基于数据融合的混合动力城市动脉旅行时间的估算方法</t我tle><l我nkrel="preload stylesheet" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.28.0/bib-related-content.min.css"> <link rel="preload" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" data-n-g=""> <style id="__jsx-903e4b2e5d3241e4">div#__next{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:100vh;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}</style> </head> <body> <div id="__next"> <section class="ant-layout"> <div> <header class="ant-layout-header"> <div class="header__width-wrapper"> <div class="ant-anchor-wrapper ant-anchor-logo" style="max-height:100vh"> <div class="ant-anchor ant-anchor-fixed"> <div class="ant-anchor-ink"> <span class="ant-anchor-ink-ball"></span> </div> <div class="ant-anchor-link ant-link-logo"> <a class="ant-anchor-link-title" href="//www.newsama.com/" title=""> <div class="ant-image"> <img alt="标志" class="ant-image-img ant-image-logo" src="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/public/logo.svg"> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TopNavigation_topNavigationWrapper__QzFKB"> <div class="TopNavigation_rightSideMenuItems__0bKf1"> <ul class="ant-menu-overflow ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-horizontal ant-menu-light header-ant-menu-horizontal" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true" data-testid="desktop-menu"> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:0" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:1" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:2" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:3" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:4" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-overflow-item-rest ant-menu-submenu ant-menu-submenu-horizontal" style="opacity:0;height:0;overflow-y:hidden;order:9007199254740991;pointer-events:none;position:absolute" aria-hidden="true" role="none"> <div role="menuitem" class="ant-menu-submenu-title" tabindex="-1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"> <span role="img" aria-label="ellipsis" class="anticon anticon-ellipsis"> <svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" data-icon="ellipsis" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M176 511a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0zm280 0a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0zm280 0a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0z"></path> </svg></span> <i class="ant-menu-submenu-arrow"></i> </div></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> <button data-testid="search-button-icon" aria-label="Search" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default SearchToggleButton_btn__kmpSM"><span role="img" class="anticon SearchToggleButton_icon__nurvY"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 26 26" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M22.1,23.813l-5.478-5.479a10.282,10.282,0,1,1,1.709-1.709L23.813,22.1a1.209,1.209,0,0,1-1.71,1.71ZM2.416,10.27A7.851,7.851,0,0,0,15.78,15.864l.041-.043.043-.041A7.853,7.853,0,1,0,2.416,10.27Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span></button> <div></div> <button data-testid="menu-button-icon" aria-label="Menu" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default MenuToggleButton_btn__Go00X"><span role="img" class="anticon MenuToggleButton_icon__5uVd5"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 -2 28 28" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.833,25.667a1.834,1.834,0,0,1,0-3.668H25.667a1.834,1.834,0,0,1,0,3.668Zm0-11a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0-3.666H25.667a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0,3.666Zm0-11A1.833,1.833,0,1,1,1.833,0H25.667a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0,3.666Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span></button> <div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <main class="ant-layout-content ArticleLayout_articleLayoutWrapper__oukM3"> <div> <div id="journal-header" class=" JournalNavigation_journalHeader__vGN2X" data-istranslated="false"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam" class="JournalNavigation_journalHeader__titleLink__sZyGb"><h1 id="journal-header-title" data-testid="journal-header-title" class="JournalNavigation_small__sXDLc JournalNavigation_journalHeader__title__fsEHD">应用数学学报</h1></一个><div class="JournalNavigation_navigationBarHorizontal__YojZL"> <div id="navigation-bar-horizontal" class="navigation-bar-horizontal"> <button id="Journal overview" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default ant-dropdown-trigger bordered"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>日报》概述</年代pan></button> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/guidelines">对于作者</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers">对于审查员</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors">的编辑器</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/contents/">表的内容</一个><button id="Special Issues" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default ant-dropdown-trigger"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>特殊的问题</年代pan></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="ant-breadcrumb ArticleLayout_breadcrumbs__hsc4o"> <ol> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/" aria-label="Journal of Applied Mathematics">应用数学学报</一个></年代pan><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</年代pan></li> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/contents/year/2012/" aria-label="2012">2012年</一个></年代pan><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</年代pan></li> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link">文章</年代pan><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</年代pan></li> </ol> </nav> <div class="ant-row ThreeColumnLayout_wrapper__gPK_l"> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_leftColumn__yqNgV"> <div> <div> <div id="article-table-of-contents" data-ismobile="false"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__0jAuv"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__title__CH9Lz"> 在这一页上</div> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#abstract">文摘</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#introduction">介绍</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#data-collection">数据收集</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#summary-and-conclusions">结论</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#acknowledgments">确认</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#references">引用</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#copyright">版权</一个><一个cl一个年代年代="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#related-articles">相关文章</一个></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_middleColumn__sbd41"> <div class="ArticleMiddleSection_articleMiddleSection__gAv9z"> <div class="articleHeader"> <div class="articleHeader__specialIssue"> <span class="articleHeader__specialIssue_tag">特殊的问题</年代pan> <h2 class="articleHeader__specialIssue_title">建模和控制的复杂动态系统:应用数学方面</h2><一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/si/565312/" class="articleHeader__specialIssue_url" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">把这个特殊的问题</一个></div> <strong>研究文章|开放获取</年代trong> <div class="articleHeader__meta"> <span>体积2012年|</年代pan> <span>文章的ID587913年|</年代pan> <span class="articleHeader__meta_doiLink"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/587913" aria-label="Doi-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/587913</一个></年代pan> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="articleHeader__title">基于数据融合的混合动力城市动脉旅行时间的估算方法</h1><div class="articleHeader__authors"> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">s . p . Anusha,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">r . a .