), size of tumor (), and ETE () were significantly associated with LN metastasis. The prevalence of LN metastasis in multifocal PTMC ≤5 mm was the same with multifocal PTMC >5 mm. The preoperative U/S sensitivity for the suspicious lateral neck and central LN was 100%, and the specificity was 100%. The preoperative U/S sensitivity for nodules suspicious for ETE was 53.6%, and the specificity was 100%. Conclusion. The presence of LN metastasis and ETE in our PTMC patients in Cyprus is frequent. Neck U/S mapping is a highly reliable and accurate tool in identifying metastatic nodes. LN metastasis is associated with ETE and multifocality. Suspicious subcentimeter nodules should undergo FNA irrespective of size when multifocality is suspected."> 淋巴结转移和甲状腺外扩展乳头状甲状腺微小癌在塞浦路斯:可疑结节亚厘米应进行FNA当多灶性怀疑 - raybet雷竞app,雷竞技官网下载,雷电竞下载苹果

Journal of Thyroid Research

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Journal of Thyroid Research/2020/文章

Research Article |Open Access

Volume 2020 |文章的ID 3567658 | 7 网页 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3567658

淋巴结转移和甲状腺外扩展乳头状甲状腺微小癌在塞浦路斯:可疑结节亚厘米应进行FNA当多灶性怀疑

学术编辑:马西莫Tonacchera
收到 09 Jan 2020
Accepted 2020年2月28日
Published 2020年3月24日

抽象

目的。为了确定患者在塞浦路斯乳头状甲状腺微小癌(PTMC)淋巴结(LN)转移和甲状腺外扩展(ETE)的患病率和评估术前超声(U / S)检查的作用。方法。102例患者的回顾性研究谁在2年期间接受甲状腺切除的PTMC。术前,所有患者甲状腺及颈部U / S检查与LN映射。根据最大直径肿瘤大小,病灶的数目,淋巴结转移,和ETE数据从组织病理学报告收集并进行比较术前U / S的报告。结果。淋巴结转移存在于患者的23.5%。15.7%有中央,3.9%有横向和3.9%有中央和横向LN转移。ETE存在于患者的27.5%。21.6%患有多发性疾病,并且该组中,40.9%的淋巴结转移和36.4%有ETE。多灶性( size of tumor ( 和ETE( )与淋巴结转移被显著相关联。The prevalence of LN metastasis in multifocal PTMC ≤5 mm was the same with multifocal PTMC >5 mm. The preoperative U/S sensitivity for the suspicious lateral neck and central LN was 100%, and the specificity was 100%. The preoperative U/S sensitivity for nodules suspicious for ETE was 53.6%, and the specificity was 100%.结论。淋巴结转移和ETE在我们的PTMC患者存在在塞浦路斯频繁。颈部U / S映射在识别转移淋巴结的高度可靠的和精确的工具。淋巴结转移与ETE和多灶性相关联。被怀疑的时候多灶性可疑结节亚厘米应进行FNA不论大小。

1.简介

有甲状腺乳头状癌全世界的与归因于乳头状甲状腺微小(PTMC)的增加的诊断增加的发生率高患病率[1,2]。PTMC are tumors less than or equal to 10 mm along the greatest diameter [3]和最经常顺便例行甲状腺超声波期间确定[4,5]与主要危险因素是阳性家族史和暴露于电离辐射[6]。他们的死亡率低于1%,他们有一个良好的预后[7]。In a 2015 study analysing thyroid nodules of patients in the island of Cyprus, 14.3% of those were found to be malignant [8] with thyroid cancer being the second most common type of cancer in Cypriot female patients [9]。在一个推荐肿瘤塞浦路斯中心进行放射性碘消融低危乳头状甲状腺癌患者队列,几乎四分之一得了宫颈LN转移[10]。

PTMC的管理是有争议的,值得商榷。美国甲状腺协会(ATA),临床内分泌学家协会(AACE),欧洲甲状腺协会(ETA)和英国甲状腺协会(BTA)在甲状腺结节对超声引导下细针穿刺活检(USgFNA)指南建议少or equal to 10 mm provided that there are no metastatic LN or suspicion of ETE [1114]。AACE recommends against FNA in incidental thyroid lesions with a diameter <5 mm as they are considered to have a lower risk of aggressive features, and there is an increased risk of inadequate sampling [13]。In cytologically proven thyroid microcarcinomas, presumed to be low-risk PTMC, active surveillance is currently considered as an alternative to surgery, and close observation may be advised [11,15]。

