.175 7.5500002" width="15.175" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-65.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≈</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>7.3;300 - 310 mOsm)。所有化学品都来自Sigma-Aldrich,密苏里州,美国。水平切片(300<svg height="9.6750002" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米厚)是减少使用vibratome(美国佛罗里达州WPI, Vibroslice)和片恢复了至少一个小时在22到24岁<sup>°</sup>c片被分别记录室和可视化使用立式显微镜(徕卡,里士满希尔、加拿大、DM-LFS)配备光学微分干涉对比,一个40 x水浸的目标,和一个近红外摄像头(美国加州COHU, Inc .)。水下切割的速度与含氧ACSF过冷1.5到2.0毫升/分钟。片包含从腹侧内嗅皮层被部分约1.9到3.4毫米以上两耳线(<一个href="#B35">35</一个>]。层二世被确定基于细胞的存在“岛屿”约150<svg height="9.6750002" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米从皮质表面(<一个href="#B36">36</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B39">39</一个>]。</p> <h5 id="subsec2.2">2.2。刺激和记录</h5> <p>补丁记录吸量管的全细胞记录准备硼硅玻璃(1.0毫米OD 4到8米<我>Ω</我>)使用水平拉出器(p - 97,萨特Instr。,Calif, USA) and were filled with a solution containing (in mM) 140 K-gluconate, 5 NaCl, 2 MgCl<sub>2</sub>0.5,10玫瑰,EGTA 2 ATP-Tris和0.4 GTP-Tris (pH值调整<svg height="10.9125" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:54.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 54.825001 10.9125" width="54.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.804752" y="0"> - - - - - -</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.13175" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.2575" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.508999" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>鸟叫声;270 - 280 mOsm)。吸量管被放置在接触somata层二世的神经元,而温柔的吸下应用电压钳位,形成一个密封(1 - 3 G<我>Ω</我>)。整个单元配置是通过增加吸入,实验开始后细胞稳定(通常是磨合后3到5分钟内)。电流钳记录了使用b Axopatch 200放大器(轴突Instr。美国加州)并显示在数字示波器(古尔德1604)。录音在10 kHz和过滤在20千赫(轴突Instr数字化。Digidata 1322)存储在电脑硬盘上。录音被接受如果串联电阻≤25米<我>Ω</我>(意思是=<svg height="12.175" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.175" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 9</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米<我>Ω</我>),如果输入电阻和静态电位稳定。双极刺激电极由两个钨电极(FHC 1.0米<我>Ω</我>)是将跨层我边境附近层II大约0.2到0.6毫米吻侧记录电极。突触反应诱发了0.1毫秒交付使用恒流脉冲刺激定时器和隔离单元架A300型(美国WPI,质量模型和A360)。刺激强度调整唤起反应大约最大(75年至300年的75%<svg height="9.6750002" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>一个)。</p> <p>所有神经元(<我>n</我>= 118)包括分析确认为“粉丝”细胞前面描述的基于电生理特征(<一个href="#B40">40</一个>,<一个href="#B41">41</一个>]。相比,星状细胞内侧内嗅皮层,风扇细胞呈现温和内向整流在超极化电流的步骤,一个小单峰值后去极化后电位,并且不显示突出θ波在阈下膜电位振荡电压(<一个href="#B40">40</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B42">42</一个>]。</p> <h5 id="subsec2.3">2.3。多巴胺能调制的突触反应</h5> <p>多巴胺的影响glutamate-mediated突触传递但一个个内嗅皮层外侧。因此我们记录混合和分离组件由刺激引发的兴奋性突触后电位(EPSPs)层我之前和之后5分钟bath-application 1, 10或50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺。结果使用高浓度的多巴胺必须被谨慎,因为非特异性效应的可能性。然而,片内多巴胺通过氧化降解制备、和类似的多巴胺的浓度已经使用以前,和解释的影响具体的对手,在检查报告在嗅皮质多巴胺对突触传递的影响(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B32">32</一个>和前额叶<一个href="#B23">23</一个>,<一个href="#B43">43</一个>皮质。反应是诱发每隔20秒,10反应得到的均值进行分析。基线反应得到潜力和休息,因为通常多巴胺细胞超极化粉丝,恒流往往是需要返回细胞原始记录膜电位的多巴胺的存在。焦亚硫酸钠(50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米)是coapplied减缓多巴胺的氧化(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>,<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>,<一个href="#B43">43</一个>),环境照明也减少了。焦亚硫酸钠的可能影响进行评估与车辆控制。药物通常存储在−20<sup>°</sup>C作为集中在需要时股票的解决方案,但多巴胺盐酸溶解只是洗澡之前的应用程序。</p> <p>Paired-pulse测试被用来确定多巴胺调节EPSPs通过预处理或突触后机制(<一个href="#B13">13</一个>]。对刺激30毫秒的脉冲间隔隔开了前后5分钟bath-application 1, 10或50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺。刺激强度降低唤起EPSPs大约50%的最大,和十平均反应分析。Paired-pulse便利化被表达的振幅量化第二反应的比例的第一反应。</p> <p>机制调解EPSPs的高浓度的抑制多巴胺被评估调查50的影响<svg height="9.6750002" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺突触反应的孤立的组件。在正常ACSF基线记录后,AMPA受体介导反应带浴室的孤立的应用50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric酸(APV)和25<svg height="9.6750002" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M荷包牡丹碱methiodide或NMDA受体介导反应与20孤立<svg height="9.6750002" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M 7-nitro-2 3-dioxo-1, 4-dihydroquinoxaline-6-carbonitrile (CNQX)和25<svg height="9.6750002" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>荷包牡丹碱。GABA-mediated IPSPs分离与1毫米犬尿酸或20<svg height="9.6750002" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>与50 M CNQX<svg height="9.6750002" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M APV。孤立的突触反应记录之前和之后5分钟50的应用<svg height="9.6750002" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺。孤立的AMPA受体介导反应也用于确定多巴胺抑制EPSPs主要通过D<sub>1</sub>——或者维<sub>2</sub>例如受体。基线反应记录的D<sub>1</sub>受体拮抗剂SCH23390 (50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米)或D<sub>2</sub>受体拮抗剂舒必利(50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米)(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>),和50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺当时申请了5分钟。舒必利准备每日在ACSF股票6% DMSO溶液滴定盐酸0.1 N,还有最后一个与舒必利0.1% DMSO溶液的浓度。</p> <p>多巴胺的影响风扇的固有兴奋性细胞评估超极化去极化电流通过监测反应步骤。动作电位的变化,afterhyperpolarizations,输入电阻和内向整流检查前后5分钟浴应用1,10或50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺。动作电位的数量引起的反应阈上的电流注入可以用来描述神经元兴奋性(<一个href="#B32">32</一个>),因此我们决定发射峰值的数量在回应一个500 millisecond-duration去极化电流脉冲常数控股潜在使用脉冲幅度(通常休息),引发了3到5动作电位(<一个href="#B32">32</一个>]。受体调节由多巴胺带来的对输入电阻的变化研究了使用SCH23390或舒必利,并使用0.5涉及的离子电导进行了评估<svg height="9.6750002" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M河豚毒素(TTX)或30 mM四乙铵(茶)。阻滞剂是preapplied coapplication前5 - 10分钟的多巴胺5分钟。</p> <h5 id="subsec2.4">2.4。数据分析</h5> <p>电生理特征的风扇细胞和突触反应的变化进行了分析使用软件程序(轴突Instr Clampfit 8.2。美国加州)。平均EPSPs的振幅测量相对于prestimulus基线,paired-pulse便利化是由表达第二的振幅响应的振幅的比例的第一反应。动作电位振幅测量从静态电位和动作电位的宽度和快速和介质afterhyperpolarizations阈值的测定。输入电阻计算通过测量峰值和稳态电压响应−200 pA当前步骤(500毫秒),和内向整流是量化表达高峰输入电阻的比例稳态阻力(整流比)。所有数据都表示为均值±SEM策划,和响应特性的变化进行了评估使用配对样本<我>t</我>测试或混合设计方差分析。</p> <h4 id="results">3所示。结果</h4> <h5 id="subsec3.1">3.1。Electroresponsiveness层二世风扇细胞</h5> <p>总共有118粉丝侧内嗅皮层细胞层二世电生理和包括进行分析,确定了和这些细胞的特点是类似报道之前(<一个href="#B40">40</一个>,<一个href="#B41">41</一个>]。风扇细胞平均−静止膜电位<svg height="12.2375" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 6</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>输入电阻的mV,高峰<svg height="12.05" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.05" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米<我>Ω</我>。大多数细胞内(108 118)展示了一个小延迟整流以应对超极化电流步骤(整流比:<svg height="12.05" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:72.474998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.474998 12.05" width="72.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。动作电位(振幅:<svg height="12.05" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:72.474998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.474998 12.05" width="72.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.907415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.499138" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0"> 7</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>mV,宽度:<svg height="12.05" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:56.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.849998 12.05" width="56.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.121887" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>毫秒,阈值:−<svg height="12.05" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.05" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>mV)通常是快速和中型afterhyperpolarizations(−紧随其后<svg height="12.05" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:56.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.849998 12.05" width="56.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.121887" y="0"> 3</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>mV和−<svg height="12.2375" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:56.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.849998 12.2375" width="56.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.121887" y="0"> 3</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>mV)和一个小的去极化后电位。平均EPSPs的刺激所激活层平均振幅<svg height="12.05" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:56.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.849998 12.05" width="56.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.121887" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>mV。连续记录膜电位得到的一个子集28细胞评估阈下膜电位振荡,类似于Tahvildari和阿隆索的结果(<一个href="#B40">40</一个>),风扇细胞没有显示突出的振荡(数据未显示)。</p> <h5 id="subsec3.2">3.2。多巴胺EPSPs的调制</h5> <p>我们之前发现多巴胺浓度的影响在体外层二场EPSPs, 10<svg height="9.6750002" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺促进fEPSPs和50到100<svg height="9.6750002" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺抑制fEPSPs [<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。我们获得类似的浓度的影响在整个细胞EPSPs记录之前和之后5分钟浴应用多巴胺。应用50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺导致强烈的突触抑制反应<svg height="12.2375" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%的基线水平(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig1/" target="_blank">1(一)</一个>;<svg height="13.05" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 13.05" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 7.75,<svg height="11.0625" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:56.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.0625" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 9)15分钟可以逆转的冲刷在正常ACSF(3细胞)。我们最初的预期10<svg height="9.6750002" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺促进EPSPs [<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>),但发现10<svg height="9.6750002" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺而引起了一场小的突触抑制(<svg height="12.2375" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%的基线;参见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (b)</一个>;<svg height="13.05" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:16.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.575001 13.05" width="16.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 2.31,<svg height="11.25" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 18)。然而,较低浓度的1<svg height="9.6750002" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺显著增强的反应<svg height="12.05" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:72.474998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.474998 12.05" width="72.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.907415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.499138" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0"> 4</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%的基线水平(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (c)</一个>;<svg height="13.05" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 13.05" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 5.04,<svg height="11.0625" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.0625" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 7)。在我们之前的研究中使用煤气流接口,一个更大的浴体积和慢流量可能会增加多巴胺氧化和减少的有效浓度的多巴胺片,这也许可以解释为什么一个更高的应用促进了反应浓度,研究[<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。浴应用抗氧化剂单独焦亚硫酸钠无显著影响整个细胞EPSPs的振幅(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (d)</一个>;<我>n</我>= 8)。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="203514.fig.001a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.001a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="203514.fig.001b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.001b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="203514.fig.001c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.001c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)”n一个me="203514.fig.001d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.001d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig1"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="203514.fig.001a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.001a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="203514.fig.001b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.001b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个me="203514.fig.001c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.001c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)”n一个me="203514.fig.001d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.001d.jpg"><br><strong>(d)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig1"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="12.175" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <sup>*</sup> <svg height="11.375" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.375 11.375" width="64.