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class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|开放获取</p> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积 2020年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代pan>文章的ID 2741648 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代pan> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741648" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741648</a> </div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>辉裴,陈魏、窗口郑Luyao Du, ”<年代pan class="adjust-article-svg-size">最大的优化路由跳数参数基于VANET的车辆密度</年代pan>”,<i>移动信息系统</我>, 卷。2020年, 文章的ID2741648, 11   页面, 2020年。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741648</p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN dULHFk article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">最大的优化路由跳数参数基于VANET的车辆密度</h1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class="">辉裴,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class=""><b>魏陈</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6454-6377" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<年代up>1,2</年代up></span> <span class="">窗口郑,<年代up>3</年代up> 和</年代pan> <span class="">Luyao杜<年代up>2</年代up></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><span>武汉科技大学信息工程学院,武汉430070年湖北,中国</年代pan></p> <p><sup>2</年代up><span>自动化学院、武汉科技大学、武汉,430070年湖北,中国</年代pan></p> <p><sup>3</年代up><span>上海工程技术研究中心智能和连接车辆终端,200030年上海,中国</年代pan></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>米歇尔Garetto</d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">04年9月2019年</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2020年5月11日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2020年5月15</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2020年6月10</年代pan> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ cwITDy article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>车载Ad Hoc网络(VANET)是智能交通系统的基本技术提供可靠的和实时的车辆和车辆和路边单元之间的通信。为了提高VANET的通信质量,本文研究不同最大路由跳数的影响参数对网络的性能在不同的车辆密度。我们建立的数学模型节点连接概率和包交货率通过使用泊松分布模型。和最大的路由跳数选择算法(MRHSA)提出了基于本文建立的理论模型。仿真实验和统计分析包交货率、吞吐量和端到端延迟执行在笔直的公路和城市道路场景下,车辆在网络支持的仿真(静脉)。结果表明,最大的路由跳数参数是一个重要的影响因素在网络的通信质量。发现MRSHA提出了可以提高包交货率约9.1%最多在直路场景中,这表明MRHSA将有助于VANET的通信质量的提高。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>近年来,随着智能交通系统(ITS)的迅速发展和无人驾驶技术、车载Ad Hoc网络(VANET)也作为一个备受关注的关键技术<a href="#B1">1</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B3">3</a>]。VANET可以实现实时、可靠的通信,允许车辆相互沟通以及周边基础设施(V2V / V2I)。</p> <p>由于高速车辆节点的特点,VANET是高度动态的网络拓扑结构。大多数路由技术在传统网络不能保证良好的沟通质量在这样一个高度动态的网络环境。许多路由方案已经提出了VANET的高动态特性和实际应用的网络需求<a href="#B4">4</a>,<a href="#B5">5</a>]。根据路由所需的信息技术,它可分为架构路由、定位路由、基于地图的路由和基于路径的路由。根据传输策略,它可分为单播路由协议、多播路由协议和广播路由协议(<a href="#B6">6</a>]。</p> <p>在各种路由协议,最大的路由跳数是最重要的参数之一,这是密切相关的链接连接,连接可靠性和包交货率。和它的重要性尤为突出在VANETs这样一个高度动态的网络环境。目前,大多数研究在VANET路由跳数优化路由方案尽量减少路由跳数、路由寿命最大化,或考虑多个通信性能指标(<a href="#B7">7</a>,<a href="#B8">8</a>]。然而,他们很少研究最大的路由跳数的选择参数。最大的参数设置路由跳数限制了路由数据包的生命周期,并确定中继节点的最大数量经过的路由路径。值得注意的是,即使一个最优路由路径选择策略,最大的路由跳数设置在网络上仍有更大的影响。大值可能过度增加路由开销和网络拥塞,降低网络包交货率和可靠性。小值将导致较低的路由成功率,这也会降低网络的数据包交货率和可靠性(<a href="#B9">9</a>,<a href="#B10">10</a>]。</p> <p>本文的目的是提出一个最优最大路由跳数参数设置方法基于车辆密度,可提供更高的包交货率和吞吐量的网络车辆(IoV)通信。通过建立概率模型的节点连接和数据包交付率最高的路由跳数和车辆密度,分析节点的连接概率的增长率和包的还原速度交货率增加造成的最大不同车辆密度下的路由跳数。在此基础上,算法查找算法最大的路由跳数根据不同车辆密度。</p> <p>剩下的纸是组织如下。部分<a href="#sec2">2</a>讨论了相关工作在VANET路由协议和车辆密度。节<a href="#sec3">3</a>,我们提出的节点连接概率模型和包交货率模型。部分<a href="#sec4">4</a>介绍了最大车辆密度为基础的路由跳数选择算法。仿真结果显示和分析部分<a href="#sec5">5</a>。最后,我们得出结论本文并提出未来工作部分<a href="#sec6">6</a>。</p> <h4 id="related-work">2。相关工作</h4> <p>一些传统的路由协议在VANET来自移动Ad Hoc网络(MANET),包括临时按需距离矢量(AODV)基于网络拓扑结构的路由协议(<a href="#B11">11</a>]和贪婪的周边无状态路由(GPSR)基于位置信息(<a href="#B12">12</a>]。文献[<a href="#B13">13</a>)提出了一种混合地理路由协议,它结合了AODV和GPSR。地理源路由(GSR)协议计算转发路径根据车辆在地图上的位置信息(<a href="#B14">14</a>]。Vehicle-Assisted数据交付(VADD)使用可预测的车辆运动路径计算数据包传输延迟和寻找下一个路由转发数据包(<a href="#B15">15</a>]。它包括三个不同的转发协议:第一探测器位置,方向第一探测器,Hybrid-VADD。</p> <p>一般来说,不同的路由协议有自己的路由选择方案。AODV路由协议使用一个路径的最小的路由跳数可选路由路径,并VADD选择转发路径最低的延迟。纳比尔et al。<a href="#B16">16</a>]改善位置辅助路由(政治)通过使用车辆的位置信息和相邻车辆的行驶方向和估计时间增加路由一生。参考文献(<a href="#B17">17</a>)提出了一个名为长寿命的方法Anypaths (LLA)来提供稳定的通信路径。它添加了一个稳定指数anypath路由和选择相邻车辆转发的相对稳定的距离。在[<a href="#B18">18</a>),鲁棒性被定义为一个定性的QoS参数取决于链路的通信链路寿命和错误率的链接。建模和量化link-robustness和route-robustness进行合成纸的时间,空间和环境的依赖关系网络。在此基础上,提出了一种路由选择策略。然而,从上面的研究,我们可以发现最大的最优设置路由跳数不被认为是在路由过程中。</p> <p>节点的密度可以使一个重要的影响不仅在传统的特设网络,而且VANETs。大量的研究已经进行网络连接和车辆密度之间的关系(<a href="#B19">19</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B22">22</a>]。一般来说,在车辆密度高的环境中,节点之间的连接概率高网络拥塞概率高。相反,网络拥塞的概率较低,当车辆密度较低,但节点之间的连接概率也减少<a href="#B23">23</a>,<a href="#B24">24</a>]。</p> <p>历史或实时获取车辆密度优化路由策略也在一些研究中使用。文献[<a href="#B9">9</a>)提出了自适应连接意识到路由(ACAR)协议,利用历史统计车辆密度和实时获取车辆密度信息优化路由策略误包率降到最低。一个智能路由协议使用实时交通信息在城市车辆的环境(IRTIV)提出了<a href="#B25">25</a>]。它收集实时交通密度通过周期性你好消息和计算道路段的重量基于交通密度和迪杰斯特拉算法然后选择最短的传输路径有足够的车辆连接。然而,很难找到一个转发路径,当交通密度很低。王等人。<a href="#B26">26</a>)提出了一种软件定义认知路由网络的车辆(SDCoR),它使用软件定义网络和强化学习感知环境(环境参数的车辆密度和速度是主要用于本文),设计了基于q学习的认知路由(查收我们)算法,根据不同的环境选择不同的路由策略。</p> <p>与AODV的增量固定价值的固定值GPSR VADD,基于路由的研究啤酒花和车辆密度在现有文献,本文提出动态调整参数的最大每个通信节点路由跳数根据车辆密度。更详细的比较如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/tab1/" target="_blank">1</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">路由协议</td> <td class="align_center">方法设置最大的路由跳数</td> <td class="align_center">为每个节点</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">AODV</td> <td class="align_center">从初始值增加到固定的最大价值</td> <td class="align_center">相同的最大固定值</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">GPSR</td> <td class="align_center">固定值</td> <td class="align_center">相同的值</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">VADD</td> <td class="align_center">固定值</td> <td class="align_center">相同的值</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">小说的贡献</td> <td class="align_center">根据车辆密度动态调整</td> <td class="align_center">根据车辆密度</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="3"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 小说的贡献。</d我v> </div> </div> <h4 id="system-model">3所示。系统模型</h4> <p>本部分首先介绍了多次反射VANET系统体系结构,然后建立了理论模型的节点连接概率和包交货率。</p> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。多次反射VANET系统</h5> <p>VANET是高动态的大型网络,包括通信车辆和路边单元(RSU)。包括V2V和V2I通信模式。目前,大多数VANET是单跳通信的通信标准。在简化网络拓扑结构的同时,还降低了网络资源的利用率和增加网络建设的成本。多次反射交流是VANET发展的必然趋势。的多次反射VANET系统架构图所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>,路边单元可以被视为小通信基站和车辆可以被看作是大量的移动通信终端。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.001.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 多次反射VANET系统架构。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>在VANET多次反射沟通的优点是体现在两个方面。V2I通信的一个是,另一个是V2V沟通。RSU的布局,如果只允许单跳通信,其布局密度要求高。这两个限制必须无缝连接,以确保所有车辆被通信覆盖范围的限制。然而,如果允许多次反射传播,布局密度RSU可以相对减少。例如,<我>V</我><sub>一个</年代ub>在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>不是RSU1的通信范围内,而是可以通过沟通与RSU1沟通<我>V</我><sub>一个</年代ub>和<我>V</我><sub>E</年代ub>。为V2V沟通,另一方面,如果目标节点不是源节点的通信范围内,单跳通信无法完成,但多次反射的沟通是可能的。</p> <p>最大的路由跳数的设置参数具有重要意义在多次反射VANET。大的值通常会增加车辆节点之间连接的可能性,但这也增加了路由开销和网络的数据包碰撞概率。例如,在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>,源节点<我>V</我><sub>年代</年代ub>需要建立一个与目标节点通信链路<我>V</我><sub>D</年代ub>。如果最大的路由跳数参数设置为1时,两个节点之间的通信链路无法建立,因为距离<我>x</我>两个节点大于节点之间的通信距离<我>R</我>。当最大的路由跳数参数设置为2,一个可能的通信链路<我>V</我><sub>年代</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>一个</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>D</年代ub>可以建立。当它被设置为3,四种可能可以建立通信链路,其中一个是2-hop交流:<我>V</我><sub>年代</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>一个</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>D</年代ub>,另3个可能的通信链接3-hop通信:<我>V</我><sub>年代</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>一个</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>C</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>D</年代ub>,<我>V</我><sub>年代</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>B</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>一个</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>D</年代ub>,<我>V</我><sub>年代</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>B</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>C</年代ub>⟶<我>V</我><sub>D</年代ub>。可以直观地看到,适当的值最大的路由跳数可以增加建立通信链路的可能性。但这通常也会增加数据包碰撞的可能性,因为大量的路由跳意味着更多的数据包将网络中传播。因此,我们可以提高通信链路的连接概率通过设置一个适当的最大路线跳值的基础上,尽可能不增加网络冲突;也就是说,找到连接概率和碰撞概率之间的平衡。</p> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。节点连接概率模型</h5> <p>首先,考虑节点连通性之间的关系和最大概率路由跳数(密度和车辆)在特殊场景。如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig2/" target="_blank">2</a>在直路的长度<我>l</我>源节点之间的距离<我>V</我><sub>0</年代ub>和目标节点<我>V</我><sub><i>n</我></sub>是<我>x</我>,车辆通信模型设置为一个单位圆盘模型的通信范围<我>R</我>,在那里<我>R</我><<我>x</我>< 2<我>R</我>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.002.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 车辆连接坐标。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>建立了笛卡儿坐标系统与源节点<我>V</我><sub>0</年代ub>作为坐标原点。由于道路宽度相比是短暂的车辆通信距离、道路宽度的影响被忽略。</p> <p>根据单位圆盘模型,假设通信半径的车辆<我>R</我>可以建立、沟通只要两辆车之间的距离小于<我>R</我>。两个节点之间的通信建立的概率可以表示为<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq1"><span class="left_break" id="L1"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M1"> <svg height="36.3978pt" id="M1-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 104.844 36.3978" width="104.844pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.526)"> <path d="M546 430L539 434C529 434 505 438 495 440C473 444 450 448 430 448C352 448 265 412 213 366C145 306 96 203 96 103C96 22 135 -12 160 -12C190 -12 238 14 262 32C310 68 368 120 411 184H413C403 117 396 75 384 21C353 -118 325 -158 291 -184C270 -200 241 -205 208 -205C133 -205 90 -164 74 -110C70 -98 58 -100 49 -107C34 -119 23 -140 23 -155C23 -190 74 -261 166 -261C219 -261 280 -233 314 -208C383 -157 446 -79 470 81C491 223 529 388 546 430ZM456 386C452 357 433 283 420 252C402 216 366 174 325 129C288 88 239 56 212 56C192 56 182 77 182 120C182 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563 594 528 618C491 643 435 650 377 650H140L131 618C222 610 223 601 208 518L137 136C121 43 116 40 27 32L18 0H295L300 32C212 40 206 42 223 138L248 279H296C334 279 350 272 369 230C393 174 413 140 441 94C482 24 523 1 626 -8L636 22ZM497 480C497 422 468 374 417 343C387 324 353 315 304 315H255L298 556C303 583 309 598 319 603C331 610 348 613 367 613C448 613 497 573 497 480Z" id="g50-83"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.43,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R3"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M3-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.868 11.44" width="14.868pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M269 381C298 400 325 421 340 