阿南德,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">和<年代trong>l . Vanajakshi</年代trong><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" aria-label="Mail Option"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a><sup>1</年代up></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleHeader__academicEditor"> <strong>学术编辑器:</年代trong> <span>给高</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline"> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>收到了</年代trong> <span>2012年5月02</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>修改后的</年代trong> <span>2012年7月23日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>接受</年代trong> <span>2012年7月24日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item articleHeader__timeline_item_sticky"> <strong>发表</年代trong> <span>09年9月2012年</年代pan> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleBody"> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4><p>旅行时间估计城市干道的挑战相比,高速公路和多车道的高速公路。这就变成了更复杂的印度条件下由于额外的异质性问题,缺乏巷纪律,和困难在数据可用性。大多数的城市干道在印度不采用自动探测器的要求需要一个有效的,然而更少的数据密集的旅行时间估计的方法。尝试在这个方向估计总旅行时间在城市道路延伸使用基于位置的流动数据和稀疏的旅行时间获得装备使用GPS数据探测车辆。三种方法相比,在这项研究中:(1)结合投入产出分析基于mid-blocks和高速公路容量手册(HCM)延迟计算方法信号命名为基地,(2)数据融合方法,采用卡尔曼滤波技术(nonhybrid方法),和(3)混合数据融合HCM混合DF-HCM()方法。收集的数据来自一段巷道在钦奈,印度是用于确证。模拟数据也被用于进一步的验证。结果表明,当数据质量保证(模拟数据)的基本方法执行得更好。然而,在实际现场情况,混合DF-HCM方法优于其他方法。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4><p>描述交通系统在本质上是复杂的动态系统组件之间的交互,也就是说,汽车,道路,道路使用者。与人类行为有关的不确定性使得系统更加复杂制造系统建模的一个具有挑战性的任务。估计和预测与该系统相关的各种参数也困难相关的不确定性。通常的参数用于描述系统包括流量、速度、密度、和旅行时间。目前的研究是处理其中一个参数的估计,即旅行时间。获取旅行时间信息的车辆在一个流直接测量既费时又昂贵,这是不切实际的收集信息从网络中的所有道路延伸。旅行时间在市区道路经验高短期变化,因此不能用点检测。作为一个空间参数,直接测量需要大量的车辆追踪设备或车辆reidentification特性。然而,大多数可用的车辆跟踪或reidentification技术,如自动车辆定位器(AVL)和自动车辆标识符(AVI)要求参与,这限制了样本容量。这凸显了需要估计旅行时间从其他很容易衡量的基于位置的参数如流量和速度和多年来一直是一个重要的研究话题。 However, majority of researches on travel time estimation and prediction were reported for freeways, where traffic flow is not much affected by external factors such as traffic signals and conflicting movements. Travel time estimation and prediction is more complex and challenging on an urban network due to the influence of signals, presence of opposing movements, mid-link sources and sinks, and random fluctuations in travel demand. The situation is grave for Indian conditions because of the additional complexities related to heterogeneity, lack of lane discipline, and nonavailability of a reliable historic data base. Hence, methods which are cost effective and less demanding in terms of data base need to be explored.</p> <p>旅行时间,作为一个空间参数,难以直接从测量领域。最直接的传播时间测量技术测试汽车方法或车辆等鉴定是昂贵的,不成熟,或涉及隐私问题,因此大多数的研究依赖于间接旅行时间估计的方法。大部分的间接旅行时间估计和预测方法可以组合下外推技术(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>),回归模型(<一个href="#B2">2</一个>,<一个href="#B3">3</一个>),模式识别技术(<一个href="#B4">4</一个>),时间序列分析(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>),使用过滤技术(<一个href="#B6">6</一个>,<一个href="#B7">7</一个>),神经网络(<一个href="#B8">8</一个>),基于交通流理论的方法(<一个href="#B9">9</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B14">14</一个>),数据融合技术(<一个href="#B15">15</一个>),结合上述方法(<一个href="#B16">16</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B19">19</一个>]。</p> <p>许多上述方法需要一个良好的数据基础和位置可能不是可行的自动数据收集还没有功能。在这种情况下,方法需要较少的数据量的需求。印度交通特征的异质性和缺乏巷学科带来了额外的挑战而言,自动数据收集。大多数现有的基于位置的传感器是基于车道,少下会失败或没有车道交通纪律。因此,所有交通参数的精确测量自动在印度交通条件下仍然是一个艰巨的任务。初步的发展在这一领域也显示出一些承诺的人流量,因此本研究假设交通计数是唯一可用的基于位置的数据。另一方面,空间数据收集使用全球定位系统(GPS)是一种成熟的技术和在印度的情况下适用。然而,由于更少的参与,整个人口只有一个样本的数据,主要从公共交通,可以使用这种技术。因此,需要有多个传感器来描述整个交通流。</p> <p>本研究发展一种方法估算城市动脉流旅行时间使用基于流数据从位置传感器和GPS数据从有限数量的探测器获得的车辆。这种方法被称为数据融合(DF)不是在印度的交通条件下探索。提高估计精度,混合DF-HCM方法使用数据融合mid-block部分和HCM延迟计算方法在十字路口是未遂。比较性能,基本方法,采用投入产出分析mid-blocks和HCM交集也进行了。分别分析的有效性测试信号的延迟是通过比较总旅行时间直到十字路口被使用nonhybrid估计方法,采用数据融合整个拉伸。一个简短的文献回顾在这些方法如下所示。</p> <p>数据融合是一个宽泛的研究领域中,数据从多个传感器相结合提供全面和准确的信息<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>]。使用数据融合的优点包括增加信心,减少歧义,提高检测,提高鲁棒性,提高了空间和时间范围,和降低成本<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B22">22</一个>]。估计参数数据融合的基本思想是利用不同来源的多个测量或传感器。这可能是由于缺乏足够的数据从一个源或捕捉不同数据源的优点。一些具体的应用数据融合在交通工程领域的讨论如下。</p> <p>Kwon et al。<一个href="#B23">23</一个>旅行时间预测)提出了一个线性回归模型结合回路探测器和探测车辆数据。他们在电流显示,线性回归,入住率测量,起飞时间和日星期有利于短期旅行时间预测,而历史长期旅行时间预测方法是更好的。张先生和大米(<一个href="#B24">24</一个>)使用了一个线性模型不同系数来预测高速公路上的旅行时间使用回路探测器和探测车辆数据。系数的变化平稳起飞时间的函数。系数必须离线后,存储和估计模型可以实时使用。El-Faouzi et al。<一个href="#B25">25</一个>)提出了一个基于Dempster-Shafer理论模型。他们用旅行时间从回路探测器和收费数据来估计旅行时间。所需的模型数据来源的可能性给予正确的数据。El-Faouzi [<一个href="#B22">22</一个>使用贝叶斯方法)进行了类似的工作使用从回路探测器和探测车辆行程时间数据来估计旅行时间。结果表明,旅行时间估计使用数据融合方法比如果数据源获得的估计被单独使用。楚et al。<一个href="#B21">21</一个>]模拟循环使用探测器,探测车辆数据来估计旅行时间使用基于模型的方法与卡尔曼滤波技术。伊万(<一个href="#B26">26</一个>)使用ANN技术来检测交通事件路口干道使用模拟回路探测器和探测车辆行程时间数据数据。</p> <p>另一个简单的分析模型,利用现成的统计数据从上游和下游的旅行时间估计的一个链接的累积计数(输入输出)方法(<一个href="#B9">9</一个>,<一个href="#B10">10</一个>,<一个href="#B12">12</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B14">14</一个>,<一个href="#B27">27</一个>]。然而,投入产出方法的主要缺点是它依赖于流计数旅行时间估计的准确性(<一个href="#B9">9</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B13">13</一个>,<一个href="#B27">27</一个>,<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。一些其他的报道方法包括基于交通流理论(<一个href="#B11">11</一个>,<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>,<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>]。从上面的文献综述可以看出,多数高速公路上面讨论的模型是有限的,它可能不是可行的直接应用于城市网络没有进一步校正由于在高速公路上交通行为的差异和城市设施。此外,为高速公路开发的模型通常提供的平均旅行时间链接作为一个整体,这可能不是一个真正的表示与十字路口,转弯运动,等等。因此,对于更好的性能,十字路口延误可能需要单独处理。本研究分析这一假设的有效性通过比较旅行时间估计的准确性和不考虑单独的交集。</p> <p>第一和最受欢迎的方法估计对交叉口延误是由韦伯斯特(<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>从理论和数值模拟方法成为所有后续延迟模型的基础。修改上面的模型在不同流量条件下为米勒(<一个href="#B32">32</一个>和纽厄尔<一个href="#B33">33</一个>]。延误模型显示在公路容量手册通常被称为HCM模型(<一个href="#B34">34</一个>)是一种修改韦伯斯特的模型合并进展和连排的效果。试图克服稳态条件的假设,使用时间函数报告(<一个href="#B35">35</一个>]。其他研究报告包括确定性排队方法(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>,<一个href="#B36">36</一个>),修改后的投入产出技术(<一个href="#B18">18</一个>],冲击波理论基础模型[<一个href="#B37">37</一个>,<一个href="#B38">38</一个>)和马尔可夫链的使用过程(<一个href="#B39">39</一个>,<一个href="#B40">40</一个>]。</p> <p>总的来说,可以看出,大部分的旅行时间和延迟估计的研究报道使用收集的数据从均匀和lane-disciplined交通,从野外直接或间接通过仿真模型。在印度存在的交通状况很复杂,不同的车道的异质性和缺乏纪律。只有有限的研究(<一个href="#B7">7</一个>,<一个href="#B41">41</一个>,<一个href="#B42">42</一个>解决异构流量特征。这些研究估计旅行时间流在城市动脉考虑信号。同时,缺乏自动数据收集方法在印度很难探索的许多统计,时间序列,和机器学习技术是数据驱动的自都需要一个良好的数据基础应用这些技术。因此,应用城市动脉旅行时间估计的一种新方法用更少的数据需求是一个区域,将对印度这样的国家,需要进一步的研究和讨论了这项研究。</p> <p>本研究比较了三种不同的旅行时间的性能估计方法,它使用流数据作为主要输入。估计方法包括两个混合方法即基础方法和数据fusion-HCM和不同类型的方法。这项研究由一个midblock和一个十字路口。拉伸的总旅行时间被认为是在midblock部分旅行时间的总和,而不影响到十字路口,和旅行时间的交集,考虑到信号的延迟。Mid-block旅行时间估计使用两种方法,即投入产出分析和数据融合的方法。投入产出分析是一种受欢迎的方法,利用累积计数出入境找到车辆在该节的旅行时间。HCM方法是最受欢迎的方法估计信号交叉路口的延迟。midblock运用投入产出分析的方法和路口HCM方法获得车辆的总旅行时间在研究拉伸可以看作一种基础方法和有资格为基础的方法。另一种方法提出了一种数据融合方法mid-block旅行时间估计和HCM分析交叉区域,称为混合DF-HCM方法。数据融合的方法利用基于位置的数据和稀疏的行程时间数据流从探测器获得车辆旅行时间估计的流。 The total travel time of the stretch is then obtained by summing up the mid-block travel time and delay incurred at the bounding intersection. The necessity for analyzing the intersections separately was validated using a non-hybrid approach, where the total travel time is estimated using data fusion alone for the whole stretch without separating into mid-block and intersection area. In this approach, the total travel time is directly estimated using the data fusion approach without separately analysing the delay at intersection. The data till intersection stop line is used in this case for the data fusion approach assuming that the delay is implicitly captured by the flow and travel time data till stop line. A comparison of these three methodologies is carried out to understand the best method for travel time estimation under heterogeneous traffic conditions. This is one of the first study under Indian conditions that have applied data fusion techniques as well as hybrid technique for the estimation of travel time. The study has illustrated an efficient method to estimate the stream travel time in urban arterials with limited GPS data and location based flow data. The results of the study stressed the necessity of analyzing the intersections separately for more reliable estimates of travel time in urban roads.</p> <h4 id="data-collection">2。数据收集</h4><p>印度的交通状况下,没有现成的数据档案,因此研究依赖现场手动收集的数据和模拟数据利用VISSIM仿真软件包确凿的评估方法。</p> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。字段数据</h5><p>测试床为本研究选择了一条六车道的繁忙的公路干线,即在印度钦奈举行的拉吉夫·甘地萨莱。流量只在一个方向上被认为是目前研究。数据需求的基础上,选择方法包括流数据从三个位置如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>。位置1和位置2之间的距离,这是前交叉的影响,是1.72公里,位置2和十字路口之间(位置3)是0.1公里,使总的考虑是段1.82公里。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-af230d74ceca5ecb27398af0597f8c7d"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/figures/587913.