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.725,11.112)"> <path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" id="x1D443"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.245,11.112)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.949,11.112)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,39.824,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,47.984,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,56.143,11.112)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> </svg> <sup>*</sup> <svg height="11.375" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"> <path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" id="x1D443"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"> <path d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8 l-26 -65h-233z" id="x35"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <sup>*</sup> <svg height="11.375" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.224998 11.375" width="56.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.725,11.112)"> <path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" id="x1D443"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.262,11.112)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.949,11.112)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,39.824,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,47.984,11.112)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <table> 多巴胺有剂量依赖性和双向影响混合层二扇细胞EPSPs的振幅。(一)50M多巴胺显著减少突触的振幅响应。痕迹显示平均EPSPs前(ACSF)和5分钟后浴应用多巴胺(DA)的一位代表细胞。组数据显示的平均振幅EPSPs之前和之后的多巴胺(,)。酒吧表明±1 SEM和随后的数字,和表明除非另有指示。(b)较低浓度的10M多巴胺导致较小的突触抑制反应。(c)低1M多巴胺的浓度提高突触的振幅响应(,)。(d)浴应用车辆(50M焦亚硫酸钠;阿明费)不显著影响突触传递。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>Paired-pulse测试用于确定突触抑制和促进效应可能是预处理或postsynaptically表示。双脉冲5分钟之前和之后是多巴胺的应用程序,和一个30-millisecond脉冲间隔的时间间隔使用,导致最优paired-pulse便利化<一个href="#B13">13</一个>,<一个href="#B44">44</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B46">46</一个>]。如果EPSPs通过降低发射机释放减少,那么更大数量的发射机应该可以在第二个刺激脉冲paired-pulse便利化应该增强[<一个href="#B47">47</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B49">49</一个>]。EPSPs由改变突触后受体的变化,然而,不应该与paired-pulse比率的变化有关。高浓度的多巴胺减少EPSP振幅也发现提高paired-pulse便利化(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig2/" target="_blank">2(一个)</一个>,<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (b)</一个>;<svg height="13.05" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:16.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.575001 13.05" width="16.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 3</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 2.78,<svg height="11.25" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>10<svg height="9.6750002" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M;<svg height="13.05" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 13.05" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 2.97,<svg height="11.25" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米),这表明多巴胺减少EPSPs通过抑制谷氨酸释放。相比之下,低浓度的1<svg height="9.6750002" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺促进EPSPs对配对脉冲便利化没有显著的影响(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (c)</一个>),这表明EPSPs的便利是介导主要是通过增加对谷氨酸突触后反应。的多巴胺能便利条件反应是小paired-pulse测试期间,刺激强度减少避免飙升(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (c)</一个>与<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (c)</一个>),但类似的多巴胺能促进fEPSPs没有影响paired-pulse比率一直在观察体内内嗅皮层(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="203514.fig.002a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.002a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="203514.fig.002b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.002b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="203514.fig.002c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.002c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig2"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="203514.fig.002a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.002a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="203514.fig.002b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.002b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个me="203514.fig.002c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.002c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig2"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="12.175" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <table> 高浓度的多巴胺增加paired-pulse便利化。(a)双刺激脉冲与30毫秒脉冲间隔的时间间隔是5分钟之前和之后浴应用50多巴胺。平均痕迹左边显示响应记录之前(ACSF)和多巴胺(DA)后细胞代表。注意第一个脉冲响应的抑制和便利化的第二大响应后多巴胺(虚线)。痕迹对被缩放的振幅第一反应在正常ACSF援助比较。组数据显示在右边。(b) Paired-pulse便利化也增强了10多巴胺。(c)相反,低浓度的1M多巴胺并不影响paired-pulse比率。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="subsec3.3">3.3。孤立的突触反应</h5> <p>高浓度EPSPs的多巴胺的抑制是使用药物孤立的突触反应更加仔细的检查。符合抑制突触前谷氨酸释放的终端,浴应用50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺显著减毒的孤立AMPA, NMDA-mediated反应。NMDA成分减少<svg height="12.2375" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%的基线(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig3/" target="_blank">3 (b)</一个>;<svg height="12.975" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.975" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 3.32,<svg height="11.25" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 8)和AMPA组件被减少<svg height="12.2375" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 6</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%的基线(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig3/" target="_blank">3(一个)</一个>;<svg height="13.05" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 13.05" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 3.50,<svg height="11.25" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 6)。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="203514.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.003a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="203514.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.003b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig3"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="203514.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.003a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="203514.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.003b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig3"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="12.175" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <table> 多巴胺抑制AMPA的振幅和NMDA受体介导EPSPs的组成部分。(a) AMPA-mediated EPSPs记录在APV和荷包牡丹碱的存在抑制了50多巴胺。平均痕迹显示EPSPs记录之前(提单)和多巴胺(DA)应用程序后,和组数据如右图所示。(b)孤立NMDA受体介导EPSPs记录在CNQX和荷包牡丹碱也由高浓度的抑制多巴胺。集团数据显示一致的小隔离门冬氨酸反应的抑制。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>多巴胺受体亚型底层AMPA-mediated突触反应的抑制了通过应用50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>D M多巴胺的存在<sub>1</sub>受体拮抗剂SCH23390 (50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米)或D<sub>2</sub>受体拮抗剂舒必利(50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米)。类似于先前的报道,使用选择性受体激动剂在内侧<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>,<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>)和横向(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>内嗅皮层,应用D<sub>1</sub>受体激动剂SKF38393(25到50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M;<我>n</我>= 9)或D<sub>2</sub>受体激动剂quinpirole(20到40<svg height="9.6750002" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M;<我>n</我>= 10)没有影响EPSPs(数据未显示),因此我们使用受体阻滞剂会影响突触反应内嗅皮层外侧(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。单独应用拮抗剂对EPSPs没有影响,和D<sub>1</sub>拮抗剂SCH23390没有阻止镇压AMPA-mediated EPSPs(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(一);<svg height="12.8875" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.8875" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 3.0,<svg height="11.25" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 5),这表明D<sub>1</sub>受体不调解压制。然而,D的封锁<sub>2</sub>多巴胺受体与舒必利显著减少的影响在AMPA-mediated EPSPs。Coapplication多巴胺与舒必利(<我>n</我>= 5)导致无意义的抑制突触反应和抑制的大小明显小于单独观察与多巴胺(<svg height="12.05" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.05" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%与<svg height="12.2375" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 6</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%的基线;F<sub>1、9</sub>= 18.10,<svg height="11.0625" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:56.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.0625" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;参见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(b1))。舒必利也阻止了50 paired-pulse便利化诱导的增强<svg height="9.6750002" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(b2))。虽然这表明多巴胺能抑制EPSPs在很大程度上是依赖于激活的D<sub>2</sub>例如受体,抑制反应的舒必利是接近统计学意义(<svg height="12.8875" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.8875" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 2.65,<我>P</我>= 0。06),这表明一个性格<sub>2</sub>受体介导机制介导抑制残留。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.004a.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.004b.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.004c.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig4"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.004a.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.004b.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.004c.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig4"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <sub>2</sub> <sub>1</sub> <svg height="12.175" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <sub>2</sub> <svg height="12.175" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <table> 多巴胺抑制孤立AMPA-mediated EPSPs通过Dreceptor-dependent机制。(一)Coapplication D受体拮抗剂SCH23390 (50米)并没有阻止由多巴胺带来的对减少EPSP振幅。然而,(b) coapplication的D受体拮抗剂舒必利(50米)显著减毒EPSPs的多巴胺能抑制。舒必利也阻止paired-pulse便利化的增强多巴胺引起的(b2)。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="subsec3.4">3.4。多巴胺能抑制IPSPs</h5> <p>两相的IPSPs记录从风扇细胞动作电位阈值附近举行(51−−48 mV)和暴露于1毫米犬尿酸或50的组合<svg height="9.6750002" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M APV和20<svg height="9.6750002" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M CNQX阻止ionotropic谷氨酸传播。的浓度为50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M96" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺抑制早期的唠叨<svg height="14.5625" id="M97" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.924999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.924999 14.5625" width="19.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>晚,唠叨<svg height="14.5625" id="M98" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.325001 14.5625" width="19.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> B</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>介导IPSP的组件。早期IPSP减少<svg height="12.2375" id="M99" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 7</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%的基线水平,后期IPSP减少<svg height="12.175" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:72.474998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.474998 12.175" width="72.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.499138" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>%的基线水平(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (b)</一个>;早,<svg height="13.05" id="M101" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 13.05" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 2.41,<svg height="11.25" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<我>n</我>= 9;晚了,<svg height="12.975" id="M103" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.975" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 2.46,<svg height="11.25" id="M104" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<我>n</我>= 8)。GABA的多巴胺能抑制突触表明多巴胺的减少EPSPs不太可能是由于增加GABA ergic风扇细胞的抑制作用。