436C360 455 370 476 370 504C370 579 313 635 223 635H222C170 635 123 610 95 579L52 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class="inline_break"> <svg height="15.5493pt" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2582 33.993 15.5493" width="33.993pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.026,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.524,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.674,3.132)"> <path d="M250 606C250 634 233 656 203 656C168 656 146 618 146 593C146 564 169 545 192 545C227 545 250 573 250 606ZM227 95L212 119C187 98 152 71 135 71C129 71 128 78 134 102L207 373C219 418 217 451 194 451C165 451 92 411 30 351L44 326C77 353 106 371 114 371C124 371 121 357 117 341L55 97C32 5 46 -12 70 -12C108 -12 191 51 227 95Z" id="g50-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.362,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-92"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="15.5493pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="37.5741838 -12.2582 23.913 15.5493" width="23.913pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.624,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.776,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.906,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.5493pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="65.11818380000001 -12.2582 22.779 15.5493" width="22.779pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.168,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,70.551,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.111,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,81.305,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> </svg>。</年代pan></span>确保你的邻居节点可以沟通,<我>d</我><sub><i>我</我></sub><<我>R</我>是必需的,也就是说,至少有一个车辆的长度<我>R</我>部分。的概率<我>d</我><sub><i>我</我></sub><<我>R</我>是<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq4"><span class="left_break" id="L5"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M5"> <svg height="16.7446pt" id="M5-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 151.785 16.7446" width="151.785pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.2,12.78)"> <path d="M332 -241C217 -138 149 60 149 271C149 483 216 680 332 783L312 808C148 686 74 491 74 272V271C74 50 148 -146 312 -266L332 -241Z" id="g119-5"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.22,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.37,15.912)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.06,12.78)"> <path d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z" id="g117-91"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.32,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.48,12.78)"> <path d="M311 271V272C311 491 237 686 73 808L53 783C169 680 236 483 236 271C236 60 168 -138 53 -241L73 -266C237 -146 311 50 311 271Z" id="g119-6"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.22,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.48,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.5,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.65,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,93.19,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,103.39,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,108.41,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,115.56,15.912)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,122.25,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,133.52,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,141.67,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,146.78,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="16.7446pt" id="M5-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.394 16.7446" width="56.394pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.41,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.94,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.33,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.89,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.08,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.43,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R5"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M5-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.458 11.44" width="15.458pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M465 179V225H369V632H330C227 497 124 346 29 205V179H289V107C289 37 284 33 198 26V0H454V26C374 33 369 37 369 107V179H465ZM289 225H92C156 335 222 430 287 520H289V225Z" id="g190-166"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.96,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>让<我>h</我>通信链路的路由跳数和让<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 30.821 12.7178" width="30.821pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.352,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.85,0)"> <path d="M499 88L487 113C459 86 422 65 413 65C403 65 403 74 409 98L461 318C487 426 460 448 431 448C408 448 383 441 352 424C305 398 223 344 157 257H155L243 674C249 702 249 712 240 712C227 712 170 680 87 673L82 648H117C155 648 162 644 150 590L23 -4L30 -12C55 -4 81 3 105 8C113 53 131 150 143 187C199 281 323 387 372 387C390 387 393 369 380 311L328 86C313 19 319 -12 347 -12C379 -12 442 24 499 88Z" id="g113-105"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.19,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="34.4031838 -9.28833 8.272 12.7178" width="8.272pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.453,0)"> <path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.002,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg></span>源节点之间的连接概率<我>V</我><sub>0</年代ub>和目标节点<我>V</我><sub><i>n</我></sub>当路由跳数=<我>我</我>,让<我>x</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>的中继节点的坐标位置<我>我</我>th跳(节点之间的距离<我>我</我>跳,<我>V</我><sub>0</年代ub>),<我>x</我><sub><i>我</我></sub><<我>x</我>,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig2/" target="_blank">2</a>。然后我们可以得到<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq5"><span class="left_break" id="L7"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M7"> <svg height="118.574pt" id="M7-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.574 118.574" width="71.574pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.471)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.04,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.38,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.65,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.89,9.471)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.11,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.37,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.61,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="118.574pt" id="M7-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 129.274 118.574" width="129.274pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,34.899)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,35.082)"> <use 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-5"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.288)"> <path d="M170 255C170 288 146 313 114 313S58 288 58 255C58 221 82 198 114 198S170 221 170 255Z" id="g113-46"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="118.574pt" id="M7-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 95.164 118.574" width="95.164pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,60.511)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.78,60.511)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.92,60.511)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.46,60.511)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.84,54.247)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.4,54.247)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g 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xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.73,112.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.11,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.67,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,52.87,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.22,112.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,65.07,103.256)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,67.62,103.256)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,73.18,103.256)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="118.574pt" id="M7-10" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 2.964 118.574" width="2.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-10"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="118.574pt" id="M7-11" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 101.194 118.574" width="101.194pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-11"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,112.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.78,112.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.93,112.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.47,112.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.85,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.41,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.6,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,44.86,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,49.29,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,55.08,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,60.64,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,65.82,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,71.38,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,76.51,108.581)"> <path d="M256 606C256 635 239 657 207 657C171 657 147 619 147 593C147 563 173 543 194 543C234 543 256 573 256 606ZM233 98L216 125C191 101 156 75 139 75C133 75 132 82 139 107L214 377C226 420 224 454 198 454C169 454 98 415 31 351L46 323C81 353 110 372 116 372C129 372 126 356 121 338L57 101C31 5 47 -12 72 -12C115 -12 197 52 233 98Z" id="g176-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,78.38,108.581)"> <path d="M578 242V297H59V242H578Z" id="g180-33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,82.52,108.581)"> <path d="M452 139L416 148C386 81 373 77 319 77H141L282 220C372 312 414 373 414 464C414 569 332 635 240 635C181 635 132 609 101 574L42 493L70 467C98 506 143 562 209 562C280 562 324 515 324 435C324 347 261 272 197 197C148 139 89 84 34 29V0H417L452 139Z" id="g176-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,86.26,106.48)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,90.2,112.