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-af230d74ceca5ecb27398af0597f8c7d partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/thumbnails/587913.fig.001_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-af230d74ceca5ecb27398af0597f8c7d partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>研究的示意图表示走廊。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>两个人行桥梁被确定为覆盖安装摄像机位置1和2。十字路口区域覆盖了停止线位置3记录使用相机装在一个方便的灯具的支持。确保three-video录音可以同步回放期间在实验室里,时钟的时间在所有三个相机设置为一个共同的时间开始的数据收集。数据收集三天总共6个小时完成分析和另一个两天的总共有三个半小时的单独mid-block比较投入产出方法和数据融合的方法。</p> <p>需要基于位置的数据,即流收集使用录像技术。最初的摄像镜头内部的交通研究的延伸来自升高点得到的初始计算车辆在投入产出分析所需的部分。照片从入口点和出口点以及额外的照片从中间升高点需要捕捉整个部分的长度。分类在三个数据流数据收集点提取手动摩托车和自行车,三轮车、四轮车类别的视频一分钟的时间分辨率。所需的流动数据提取手动由于缺乏自动化的程序。旅行所需的时间数据验证也从视频中提取手动reidentifying车辆在不同的位置。</p> <p>有限的旅行时间收集数据所需的数据融合模型使用测试车辆配备全球定位系统装置。测试车辆组成的两辆车,两个车,两个自行车旅行时间提供数据。这些车辆入口点和出口点之间来回旅行持续数据收集期间。此外,GPS数据可以从公共交通的路线5号c总线通过拉伸。GPS原始数据包括时间、经度和纬度,每5秒间隔。从这个行程时间数据提取使用软件包ArcGIS [<一个href="#B43">43</一个>]。</p> <p>由于缺少自动化视频数据提取,上面所有的现场数据收集和提取手动进行,这是费力而耗时的。数据收集过程需要大量的协调收集视频同时从三个不同的位置,以及初始快照,和GPS数据从所有不同类型的车辆。一个错误在录像甚至在一个位置让整个数据没有有用的分析。由于这些困难,这是决定模拟交通状况使用收集现场数据,并使用生成的数据进行进一步分析使用校准模拟网络。模拟的细节在下面会详细进行介绍。</p> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。模拟数据</h5><p>从PTV愿景(VISSIM 5.3<一个href="#B44">44</一个>)是本研究中使用的模拟交通条件测试的准确性在不同流量条件下的行程时间估计模型。类似于现场试验床的道路延伸成立于VISSIM使用卫星图像。真实的描述字段条件,交叉口几何数据,信号时间和定相、车辆类型、交通组成、车辆输入,将流量的比例,从字段输入速度分布。少巷自律、交通运动是通过把车道上的车辆在任何地方,通过设置选择是否要通过左、右侧的车辆和允许菱形交叉路口排队。占非标准的车辆类型、静态和动态的特点,大部分的普通车辆类型的长度,宽度,加速,减速,速度范围定义基于字段值。</p> <p>信号时间和相位变化的数据字段被用于模拟总周期时间145年代,98年代红的时候,绿色时间45秒,琥珀时间2 s。流动数据分类为两轮、三轮摩卡和四轮车手动分类提取的三个地方是用来校准和验证的模拟。五分钟的聚合流和成分在位置1是用作校准动态输入。生成的数据在其他两个地方比较与验证的字段值。</p> <p>在VISSIM校准期间,几个参数调整匹配字段的场景。模拟进行不同的随机种子平均每五到十值影响参数。参数校准误差流,密度,和旅行时间/速度降低。错误是量化的平均绝对百分比误差,比较与其他类似的研究在VISSIM [<一个href="#B45">45</一个>,<一个href="#B46">46</一个>]。</p> <h4 id="methodology">3所示。方法</h4><h5我d="sec3.1">3.1。评估方案</h5><p>正如已经提到的,在这项研究中,使用混合DF-HCM总旅行时间估计方法利用数据融合方法mid-block和HCM交集的方法。比较使用基本方法进行使用投入产出分析使用一个简单的演绎累积计数原理(投入产出方法)估计HCM和旅行时间的联系来分析交叉区域。然后伸展的总旅行时间估计为mid-block和交叉旅行时间的总和。也需要分别对交叉口延误分析验证通过比较与旅行时间直到交叉使用不同类型的直接估计方法,采用数据融合方法仅对整个部分。上述方法的基本方法,即使用数据融合模型建立方法,投入产出方法,下面讨论HCM的方法。</p> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。数据融合方法</h5><p>这部分详细介绍了拉格朗日和欧拉视频数据融合方法采用GPS数据估算旅行时间。动机的方法从楚等的研究。<一个href="#B21">21</一个>]。评估方案是基于守恒方程和基本交通流方程给出了(<一个href="#EEq3.1">3.1</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq3.2">3.2</一个>),分别为:<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.1"> <svg height="59.674999" id="M1" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 59.674999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,59.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-24.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.83,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 175.5,58.42 13.27,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.5,46.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.24" y="-8.7600002"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.780001" y="-16.01"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.156528" y="-16.01"> </t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 205.28,58.42 13.17,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.71,46.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.4" y="-8.7600002"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.44039" y="-8.7600002"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.691891" y="-8.7600002"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="258.04001" y="-9.5100002"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="262.20349" y="-9.5100002"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="268.45499" y="-9.5100002"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="271.58075" y="-9.5100002"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="277.83224" y="-9.5100002"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-16.459999" y="17.85"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-7.257792" y="17.85"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.7700939" y="17.85"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.54672" y="17.85"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.735945" y="17.85"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="258.04001" y="18.48"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="262.20349" y="18.48"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="268.45499" y="18.48"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="271.58075" y="18.48"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="277.83224" y="18.48"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="9.875" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9124999 9.875" width="7.9124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>PCU的流/小时,<我>k</我>PCU的密度/公里,<我>V</我>空间平均速度在公里/小时,<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:8.7250004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 7.1624999" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的距离和<年代vg height="9.125" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是时间。</p> <p>discretising (<一个href="#EEq3.1">3.1</一个>),密度在时间<年代vg height="9.125" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>可以表示成<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.3"> <svg height="38.537498" id="M6" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.537498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,66.41,50.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="121.99" y="-8.5299997"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="129.17999" y="-11.04"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.015623" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.929062" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.568396" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.608784" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.473412" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.636909" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.326015" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.666237" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.917732" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.856903" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="93.400002" y="-11.04"> Δ</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="102.42717" y="-11.04"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.11627" y="-11.04"> ×</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.31,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.793152" y="0"> y</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.07,61.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.840101" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.444324" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.645573" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.559013" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.498177" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.850903" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,283.65,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.702096" y="0"> x</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0780964" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.511152" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,299.18,61.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.73" y="2.52"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.840101" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.444324" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.645573" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.559013" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 159.81,53.21 188.29,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.01,41.