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="203514.fig.005a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.005a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="203514.fig.005b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.005b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig5"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="203514.fig.005a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.005a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="203514.fig.005b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.005b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig5"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="12.175" id="M105" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <table> 多巴胺抑制的快和慢组件混合单突触的IPSP风扇细胞。(一)GABA-mediated IPSPs分离药物ionotropic谷氨酸受体阻滞剂和记录膜电位低于动作电位阈值。(圆)早期和晚期(广场)组件的两相的IPSP 50所抑制多巴胺(DA)。(b)组数据反映了早期和晚期IPSPs显著抑制。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="subsec3.5">3.5。调制的固有兴奋性</h5> <p>浴应用多巴胺也超极化静止膜电位和减少了风机的输入电阻细胞。从−膜电位增加<svg height="12.2375" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 0</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>对−<svg height="12.2375" id="M107" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 4</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>mV(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>(一);<svg height="13.05" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 13.05" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 4.73,<svg height="11.0625" id="M109" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:56.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.0625" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 9),输入电阻峰值减少<svg height="12.175" id="M110" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.175" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 6</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>来<svg height="12.175" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.175" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米<我>Ω</我>由50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M112" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>(b);<svg height="12.975" id="M113" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.975" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 4.27,<svg height="11.0625" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.0625" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 8)。类似的膜电位和输入电阻的变化被观察到10<svg height="9.6750002" id="M115" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺(没有显示),也被报道后应用高浓度的多巴胺在全细胞记录从内侧内嗅皮层星状细胞(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>]。变化并不是由于车辆,因为控制细胞和细胞暴露于1<svg height="9.6750002" id="M116" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺没有显示输入电阻下降或膜电位超极化。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.006a.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.006b.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.006c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.006c.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig6"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.006a.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.006b.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.006c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.006c.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig6"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <sup>*</sup> <svg height="11.375" id="M117" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.375 11.375" width="64.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.725,11.112)"> <path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" id="x1D443"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.262,11.112)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.949,11.112)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,39.824,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,47.984,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,56.143,11.112)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> </svg> <sup>*</sup> <svg height="11.375" id="M118" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.224998 11.375" width="56.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.725,11.112)"> <path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" id="x1D443"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.262,11.112)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.949,11.112)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,39.824,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,47.984,11.112)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M119" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <table> 多巴胺超极化膜电位,降低了输入电阻层二世风扇细胞。(一)膜电位转移到更多的超极化电位由多巴胺(,)。(b)多巴胺也降低了峰值和稳态输入电阻(,)。(c)电压响应应用当前步骤之前(c1)和之后(c2)浴应用50M代表细胞多巴胺。动作电位是截断。圈(c1)显示峰值和稳态的延迟输入电阻测量。插图痕迹(c2)比较初始电压偏差200−pA当前步骤之前和之后的应用多巴胺。箭头表示电压反应前后多巴胺类似的振幅和允许的大小的比较内向整流。还要注意减少输入电阻在整个范围的超极化电流脉冲。(d)电流电压情节显示峰值和稳态响应电流增加大小的步骤。箭头表示点的可比程度的内向整流超极化期间观察到类似的电压之前和之后的多巴胺的应用程序。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>在第五层内嗅皮层细胞多巴胺导致减少兴奋性和输入电阻的下降通过增加hyperpolarization-activated电流<svg height="14.2375" id="M120" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:13.725px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.725 14.2375" width="13.725" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> h</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(<一个href="#B32">32</一个>),和变化<svg height="14.2375" id="M121" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:13.725px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.725 14.2375" width="13.725" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> h</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>因此,评估在层二扇细胞。然而,多巴胺没有明显影响的内部整改,整改比率保持稳定(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>(d);<svg height="12.05" id="M122" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:72.474998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.474998 12.05" width="72.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在ACSF和50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M123" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺,<svg height="12.975" id="M124" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.975" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 0.00,<我>P</我>= 1.00)。</p> <p>多巴胺抑制风扇细胞的兴奋性,应用10到50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M125" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M多巴胺减少动作电位诱发的简短的500毫秒(参见图去极化电流脉冲<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>)。峰值的数量减少<svg height="12.05" id="M126" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:56.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.849998 12.05" width="56.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.121887" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>来<svg height="12.2375" id="M127" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:56.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.849998 12.2375" width="56.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.121887" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>上涨了10<svg height="9.6750002" id="M128" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>(b);<svg height="12.975" id="M129" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:16.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.575001 12.975" width="16.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 7</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 2.54,<svg height="11.25" id="M130" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 18)。一个更高的50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M131" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>M浓度的多巴胺引起的类似数量的减少(从峰值<svg height="12.05" id="M132" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:56.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.849998 12.05" width="56.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.121887" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>来<svg height="12.175" id="M133" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:56.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.849998 12.175" width="56.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ±</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.121887" y="0"> 6</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),无统计学意义(<svg height="13.05" id="M134" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 13.05" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 1.82,<我>P</我>=厚;<我>n</我>= 9)。减少的飙升可能导致部分减少了输入电阻,但它不是由于膜超极化细胞在同一膜电位测试之前和之后都多巴胺的应用程序。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.007" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.007.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="12.175" id="M135" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M136" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M137" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <table> 动作电位的数量引起积极的当前步骤减少多巴胺。(a)显示痕迹产生的动作电位持续时间500毫秒,60 pA 50的当前步骤之前和之后的应用程序多巴胺。所示的例子反映出特别大后只有一个动作电位降低多巴胺的应用。动作电位是截断。(b)组数据显示减少发射10和50但只有减少10 M条件条件是重要的。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>输入电阻的下降引起的50<svg height="9.6750002" id="M138" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米的多巴胺被coapplication D<sub>1</sub>受体拮抗剂SCH23390(实际上有一个非常小但是可靠<我>增加</我>在<svg height="14.2375" id="M139" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.825001 14.2375" width="20.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在4 5细胞;<svg height="12.8875" id="M140" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.8875" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 2.60,<我>P</我>= 0。06;参见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig8/" target="_blank">8</一个>(a))。输入电阻的下降并不影响coapplication的D<sub>2</sub>受体拮抗剂舒必利(<svg height="12.8875" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.8875" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 9.71,<svg height="11.0625" id="M142" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:56.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.0625" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 5;图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig8/" target="_blank">8</一个>(b))。因此减少输入电阻引起的多巴胺依赖激活D<sub>1</sub>,但不是维<sub>2</sub>受体。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.008a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.008a.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.008b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.008b.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig8"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.008a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.008a.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.008b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.008b.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig8"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <sub>1</sub> <sub>2</sub> <sub>1</sub> <svg height="12.175" id="M143" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M144" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <sub>1</sub> <sub>2</sub> <svg height="12.175" id="M145" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <sup>*</sup> <svg height="11.375" id="M146" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.375 11.375" width="64.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.725,11.112)"> <path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" id="x1D443"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.262,11.112)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.949,11.112)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,39.824,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,47.984,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,56.143,11.112)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> </svg> <table> D的封锁,但不是维受体,阻止了由多巴胺带来的对输入电阻的减少。(一)Bath-application D受体拮抗剂SCH23390 (50米)预防减少输入电阻引起的50多巴胺。左边痕迹显示电压响应一系列当前步骤在SCH23390基线记录和在随后的多巴胺的应用程序。痕迹在右边比较初始电压响应−200 pA步骤之前和之后的多巴胺应用程序。请注意,输入电阻不变时D受体被屏蔽。