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.23,112.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R7"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M7-12" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.898 11.44" width="14.898pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-12"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <path d="M130 550H367L393 615L386 623H101L63 323C82 331 123 342 165 342C275 342 328 277 328 188C328 107 283 40 201 40C141 40 99 72 78 91C69 99 59 98 51 91C39 81 30 67 29 58C28 48 33 37 46 24C60 10 104 -12 149 -12C203 -11 269 14 323 59C384 109 412 165 412 225C412 308 347 399 219 399C193 399 146 382 104 367L130 550Z" id="g190-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.4,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>同样,连接概率在一般情况下可以获得如下。</p> <p>当<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="11.439pt" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 17.862 11.439" width="17.862pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M348 662V703H120V-163H181V570C181 649 184 662 290 662H348Z" id="g113-3"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.239,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.506,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z" id="g113-48"></path> </g> </svg><span class="isep"></span> <svg height="11.439pt" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="17.817183800000002 -9.28833 24.654 11.439" width="24.654pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.867,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.019,0)"> <path d="M284 -163V703H56V663H114C220 663 223 649 223 571V-163H284Z" id="g113-4"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.89,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="11.439pt" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="46.1021838 -9.28833 6.504 11.439" width="6.504pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.152,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </svg></span><span class="equation_break" id="EEq6"><span class="left_break" id="L9"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M9"> <svg height="67.5094pt" id="M9-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.698 67.5094" width="44.698pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B9-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,37.082)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,37.265)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.05,37.082)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.39,37.082)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.65,37.082)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.2,37.265)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg 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128 457C128 516 155 602 231 602Z" id="g190-193"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.84,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>年代</我><sub>的意思是</年代ub>包平均持续时间,<我>T</我><sub>的意思是</年代ub>是平均数据包间隔,<我>H</我><sub>的意思是</年代ub>最大平均路由跳数。</p> <p>让节点的干扰半径<我>R</我>;然后2<我>λR</我>车辆中存在双向范围2<我>R</我>条件下的车辆密度<我>λ</我>。因此,有两个没有碰撞发生在同一个包的情况下持续时间。一个是只有一个节点的范围<我>R</我>发送数据包,也没有其他节点发送数据包。另一个例子是所有节点的范围<我>R</我>不要发送数据包。第一种情况的概率是<年代pan class="nowrap"> <svg height="14.5263pt" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-2.268101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2582 67.4689 14.5263" width="67.4689pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-241"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.282,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.78,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.926,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.462,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-241"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.744,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.242,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.674,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,50.869,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.656,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,62.216,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> </svg>,</年代pan>和其他情况的概率<年代pan class="nowrap"> <svg height="14.5263pt" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-2.268101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2582 51.1372 14.5263" width="51.1372pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,64.186)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.77,64.003)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.92,64.003)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.46,64.003)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-241"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.74,64.186)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.32,57.74)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,50.76,57.74)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,55.95,57.74)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,61.74,57.74)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,67.3,57.74)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.5,64.003)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="67.9673pt" id="I16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 160.84 67.9673" width="160.84pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B16-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 15.49 0)" xlink:href="#B16-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 15.49 0)" xlink:href="#B16-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R16"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M16-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.728 11.44" width="19.728pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B16-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.82,9.26)"> <path d="M248 635C97 635 43 457 43 311C43 153 97 -12 247 -12S450 166 450 312C450 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<use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.5493pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="72.1601838 -12.2582 81.06 15.5493" width="81.06pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.21,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.892,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.39,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,105.536,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,116.072,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-241"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,122.355,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,126.853,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,131.284,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,136.479,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,142.267,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,147.827,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> </svg>。</年代pan></span>任何单跳通信碰撞多次反射通信被认为是一种交流的碰撞。因为每个跳传输的碰撞概率是一个独立的概率事件,碰撞的概率<我>h</我>啤酒花是<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq11"><span class="left_break" id="L18"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M18"> <svg height="43.3934pt" id="M18-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 94.186 43.3934" width="94.186pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B18-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,13.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.02,7.554)"> <path d="M486 158C486 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xlink:href="#g50-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,70.81,33.165)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,74.07,33.165)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,78.5,33.165)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.69,33.165)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,89.48,33.165)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,95.04,33.165)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,99.47,33.165)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,105.55,39.429)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R18"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M18-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.788 11.44" width="17.788pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B18-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.29,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>从[<a href="#B28">28</a>),短距离的SINR / IEEE 802.11 p物质环境可以表示为<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq12"><span class="left_break" id="L19"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M19"> <svg height="30.4184pt" id="M19-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 167.254 30.4184" width="167.254pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B19-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.162)"> <path d="M409 504C401 567 396 607 392 642C354 654 312 665 266 665C137 665 60 583 60 487C60 374 161 325 225 290C300 250 355 215 355 141C355 68 311 21 235 21C131 21 86 122 71 183L41 176C48 128 61 42 68 21C78 16 93 8 118 0C142 -7 175 -15 216 -15C349 -15 438 69 438 174C438 287 344 333 265 374C186 414 138 449 138 522C138 576 172 631 249 631C336 631 363 562 380 499L409 504Z" id="g190-84"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.01,18.162)"> <path d="M303 0V28C221 34 213 39 213 125V525C213 610 221 616 303 622V650H38V622C120 616 128 610 128 525V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H303Z" id="g190-74"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.44,18.162)"> <path d="M719 650H483V622C553 619 576 606 581 560C585 532 588 487 588 394V148H585L167 650H20V622C67 618 88 610 109 585C127 562 129 557 129 484V264C129 173 126 124 123 93C118 44 92 31 35 28V0H272V28C204 32 181 44 176 95C173 124 170 172 170 264V515H172L598 -9H629V394C629 487 631 532 635 563C639 606 663 619 719 622V650Z" id="g190-79"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.1,18.162)"> <path d="M631 18C609 24 585 35 559 65C534 91 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id="g113-223"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.46,18.162)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.33,18.162)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.57,18.162)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.99,18.162)"> <path d="M238 0V26C174 32 166 38 166 104V712C132 700 70 683 18 677V653C81 647 87 645 87 577V104C87 38 78 32 15 26V0H238Z" id="g121-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.28,18.162)"> <path d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z" id="g121-109"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.91,18.162)"> <path d="M463 437C426 431 375 425 327 422C297 440 264 449 231 449H230C153 449 51 396 51 283C51 215 94 168 139 149C123 129 91 103 51 88C50 78 53 60 62 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<svg class="alt_equation" height="30.4184pt" id="I19" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 167.26 30.4184" width="167.26pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B19-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R19"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M19-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.468 11.44" width="19.