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.29" y="-8.7600002"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.74001" y="-12.13"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="222.9035" y="-12.13"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="229.155" y="-12.13"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.28075" y="-12.13"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="238.53224" y="-12.13"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="16.987499" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-5.04861pt;width:82.787498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 82.787498 16.987499" width="82.787498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.22,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.7844" y="0"> y</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.56,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.852604" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.444324" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.658077" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.571514" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:76.262497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.262497 14.7125" width="76.262497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.22,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.702096" y="0"> x</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0780964" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.511152" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.78,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.852604" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.444324" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.658077" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.571514" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别是流在PCU / h的时间间隔期间入口点和出口点<年代vg height="13.45" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:40.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.887501 13.45" width="40.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.852604" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.444324" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>来<年代vg height="9.125" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。<年代vg height="10.8" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:16.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.299999 10.8" width="16.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>数据汇总时间间隔(1分钟在这项研究)。</p> <p>过滤技术用于估计的密度通过假设值初始密度,<年代vg height="13.45" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:26.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.8125 13.45" width="26.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.7766261" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.191626" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg><i>。</我>然后平均旅行时间的车辆到达出口点的条目<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.4"> <svg height="34.775002" id="M13" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 34.775002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,34.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-44.18)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,141.87,55.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.104103" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.743437" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.189999" y="-7.25"> Δ</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.217167" y="-7.25"> </t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 179.85,58.4 24.33,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.85,46.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29" y="-8.75"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.077898" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.241398" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.154837" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.23" y="-16.969999"> Δ</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.257168" y="-16.969999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.909481" y="-16.969999"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.687065" y="-16.969999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.551697" y="-16.969999"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="84.715195" y="-16.969999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.628632" y="-16.969999"> )</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 222.08,58.4 50.56,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.34,46.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.5" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3019924" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.465491" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.154596" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.50732" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.75882" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.960068" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.873508" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.41" y="-8.4399996"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="246.5735" y="-8.4399996"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="252.825" y="-8.4399996"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="255.95074" y="-8.4399996"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="262.20224" y="-8.4399996"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>tt (<我>t</我>)是时间的旅行时间<我>t,</我><年代vg height="13.55" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:59.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.450001 13.55" width="59.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.7263741" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8898726" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.578978" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.919199" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.1707" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.384449" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.29789" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是流沿节期间(<我>t</我>−1)<年代vg height="9.125" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>这是由<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.5"> <svg height="73.050003" id="M16" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 73.050003" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,73.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-13.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,88.62,39.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.23" y="-17.23"> ⎧</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.23" y="-8.04"> ⎪</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.23" y="3.1900001"> ⎨</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.23" y="14.43"> ⎪</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.23" y="23.559999"> ⎩</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.24" y="-21.469999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1897049" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,123.58,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.793152" y="0"> y</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.25,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.18" y="2.51"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.029999" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.290001" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.765835" y="0"> f</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.01,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.702096" y="0"> x</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0780964" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.511152" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.23,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.3,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.7844" y="0"> y</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.97,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.51"> ></t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.347885" y="-2.51"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,304.05,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.9665918" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.3996477" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.832704" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.26576" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.151648" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="22.037537" y="0"> l</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.86,45.