(b)的D受体阻滞剂舒必利(50米)并不能防止输入电阻的变化引起的多巴胺(,)。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>介导的电导减小输入电阻进行了使用阻断剂Na<sup>+</sup>和K<sup>+</sup>频道。Na<sup>+</sup>通道阻滞剂TTX是用于验证输入电阻的减少不是因为行动potential-dependent增加突触输入风扇细胞,或由于Na的改变<sup>+</sup>电导。Na的封锁<sup>+</sup>渠道和TTX并没有阻止多巴胺引起的输入电阻的下降(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig9/" target="_blank">9</一个>(一);峰,<svg height="12.8875" id="M147" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.8875" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 6.02,<svg height="11.0625" id="M148" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.0625" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;稳态,<svg height="12.8875" id="M149" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:11.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1125 12.8875" width="11.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>= 8.21,<svg height="11.0625" id="M150" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.0625" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<我>n</我>= 5)。有人建议,减少输入电阻引起的多巴胺在内侧内嗅皮层星状细胞可能由增加K<sup>+</sup>电导(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>,因此,我们评估了多巴胺对输入电阻的影响存在的K<sup>+</sup>通道阻滞剂茶(30毫米;<我>n</我>= 5)。Coapplication茶阻塞输入电阻的降低引起的多巴胺(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig9/" target="_blank">9</一个>(b)),表明D<sub>1</sub>receptor-dependent减少输入电阻包括增加K<sup>+</sup>电导。增加K<sup>+</sup>电导可能导致多巴胺引起的膜电位超极化,也可以考虑球迷的兴奋性细胞(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>)。减少输入电阻也可能导致EPSPs的由多巴胺带来的对抑制;D<sub>2</sub>受体阻滞剂舒必利没有完全防止抑制AMPA-mediated EPSPs(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(b1)), D<sub>1</sub>受体介导的减少输入电阻可能导致EPSP抑制的一部分。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.009a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.009a.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="203514.fig.009b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.009b.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig9"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.009a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.009a.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label=""><img alt="" name="203514.fig.009b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2008/203514/figures/203514.fig.009b.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig9"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <sup>+</sup> <svg height="12.175" id="M151" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <svg height="12.175" id="M152" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"> <path d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310 q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" id="x1D707"></path> </g> </svg> <sup>*</sup> <svg height="11.375" id="M153" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.224998 11.375" width="56.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.725,11.112)"> <path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" id="x1D443"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.262,11.112)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.949,11.112)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,39.824,11.112)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,47.984,11.112)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> </svg> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig8/">8</一个> <sup>+</sup> <table> 阻断钾离子通道防止由多巴胺带来的对输入电阻的减少。(一)Na的封锁0。5的频道M TTX并不妨碍减少峰值和稳态输入电阻引起的50多巴胺(,)。约定在图。(b)相反,coapplication K通道阻滞剂茶(30毫米)防止由多巴胺带来的对输入电阻的减少。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="discussion">4所示。讨论</h4> <p>这里显示,多巴胺具有强大的抑制影响glutamate-mediated突触传递第二层风机侧内嗅皮层的细胞。我们的研究结果表明,抑制EPSPs涉及D的联合行动<sub>2</sub>受体介导的神经递质释放和D<sub>1</sub>受体介导的增加一个K<sup>+</sup>导,降低细胞的输入电阻。以前,我们发现场EPSPs被低浓度的多巴胺体外增强,并通过阻断多巴胺再摄取清醒动物(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。这表明适度增加多巴胺的释放可能促进突触反应内嗅皮层,和提高感官信息的传播海马结构的其余部分。在这里,我们复制的突触便利化低1<svg height="9.6750002" id="M154" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多巴胺的浓度,也表明,高浓度的多巴胺诱导一个强大和可逆抑制细胞内EPSPs。已经观察到类似的抑制效应在内侧内嗅皮层(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>,<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>和前额叶皮层<一个href="#B22">22</一个>,<一个href="#B23">23</一个>,<一个href="#B50">50</一个>,<一个href="#B51">51</一个>)使用相当剂量的多巴胺。</p> <h5 id="subsec4.1">4.1。抑制谷氨酸释放</h5> <p>EPSPs的高浓度的抑制多巴胺被发现在很大程度上依赖于D<sub>2</sub>受体coapplication以来D<sub>2</sub>受体拮抗剂舒必利阻止大部分的减少。多巴胺还增强paired-pulse便利化这表明EPSPs的抑制导致了从突触前谷氨酸释放的减少<一个href="#B47">47</一个>,<一个href="#B49">49</一个>]。AMPA的抑制,NMDA-mediated突触反应的组件也符合降低发射机。虽然类似的减少EPSPs的星状细胞内嗅皮层内侧所示,抑制依赖于D<sub>1</sub>,而不是D<sub>2</sub>受体激活(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>]。然而,Stenkamp et al。(1998)显示减少突触反应在第三层的内侧内嗅皮层激活的D<sub>1</sub><i>和</我>D<sub>2</sub>受体,paired-pulse测试的结果在他们的研究表明,抑制也由谷氨酸释放的减少。</p> <p>多巴胺可以抑制AMPA-mediated突触反应脑额叶前部皮层通过D<sub>1</sub>受体介导的抑制发射机释放(<一个href="#B22">22</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B24">24</一个>]。强烈的D激活<sub>1</sub>还可以抑制突触受体通过逆行信号级联反应。弱D<sub>1</sub>激活能增强NMDA受体反应,但强大的D<sub>1</sub>受体激活可导致更强烈的NMDA受体激活腺苷的释放,抑制发射机通过作用于突触前释放<sub>1</sub>受体,抑制电压门控钙<sup>2 +</sup>渠道(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>,<一个href="#B52">52</一个>,<一个href="#B53">53</一个>]。在纹状体,激活突触前D<sub>2</sub>受体抑制<我>N</我>类型Ca<sup>2 +</sup>电流,抑制乙酰胆碱释放从纹状体的胆碱能中间神经元(<一个href="#B54">54</一个>]。D<sub>2</sub>受体的反应也与抑制parabrachial核(<一个href="#B55">55</一个>),腹侧被盖区(<一个href="#B56">56</一个>),和纹状体<一个href="#B57">57</一个>,<一个href="#B58">58</一个>通过D]<sub>2</sub>介导减少谷氨酸释放。一个类似的维<sub>2</sub>调解机制是抑制GABA从纹状体释放到胆碱能抑制细胞中间神经元(<一个href="#B59">59</一个>]。类似的机制可能调解的多巴胺能抑制谷氨酸释放内嗅皮层。</p> <p>EPSPs的多巴胺能抑制观察这里不能解释为增加GABA突触传播,因为我们发现多巴胺减少单突触的唠叨<svg height="14.5625" id="M155" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.924999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.924999 14.5625" width="19.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和唠叨<svg height="14.5625" id="M156" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.325001 14.5625" width="19.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> B</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>IPSPs。压制也不太可能是由于反馈抑制的激活增加(<一个href="#B60">60</一个>因为多巴胺减少glutamatergic传输和风扇的峰值细胞(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>)。的单突触IPSPs抑制我们观察到可能是D<sub>2</sub>GABA介导减少释放(<一个href="#B59">59</一个>,<一个href="#B61">61年</一个>风扇细胞)和减少输入电阻也可以了。这些可能性符合并行削减在唠叨<svg height="14.5625" id="M157" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.924999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.924999 14.5625" width="19.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和唠叨<svg height="14.5625" id="M158" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.325001 14.5625" width="19.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> B</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>IPSPs。自发的录音和/或微型细胞则会有助于确定IPSPs减少的机制。</p> <h5 id="subsec4.2">4.2。调制的固有兴奋性</h5> <p>除了D<sub>2</sub>多巴胺介导的抑制发射机释放,高浓度的似乎也抑制突触传递通过一个D<sub>1</sub>受体依赖的机制。舒必利并没有完全阻止EPSPs的抑制(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(b1))和D<sub>1</sub>receptor-dependent TEA-sensitive K的激活<sup>+</sup>电导似乎调解残留抑制通过输入电阻的减少。突触传递的封锁和电压门控钠<sup>+</sup>渠道和TTX并没有阻止多巴胺引起的输入电阻的下降表明它不是由于自发增加突触驱动器或增加Na<sup>+</sup>电导。然而,广泛的代理K<sup>+</sup>通道阻滞剂茶防止输入电阻的下降,表明多巴胺激活一个K<sup>+</sup>电导。输入电阻的下降也阻止了D的封锁<sub>1</sub>,但不是维<sub>2</sub>多巴胺受体,这表明激活K<sup>+</sup>通过D通道<sub>1</sub>受体。高浓度的多巴胺也超极化膜电位和减少输入电阻的星状细胞内侧内嗅皮层,它也认为,这些变化可能是由增加K<sup>+</sup>电导(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>]。</p> <p>大量的K<sup>+</sup>电导影响茶,因此不清楚哪种类型(s)可能是负责观察到的输入电阻下降。背景泄漏通道对茶(<一个href="#B62">62年</一个>),因此不可能做出贡献。电压门控钾<sup>+</sup>电流被茶,但多巴胺在脑额叶前部皮层神经元兴奋性增强<我>抑制</我>这些电流(参见[<一个href="#B43">43</一个>,<一个href="#B63">63年</一个>])。一些报告在CA1锥体细胞发现,多巴胺超极化膜电位,减少输入电阻,增加afterhyperpolarizations通过D<sub>1</sub>受体介导的Ca<sup>2 +</sup>激活K<sup>+</sup>电流([<一个href="#B64">64年</一个>,<一个href="#B65">65年</一个>],参见[<一个href="#B66">66年</一个>),但其他人发现CA1神经元的兴奋性的增加由于<我>抑制</我>Ca的<sup>2 +</sup>激活K<sup>+</sup>电流(参见[<一个href="#B32">32</一个>,<一个href="#B67">67年</一个>,<一个href="#B68">68年</一个>])。这里,afterhyperpolarizations没有明显增加,这表明Ca<sup>2 +</sup>端依赖K<sup>+</sup>电流不调解输入电阻的变化。激活的维<sub>1</sub>激活受体也有剂量依赖性的影响内向整流K<sup>+</sup>电流(IRKCs)。前额叶皮层,D<sub>1</sub>通常受体激活<我>抑制</我>IRKC惹恼渠道直接影响的阵营,但强劲的激活可以通过磷酸化的渠道增加IRKC高浓度的PKA [<一个href="#B69">69年</一个>]。这就可以解释为什么一个显著减少输入电阻观察这只在多巴胺的浓度更高。显然,然而,需要进一步的实验来确定D的性质<sub>1</sub>receptor-dependent K<sup>+</sup>在风扇细胞电导。</p> <p>我们观察到风扇减少多巴胺细胞发射期间去极化电流的步骤之后,以及降低飙升可能反映了细胞输入电阻的下降。一个令人惊讶的发现是,而D<sub>1</sub>受体拮抗剂SCH23390阻止了由多巴胺带来的对输入电阻的减少并没有完全消除峰值的数量减少,表明降低了输入电阻不能完全考虑减少飙升,而其他机制也可能做出贡献。D<sub>1</sub>受体的激活能<我>增加</我>飙升的前额叶神经元通过增强持久Na<sup>+</sup>电流(<svg height="14.3625" id="M159" style="vertical-align:-3.23158pt;width:26.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.9 14.3625" width="26.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> N</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.1701598" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.056048" y="0"> P</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)和抑制slowly-inactivating K<sup>+</sup>电导(<一个href="#B43">43</一个>,<一个href="#B70">70年</一个>),但是通过减少抑制飙升<svg height="14.3625" id="M160" style="vertical-align:-3.23158pt;width:26.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.9 14.3625" width="26.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> N</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.1701598" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.056048" y="0"> P</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>也被观察到(<一个href="#B71">71年</一个>]。在第五层内嗅皮层神经元,多巴胺减少输入电阻和导致减少飙升虽然增加<svg height="14.2375" id="M161" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:13.725px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.725 14.2375" width="13.725" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> h</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(<一个href="#B32">32</一个>]。在这里,没有明显的变化<svg height="14.2375" id="M162" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:13.725px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.725 14.2375" width="13.725" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> h</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在风扇细胞,动作电位阈值和afterhyperpolarizations没有影响,这表明潜在的电流没有修改。多巴胺能的影响<svg height="14.3625" id="M163" style="vertical-align:-3.23158pt;width:26.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.9 14.3625" width="26.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> N</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.1701598" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.056048" y="0"> P</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>没有直接评估在目前的研究中,和输入电阻的下降可能面具可能减少去极化反应电流注入有关吗<svg height="14.3625" id="M164" style="vertical-align:-3.23158pt;width:26.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.9 14.3625" width="26.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> N</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.1701598" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.056048" y="0"> P</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。然而,在测试SCH23390阻止输入电阻的变化,我们没有发现减少+ 20 pA脉冲的响应。这反对一个D<sub>1</sub>介导的减少<svg height="14.3625" id="M165" style="vertical-align:-3.23158pt;width:26.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.9 14.3625" width="26.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> N</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.1701598" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.056048" y="0"> P</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,但它仍然是有可能的,多巴胺通过D激增可能会减少<sub>2</sub>受体介导的减少<svg height="14.3625" id="M166" style="vertical-align:-3.23158pt;width:26.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.9 14.3625" width="26.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> N</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.1701598" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.056048" y="0"> P</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(<一个href="#B71">71年</一个>]。</p> <h4 id="conclusions">5。结论</h4> <p>我们这里显示多巴胺浓度,双向影响glutamate-mediated突触传递的主要细胞层内嗅皮层外侧的第二。