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B19-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.93,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="30.4184pt" id="IL19" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.54 30.4184" width="19.54pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 9.28)" xlink:href="#B19-2"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>α</我>的衰减因子添加到考虑的影响循环前缀附加到每个OFDM符号,这里吗<我>α</我>= 0.8。<我>N</我>背景噪音和吗<我>∑我</我>是周围的车辆干扰的总和。</p> <p>假设使用BPSK调制方法,其误比特率(BER)可以表示为<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq13"><span class="left_break" id="L20"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M20"> <svg height="16.4889pt" id="M20-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 92.064 16.4889" width="92.064pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B20-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.66,15.656)"> <path d="M460 334C460 396 434 451 378 451C330 451 241 408 148 300H146L237 679C241 697 241 710 232 710C213 710 153 684 67 675L66 646H95C141 646 145 642 134 595L39 170C23 97 31 54 46 33C64 8 100 -12 137 -12C178 -12 234 3 298 43C391 101 460 222 460 334ZM371 320C371 204 316 89 248 51C230 41 208 37 192 37C143 37 102 72 119 166C124 194 129 215 135 235C202 323 298 392 335 392C353 392 371 372 371 320Z" id="g50-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.15,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.42,12.524)"> <path d="M699 368C699 549 574 666 407 666C186 666 23 488 23 277C23 113 129 -3 288 -13L307 -26C431 -111 501 -139 533 -147C559 -154 613 -163 658 -164L666 -141C597 -111 507 -66 430 -11L416 -1C580 42 699 190 699 368ZM601 371C601 227 518 54 381 22L354 40L278 24C175 47 120 145 120 269C120 451 235 631 398 631C540 631 601 521 601 371Z" id="g113-82"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.8,10.241)"> <path d="M782 731H740L476 -79H474L280 352L133 274L151 239L242 286L473 -219L782 731Z" id="g119-37"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="43.3261" x="45.77" y=".702"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.77,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.92,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.79,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.79,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.23,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.88,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,89.1,12.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R20"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M20-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.258 11.44" width="19.258pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B20-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.89,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.76,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="14.052pt" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-2.2681pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7839 20.649 14.052" width="20.649pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-82"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.018,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="14.052pt" style="vertical-align:-2.2681pt" version="1.1" viewbox="24.2311838 -11.7839 54.867 14.052" width="54.867pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.281,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.521,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.485,0)"> <path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z" id="g113-54"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.631,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.167,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.407,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.371,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.517,0)"> <path d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z" id="g117-42"></path> </g> </svg><span class="ibiop"></span> <svg height="14.052pt" style="vertical-align:-2.2681pt" version="1.1" viewbox="82.0031838 -11.7839 30.422 14.052" width="30.422pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.053,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.578,0)"> <path d="M181 342V451C133 431 89 419 40 411V388C98 381 102 377 102 311V104C102 38 95 32 33 26V0H263V26C186 32 181 38 181 104V287C203 343 235 372 261 372C277 372 289 366 304 352C310 346 318 345 330 350C349 359 362 379 362 399C362 422 338 449 304 449C256 449 213 393 183 342H181Z" id="g190-115"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,92.48,0)"> <path d="M54 437L27 408L31 397H101V103C101 37 94 32 30 26V0H266V25C187 33 180 36 180 110V397H288C299 404 304 428 298 437H180V477C179 562 190 610 203 630C214 647 230 659 256 659C289 659 318 641 337 622C346 612 355 612 364 619C374 627 380 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xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg></span>和<年代vg height="11.576pt" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-2.2681pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.3079 26.432 11.576" width="26.432pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.525,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.426,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.328,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.826,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.79,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>误差函数。然后,数据帧的长度<我>l</我>位,帧错误率(带)<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="17.303pt" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-5.528899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 24.299 17.303" width="24.299pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.132)"> <path d="M620 667C620 684 593 710 552 710C515 710 459 687 409 634C360 582 334 506 320 433H247L215 400L220 388H310L259 80C224 -129 199 -161 185 -174C175 -183 160 -192 141 -192C123 -192 90 -181 75 -165C69 -158 64 -156 54 -164C39 -178 24 -195 24 -208C24 -231 61 -257 94 -257C124 -257 162 -243 209 -194C267 -134 303 -66 343 107C369 220 378 279 393 385L503 397L523 433H404C432 619 464 660 500 660C522 660 542 646 566 621C573 614 583 615 593 621C603 628 620 648 620 667Z" id="g50-103"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.668,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="17.303pt" style="vertical-align:-5.528899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="27.881183800000002 -11.7741 65.819 17.303" width="65.819pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.931,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.077,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.613,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.111,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.257,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.793,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,78.449,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.313,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,87.811,-5.741)"> <path d="M567 167L534 181C505 122 482 94 454 70C428 46 385 42 330 42C288 42 248 44 235 55C216 70 213 91 220 130L295 528C310 609 314 611 401 618L409 650H140L131 618C222 611 224 609 209 528L133 126C118 47 108 41 25 33L18 0H497C514 33 554 126 567 167Z" id="g50-77"></path> </g> </svg>。</年代pan></span>考虑到数据链路层重传机制,帧错误率可以纠正<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq14"><span class="left_break" id="L24"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M24"> <svg height="37.4764pt" id="M24-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 126.564 37.4764" width="126.564pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.03,15.969)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-43"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.66,26.017)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.74,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.14,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,50.72,7.468)"> <path d="M1006 650H829L492 147L357 650H174L166 618C270 609 275 601 247 502L194 315C158 189 136 127 122 96C104 56 80 37 18 32L12 0H256L263 32C181 40 176 51 183 98C188 132 197 179 226 281L299 541H301L433 6H458L809 551H811L753 141C739 41 734 39 650 32L642 0H917L923 32C836 39 827 41 839 142L887 535C896 610 901 612 997 618L1006 650Z" id="g50-78"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.68,22.239)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,48.97,35.882)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.52,35.882)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,57.08,35.882)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.03,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.81,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.95,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,89.49,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,96.15,25.364)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.53,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,110.56,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118.59,15.969)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,117.22,26.017)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,123.6,22.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R24"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M24-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.638 11.44" width="19.638pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.68,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-166"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.14,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>米</我>是重发的数量。