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,123.58,42.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.7108481" y="0"> x</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.519904" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,137.03,45.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.400002" y="2.52"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.25" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.509998" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.985832" y="0"> f</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.01,42.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.7844" y="0"> y</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.45,45.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,263.52,42.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.7108481" y="0"> x</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.519904" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.97,42.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.52"> ></t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.347885" y="-2.52"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,304.05,42.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.9665918" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.3996477" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.832704" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.26576" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.151648" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="22.037537" y="0"> l</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.04,33.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,127.77,30.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.7844" y="0"> y</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.21,33.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.28,30.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.7108481" y="0"> x</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.519904" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 122.04,25.49 57.68,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.76,13.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.669998" y="-12.22"> |</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.669998" y="-8.1899996"> |</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.169998" y="-10.2"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.150002" y="-10.2"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.766247" y="-10.2"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.242081" y="-10.2"> f</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.66,20.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.7844" y="0"> y</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.1,23.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,260.17,20.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.7108481" y="0"> x</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.519904" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.61,25.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="4.0300002"> |</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0600004" y="2.02"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.087887" y="2.02"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,299.44,20.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.95784" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.3908958" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.823952" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.257008" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.142897" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="22.028784" y="0"> l</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,324.4,23.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="140.35001" y="-15.85"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.5135" y="-15.85"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.765" y="-15.85"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="153.89075" y="-15.85"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="160.14224" y="-15.85"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>平均流动的入口点和出口点在正常情况下,当两端流动比较没有任何冲击波传播。当在入口和出口的流动不可比性,采用最低的两个捕获段内的密度变化。在目前的研究中,<年代vg height="11.0375" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:38.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.5 11.0375" width="38.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.22,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.95784" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.3908958" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.823952" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.257008" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.142897" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="22.028784" y="0"> l</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>被选为20 PCU /分钟。</p> <p>在上面的公式中,由于初始密度的部分,<年代vg height="13.45" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:26.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.8125 13.45" width="26.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.7766261" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.191626" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是未知的,需要一个参数估计方案。的使用技术,如卡尔曼滤波或基于高增益观测器(HGO)参数识别报告文学的类似的应用程序(<一个href="#B21">21</一个>,<一个href="#B47">47</一个>,<一个href="#B48">48</一个>]。在目前的研究中,采用基于卡尔曼滤波器的估计方案。</p> <p>卡尔曼滤波器(KF)是一个递归算法(<一个href="#B49">49</一个>),通常适用于系统模型,可以写在状态空间表示。这是一个基于模型的估计和预测工具和包含的随机性质参数。KF可以等不同类型的离散卡尔曼滤波器,扩展卡尔曼滤波器和自适应卡尔曼滤波器。滤波器的选择取决于控制方程的性质。在目前的问题,状态方程(<一个href="#EEq3.3">3.3</一个>)和测量方程(<一个href="#EEq3.4">3.4</一个>)是线性的,离散卡尔曼滤波器(DKF)。本研究使用流数据从视频和旅行时间从有限的测试车辆旅行时间估计平均流。使用的状态变量是交通密度和旅行时间的测量变量。国家(流程)和度量(观察)可以来源于DKF方程(<一个href="#EEq3.3">3.3</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq3.4">3.4</一个>),下面给出。</p> <p>状态方程:<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.6"> <svg height="16.5375" id="M19" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 16.5375" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,106.58,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.015623" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.929062" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.568396" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.608784" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.460907" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.624409" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.326015" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.666237" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.917732" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.856903" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.197121" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="100.21155" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="104.37505" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="111.06415" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="122.40437" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="128.65587" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="133.86961" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="137.78307" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.72223" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="156.07495" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.84027" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="172.00377" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="178.69287" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="190.04559" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="196.2971" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="202.5361" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="358.17001" y="0.63"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="362.3335" y="0.63"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="368.58499" y="0.63"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="371.71075" y="0.63"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="377.96225" y="0.63"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>测量方程:<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.7"> <svg