n=20; group PM: mothers of premature infants, n=20) from four lactation stages: colostrum (0–7 days), transitional (7–14 days), mature milk (21 days), and mature milk (2nd month). Levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-lβ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) were determined by chemiluminesence method, whereas atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for the determination of Zn and Cu levels. Cytokine levels were determined to be high in colostrum and transient milk from mothers of full-term infants, whereas their levels were reduced drastically in the 21st day and the 2nd month milk (P<.01, P<.001). Similar trends were observed in milk from mothers of premature infants, but cytokine levels were significantly lower in colostrum compared to colostrum from mothers of mature infants (P<.01). The differences in cytokine levels were continuous in transient milk (P<.05) and mature milk (21 days) (P<.05), whereas there was no statistically significant differences between milk from both groups of mothers in the 2nd month (P>.05). Zn levels in milk from mothers of premature infants were significantly lower compared to the ones from mothers of mature infants (P<.01) and these differences continued through the 2nd month. Although Cu levels were lower in milk from mothers of premature infants, there was no statistically significant difference except colostrum (P>.05). Our results clearly demonstrate that the level of immunomodulating agents such as cytokines and trace elements in milk from mothers of premature infants is less than the level of the same agents in milk from mothers of full-term infants. Although there are commercially available products for infant feeding, human milk is still the best natural nutrient for newborns. Therefore, when premature infants are breastfed, necessary precautions such as supplemantary diets must be considered for possible infections and risks related with immune system deficiency."> 早产儿和足月儿母亲母乳中细胞因子（IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α）和微量元素（Zn、Cu）的水平 - raybet雷竞app,雷竞技官网下载,雷电竞下载苹果

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体积 2005 |文章ID 137261 | https://doi.org/10.1155/MI.2005.331

Bilal Ustundag、Erdal Yilmaz、Yasar Dogan、Saadet Akarsu、Halit Canatan、Ihsan Halifeoglu、Gurkan Cikim、A。丹尼兹曼·艾根, "细胞因子水平（IL-1 β 白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8、肿瘤坏死因子- α )以及早产儿和足月儿母亲母乳中的微量元素（锌、铜）",炎症介质, 卷。2005, 文章ID137261, 6. 页, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1155/MI.2005.331

细胞因子水平（IL-1 β 白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8、肿瘤坏死因子- α )以及早产儿和足月儿母亲母乳中的微量元素（锌、铜）

Bilal Ustundag公司,^1. 埃尔达尔·伊尔马兹,^2. 雅萨尔多根,^2. 萨阿德阿卡苏,^2. 加拿大石斑鱼,^1. 伊赫桑·哈利费奥格鲁,^1. 古尔坎齐金,^1. 和 A.丹尼兹曼·艾根^2.

^1.土耳其菲拉特大学医学院生物化学系

^2.土耳其菲拉特大学医学院儿科

收到 2005年7月4日

认可的 2005年9月16日

摘要

母乳中含有多种免疫调节剂成分，这些成分在新生儿免疫系统尚处于发育阶段的婴儿期非常重要。在这项研究中，我们旨在检测细胞因子、锌（Zn）和铜（Cu）在早产儿和成年婴儿母亲乳汁中的水平，并比较哺乳期的变化。共有40位母亲（M组：成年婴儿的母亲， N = 20 ; PM组：早产儿母亲， N = 20 )从四个哺乳期开始：初乳（0-7天）、过渡期（7-14天）、成熟乳（21天）和成熟乳（2个月）。细胞因子水平（白细胞介素-1 β ，白细胞介素-2，白细胞介素-6，白细胞介素-8，肿瘤坏死因子α- α ])化学发光法测定，原子吸收分光光度法测定锌和铜。经测定，足月婴儿母亲的初乳和过渡期乳汁中细胞因子水平较高，而在第21天和第2个月乳汁中细胞因子水平显著降低( P < .01 , P < .001 ). 在早产儿母亲的乳汁中也观察到类似的趋势，但与成熟婴儿母亲的初乳相比，初乳中的细胞因子水平显著降低( P < .01 ). 在短暂的乳汁中，细胞因子水平的差异是持续的( P < .05 )成熟乳（21天）( P < .05 )而在第2个月，两组母亲的乳汁在统计学上没有显著差异( P > .05 ). 早产儿母亲乳汁中的锌含量明显低于成年婴儿母亲乳汁中的锌含量( P < .01 )这些差异一直持续到第二个月。虽然早产婴儿母亲的乳汁中铜含量较低，但除初乳外，无统计学意义的差异( P > .05 ). 我们的研究结果清楚地表明，早产儿母亲乳汁中的细胞因子和微量元素等免疫调节剂水平低于足月婴儿母亲乳汁中的同类调节剂水平。虽然有市场上可买到的婴儿喂养产品，但母乳仍然是新生儿最好的天然营养素。因此，母乳喂养早产儿时，必须考虑必要的预防措施，如补充饮食，以防可能的感染和与免疫系统缺陷有关的风险。

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