假设每个包包含<我>t</我>框架,物理层传输单跳包错误率<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="17.3526pt" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-6.1814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.1712 48.139 17.3526" width="48.139pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M46 650V622C120 617 128 613 128 525V125C128 42 120 34 40 28V0H311V28C221 34 212 39 212 124V281L286 262C297 261 316 261 331 263C429 275 526 338 526 468C526 533 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id="g190-122"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.508,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="17.3526pt" style="vertical-align:-6.1814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="51.7211838 -11.1712 66.424 17.3526" width="66.424pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.771,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.917,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.453,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.951,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.097,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.633,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,103.659,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-43"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,102.289,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,109.739,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,114.237,-5.741)"> <path d="M329 433H203L239 587L230 596L147 534L123 433H57L30 395L34 388H115L61 129C37 16 59 -12 85 -12C147 -12 222 58 260 98L241 125C212 95 160 62 144 62C132 62 127 71 138 126L192 386L305 394L329 433Z" id="g50-117"></path> </g> </svg>。</年代pan></span>然后,路由与跳数<我>h</我>、物理层传输数据包出错率<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq15"><span class="left_break" id="L26"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M26"> <svg height="37.9605pt" id="M26-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.327 37.9605" width="36.327pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B26-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,22.717)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.26,22.717)"> 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id="M27-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 167.884 18.6667" width="167.884pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B27-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.66,15.617)"> <path d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z" id="g190-116"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.95,15.617)"> <path d="M518 50L491 51C452 54 444 60 444 110V444C429 441 405 437 377 434C348 430 314 427 287 426V403L323 397C356 392 365 386 365 333V99C331 66 293 51 257 51C212 51 169 75 169 164V299C169 366 169 413 172 444C156 441 128 437 101 433C75 430 50 427 29 426V403L57 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,142.82,6.222)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-43"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,142.82,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,147.53,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,152.18,16.269)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,156.9,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,164.92,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="18.6667pt" id="I27" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 167.88 18.6667" width="167.88pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B27-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R27"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M27-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.758 11.44" width="19.758pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B27-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-227"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.26,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="18.6667pt" id="IL27" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.84 18.6667" width="19.84pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 3.4)" xlink:href="#B27-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>连接概率模型,它可以从(<a href="#EEq8">8</a>),它是一个求和的数学概率模型;,对于一个大最大的路由跳数,其连接概率包括连接的累积值概率较小的路由跳数。例如,当<我>H</我>= 4,连接概率的总和包括连接的概率<我>H</我>= 1,2,3,4。因此,最大的路由跳数的值越大,节点连接的概率就越大。包交货率模型,它可以从(<a href="#EEq16">16</a>),其关系最大的路由跳数由两部分组成。第一部分是数据包碰撞概率。方程(<a href="#EEq11">11</a>)表明,其与路由跳数的关系是一种成倍增加的功能。第二部分是物理层包错误率,可以从(<a href="#EEq15">15</a>)作为增量乘法的数学模型。因此,最大的路由跳数的值越大,越小数据包传输成功率。</p> <p>通过建立理论模型,车辆密度和最大的影响通信质量的路由跳数可以比较直观地反映。大最大的路由跳数和高车辆密度不仅可以增加节点之间连接的概率,而且增加数据包的传输失败的比率。这允许不同最大路由跳数设置为不同的车辆密度,它提供了一种理论依据的进一步优化路由算法。</p> <h4 id="maximum-routing-hop-count-selection-algorithm-based-vehicle-density">4所示。最大的路由跳数选择算法车辆密度</h4> <p>根据节点的连接概率模型和包上一节提出的交货率模型,本节提出了最大跳数选择路由算法车辆密度(MRHSA)。</p> <p>从(<a href="#EEq7">7</a>)和(<a href="#EEq8">8</a>),节点连接概率的增长率最高的路由跳数的增加计算如下:<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq17"><span class="left_break" id="L28"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M28"> <svg height="78.5282pt" id="M28-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.015 78.5282" width="58.015pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B28-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.093)"> <path d="M692 302H438V274C537 267 543 260 543 188V103C543 61 531 48 511 37C489 26 458 20 424 20C231 20 146 188 146 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xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,61.81,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,66.34,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.05,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.07,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,93.63,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,104.89,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,113.3,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,123.83,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,130.07,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="78.5282pt" id="M28-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 87.844 78.5282" width="87.844pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B28-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,62.49)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.18,52.99)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.71,52.99)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.74,52.99)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.08,52.99)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.34,52.99)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.84,52.99)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="71.2256" x="12.46" y="58.836"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.46,74.334)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-65"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.25,67.429)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.16,67.429)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.72,67.429)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.25,78.369)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.79,78.369)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.35,78.369)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.88,74.328)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.41,74.51)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.93,74.328)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.27,74.328)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.53,74.328)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.08,74.51)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.88,62.49)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="101.953pt" id="I28" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 178.96 101.953" width="178.96pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -9.5)" xlink:href="#B28-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.64 23.42)" xlink:href="#B28-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.64 23.42)" xlink:href="#B28-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R28"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M28-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.338 11.44" width="19.338pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B28-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.81,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.84,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="101.953pt" id="IL28" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.42 101.953" width="19.42pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 45.05)" xlink:href="#B28-4"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>让指数项<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.689pt" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 64.94 12.689" width="64.94pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.631,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.805,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.303,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.543,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.6,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.136,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.309,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ibiop"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="67.7951838 -9.28833 25.141 12.689" width="25.141pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.845,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,75.047,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,77.595,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.156,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.132,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg></span>在(<a href="#EEq7">7</a>)近似平均值<我>X</我>和代入上面的公式:<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq18"><span class="left_break" id="L30"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M30"> <svg height="43.1565pt" id="M30-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 170.104 43.1565" width="170.104pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B30-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-72"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.19,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.85,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.27,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.17,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.22,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.49,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.51,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.01,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.69,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.92,15.226)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.7,15.226)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.84,15.226)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,111.38,15.226)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,116.76,9.484)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,122.32,9.484)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,127.52,9.484)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,133.87,15.226)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,139.72,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,143.63,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,149.19,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="91.7932" x="74.15" y="22.963"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.15,38.