height="16.5375" id="M20" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 16.5375" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,140.56,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.039669" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.203168" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.116608" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.743437" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.783825" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.912216" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.075714" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.989155" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.928322" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.705902" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.570534" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="89.734032" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="93.647469" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="100.58663" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="111.92686" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.25385" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="124.41735" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="128.3308" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="134.58229" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="324.19" y="0.63"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="328.35349" y="0.63"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="334.60501" y="0.63"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="337.73074" y="0.63"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="343.98224" y="0.63"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="13.45" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:59.700001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.700001 13.45" width="59.700001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.779026" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.119247" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.370747" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.584499" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.497936" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是取决于输入流的吗<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.8"> <svg height="35.587502" id="M22" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,101.37,52.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.449997" y="-11.05"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0100002" y="-0.0099999998"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.173499" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.862604" y="-0.0099999998"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.202826" y="-0.0099999998"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.454327" y="-0.0099999998"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.655575" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.569012" y="-0.0099999998"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.208344" y="-0.0099999998"> =</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.7844" y="0"> y</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.3,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.852604" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.444324" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.658077" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.571514" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.510681" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.850903" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.88,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.7108481" y="0"> x</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.519904" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.852604" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.444324" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.658077" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.571514" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 167.82,55.57 145.33,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.53,43.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.809998" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.22" y="-10.95"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.3835" y="-10.95"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.63499" y="-10.95"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="245.76074" y="-10.95"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="252.01225" y="-10.95"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span> <svg height="13.45" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:29.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.075001 13.45" width="29.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.915119" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.078618" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.992058" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是转换的过渡矩阵密度旅行时间的吗<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.9"> <svg height="33.525002" id="M24" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.525002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.525)"> <g transform="translate(72,-45.18)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.7,56.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.115887" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.832157" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.139999" y="-7.25"> Δ</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.167168" y="-7.25"> </t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 203.77,59.4 50.05,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.77,47.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.240002" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3019924" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.465491" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.154596" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.50732" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.75882" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.960068" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.873508" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="260.98001" y="-7.9400001"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="265.14349" y="-7.9400001"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="271.39499" y="-7.9400001"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="274.52075" y="-7.9400001"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="280.77225" y="-7.9400001"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>和<我>w</我>(<我>t</我>−1)和<我>z</我>(<我>t</我>)过程干扰和测量噪声,分别。这些都是假定为高斯零均值和方差<年代vg height="12.925" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-1.90608pt;width:12.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.325 12.925" width="12.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.325" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,分别。</p> <p>的卡尔曼滤波算法<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.10"> <svg height="166.3125" id="M27" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 166.3125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,166.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,61.05)"> <g> <path d="m 133.63,70.71 6.78,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,133.63,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.41" y="-2.73"> ̂</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.015623" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.929062" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.568396" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.610001" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.386627" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.550125" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.239231" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.579453" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.830948" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.63,64.