内嗅皮层外侧从梨状皮层接收一个主要输入(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B7">7</一个>,多巴胺能神经支配的表层可能对嗅觉处理有很强的调节作用。前额叶皮层,适度激活多巴胺能输入促进工作记忆功能,但过度的多巴胺活化导致的衰减性能(<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>,<一个href="#B27">27</一个>]。内嗅皮层,适度的多巴胺浓度的增加可以提高嗅觉的显著表征进行横向内嗅皮层(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (c)</一个>;也看到29),但大量增加多巴胺与药物效应或急性应激(<一个href="#B27">27</一个>)可以抑制突触输入表层和抑制工作记忆功能(<一个href="#B72">72年</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B74">74年</一个>]或感应持久的突触可塑性的<一个href="#B75">75年</一个>]。突触传递的多巴胺能抑制层二世也可能抑制感觉信息的传播等其余的海马结构,只有坚强和同步输入嗅皮质区域可能足以激活嗅皮质投射神经元。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>这项研究资助和c·安德鲁·查普曼道格拉斯·a·Caruana加拿大自然科学和工程研究委员会。c·安德鲁·查普曼是行为神经生物学研究中心的成员由昏聩倒说是在魁北克健康。</p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4> <ol> <li id="B1">乡绅和s·m·l·r·左拉,”声明式和非陈述记忆系统的结构和功能,“<我>美国国家科学院院刊》上的美利坚合众国</我>,卷93,不。24日,第13522 - 13515页,1996年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.24.13515">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Structure%20and%20function%20of%20declarative%20and%20nondeclarative%20memory%20systems&author=L. R. Squire &author=S. M. Zola&publication_year=1996" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B2">p . Lavenex d·g·阿马拉尔,“Hippocampal-neocortical交互:结合性的层次结构”,<我>海马体</我>,10卷,不。4、420 - 430年,2000页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:4<420::AID-HIPO8>3.0.CO;2-5">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hippocampal-neocortical%20interaction:%20a%20hierarchy%20of%20associativity&author=P. Lavenex &author=D. G. Amaral&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B3">r·施瓦茨和m . p .喋喋不休,“记忆障碍在颞叶癫痫:嗅皮质病变的作用,“<我>癫痫的研究</我>,50卷,不。1 - 2、161 - 177年,2002页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-1211(02)00077-3">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Memory%20impairment%20in%20temporal%20lobe%20epilepsy:%20the%20role%20of%20entorhinal%20lesions&author=R. Schwarcz &author=M. P. Witter&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B4">l . r .乡绅、c·e·l·斯塔克和r·e·克拉克,内侧颞叶,“<我>年度回顾神经科学</我>27卷,第306 - 279页,2004年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20medial%20temporal%20lobe&author=L. R. Squire&author=C. E. L. Stark&author=&author=R. E. Clark&publication_year=2004" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B5">r·d·主任“海马旁地区:corticocortical连接,”<我>纽约科学院上</我>卷。911年,25-42,2000页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20parahippocampal%20region:%20corticocortical%20connectivity&author=R. D. Burwell&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B6">r·d·主任和d·g·阿马拉尔”,皮质边缘的传入、postrhinal和内嗅皮层的老鼠,”<我>比较神经病学杂志》</我>,卷398,不。2、179 - 205年,1998页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980824)398:2<179::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-Y">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cortical%20afferents%20of%20the%20perirhinal,%20postrhinal,%20and%20entorhinal%20cortices%20of%20the%20rat&author=R. D. Burwell &author=D. G. Amaral&publication_year=1998" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B7">k·m·克尔k . l . Agster s . c . Furtak主任和r·d·波”的功能神经解剖学海马旁地区:外侧和内侧内嗅区,“<我>海马体</我>,17卷,不。9日,第708 - 697页,2007年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20315">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Functional%20neuroanatomy%20of%20the%20parahippocampal%20region:%20the%20lateral%20and%20medial%20entorhinal%20areas&author=K. M. Kerr&author=K. L. Agster&author=S. C. Furtak&author=&author=R. D. Burwell&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B8">t .把手,m . Fyhn s Molden M.-B。莫泽,依莫泽”组织的一个空间地图内嗅皮层,“<我>自然</我>,卷436,不。7052年,第806 - 801页,2005年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03721">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Microstructure%20of%20a%20spatial%20map%20in%20the%20entorhinal%20cortex&author=T. Hafting&author=M. Fyhn&author=S. Molden&author=M.-B. Moser&author=&author=E. I. Moser&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B9">e·l·哈格里夫斯,g .饶我。李,和j·j . Knierim”主要分离之间的内侧和外侧嗅背侧海马的输入,“<我>科学</我>,卷308,不。5729年,第1794 - 1792页,2005年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110449">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Major%20dissociation%20between%20medial%20and%20lateral%20entorhinal%20input%20to%20dorsal%20hippocampus&author=E. L. Hargreaves&author=G. Rao&author=I. Lee&author=&author=J. J. Knierim&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B10">t . v .西沃德和m·a·苏华德”,输入和输出站内嗅皮层:浅与深层或外侧和内侧分歧?”<我>大脑研究评论</我>,42卷,不。3、243 - 251年,2003页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00175-9">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Input%20and%20output%20stations%20of%20the%20entorhinal%20cortex:%20superficial%20vs.%20deep%20layers%20or%20 lateral%20vs.%20medial%20divisions?&author=T. V. Sewards &author=M. A. Sewards&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B11">b . h .平淡和s d•奥迪”θ带振荡和海马结构的同步和相关结构:在感觉运动整合的作用,“<我>大脑研究行为</我>,卷127,不。1 - 2、119 - 136年,2001页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00358-8">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Theta%20band%20oscillation%20and%20synchrony%20in%20the%20hippocampal%20formation%20and%20associated%20structures:%20 the%20case%20for%20its%20role%20in%20sensorimotor%20integration&author=B. H. Bl&author=&author=S. D. Oddie&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B12">c . r . Grunschlag、h·l·哈斯和d·r·史蒂文斯”5 -抑制横向内嗅皮质神经元的鼠体外激活钾通道耦合5 - (1 a)受体,”<我>大脑研究</我>,卷770,不。1 - 2,- 17,1997页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00738-5">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=5-HT%20inhibits%20lateral%20entorhinal%20cortical%20neurons%20of%20the%20rat%20in%20vitro%20by%20activation%20of%20potassium%20channel-coupled%205-HT(1A)%20receptors&author=C. R. Grünschlag&author=H. L. Haas&author=&author=D. R. Stevens&publication_year=1997" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B13">b . n .公共澡堂,m .西奈地方,和c·a·查普曼,“胆碱能抑制兴奋性突触反应层二世内侧内嗅皮层,“<我>海马体</我>,17卷,不。2、103 - 113年,2006页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20249">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cholinergic%20suppression%20of%20excitatory%20synaptic%20responses%20in%20layer%20II%20of%20the%20medial%20entorhinal%20cortex&author=B. N. Hamam&author=M. Sinai&author=G. Poirier&author=&author=C. A. Chapman&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B14">l·马·m·h·Shalinsky a .阿隆索和c·t·迪克森,“5 -羟色胺对内在膜层性能的影响二世内侧内嗅皮层神经元,”<我>海马体</我>,17卷,不。2、114 - 129年,2007页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20250">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects%20of%20serotonin%20on%20the%20intrinsic%20membrane%20properties%20of%20layer%20II%20medial%20entorhinal%20cortex%20neurons&author=L. Ma&author=M. H. Shalinsky&author=A. Alonso&author=&author=C. T. Dickson&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B15">施密茨d, t . Gloveli r . m . Empson a . Draguhn和美国Heinemann,“5 -羟色胺能减少突触激发的表面通过突触前内侧鼠内嗅皮层机制,“<我>生理学杂志</我>,卷508,不。1,第129 - 119页,1998。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Serotonin%20reduces%20synaptic%20excitation%20in%20the%20superficial%20medial%20entorhinal%20cortex%20of%20the%20rat%20via%20a%20presynaptic%20mechanism&author=D. Schmitz&author=T. Gloveli&author=R. M. Empson&author=A. Draguhn&author=&author=U. Heinemann&publication_year=1998" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B16">a·比约克隆德和o·林德沃Dopamine-containing系统在中枢神经系统,”<我>手册的化学神经解剖学。2卷。</我>a·比约克隆德和t . Hokfelt Eds。,Classical Transmitters in the CNS, Part I, pp. 55–122, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1984.<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine-containing%20systems%20in%20the%20CNS&author=A. Björklund &author=O. Lindvall&publication_year=1984" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B17">j·h·法伦和s e . Loughlin先生”,大脑皮层单胺神经支配和理论的作用不仅在大脑皮层和基底神经节,”<我>大脑皮层</我>e . g .琼斯和a·彼得斯。,pp. 41–127, Plenum, New York, NY, USA, 1987.<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Monoamine%20innervation%20of%20cerebral%20cortex%20and%20a%20theory%20of%20the%20role%20of%20monoamines%20in%20cerebral%20cortex%20and%20 basal%20ganglia&author=J. H. Fallon &author=S. E. Loughlin&publication_year=1987" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B18">韩礼德r . d .外形尺寸和通用汽车,“腹侧被盖(A10)系统:神经生物学。1。解剖学和连通性。”<我>大脑研究</我>,卷434,不。2、117 - 165年,1987页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ventral%20tegmental%20(A10)%20system:%20neurobiology.%201.%20Anatomy%20and%20connectivity&author=R. D. Oades &author=G. M. Halliday&publication_year=1987" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B19">p s Goldman-Rakic”、“精神”大脑皮层的神经元,<我>纽约科学院上</我>卷。868年,13 26,1999页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11270.x">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20“psychic”%20neuron%20of%20the%20cerebral%20cortex&author=P. S. Goldman-Rakic&publication_year=1999" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B20">j·k·希孟斯和c·r·杨”多巴胺调制的主要功能和机制的前额叶皮层,“<我>神经生物学的进展</我>,卷74,不。1,1-58,2004页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.05.006">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20principal%20features%20and%20mechanisms%20of%20dopamine%20modulation%20in%20the%20prefrontal%20cortex&author=J. K. Seamans &author=C. R. Yang&publication_year=2004" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B21">A·g·菲利普斯,g . Vacca和s .安“自上而下的视角多巴胺,动机和记忆,”<我>药理生物化学和行为</我>,卷90,不。2、236 - 249年,2008页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2007.10.014">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20top-down%20perspective%20on%20dopamine,%20motivation%20and%20memory&author=A. G. Phillips&author=G. Vacca&author=&author=S. Ahn&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B22">W.-J。高,l . s .克里米亚和p s Goldman-Rakic突触前反复调节励磁<math id="M167" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65731.png" width="18" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> D</mtext> <mn> 1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>受体在前额电路。”<我>美国国家科学院院刊》上的美利坚合众国</我>,卷98,不。1,第300 - 295页,2001。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.011524298">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Presynaptic%20regulation%20of%20recurrent%20excitation%20by%20D1%20receptors%20in%20prefrontal%20circuits&author=W.-J. Gao&author=L. S. Krimer&author=&author=P. S. Goldman-Rakic&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B23">d . Law-Tho j·c·赫希,f . Crepel“多巴胺对大鼠前额叶皮层突触传递的调制:一个体外电生理研究中,“<我>神经科学研究</我>,21卷,不。2、151 - 160年,1994页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(94)90157-0">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20modulation%20of%20synaptic%20transmission%20in%20rat%20prefrontal%20cortex:%20an%20in%20vitro%20 electrophysiological%20study&author=D. Law-Tho&author=J. C. Hirsch&author=&author=F. Crepel&publication_year=1994" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B24">j·k·希孟斯,d . Durstewitz b·r·克里斯蒂·c·f·史蒂文斯和t . j . Sejnowski“多巴胺D1 / D5受体的兴奋性突触输入调制层V前额叶皮层神经元,”<我>美国国家科学院院刊》上的美利坚合众国</我>,卷98,不。1,第306 - 301页,2001。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.011518798">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20D1/D5%20receptor%20modulation%20of%20excitatory%20synaptic%20inputs%20to%20layer%20V%20prefrontal%20cortex%20neurons&author=J. K. Seamans&author=D. Durstewitz&author=B. R. Christie&author=C. F. Stevens&author=&author=T. J. Sejnowski&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B25">s . Bandyopadhyay c . Gonzalez-Islas和j·j . Hablitz“多巴胺增强大鼠前额叶皮层,时空的传播活动”<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷93,不。2、864 - 872年,2005页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00922.2004">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20enhances%20spatiotemporal%20spread%20of%20activity%20in%20rat%20prefrontal%20cortex&author=S. Bandyopadhyay&author=C. Gonzalez-Islas&author=&author=J. J. Hablitz&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B26">c . Gonzalez-Islas和j·j·Hablitz多巴胺增强EPSCs层ii iii锥体神经元在大鼠前额叶皮层,“<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,23卷,不。