Total thyroidectomy or hemithyroidectomy is the current standard of practice with the latest ATA guidelines favouring towards hemithyroidectomy for PTMC without aggressive features [11,16]。However, many surgeons suggest total thyroidectomy as the first option as more metastatic LN can be identified during total thyroidectomy with central LN dissection [1618]。In addition, total thyroidectomy improves postoperative follow-up surveillance through the use of serum thyroglobulin and decreases the risk of reoccurrence [16]。Furthermore, when indicated, it facilitates the use of postoperative radioactive iodine ablation [19]。

中央LN转移可以用多达发生29.3%和横向淋巴结转移中PTMC患者3.7-5.6%[2022], and this is associated with locoregional re-occurrence and adverse outcomes [23,24]。ETE是影响总与hemithyroidectomy决定的另一个风险因素[16,25]。ETEcan occur in 28.0–40.3% of PTMC patients [26,27]和与增加的中央,横向LN转移的可能性相关联,和增加的肿瘤大小,并应更积极的治疗[28,29]。

Ultrasonography has a major role in preoperatively evaluating the thyroid gland and the central and lateral neck LN [3034]。超声评估肿瘤程度,ETE的概率[35],和转移性节点的位置。美国的特异性来确定转移淋巴结中PTMC患者的范围​​从80%至95%,在颈部的中央和外侧间室[36]。与来自抽吸甲状腺球蛋白水平确定可疑淋巴结超声引导下的穿刺术被用来确认恶性[11,12]。

Our study is aimed to analyse the prevalence of central, lateral metastatic LN, and ETE in patients with PTMC in Cyprus and to examine the role of thyroid and neck U/S in the preoperative setting.

2.方法

在甲状腺及内分泌中心在尼科西亚,塞浦路斯为期两年间确诊为甲状腺乳头状微小(一月2016年至2017年十二月)102例患者中的记录,进行回顾性分析。术前,所有患者进行了临床评价,甲状腺超声检查,U / S-引导FNA,和颈部/ LN映射的与详细图的U / S [37]。U/S was performed by an endocrinologist experienced in thyroid and neck U/S by a GE Logiq E9 system. LN was defined suspicious based on a rounded shape (ratio of short axis to long axis >0.5), peripheral hypervascularity by color Doppler examination, the presence of calcifications, cystic change, and heterogeneous texture [36]。When the nodule was peripherally located and focally abutting or contacting the thyroid capsule, the suspicion of ETE was noted in the U/S report/diagram [38,39]。

所有的数据,包括年龄,性别,家族史的记录。中是否存在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(桥本氏甲状腺炎和Graves病)也被记录,并根据详细的病史,临床和超声检查,并积极甲状腺自身抗体的存在的组合。根据最大直径,数目病灶的肿瘤大小,ETE,和淋巴结转移数据是从组织病理学报告收集并进行比较术前U / S的报告。最小ETE被定义为显微镜观察下肿瘤扩展到甲状腺外脂肪,而毛ETE被定义为宏观扩展到带肌肉。在unifocality的情况下,肿瘤大小是在肿瘤的最大直径的毫米大小。在多灶性(≥2肿瘤病灶中相同或不同的波瓣包括峡部)的情况下,总的肿瘤大小被定义为大小在所有肿瘤的最大直径的毫米的总和。

全部102例患者在这个队列由经验的外科医生进行了甲状腺全切除术。98例患者有中央区淋巴结清扫(CLND)。8次例行CLND用在U / S和其他90后行预防性CLND可疑中央LN。四名病人没有接受CLND;然而,在没有这些患者中的可疑中央LN被视为在术前U / S。十例患者进行横向清扫术;8是基于可疑U / S从LN结果和/或恶性的细胞学/ Tg的洗出。

The study protocol was formally submitted for approval to the Cyprus National Bioethics Committee, which advised us that as this was a retrospective record analysis, ethical clearance was not warranted. Patient identities and personal data were not revealed and were kept fully confidential throughout the study analysis.