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-65"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.93,32.057)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,87.85,32.057)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.41,32.057)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.93,42.997)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,86.48,42.997)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.04,42.997)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.57,38.956)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,105.59,38.956)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,114.74,38.956)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,125.27,38.956)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,130.66,34.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,136.22,34.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,141.41,34.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,147.76,38.956)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,152.86,31.556)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,155.4,31.556)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,160.96,31.556)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,167.14,26.617)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="43.1565pt" id="I30" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 170.1 43.1565" width="170.1pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B30-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R30"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M30-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.498 11.44" width="19.498pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B30-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-152"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="43.1565pt" id="IL30" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.57 43.1565" width="19.57pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 15.65)" xlink:href="#B30-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的影响数据包的路由跳数的增加交货率主要是增加数据包的碰撞概率,但并不影响的传播渠道。因此,我们在这里只考虑数据包碰撞的概率。根据(<a href="#EEq16">16</a>),包交货率模型简化<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq19"><span class="left_break" id="L31"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M31"> <svg height="14.589pt" id="M31-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 85.224 14.589" width="85.224pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B31-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,10.625)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.65,13.756)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.95,13.756)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.78,13.756)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.63,13.756)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.48,13.756)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.35,13.756)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.64,13.756)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.21,10.625)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.47,10.625)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.62,10.625)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.15,10.625)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.18,4.361)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-43"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,74.81,14.409)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.26,10.625)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R31"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M31-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.598 11.44" width="19.598pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B31-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.76,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-193"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.1,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>从上面的公式,信息包的还原速度交货率随着路由跳数的增加可以计算:<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq20"><span class="left_break" id="L32"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M32"> <svg height="59.1418pt" id="M32-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.915 59.1418" width="71.915pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B32-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.11,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.7,20.093)"> <path d="M517 51L485 54C448 58 441 63 441 115V712C404 700 337 684 285 678V653C357 648 362 645 362 580V437C339 446 309 449 295 449C159 449 38 340 38 201C38 61 143 -12 223 -12C234 -12 261 -6 301 17L362 53V-12C420 9 495 22 517 26V51ZM362 85C338 67 301 51 266 51C201 51 128 109 128 228C128 373 212 411 259 411C296 411 338 395 362 360V85Z" id="g190-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.41,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.31,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.9,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.93,20.093)"> <path d="M135 536C164 536 186 560 186 587C186 617 164 639 136 639C109 639 85 617 85 587C85 560 109 536 135 536ZM252 0V26C188 32 181 38 181 106V451C138 433 90 420 39 412V388C99 379 102 374 102 312V106C102 38 95 32 32 26V0H252Z" id="g190-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.42,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.89,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.38,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.41,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.91,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="59.1418pt" id="M32-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 206.909 59.1418" width="206.909pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B32-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.093)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.46,3.925)"> <path d="M162 0V316H101V0H162Z" id="g119-34"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.46,7.527)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.46,11.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.46,14.73)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.89,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.55,13.725)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.25,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,67.9,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,71.2,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.03,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,79.88,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.73,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,87.59,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,90.89,32.724)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,97,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.03,29.592)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,116.58,29.592)"> <use 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.46,55.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.6,55.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.14,55.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-241"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.42,55.36)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,66.01,48.914)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,70.44,48.914)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,75.64,48.914)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,81.42,48.914)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,86.98,48.914)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,94.19,55.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="82.5662pt" id="I32" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 211.85 82.5662" width="211.85pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -9.5)" xlink:href="#B32-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 23.42)" xlink:href="#B32-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 23.43)" xlink:href="#B32-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R32"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M32-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.518 11.44" width="21.518pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B32-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.61,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-254"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.02,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="82.5662pt" id="IL32" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.6 82.5662" width="21.6pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 35.35)" xlink:href="#B32-4"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>如GPSR,假设源的位置坐标可以获得车辆和目标车辆。车辆密度可以得到从信标消息或从历史统计数据获得<a href="#B29">29日</a>]。