3、867 - 875年,2003页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20enhances%20EPSCs%20in%20layer%20II-III%20pyramidal%20neurons%20in%20rat%20prefrontal%20cortex&author=C. Gonzalez-Islas &author=J. J. Hablitz&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B27">a·f·t·Arnsten“儿茶酚胺调制的前额叶皮质认知功能”<我>认知科学趋势</我>,卷2,不。11日,第447 - 436页,1998年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01240-6">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Catecholamine%20modulation%20of%20prefrontal%20cortical%20cognitive%20function&author=A. F. T. Arnsten&publication_year=1998" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B28">c·r·杨和l·陈,“针对前额叶皮质多巴胺<math id="M168" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65732.png" width="18" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> D</mtext> <mn> 1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>在精神分裂症治疗和n -甲基- d受体相互作用<我>神经系统科学家</我>,11卷,不。5,452 - 470年,2005页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858405279692">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Targeting%20prefrontal%20cortical%20dopamine%20D1%20and%20N-methyl-D-aspartate%20receptor%20interactions%20in%20 schizophrenia%20treatment&author=C. R. Yang &author=L. Chen&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B29">d . a . Caruana r·e·佐尔格j . Stewart和c·a·查普曼,“多巴胺具有双向影响突触反应内嗅皮层外侧皮质层中输入二世,“<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷96,不。6,3006 - 3015年,2006页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00572.2006">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20has%20bidirectional%20effects%20on%20synaptic%20responses%20to%20cortical%20inputs%20in%20layer%20II%20of%20the%20 lateral%20entorhinal%20cortex&author=D. A. Caruana&author=R. E. Sorge&author=J. Stewart&author=&author=C. A. Chapman&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B30">大肠Pralong和r·s·琼斯”互动的多巴胺和谷氨酸,GABA-mediated体外鼠内嗅皮层突触传递,“<我>欧洲神经科学杂志》上</我>,5卷,不。6,760 - 767年,1993页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Interactions%20of%20dopamine%20with%20glutamate-%20and%20GABA-mediated%20synaptic%20transmission%20in%20the%20rat%20entorhinal%20cortex%20in%20vitro&author=E. Pralong &author=R. S. Jones&publication_year=1993" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B31">k . Stenkamp美国Heinemann,施密茨和d,“多巴胺抑制stimulus-induced领域潜力的第三层鼠内侧内嗅皮层,“<我>神经学字母</我>,卷255,不。2、119 - 121年,1998页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00721-6">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20suppresses%20stimulus-induced%20field%20potentials%20in%20layer%20III%20of%20rat%20medial%20entorhinal%20cortex&author=K. Stenkamp&author=U. Heinemann&author=&author=D. Schmitz&publication_year=1998" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B32">j . a . Rosenkranz和d·约翰斯顿Ih的多巴胺能神经元兴奋性调节通过调制层V内嗅皮层,“<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,26卷,不。12日,第3244 - 3229页,2006年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4333-05.2006">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopaminergic%20regulation%20of%20neuronal%20excitability%20through%20modulation%20of%20Ih%20in%20layer%20V%20entorhinal%20cortex&author=J. A. Rosenkranz &author=D. Johnston&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B33">s·d·格拉斯哥和c·a·查普曼,“当地代parasubiculumθ波脑电图活动”<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷97,不。6,3868 - 3879年,2007页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01306.2006">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Local%20generation%20of%20theta-frequency%20EEG%20activity%20in%20the%20parasubiculum&author=S. D. Glasgow &author=C. A. Chapman&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B34">d·穆勒、c·a·查普曼和j·斯图尔特,“安非他明引起的腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元树突增长体内通过基本的纤维母细胞生长因子,”<我>神经科学</我>,卷137,不。3、727 - 735年,2006页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.038">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Amphetamine%20induces%20dendritic%20growth%20in%20ventral%20tegmental%20area%20dopaminergic%20neurons%20in%20vivo%20via%20basic%20fibroblast%20growth%20factor&author=D. Mueller&author=C. A. Chapman&author=&author=J. Stewart&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B35">g . Paxinos和c·沃森,<我>老鼠大脑的立体定位坐标</我>、学术出版社,纽约,纽约,美国,1998年。<span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B36">t·w·Blackstad”,连合连接鼠的海马区域,与终止的模式,”<我>比较神经病学杂志》</我>,卷105,不。3、417 - 537年,1956页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Commissural%20connections%20of%20the%20hippocampal%20region%20in%20the%20rat,%20with%20special%20reference%20 to%20their%20mode%20of%20termination&author=T. W. Blackstad&publication_year=1956" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B37">a·a·卡尔和w·g . Lavelle“嗅觉通路神经元的超微结构特征层二世内嗅皮层的猴子,”<我>Acta Oto-Laryngologica</我>,卷120,不。3、424 - 431年,2000页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1080/000164800750000685">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ultrastructural%20characterizations%20of%20olfactory%20pathway%20neurons%20in%20layer%20II%20of%20the%20entorhinal%20 cortex%20in%20monkey&author=A. A. Carboni &author=W. G. Lavelle&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B38">欧管家,“地形组织的预测内嗅区河鼠的海马结构,”<我>比较神经病学杂志》</我>,卷167,不。3、285 - 314年,1976页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Topographic%20organization%20of%20the%20projections%20from%20the%20entorhinal%20area%20to%20the%20 hippocampal%20formation%20of%20the%20rat&author=O. Steward&publication_year=1976" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B39">j . m . Wyss“autoradiographic研究传出连接内嗅皮层的老鼠,”<我>比较神经病学杂志》</我>,卷199,不。4、495 - 512年,1981页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An%20autoradiographic%20study%20of%20the%20efferent%20connections%20of%20the%20entorhinal%20cortex%20in%20the%20rat&author=J. M. Wyss&publication_year=1981" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B40">b . Tahvildari和a .阿隆索”形态和电生理特性的横向内嗅皮层第二和第三层主要神经元,”<我>比较神经病学杂志》</我>,卷491,不。2、123 - 140年,2005页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20706">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Morphological%20and%20electrophysiological%20properties%20of%20lateral%20entorhinal%20cortex%20layers%20II%20and%20III%20 principal%20neurons&author=B. Tahvildari &author=A. Alonso&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B41">王x和n a·兰伯特,“膜的性质确定投射神经元外侧和内侧穿甲弹通路,”<我>神经科学</我>,卷117,不。2、485 - 492年,2003页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00659-0">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Membrane%20properties%20of%20identified%20lateral%20and%20medial%20perforant%20pathway%20projection%20neurons&author=X. Wang &author=N. A. Lambert&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B42">答:阿隆索和r . Klink微分electroresponsiveness星状和pyramidal-like内侧内嗅皮层细胞层二世”<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷70,不。1,第143 - 128页,1993。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Differential%20electroresponsiveness%20of%20stellate%20and%20pyramidal-like%20cells%20of%20medial%20entorhinal%20cortex%20layer%20II&author=A. Alonso &author=R. Klink&publication_year=1993" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B43">c·r·杨和j·k·希孟斯”多巴胺<math id="M169" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65733.png" width="18" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> D</mtext> <mn> 1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>受体的行为在第5和6层大鼠前额叶皮层神经元体外:dendritic-somatic信号的调制集成。”<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,16卷,不。5,1922 - 1935年,1996页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20D1%20receptor%20actions%20in%20layers%20V-VI%20rat%20prefrontal%20cortex%20neurons%20in%20vitro:%20modulation%20of%20dendritic-somatic%20signal%20integration&author=C. R. Yang &author=J. K. Seamans&publication_year=1996" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B44">r·布拉绸和c·a·查普曼,”长期突触抑郁成人体内内嗅皮层,“<我>海马体</我>,13卷,不。7,780 - 790年,2003页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.10124">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Long-term%20synaptic%20depression%20in%20the%20adult%20entorhinal%20cortex%20in%20vivo&author=R. Bouras &author=C. A. Chapman&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B45">和c a d . a . Caruana查普曼,”刺激parasubiculum调节内嗅皮层反应梨状皮层输入体内,”<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷92,不。2、1226 - 1235年,2004页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00038.2004">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Stimulation%20of%20the%20parasubiculum%20modulates%20entorhinal%20cortex%20responses%20to%20piriform%20cortex%20inputs%20in%20vivo&author=D. A. Caruana &author=C. A. Chapman&publication_year=2004" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B46">美国Kourrich和c·a·查普曼NMDA receptor-dependent长期突触抑郁在试管内嗅皮层,“<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷89,不。4、2112 - 2119年,2003页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00714.2002">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NMDA%20receptor-dependent%20long-term%20synaptic%20depression%20in%20the%20entorhinal%20cortex%20in%20vitro&author=S. Kourrich &author=C. A. Chapman&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B47">t . Manabe d·j·威利·d·j . Perkel和r . a . Nicoll”调制的突触传递和长期势差现象:影响配对脉冲便利化和EPSC方差在海马的CA1区,“<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷70,不。4、1451 - 1459年,1993页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Modulation%20of%20synaptic%20transmission%20and%20long-term%20potentiation:%20effects%20on%20paired%20pulse%20facilitation%20and%20EPSC%20variance%20in%20the%20CA1%20region%20of%20the%20hippocampus&author=T. Manabe&author=D. J. Wyllie&author=D. J. Perkel&author=&author=R. A. Nicoll&publication_year=1993" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B48">r·s·朱克“短期突触可塑性,”<我>年度回顾神经科学</我>》12卷,13-31,1989页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.000305">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Short-term%20synaptic%20plasticity&author=R. S. Zucker&publication_year=1989" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B49">r·s·朱克和w·g . Regehr“短期突触可塑性,”<我>年度回顾的生理</我>卷,64年,第405 - 355页,2002年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Short-term%20synaptic%20plasticity&author=R. S. Zucker &author=W. G. Regehr&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B50">n . n .城市g . Gonzalez-Burgos d . a . Henze d·a·刘易斯和g·巴里奥“多巴胺的选择性降低兴奋性突触输入在灵长类动物前额叶皮层锥体神经元,”<我>生理学杂志</我>,卷539,不。3、707 - 712年,2002页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2001.015024">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Selective%20reduction%20by%20dopamine%20of%20excitatory%20synaptic%20inputs%20to%20pyramidal%20neurons%20 in%20primate%20prefrontal%20cortex&author=N. N. Urban&author=G. González-Burgos&author=D. A. Henze&author=D. A. Lewis&author=&author=G. Barrionuevo&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B51">p .郑x x。张,b . s . Bunney W.-X。施”,相反的调制皮层<math id="M170" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65734.png" width="17" height="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mi> N</mi> </mrow> </math>-methyl-D-aspartate高低浓度的多巴胺受体介导反应,”<我>神经科学</我>,卷91,不。2、527 - 535年,1999页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00604-6">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Opposite%20modulation%20of%20cortical%20N-methyl-D-aspartate%20receptor-mediated%20responses%20by%20low%20and%20high%20concentrations%20of%20dopamine&author=P. Zheng&author=X.-X. Zhang&author=B. S. Bunney&author=&author=W.-X. Shi&publication_year=1999" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B52">c·g·克雷格·s·d·殿,t·d·白,“环腺苷酸参与兴奋性氨基酸acid-evoked腺苷释放鼠皮质片吗?”<我>欧洲药理学杂志</我>,卷269,不。1,第85 - 79页,1994。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Is%20cyclic%20AMP%20involved%20in%20excitatory%20amino%20acid-evoked%20adenosine%20release%20from%20rat%20cortical%20slices?