3.统计分析

以下因素进行了检查与淋巴结转移和ETE相关的可能的因素:性别,年龄(<55 VS≥55岁),家族史,多灶性,桥本氏甲状腺炎,格雷夫斯氏病,肿瘤大小,肿瘤总大小。The tumor size was treated as a continuous measurement (in mm) and as binary categorical variable with two categories (≤5 mm vs >5 mm). These factors were analyzed by a series of univariable logistic regression models that consider each factor separately. The association of LN metastasis and ETE with each factor was expressed in OR (odds ratios) and 95% CI (confidence intervals). Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package SPSS 20, and statistical significance was set at

4. Results

A total of 102 patients with PTMC were enrolled. Patient and disease characteristics are shown in Table1。有81位女性(80.4%)和男性21例(20.6%)。一百零二分之二十四患者(23.5%)有横向和/或中央LN转移;102分之16(15.7%)有中央(水平VI)LN转移;和4/102(3.9%)有横向淋巴结转移(水平II,III和IV)。4/102(3.9%)患者有两种。9/20 (45.0%) patients with central LN metastasis and 3/8 (37.5%) patients with lateral LN metastasis had micrometastatic disease (metastatic focus <2 mm). No data regarding the size of the metastatic focus were available in 2/8 (25.0%) patients with metastatic lateral LN. The level of LN metastasis is shown in Table2。28例(27.5%)有ETE。19/28(67.9%)患者ETE有最小ETE,而9/28(32.1%)患者有肉眼ETE。


特点 Categories 频率 (%)

Gender Male 21(20.6)
Female 81 (80.4)
年龄 <55 79 (77.5)
≥55 23(22.5)
Family history 15 (14.7)
没有 87 (85.3)
多灶性 22 (21.6)
没有 80(79.4)
桥本氏甲状腺炎 32 (31.4)
没有 70(69.6)
Grave’s disease 3 (2.9)
没有 99 (97.1)
肿瘤尺寸(mm) 平均(SD)
5.94(0.22)
Tumor size ≤5 mm 47(46.1)
>5 mm 55(53.9)
ETE 28 (27.5)
没有 74 (72.5)
淋巴结转移 24(23.5)
没有 78(77.5)
等级淋巴结转移 中央 16 (15.7)
4 (3.9)
中央和侧向 4 (3.9)


水平 Prevalence

II 2/24(8.3%)
III 4/24(16.7%)
IV 8/24(33.3%)
V 0/24(0%)
VI 20/24(83.3%)

47/102 (46.1%) patients had tumor size less than or equal to 5 mm; in this group, 4/47 (8.5%) had central lymph node metastasis; 1/47 (2.1%) had lateral lymph node metastasis, and 3/47 6.4%) had both central and lateral lymph node metastasis. 9/47 (19.1%) of these patients had ETE. 55/102 (53.9%) patients had tumor size more than 5 mm; in this group, 12/55 (21.8%) had central lymph node metastasis; 3/55 (5.5%) had lateral lymph node metastasis; and 1/55 (1.8%) had both central and lateral lymph node metastasis. 19/55 (34.5%) of these patients had ETE.

有22例(21.6%),多灶性病变,和表3描述的数量和灶的大小和淋巴结转移和ETE的存在或不存在。多灶性在18名患者(81.8%)被怀疑对术前U / S。5/22(22.7%)有中央LN转移;1/22(4.5%)有横向LN转移;和3/22(13.6%)有中央和横向LN转移。微转移疾病存在于2/8(25.0%)患者中央淋巴结转移,并与横向LN转移1/4(25.0%)患者。关于转移灶在2/4(50.0%)患者侧卧淋巴结转移的尺寸没有数据可用。8/22(36.4%)患者多灶性病变有ETE。5/8(62.5%)具有最小的ETE,而3/8(37.5%)出现肉眼ETE。


Patient number Tumor foci diameter (mm) 总尺寸(mm) 中央LN 侧LN 中央和横向LN ETE 在术前U / S看出可疑病灶

1 10, 2 12 + 1/2
2 9, 5 14 + 2/2
3 9, 4 13 + + 2/2
4 9, 4 13 2/2
5 8, 5 13 2/2
6 8, 4 12 2/2
7 8, 2 10 + + 2/2
8 6, 6, 5, 4 21 + 3/4
9 6,5 11 2/2
10 6,5 11 + 2/2
11 6,5 11 2/2
12 6,4, 3 13 + 3/3
13 6,4 10 + 2/2
14 5,4 9 + + 2/2
15 5,4 9 2/2
16 5,2 7 2/2
17 4, 4 8 2/2
18 4, 4 8 + + 2/2
19 4, 4 8 + 1/2
20 4, 2 6 + 1/2
21 4,2.8 6.8 + 2/2
22 3, 1 4 1/2

+: present. −: absent.