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.9,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.354645" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.518143" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.207249" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.54747" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.798969" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.012718" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.926159" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.177658" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 152.14,45.52 9.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.14,34.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.38" y="-0.0099999998"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.543499" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.456938" y="-0.0099999998"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.096272" y="-0.0099999998"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.124157" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.426388" y="-0.0099999998"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.58989" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.291496" y="-0.0099999998"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.631714" y="-0.0099999998"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.883217" y="-0.0099999998"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.19,39.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.46,34.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.105064" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-148.03" y="30.01"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-136.51474" y="30.01"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-132.35124" y="30.01"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-128.43781" y="30.01"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-120.81097" y="30.01"> =</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 133.7,15.51 9.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,133.7,4.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.37773" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.541229" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.454668" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.706167" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.746555" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.910057" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.823494" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.69,9.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.4,-0.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.7399998" y="-4.9200001"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.855886" y="-4.9200001"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.019386" y="-4.9200001"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.932825" y="-4.9200001"> )</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 224.59,15.51 9.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.59,4.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.37773" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.541229" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.454668" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.706167" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.746555" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.910057" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.823494" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,274.58,9.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.07,4.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.6" y="4.9200001"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.41,15.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,321.27,4.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-207.91" y="29.309999"> ̂</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-213.71001" y="32.029999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-206.93338" y="32.029999"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-202.76988" y="32.029999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-198.85643" y="32.029999"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,126.58,-22.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.54,-27.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 148.58,-16.34 6.78,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.58,-27.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.060001" y="4.9200001"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.015623" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.929062" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.88073" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.220951" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.723709" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.887211" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.800648" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.800003" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.275833" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.827164" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.990662" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.904106" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.843269" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="102.19599" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="116.31188" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.47538" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="124.38882" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 279.23,-16.34 6.77,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,279.23,-27.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.1" y="4.9200001"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.92" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.015623" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.929062" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-152.02" y="29.67"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-142.73027" y="29.67"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-138.56677" y="29.67"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-134.65334" y="29.67"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.75,-52.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,158.72,-57.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 170.76,-46.19 9.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.76,-57.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.37773" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.541229" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.454668" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.393833" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.734055" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.249317" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.412815" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.326256" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.577755" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.693642" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.85714" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.770576" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 262.79,-46.19 9.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.79,-57.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.37773" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.541229" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.454668" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.706167" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="195.7" y="-59.599998"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="199.86349" y="-59.599998"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="206.11501" y="-59.599998"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="209.24075" y="-59.599998"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.49225" y="-59.599998"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.74374" y="-59.599998"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="18.487499" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:23.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.9 18.487499" width="23.