&author=C. G. Craig&author=S. D. Temple&author=&author=T. D. White&publication_year=1994" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B53">k·p·朔尔茨和r·j·米勒在兴奋性突触前抑制海马突触:突触前的发展和作用<math id="M171" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65735.png" width="36" height="23" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msup> <mtext> Ca</mtext> <mrow> <mn> 2</mn> <mo> +</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math>渠道,”<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷76,不。1,39-46,1996页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Presynaptic%20inhibition%20at%20excitatory%20hippocampal%20synapses:%20development%20and%20role%20of%20presynaptic%20 Ca2+%20channels&author=K. P. Scholz &author=R. J. Miller&publication_year=1996" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B54">z燕,W.-J。歌,d . j . Surmeier”<math id="M172" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65736.png" width="20" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> D</mtext> <mn> 2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>多巴胺受体减少n型<math id="M173" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65737.png" width="36" height="23" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msup> <mtext> Ca</mtext> <mrow> <mn> 2</mn> <mo> +</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math>电流在老鼠neostriatal胆碱能通过membrane-delimited中间神经元,protein-kinase-C-insensitive途径。”<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷77,不。2、1003 - 1015年,1997页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=D2%20dopamine%20receptors%20reduce%20N-type%20Ca2+%20currents%20in%20rat%20neostriatal%20cholinergic%20interneurons%20through%20a%20membrane-delimited,%20protein-kinase-C-insensitive%20pathway&author=Z. Yan&author=W.-J. Song&author=&author=D. J. Surmeier&publication_year=1997" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B55">x, s . b . Kombian j . a . Zidichouski和j·皮特曼,“多巴胺抑制了glutamatergic突触传递的老鼠parabrachial细胞核体外,”<我>神经科学</我>,卷90,不。2、457 - 468年,1999页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00594-6">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20depresses%20glutamatergic%20synaptic%20transmission%20in%20the%20rat%20parabrachial%20nucleus%20in%20vitro&author=X. Chen&author=S. B. Kombian&author=J. A. Zidichouski&author=&author=Q. J. Pittman&publication_year=1999" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B56">e .四郎和t . Momiyama突触前多巴胺<math id="M174" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65738.png" width="20" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> D</mtext> <mn> 2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>例如受体抑制兴奋性传播到老鼠腹侧被盖多巴胺能神经元,”<我>生理学杂志</我>,卷523,不。1,第173 - 163页,2000。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Presynaptic%20dopamine%20D2-like%20receptors%20inhibit%20excitatory%20transmission%20onto%20rat%20ventral%20tegmental%20dopaminergic%20neurones&author=E. Koga &author=T. Momiyama&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B57">K.-S。许,c c。黄,学术界。杨,P.-W。欧洲甜樱桃”,突触前<math id="M175" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65739.png" width="20" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> D</mtext> <mn> 2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>多巴胺受体调节抑制鼠neostriatum兴奋性突触传递的”<我>大脑研究</我>,卷690,不。2、264 - 268年,1995页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00734-8">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Presynaptic%20D2%20dopaminergic%20receptors%20mediate%20inhibition%20of%20excitatory%20synaptic%20transmission%20in%20 rat%20neostriatum&author=K.-S. Hsu&author=C.-C. Huang&author=C.-H. Yang&author=&author=P.-W. Gean&publication_year=1995" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B58">m . s . Levine l . i给c .日志h·c·克伦威尔和k . l . Altemus”Neuromodulatory行动的多巴胺synaptically-evoked neostriatal反应片,”<我>突触</我>,24卷,不。1,第78 - 65页,1996。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Neuromodulatory%20actions%20of%20dopamine%20on%20synaptically-evoked%20neostriatal%20responses%20in%20slices&author=M. S. Levine&author=L. I. Zhiwei&author=C. Cepeda&author=H. C. Cromwell&author=&author=K. L. Altemus&publication_year=1996" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B59">a . Pisani p . Bonsi d . Centonze p·卡拉布雷西,和g·贝尔纳迪”,激活的<math id="M176" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65740.png" width="20" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> D</mtext> <mn> 2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>——突触输入纹状体多巴胺受体减少胆碱能中间神经元,”<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,20 RC69卷,不。7、1 - 6,2000页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Activation%20of%20D2-like%20dopamine%20receptors%20reduces%20synaptic%20inputs%20to%20striatal%20cholinergic%20interneurons&author=A. Pisani&author=P. Bonsi&author=D. Centonze&author=P. Calabresi&author=&author=G. Bernardi&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B60">d·m·芬奇a . m . Tan和m . Isokawa-Akesson“前馈抑制鼠内嗅皮层和subicular复杂,“<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,8卷,不。7,2213 - 2226年,1988页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Feedforward%20inhibition%20of%20the%20rat%20entorhinal%20cortex%20and%20subicular%20complex&author=D. M. Finch&author=A. M. Tan&author=&author=M. Isokawa-Akesson&publication_year=1988" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B61">j·k·希孟斯:Gorelova, d . Durstewitz和c r·杨“双向gaba ergic抑制多巴胺调制的前额叶皮层锥体神经元,”<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,21卷,不。10日,3628 - 3638年,2001页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bidirectional%20dopamine%20modulation%20of%20GABAergic%20inhibition%20in%20prefrontal%20cortical%20pyramidal%20neurons&author=J. K. Seamans&author=N. Gorelova&author=D. Durstewitz&author=&author=C. R. Yang&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B62">f·勒,“神经背景钾离子通道的药物,”<我>神经药理学</我>,44卷,不。1、1 - 7,2003页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00339-8">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Pharmacology%20of%20neuronal%20background%20potassium%20channels&author=F. Lesage&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B63">多巴胺y盾和f·j·白。<math id="M177" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65741.png" width="18" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> D</mtext> <mn> 1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>海尔集团受体选择性地调节缓慢灭活鼠内侧前额叶皮层锥体神经元钾电流,”<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,23卷,不。7,2686 - 2695年,2003页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20D1-class%20receptors%20selectively%20modulate%20a%20slowly%20inactivating%20potassium%20current%20in%20rat%20medial%20prefrontal%20cortex%20pyramidal%20neurons&author=Y. Dong &author=F. J. White&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B64">l . s . Benardo和d . a .王子”多巴胺调节<math id="M178" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65742.png" width="36" height="23" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msup> <mtext> Ca</mtext> <mrow> <mn> 2</mn> <mo> +</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math>哺乳动物的海马锥体细胞,激活钾电导”<我>自然</我>,卷297,不。5861年,第79 - 76页,1982年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20modulates%20a%20Ca2+-activated%20potassium%20conductance%20in%20mammalian%20hippocampal%20pyramidal%20cells&author=L. S. Benardo &author=D. A. Prince&publication_year=1982" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B65">n . Berretta f·伯顿,r·比安奇m . Capogna w·弗兰切斯科尼和m·布鲁内利”的影响多巴胺d1和d2多巴胺能受体激动剂在豚鼠海马CA1锥体细胞的兴奋性,”<我>大脑研究实验</我>,卷83,不。1,第130 - 124页,1990。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects%20of%20dopamine,%20D-1%20and%20D-2%20dopaminergic%20agonists%20on%20the%20excitability%20of%20hippocampal%20CA1%20pyramidal%20cells%20in%20guinea%20pig&author=N. Berretta&author=F. Berton&author=R. Bianchi&author=M. Capogna&author=W. Francesconi&author=&author=M. Brunelli&publication_year=1990" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B66">s . Hernandez-Lopez j . Bargas a雷耶斯,e . Galarraga“多巴胺调节afterhyperpolarization neostriatal神经元,”<我>NeuroReport</我>,7卷,不。2、454 - 456年,1996页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20modulates%20the%20afterhyperpolarization%20in%20neostriatal%20neurones&author=S. Hernández-López&author=J. Bargas&author=A. Reyes&author=&author=E. Galarraga&publication_year=1996" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B67">r . c . Malenka和r . a . Nicoll“多巴胺减少calcium-activated afterhyperpolarization在海马CA1锥体细胞,”<我>大脑研究</我>,卷379,不。2、210 - 215年,1986页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20decreases%20the%20calcium-activated%20afterhyperpolarization%20in%20hippocampal%20CA1%20pyramidal%20cells&author=R. C. Malenka &author=R. A. Nicoll&publication_year=1986" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B68">p . Pedarzani和j·f·风暴,“多巴胺调节缓慢的Ca(2 +)激活<math id="M179" altimg="C:\WINDOWS\Temp\MMLIMG65743.png" width="22" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msup> <mtext> K</mtext> <mo> +</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math>通过循环电流IAHP AMP-dependent蛋白激酶在海马神经元,”<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷74,不。6,2749 - 2753年,1995页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20modulates%20the%20slow%20Ca(2+)-activated%20K+%20current%20IAHP%20via%20cyclic%20AMP-dependent%20protein%20kinase%20in%20hippocampal%20neurons&author=P. Pedarzani &author=J. F. Storm&publication_year=1995" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B69">y, d·库珀f . Nasif X.-T。和f·j·白,胡锦涛“多巴胺调节内心整流钾电流在内侧前额叶皮质锥体神经元,”<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,24卷,不。12日,第3085 - 3077页,2004年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4715-03.2004">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20modulates%20inwardly%20rectifying%20potassium%20currents%20in%20medial%20prefrontal%20cortex%20pyramidal%20 neurons&author=Y. Dong&author=D. Cooper&author=F. Nasif&author=X.-T. Hu&author=&author=F. J. White&publication_year=2004" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B70">n . a . Gorelova和c·r·杨”多巴胺D1 / D5受体激活调节大鼠前额叶皮层中神经元持续钠电流,”<我>神经生理学杂志</我>,卷84,不。1,第87 - 75页,2000。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dopamine%20D1/D5%20receptor%20activation%20modulates%20a%20persistent%20sodium%20current%20in%20rat%20prefrontal%20 cortical%20neurons%20in%20vitro&author=N. A. Gorelova &author=C. R. Yang&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B71">大肠Geijo-Barrientos c·帕斯托雷,“多巴胺的阈下电生理反应的影响大鼠前额叶皮层神经元在体外,”<我>欧洲神经科学杂志》上</我>,7卷,不。3、358 - 366年,1995页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00331.x">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20effects%20of%20dopamine%20on%20the%20subthreshold%20electrophysiological%20responses%20of%20 rat%20prefrontal%20cortex%20neurons%20in%20vitro&author=E. Geijo-Barrientos &author=C. Pastore&publication_year=1995" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B72">j . McGaughy r . a . Koene h . Eichenbaum和m . e . Hasselmo“胆碱能传入神经阻滞大鼠内嗅皮层的损害编码延迟nonmatch-to-sample小说但不熟悉的刺激的任务,”<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,25卷,不。44岁,10273 - 10281年,2005页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2386-05.2005">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cholinergic%20deafferentation%20of%20the%20entorhinal%20cortex%20in%20rats%20impairs%20encoding%20of%20novel%20but%20not%20familiar%20stimuli%20in%20a%20delayed%20nonmatch-to-sample%20task&author=J. McGaughy&author=R. A. Koene&author=H. Eichenbaum&author=&author=M. E. Hasselmo&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B73">b . Tahvildari e . Fransen a·a·阿隆索和m . e . Hasselmo“切换””和“关闭”状态的持续活动侧嗅第三层神经元,”<我>海马体</我>,17卷,不。4、257 - 263年,2007页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20270">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Switching%20between%20“On”%20and%20“Off”%20states%20of%20persistent%20activity%20 in%20lateral%20entorhinal%20layer%20III%20neurons&author=B. Tahvildari&author=E. Fransén&author=A. A. Alonso&author=&author=M. E. Hasselmo&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B74">b . j .