102分之80(21.6%)有单焦病;该组中,80分之11(13.8%)有中央LN转移;80分之3(3.8%)有横向LN转移;和1/80(1.3%)有中央和横向LN转移。20/80(25.0%)患者ETE。

Tables45显示患者的不同特点和LN和ETE之间的关系的分析结果。多灶性( size of tumor ( total tumor size ( 和ETE( )与淋巴结转移被显著相关联。肿瘤大小( total tumor size ( 和淋巴结转移( )与ETE均显著相关。没有协会看到淋巴结转移或ETE和家族史,桥本氏甲状腺炎或Graves’病之间。


特点 Categories 淋巴结转移的百分比 Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

Gender Male 23.8 0.97 1.02(0.33,3.15)
Female 23.5 Ref
年龄 <55 24.1 0.82 1.14(0.37,3.48)
≥55 21.7 Ref
Family history 20.0 0.73 0.79(0.20,3.05)
没有 24.1 Ref
多灶性 40.9 0.03 3.00(1.08,8.30)
没有 18.8 Ref
桥本氏甲状腺炎 12.5 0.08 0.36 (0.11, 1.15)
没有 28.6 Ref
Graves’ disease 33.3 0.56 1.65 (0.14, 19.06)
没有 23.2 Ref
肿瘤尺寸(mm) 0.05 1.23 (1.00, 1.52)
Tumor size ≤5 mm 17.0 0.15 Ref
>5 mm 29.1 2.00 (0.77, 5.21)
总肿瘤尺寸(mm) 0.03 1.19(1.02,1.40)
Total tumor size ≤5 mm 14.6 0.07 Ref
>5 mm 30.0 2.50(0.90,6.98)
ETE 50.0 0.00 6.40 (2.36, 17.33)
没有 13.5 Ref

该值χ 2检验或Fisher精确检验。 单因素Logistic回归价值。

特点 Categories ETE的百分比 Odds ratio (95% confidence Interval)

Gender Male 23.8 0.68 0.79(0.26,2.40)
Female 28.4 Ref
年龄 <55 27.8 0.87 1.09 (0.38, 3.14)
≥55 26.1 Ref
Family history 33.3 0.58 1.39(0.43,4.50)
没有 26.4 Ref
多灶性 36.4 0.29 1.71(0.63,4.69)
没有 20.0 Ref
桥本氏甲状腺炎 25.0 0.71 0.83 (0.32, 2.16)
没有 28.6 Ref
Graves’ disease 66.7 0.18 5.62(0.49,64.54)
没有 26.3 Ref
肿瘤尺寸(mm) 0.01 1.29(1.05,1.59)
Tumor size ≤5 mm 19.1 0.08 Ref
>5 mm 34.5 2.23(0.89,5.56)
总肿瘤尺寸(mm) 0.04 1.18(1.01,1.38)
Total tumor size ≤5 mm 17.1 0.05 Ref
>5 mm 34.4 2.55(0.97,6.73)
淋巴结转移 58.3 0.00
没有 17.9

该值χ 2检验或Fisher精确检验。 单因素Logistic回归价值。

由多灶性分层样品(表6)指出,肿瘤大小与淋巴结转移的关联是在单焦点和多焦点不同患者( 对于多灶性和肿瘤大小的相互作用值等于0.03)。In the multifocal group, 44.4% of patients with a maximum tumor diameter ≤5 mm had LN metastasis, whereas 38.5% of the patients with maximum tumor diameter >5 mm had LN metastasis. In the unifocal group, only 10.5% patients with maximum diameter ≤5 mm had LN metastasis, whereas 38.5% of the patients with maximum tumor diameter >5 mm had LN metastasis. The association of tumor size with ETE was not statistically different in the unifocal and multifocal group ( 值for interaction of multifocality, and tumor size was equal to 0.10), although the prevalence of ETE in the multifocal group was 33.3% in a tumor size ≤5 mm and 38.5% in a tumor size >5 mm. In the unifocal group, the prevalence of ETE was 15.8% in patients with maximum diameter ≤5 mm, whereas it was 33.3% in patients with maximum tumor diameter >5 mm.