<年代pan class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(1)</年代pan><span class="list-content">欧氏距离计算从源和目标车辆的位置,然后最低初始值<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.4698pt" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 37.053 12.4698" width="37.053pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.075,3.132)"> <path d="M810 0V30C751 35 744 40 744 106V296C744 396 694 451 614 451C583 451 558 438 537 425C512 409 485 391 454 368C434 420 390 451 342 451C309 451 285 439 260 424C228 405 206 387 185 372V453C141 434 90 421 43 413V386C102 378 105 373 105 309V106C105 41 96 35 29 30V0H243V30C194 35 185 41 185 106V335C216 360 256 389 297 389C357 389 384 348 384 275V106C384 41 374 35 312 30V0H530V30C475 35 465 41 465 104V294C465 313 464 324 463 336C502 367 539 389 576 389C637 389 663 346 663 274V109C663 41 653 35 593 30V0H810Z" id="g58-107"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.664,3.132)"> <path d="M138 535C169 535 191 560 191 589C191 620 168 644 139 644S85 620 85 589C85 560 110 535 138 535ZM257 0V30C192 35 185 43 185 109V453C142 435 94 422 40 414V386C101 378 104 372 104 311V109C104 41 97 35 33 30V0H257Z" id="g58-103"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.167,3.132)"> <path d="M532 0V30C473 38 467 38 467 107V298C467 395 416 451 336 451C307 451 279 439 251 420C226 404 205 389 185 374V453C142 434 94 422 43 413V386C98 378 104 373 104 309V107C104 41 100 38 31 30V0H251V30C191 35 185 40 185 107V337C216 364 255 389 295 389C360 389 386 347 386 276V110C386 44 380 35 321 30V0H532Z" id="g58-108"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.422,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.4698pt" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="40.6351838 -9.28833 17.863 12.4698" width="17.863pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.685,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-3"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.924,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.192,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-48"></use> </g> </svg><span class="isep"></span> <svg height="12.4698pt" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="58.503183799999995 -9.28833 13.667 12.4698" width="13.667pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.553,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.704,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-4"></use> </g> </svg></span>最大的路由跳数计算。看到第5行算法<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/alg1/" target="_blank">1</a>。</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</年代pan><span class="list-content">为了简化计算,当目的节点通信范围内的源节点(<我>x</我><i><</我><i>R</我>),最大的路由跳数设置为2。理论上,单沟通是更可靠的通信范围。设置值2主要是防止车辆在通信范围的最大优势。看到行6 - 7的算法<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/alg1/" target="_blank">1</a>。</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</年代pan><span class="list-content">当车辆密度小于1车辆/公里,最大的路由跳数设置为最大距离的范围内可实现的价值<我>x</我>;也就是说,<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.4698pt" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 36.327 12.4698" width="36.327pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.075,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.664,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.167,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.696,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ibiop"></span> <svg height="12.4698pt" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="39.1821838 -9.28833 25.181 12.4698" width="25.181pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.232,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-3"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.472,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.645,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.913,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-4"></use> </g> </svg></span><i>。</我>见行9到10的算法<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/alg1/" target="_blank">1</a>。</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(4)</年代pan><span class="list-content">与<我>H</我><sub>最小值</年代ub>作为初始值,节点连接概率和包交货率迭代计算,直到连接概率的增长率小于率下降率的包交货率。迭代计算完成后,的价值<我>H</我>返回。看到11到17行算法<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/alg1/" target="_blank">1</a>在哪里<我>σ</我>线16是平衡的权重因子偏好包交货率和连接概率和其值范围(0 - 1)。</年代pan></span></span></p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="alg1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-alg1"> <table class="algorithm-group"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="algorithm" id="alg1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>(1)</td> <td><b>符号;</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(2)</td> <td><i>X</我><sub>年代</年代ub>:源车辆位置;<我>X</我><sub>D</年代ub>:目标车辆的位置;<我>λ</我>:车辆密度;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(3)</td> <td><i>τ</我>:平均包传输概率。<我>H</我>:最大的输出路由跳数</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(4)</td> <td><b>初始化;</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(5)</td> <td><i>x</我>=√<我>X</我><sub>年代</年代ub>−<我>X</我><sub>D</年代ub>)<年代up>2</年代up>;<年代pan class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.4698pt" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 72.2204 12.4698" width="72.2204pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M828 650H570L564 622C646 614 650 609 634 524L604 366H253L281 524C296 608 308 615 382 622L388 650H132L126 622C211 615 214 609 198 524L121 122C106 42 102 35 23 28L17 0H276L282 28C196 35 191 40 206 122L243 324H597L559 123C544 42 537 35 452 28L446 0H710L716 28C632 35 628 43 643 122L719 524C735 610 741 615 822 622L828 650Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.075,3.132)"> <path d="M810 0V30C751 35 744 40 744 106V296C744 396 694 451 614 451C583 451 558 438 537 425C512 409 485 391 454 368C434 420 390 451 342 451C309 451 285 439 260 424C228 405 206 387 185 372V453C141 434 90 421 43 413V386C102 378 105 373 105 309V106C105 41 96 35 29 30V0H243V30C194 35 185 41 185 106V335C216 360 256 389 297 389C357 389 384 348 384 275V106C384 41 374 35 312 30V0H530V30C475 35 465 41 465 104V294C465 313 464 324 463 336C502 367 539 389 576 389C637 389 663 346 663 274V109C663 41 653 35 593 30V0H810Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.664,3.132)"> <path d="M138 535C169 535 191 560 191 589C191 620 168 644 139 644S85 620 85 589C85 560 110 535 138 535ZM257 0V30C192 35 185 43 185 109V453C142 435 94 422 40 414V386C101 378 104 372 104 311V109C104 41 97 35 33 30V0H257Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.167,3.132)"> <path d="M532 0V30C473 38 467 38 467 107V298C467 395 416 451 336 451C307 451 279 439 251 420C226 404 205 389 185 374V453C142 434 94 422 43 413V386C98 378 104 373 104 309V107C104 41 100 38 31 30V0H251V30C191 35 185 40 185 107V337C216 364 255 389 295 389C360 389 386 347 386 276V110C386 44 380 35 321 30V0H532Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.422,0)"> <path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"></path> </g>  <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.685,0)"> <path d="M348 662V703H120V-163H181V570C181 649 184 662 290 662H348Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.924,0)"> <path d="M536 404C536 423 520 448 491 448C445 448 398 404 308 283L286 338C255 416 242 448 217 448C182 448 138 402 92 341L111 321C149 368 169 378 178 378C188 378 198 363 214 320L254 212C185 117 138 65 107 65C98 65 85 69 82 75C79 82 73 86 65 86C44 86 23 60 23 39C23 7 44 -12 71 -12C119 -12 168 33 265 177L306 61C321 17 347 -12 373 -12C413 -12 465 33 507 96L491 119C459 84 432 60 413 60C395 60 378 92 358 148L321 250C341 279 369 310 389 332C417 363 439 382 456 382C466 382 475 376 481 368C486 361 492 358 496 358C513 358 536 381 536 404Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.192,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g>  <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.553,0)"> <path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.704,0)"> <path d="M284 -163V703H56V663H114C220 663 223 649 223 571V-163H284Z"></path> </g> </svg>;</年代pan><i>H</我>=<我>H</我><sub>最小值</年代ub>;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(6)</td> <td><b>如果</b><i>H</我><sub>最小值</年代ub><i><</我>= 1<b>然后</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(7)</td> <td><b>返回</b><i>H</我>= 2;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(8)</td> <td>其他的那</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(9)</td> <td><b>如果</b>(<我>λ</我><i><</我>1)<b>然后</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(10)</td> <td><b>返回</b><i>H</我>=<年代pan class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.4698pt" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 64.413 12.4698" width="64.413pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M828 650H570L564 622C646 614 650 609 634 524L604 366H253L281 524C296 608 308 615 382 622L388 650H132L126 622C211 615 214 609 198 524L121 122C106 42 102 35 23 28L17 0H276L282 28C196 35 191 40 206 122L243 324H597L559 123C544 42 537 35 452 28L446 0H710L716 28C632 35 628 43 643 122L719 524C735 610 741 615 822 622L828 650Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.075,3.132)"> <path d="M810 0V30C751 35 744 40 744 106V296C744 396 694 451 614 451C583 451 558 438 537 425C512 409 485 391 454 368C434 420 390 451 342 451C309 451 285 439 260 424C228 405 206 387 185 372V453C141 434 90 421 43 413V386C102 378 105 373 105 309V106C105 41 96 35 29 30V0H243V30C194 35 185 41 185 106V335C216 360 256 389 297 389C357 389 384 348 384 275V106C384 41 374 35 312 30V0H530V30C475 35 465 41 465 104V294C465 313 464 324 463 336C502 367 539 389 576 389C637 389 663 346 663 274V109C663 41 653 35 593 30V0H810Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.664,3.132)"> <path d="M138 535C169 535 191 560 191 589C191 620 168 644 139 644S85 620 85 589C85 560 110 535 138 535ZM257 0V30C192 35 185 43 185 109V453C142 435 94 422 40 414V386C101 378 104 372 104 311V109C104 41 97 35 33 30V0H257Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.167,3.132)"> <path d="M532 0V30C473 38 467 38 467 107V298C467 395 416 451 336 451C307 451 279 439 251 420C226 404 205 389 185 374V453C142 434 94 422 43 413V386C98 378 104 373 104 309V107C104 41 100 38 31 30V0H251V30C191 35 185 40 185 107V337C216 364 255 389 295 389C360 389 386 347 386 276V110C386 44 380 35 321 30V0H532Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.696,0)"> <path d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z"></path> </g>  <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.232,0)"> <path d="M348 662V703H120V-163H181V570C181 649 184 662 290 662H348Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.472,0)"> <path d="M529 97L508 118C475 75 449 58 438 58C428 58 421 66 415 104C393 234 374 403 364 496C345 670 307 712 254 712C220 712 174 691 153 669L161 645C176 653 194 658 206 658C237 658 261 640 278 562C287 522 290 483 293 434C223 269 110 105 23 9L32 -12C59 -6 85 0 108 7C152 64 251 252 300 366C307 297 315 221 337 82C346 24 363 -12 393 -12C425 -12 475 13 529 97Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.645,0)"> <path d="M536 404C536 423 520 448 491 448C445 448 398 404 308 283L286 338C255 416 242 448 217 448C182 448 138 402 92 341L111 321C149 368 169 378 178 378C188 378 198 363 214 320L254 212C185 117 138 65 107 65C98 65 85 69 82 75C79 82 73 86 65 86C44 86 23 60 23 39C23 7 44 -12 71 -12C119 -12 168 33 265 177L306 61C321 17 347 -12 373 -12C413 -12 465 33 507 96L491 119C459 84 432 60 413 60C395 60 378 92 358 148L321 250C341 279 369 310 389 332C417 363 439 382 456 382C466 382 475 376 481 368C486 361 492 358 496 358C513 358 536 381 536 404Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.913,0)"> <path d="M284 -163V703H56V663H114C220 663 223 649 223 571V-163H284Z"></path> </g> </svg>;</年代pan></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(11)</td> <td><b>其他的那</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(12)</td> <td><b>重复</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(13)</td> <td>计算<我>P</我><sub>反对</年代ub>(<我>H</我>),<我>P</我><sub>成功</年代ub>(<我>H</我>)和(<a href="#EEq8">8</a>)和(<a href="#EEq19">19</a>);</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(14)</td> <td>计算增长(<我>H</我>)和减少(<我>H</我>)和(<a href="#EEq18">18</a>)和(<a href="#EEq20">20.