年轻,t·奥托·g·d·福克斯和h . Eichenbaum“记忆表示在旁海马区域,”<我>《神经科学杂志》上</我>,17卷,不。13日,5183 - 5195年,1997页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Memory%20representation%20within%20the%20parahippocampal%20region&author=B. J. Young&author=T. Otto&author=G. D. Fox&author=&author=H. Eichenbaum&publication_year=1997" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B75">d . a . Caruana j·里德,d . j . Sliz和c·a·查普曼,“抑制多巴胺再摄取的感应块长期势差和抑郁症在清醒大鼠内嗅皮层外侧,“<我>神经学字母</我>,卷426,不。1,6尺11寸,2007页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.025">出版商的网站</一个><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Inhibiting%20dopamine%20reuptake%20blocks%20the%20induction%20of%20long-term%20potentiation%20and%20depression%20in%20the%20lateral%20entorhinal%20cortex%20of%20awake%20rats&author=D. A. Caruana&author=S. J. Reed&author=D. J. Sliz&author=&author=C. A. Chapman&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4> <p>版权©2008和c道格拉斯·a·Caruana安德鲁·查普曼。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 ihOEEr"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-dxZgTM lwEtq article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gFaPwZ hoOvRq sc-iomxrj fOYLEe pdf_desktop button__group" href="https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/np/2008/203514.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-fhYwyz ieulRf" title="" role="presentation" src="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-jzgbtB bcxtxQ fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gFaPwZ hoOvRq sc-dvCyap gEbQUn ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavLarge"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-fhYwyz ieulRf" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-jzgbtB bcxtxQ fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gFaPwZ hoOvRq sc-iFMziU bGHCWJ ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/np/2008/203514.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-fhYwyz ieulRf" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-jzgbtB bcxtxQ fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-drKuOJ cBpQvD article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-gRnDUn cZpOzA accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-cHSUfg prPtb" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-cugefK gzkcXu">下载其他格式</span><span class="sc-fnwBNb iaVowO">更多的</span></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-cTjmhe jIQcJs icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-cmjSyW cpuiKr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-sdtwF hnolyX open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/np/2008/203514.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-iYUSvU jmLwpf"> XML</div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-cHSUfg prPtb" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eAKXzc Lnbhf" href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/203514/confirm" aria-label="Order Printed Copies" target="_blank" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__opcNav"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-cHSUfg prPtb" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-cugefK gzkcXu">订单打印副本</span><span class="sc-fnwBNb iaVowO">订单</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-cTjmhe jIQcJs right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-cBdUnI blbVzE"> <div class="sc-exkUMo bzUZma"> <div> 的观点<span>1652年</span> </div> <div> 下载<span>565年</span> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-kcDeIU eatOFG"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2008/203514" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</div> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-Rmtcm hZsedb sc-iNhVCk gOltjj" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-csuQGl idXHYp">分享文章</h3> <ul class="sc-bRBYWo keayzM"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/203514&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/203514" aria-label="Sharing on Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialLinkedin" title="" role="presentation" src="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialLinkedin.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/203514" aria-label="Sharing on Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialFacebook" title="" role="presentation" src="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialFacebook-HINDAWI.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"> <div class="wechat-container"> <img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialWechat" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"> <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"></div> </div></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:?subject=Dopaminergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission in the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex&body=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/203514" aria-label="Sharing on Mail" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialMail" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 cBTaXT journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-4 cYsVdk biblioWrapperRight biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">相关文章</h4> <div id="biblio_sidebar" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 ihOEEr"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="sc-ckVGcZ bJWOrU"> <section class="sc-jKJlTe fVMBet"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd primary__footer footer__bodypadding"> <div class="sc-eNQAEJ cxmqZh mobile"> 遵循我们:<n一个v role="navigation" class="sc-kEYyzF bzVSCX"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-hMqMXs csdpbK" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-hMqMXs csdpbK" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-hMqMXs csdpbK" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-hMqMXs csdpbK" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/facebookDark.svg" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> <nav class="E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx" role="navigation"> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link about_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iOCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxNCIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDggMTQiPjxkZWZzPjxjbGlwUGF0aCBpZD0iYSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTcsMi40MTRsNS4yOTMsNS4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMSwwLDEuNDE0LTEuNDE0bC02LTZhMSwxLDAsMCwwLTEuNDE0LDBsLTYsNkExLDEsMCwwLDAsMS43MDcsNy43MDdaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSg1IDgpIi8+PC9jbGlwUGF0aD48L2RlZnM+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTggMTkpIHJvdGF0ZSgtOTApIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNNywyLjQxNGw1LjI5Myw1LjI5M2ExLDEsMCwxLDAsMS40MTQtMS40MTRsLTYtNmExLDEsMCwwLDAtMS40MTQsMGwtNiw2QTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLjcwNyw3LjcwN1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDUgOCkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0iIzZiYTQzOSIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="14">关于我们</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link contact_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">联系我们</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link partnerships" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">合作伙伴关系</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link blog" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">博客</一个></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link journals" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iOCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxNCIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDggMTQiPjxkZWZzPjxjbGlwUGF0aCBpZD0iYSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTcsMi40MTRsNS4yOTMsNS4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMSwwLDEuNDE0LTEuNDE0bC02LTZhMSwxLDAsMCwwLTEuNDE0LDBsLTYsNkExLDEsMCwwLDAsMS43MDcsNy43MDdaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSg1IDgpIi8+PC9jbGlwUGF0aD48L2RlZnM+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTggMTkpIHJvdGF0ZSgtOTApIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNNywyLjQxNGw1LjI5Myw1LjI5M2ExLDEsMCwxLDAsMS40MTQtMS40MTRsLTYtNmExLDEsMCwwLDAtMS40MTQsMGwtNiw2QTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLjcwNyw3LjcwN1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDUgOCkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0iIzZiYTQzOSIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="14">期刊</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article_processing_charges" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">文章处理费用</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link print_editions" href="//www.newsama.com/print-editions/" aria-label="Print editions"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iOCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxNCIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDggMTQiPjxkZWZzPjxjbGlwUGF0aCBpZD0iYSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTcsMi40MTRsNS4yOTMsNS4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMSwwLDEuNDE0LTEuNDE0bC02LTZhMSwxLDAsMCwwLTEuNDE0LDBsLTYsNkExLDEsMCwwLDAsMS43MDcsNy43MDdaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSg1IDgpIi8+PC9jbGlwUGF0aD48L2RlZnM+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTggMTkpIHJvdGF0ZSgtOTApIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNNywyLjQxNGw1LjI5Myw1LjI5M2ExLDEsMCwxLDAsMS40MTQtMS40MTRsLTYtNmExLDEsMCwwLDAtMS40MTQsMGwtNiw2QTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLjcwNyw3LjcwN1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDUgOCkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0iIzZiYTQzOSIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="14">印刷版</一个></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link authors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">作者</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link editors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">编辑器</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link reviewers" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">评论家</一个></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link hindawi_xml_corpus" href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">雷电竞APP</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link open_archives_initiative" href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fknadA" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">开放档案计划</一个></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="sc-eNQAEJ cxmqZh desktop"> 遵循我们:<n一个v role="navigation" class="sc-kEYyzF bzVSCX"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-hMqMXs csdpbK" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-hMqMXs csdpbK" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-hMqMXs csdpbK" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-hMqMXs csdpbK" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="https://d31iiq90dwlpfy.cloudfront.net/next_assets/aTl6CMAucnNlKq3DMubXQ/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/facebookDark.svg" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"> <section class="sc-kkGfuU ebwWJp E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd"> <span class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _3YBvMs82CMJ-uNoH7JwwWl"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策<!-- --> <!-- -->|</一个><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款<!-- --> <!-- -->|</一个><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/" aria-label="Responsible Disclosure Policy">负责信息披露政策<!-- --> <!-- -->|</一个><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策<!-- --> <!-- -->|</一个><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" aria-label="Copyright">版权<!-- --></a></span> </section> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>