Unifocal 多灶性
≤5 mm >5 mm ≤5 mm >5 mm
Prevalence Prevalence 胜算比(95%CI) Prevalence Prevalence 胜算比(95%CI)

淋巴结转移 10.5 26.2 3.02(0.87,10.46) 44.4 38.5 0.78(0.14,4.39) 0.03
ETE 15.8 33.3 2.67(0.90,7.87) 33.3 38.5 1.25(0.21,7.41) 0.10

对于肿瘤大小和多灶性之间交互值。

术前U / S标识的所有8名患者组织学证实的横向淋巴结转移(灵敏度100%,特异性100%)。所有8例超音波可疑中央LN也组织学证实具有中央淋巴结转移(灵敏度100%,特异性100%)。The other 12 patients with central LN metastasis did not have ultrasonographically suspicious or enlarged LN, and in these patients, the size of the metastatic foci ranged between 1 and 3 mm in the histopathological examination. In retrospect, these involved small nodes, although not preoperatively characterized as suspicious, were noted and drawn in the U/S diagram. Preoperative U/S was suspicious for ETE in 15 patients with histologically confirmed ETE (sensitivity 53.6% and specificity 100%).

5.讨论

The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of LN metastasis and ETE in a cohort of patients with PTMC in Cyprus and to evaluate the role of the preoperative thyroid and neck U/S with LN mapping in assessing these patients.

The prevalence of central LN metastasis in our study is 19.6%. This rate is higher than that of the study by Bradley et al. [40]谁发现7%的患病率,比Li等研究降低。谁发现的PTMC患者29.3%的患病率谁接受预防性CLND [20]。CLND单,没有术前检查颈侧,可能会错过“跳跃转移”,其中第一转移发生在外侧腔室[40,41]。跳跃式转移被证明在我们的患者的3.9%,而这个速度相比更高郑等人。[42] where skip metastasis was observed only in 1.2% of PTMC patients. Our results are similar to a study by Kwak et al. who showed a rate of lateral metastasis of 3.7% in their cohort [21]。However, Luo et al. showed a rate of 5.6% of lateral LN metastasis, and this was associated with multifocality and ETE [22]。我们的研究结果证实,U / S的映射是在确定转移性LN和指导用于精确颈淋巴结清扫术者的高度可靠的和精确的工具。在我们的研究中,所有横向转移颈部LN术前确定,而我们的高灵敏度和特异性均与其他已发表的研究[协议43]。

我们ETE患病率为27.5%,这是类似于Lee等人的一项研究。谁发现28%的患病率在一系列PTMC患者[26]。Kwak等。然而,表现出40.3%的患病率ETE在他们的PTMC队列[27],和Zheng等人。显示出65.5%甚至更高的发生率[42]。我们的研究结果表明,ETE的存在与更大的肿瘤大小和淋巴结转移相关联,并且这也被Youngwirth等人示出。谁表明ETE强烈转移性LN相关[28]。术前颈部U / S也是术前评估ETE一种有用的诊断工具。在这方面,我们的研究表明,适度的灵敏度,但特异性高,这是在协议与其他已发表的研究结果[27,44]。

多病灶的疾病出现在21.6%的帕特ients, and this group had a high prevalence of aggressive features with 36.4% of those having ETE and 40.9% of those having lymph node metastasis in either central and/or lateral neck compartments. Our findings agree with those given by Zheng et al. who showed that multifocality is significantly associated with central LN metastasis in PTMC and that this may indicate higher tumor aggressiveness [45]。In our study, the rate of LN metastasis in multifocal tumors with a maximum diameter ≤5 mm was 44.4%, and this was higher to the rate in multifocal patients with a maximum diameter >5 mm. In addition, the high prevalence of ETE even in multifocal PTMC <5 mm suggest that patients with multifocal disease should be managed more aggressively. In the current study, neck ultrasound was highly accurate in the evaluation of multifocality in the preoperative setting.

我们的研究有一些限制。首先,这是一个单一的机构,这就限制了患者的PTMC作为我们研究组病例数的回顾性研究,具体我们的结果可能不具有代表性岛的全体人民的。第二,只有当有可疑的或恶性的结果在颈部的外侧室解剖。因此,微转移横向LN可能已经错过。然而,据我们所知,这是塞浦路斯第一项研究中检查术前U / S检查患者的作用与PTMC。

总之,淋巴结转移和ETE在我们的PTMC患者的队列中存在的塞浦路斯是频繁。淋巴结转移与ETE和多灶性相关,这是与以前的研究相一致。An unexpectedly high prevalence of aggressive features was observed in multifocal “small” PTMCs less than 5 mm. We propose that multifocality should be considered as a significant risk factor, similar to ETE and LN metastasis, when deciding whether to proceed to USgFNA in subcentimeter nodules and even in <5 mm lesions. As the practice of active surveillance of small “low-risk” lesions gains more acceptance, the careful and detailed U/S examination is becoming even more critical.

数据可用性

The clinical study data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

利益冲突

作者宣称,有感兴趣的关于这篇文章的发表任何冲突。

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