</a>);</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(15)</td> <td><i>H</我>+ +;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(16)</td> <td><b>直到</b><i>σ</我>∗增长(<我>H</我>)> = (1−<我>σ</我>)∗减少(<我>H</我>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(17)</td> <td><b>返回</b><i>H</我>;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(18)</td> <td><b>如果</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(19)</td> <td><b>如果</b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">算法1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/alg1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> :MRHSA:最大的路由跳数选择算法。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>MRHSA的过程详细描述算法<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/alg1/" target="_blank">1</a>。该算法消耗无关紧要的计算能力,因为迭代的数量是有限的(主要是小于20)。</p> <h4 id="simulation-and-results">5。仿真和结果</h4> <p>本节介绍了仿真和分析结果的MRHSA AODV路由协议下的车辆在网络仿真(静脉)。MRHSA是评估平均包交货率、吞吐量和平均端到端延迟。</p> <h5 id="sec5.1">5.1。仿真设置</h5> <p>静脉仿真平台整合了OMNET + +网络模拟器和相扑道路交通模拟器模拟提供一个开源的架构VANET仿真(<a href="#B30">30.</a>]。本部分首先建立一个双向四车道的直路模拟场景5公里的长度,也可以用来表示高速公路场景。因为车辆密度分布在直路很简单,它可以直观地反映最大的路由跳数的影响通信的参数指标在不同车辆密度。模拟实验是扩展到一般的城市风光,和实时仿真数据的城市道路面积2500 m×2500 m进行了分析。本文最大的影响路由跳数和车辆密度通信指标在同一路上的环境。直路场景之间的环境差异和城市道路场景可以进一步研究进一步的工作。</p> <p>如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/tab2/" target="_blank">2</a>物理层和mac层的模拟参数使用802.11 p标准,网络层采用AODV路由协议和应用层使用UdpApp协议。市区的车辆速度设置为30 - 60公里/小时,和车辆速度的高速公共区域设置为60 - 200公里/小时。为了模拟真实的车辆模型,四个不同的车辆类型是相扑中设置环境,包括不同的设置参数,如最大车速、车辆加速度,车辆减速、车辆长度,模型后,和司机的行为。此外,直路的场景的模拟时间设置为300年代,和城市场景的模拟时间设置为600年代。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">参数</td> <td class="align_center">价值</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">物理/ Mac层</td> <td class="align_center">IEEE802.11p</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">网络层</td> <td class="align_center">AODV</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">应用程序层</td> <td class="align_center">UdpApp</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">模拟区域</td> <td class="align_center">直路/城市</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">最高车速</td> <td class="align_center">30 - 200 km / h</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">仿真时间</td> <td class="align_center">300年代和600年代</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="2"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 仿真参数。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>根据车载环境中的无线接入标准文件(波),在物理层和MAC层的主要参数如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/tab3/" target="_blank">3</a>。每个车辆节点的通信范围设置为300比特率是6 Mbps。MAC层,每个访问时间槽设置为16<我>μ</我>年代,最大队列长度设置为14,和重复访问的最大数量设置为7。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">参数</td> <td class="align_center">价值</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">传播范围</td> <td class="align_center">300米</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">载波频率</td> <td class="align_center">5.9 GHz</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">比特率</td> <td class="align_center">6 Mbps</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">发射机功率</td> <td class="align_center">20兆瓦</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">热噪声功率</td> <td class="align_center">110−dBm</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">一个槽时间</td> <td class="align_center">16<我>μ</我>年代</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">队列长度</td> <td class="align_center">14</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">重试限制</td> <td class="align_center">7</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="2"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 主要IEEE802.11p参数。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>应用程序层定期传送的包在一个随机的时间(0 - 5)车辆进入道路后,传输时间间隔(3 - 8)。传播目的地址是随机选择从现有的车辆节点在路上。在Ipv4地址和包都是格式。每个数据包的大小是512字节。为了实现一个可再生的随机实验研究中,相同的数据集在同样的场景中使用相同的随机数种子,和平均数据的四种不同的随机数种子作为最后的仿真数据。</p> <h5 id="sec5.2">5.2。仿真结果</h5> <p>在仿真过程中,车辆密度控制通过控制车辆离开<我>λ</我>每个车道(每秒离开车辆的概率,以0 - 1的值)。相应的值<我>λ</我>为直路场景和车辆密度如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/tab4/" target="_blank">4</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab4"> <table class="table-group" id="tab4"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left"><i>λ</我></td> <td class="align_center">车辆密度(汽车/公里)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">0.1</td> <td class="align_center">3.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">0.3</td> <td class="align_center">9.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">0.5</td> <td class="align_center">14.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">0.7</td> <td class="align_center">22.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">1.0</td> <td class="align_center">31.2</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="2"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表4</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 车辆密度。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>显示了不同的包交货率车辆密度和不同最大的路由跳数。MRHSA动态调整的最大路由跳数基于车辆密度,与其它设置为一个固定值。可以看出最大路由跳数设置为20在直路的实验情况下太大的包交货率,因为它的包交货率小于包交货率最高的路由跳数的10当车辆离开率是0.1 - -1.0。包交货率的性能最高的路由跳数5的逐步提高和车辆密度的增加,和它的性能在0.7和1.0的车离开率超过最大性能的路由跳数的10。这验证了理论在第三节,当车辆密度较低,更大的最大路由跳数可以增加包交货率增加的连接概率;但当车辆密度高,较大的最大跳数将减少路由数据包交货率增加的数据碰撞概率。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.003.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 包交货率下直路。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>整个MRHSA算法的性能提出了在前一节中比设置最大路由跳数到一个固定的值。在仿真期间,MRHSA包交货率提高了9.1%左右。随着车辆密度的增加,MRHSA曲线之间的间距和其他曲线增加,这表明MRHSA具有更明显的优化效果包交货率当车辆密度大。它也可以观察到,随着车辆密度的增加,整个包交货率减少的价值。这是因为我们设置所有车辆节点在模拟过程中定期发送消息。随着车辆密度的增加,网络中传输的数据包数量增加,和数据包的碰撞概率增加。</p> <p>如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig4/" target="_blank">4</a>,MRHSA的吞吐量性能是最优的,而且,随着车辆密度的增加,优化MRHSA对吞吐量的影响逐渐增强。吞吐量最大的路由跳数的10或20高于5的吞吐量最大的路由跳数<我>λ</我>= 0.1至0.5,但其吞吐量增长率低于后者<我>λ</我>> 0.5。车辆密度和最大路由跳数的增加可以增加网络中数据包的数量,从而提高网络的吞吐量。然而,当车辆密度和最大的路由跳数都大,碰撞会发生严重的数据,这将减少吞吐量的增长率。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.004.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 吞吐量在直路的场景。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>,端到端延迟增加整体的车辆密度和最大路由跳数增加。这主要是由于两个方面:一是增加引起的延迟的增加平均路由跳;另一个是增加的访问延迟造成的数据拥塞。端到端延迟MRHSA曲线波动较大,这与实际的平均路由跳传输过程。根据不同的车辆密度、MRHSA算法提供了更大的可能性转发啤酒花的前提下尽量减少不必要的拥堵。应该指出的是,本文不优化端到端延迟,只分析其关系最大的路由跳数和车辆密度。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.005.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 端到端延迟下直路。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>车辆在城市场景的密度很难准确控制仿真中,我们记录的实时车辆仿真分析仿真过程的实时数据,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig6/" target="_blank">6</a>。自从在实时仿真的数据量太大,我们已经做了一批窗口平均法和指数移动平均处理包交货率为方便观察,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.006" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.006.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 实时车辆在城市道路场景的数量。</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.007" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.007.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 包交货率下城市道路场景。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>280年代之前,当车辆的数量小于190,最大的路由跳数越大,包交货率就会越好。之后,包交货率最高的路由跳数的10比包交货率最高的路由跳数的20倍。当汽车的数量达到最大值在330年代和450年代之间,所有包交货率曲线减少与一个大斜坡,除了包交货率曲线的最大路由跳数5。因为包交货率最高的路由跳数5是最初很小,这导致更少的数据碰撞时车辆密度非常大。除了第一个50秒,MRHSA总是最佳的表现。在第一个50秒的模拟,汽车的数量很小,车辆的位置进入模拟区域分散,所以无法获得准确的车辆密度。</p> <p>实时流量数据有一个较大的值范围,所以我们记录每100秒的平均吞吐量为方便观察,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig8/" target="_blank">8</a>。实时的端到端延迟数据随时间波动很大;也为了便于观察,端到端延迟数据平均每100秒,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig9/" target="_blank">9</a>。从图可以看出,最大路由跳数和吞吐量之间的关系(和端到端延迟)城市道路场景类似直路。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.008" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.008.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 吞吐量下城市道路场景。</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="2741648.fig.009" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/misy/volume-2020/2741648/figures/2741648.fig.009.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/misy/2020/2741648/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 端到端延迟下城市道路场景。</d我v> </div> </div> <h4 id="conclusions">6。结论</h4> <p>选择不同的最大路由跳数的影响参数对网络性能在不同车辆密度进行了研究。首先,连接概率模型和包交货率模型最大相关路由跳数和建立了车辆密度。然后,建立的理论模型的基础上,本文提出了MRHSA。通过仿真实验对直路和城市场景,场景我们验证大最大的路由跳数将减少网络性能当车辆密度很高。与此同时,网络性能的改善MRHSA算法也进行了评估。MRHSA具有更明显的优化效果包交货率和吞吐量当车辆密度大。在直路的场景中,MRHSA可以提高包交货率约9.1%。在未来的工作中,MRHSA算法可以集成到路由策略进一步提高网络的传输性能。</p> <h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">的利益冲突</h4> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突有关的出版。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>这项工作得到了中国国家重点研发项目(2018 yfb0105205)。</p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4> <ol> <li id="B1">m·a·Javed和e . b . 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</年代pan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</年代pan></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/misy/2020/2741648.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</d我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</年代pan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<年代pan>1060年</年代pan> </div> <div> 下载<年代pan>574年</年代pan> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2020/2741648" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</d我v> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741648&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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