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.21)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.78,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.7766261" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.853564" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是先验估计的密度计算使用前测量即时<年代vg height="9.125" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="18.25" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:27.049999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.049999 18.25" width="27.049999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.4)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 9.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2897291" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.453228" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.366667" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>先验误差协方差相关吗<年代vg height="18.487499" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:23.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.9 18.487499" width="23.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.21)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.78,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.7766261" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.853564" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。<年代vg height="16.8375" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:32.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.012501 16.8375" width="32.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.15,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̂</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-5.8000002" y="2.72"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0.97662598" y="2.72"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.1401248" y="2.72"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0535641" y="2.72"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.93,65.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="15.3375" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:32.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.825001 15.3375" width="32.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.3375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.73)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4267821" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.590281" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.50372" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.28,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>后验密度估计和协方差,分别后,将测量到的时间吗<我>t</我>。<我>G (t)</我>是卡尔曼增益校正过程中使用。</p> <p>重复上述步骤在每一个时间步,只校正步骤进行了GPS间隔测量时的旅行时间是可用的。</p> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。投入产出方法</h5><p>的输入-输出(累计计数)方法作为不结盟运动和画<一个href="#B50">50</一个>)涉及构建累积车辆计数(<我>N</我>)<年代vg height="9.8625002" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>设在和时间的<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:8.7250004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 7.1624999" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>设在,如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-909504d7a782c83cf54d587f383b8b66"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/figures/587913.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-909504d7a782c83cf54d587f383b8b66 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/thumbnails/587913.fig.002_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-909504d7a782c83cf54d587f383b8b66 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>输入输出分析的例子。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>旅行时间估计的经典分析方法认为累积流量的情节<年代vg height="14.6" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:53.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.674999 14.6" width="53.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.640053" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.803552" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.27,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.39,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.114687" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.6" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:53.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.674999 14.6" width="53.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.640053" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.803552" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.27,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.39,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.114687" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在上游链接的入口和下游出口。车辆的总旅行时间在给定的时间间隔,说之间<年代vg height="12.975" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.075px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.075 12.975" width="11.075" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="12.975" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:24.0375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.0375 12.975" width="24.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,然后由两条曲线之间的时期,由图中阴影区域<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。面积可以计算考虑所有车辆进入,退出或进入和退出。在这项研究中,所有车辆中退出的时间考虑,并相应地计算面积。相应的解析表达式给出总旅行时间(梯形的面积)<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.15"> <svg height="30.700001" id="M40" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.700001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.44)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,94.99,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.96" y="2.52"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.82" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.72,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,120.57,53.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.52"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.549999" y="-9.7700005"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 143.12,59.37 6.26,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.12,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.18" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.54" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.328649" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,167.21,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.21,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.46,61.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9756801" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.91,53.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.52"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.98" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.83" y="-2.52"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.65,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.28,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.53,61.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,263.01,53.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.16" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.009998" y="-2.52"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8514042" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.42" y="-2.52"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.185083" y="-2.52"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,307.93,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,312.78,53.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="-2.52"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="145.71001" y="-2.8699999"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="149.8735" y="-2.8699999"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="156.125" y="-2.8699999"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="159.25075" y="-2.8699999"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="165.50224" y="-2.8699999"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="171.75375" y="-2.8699999"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在那里,<年代vg height="12.7" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:9.3625002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3625002 12.7" width="9.3625002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,67.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>=时间条目的最后一辆车在退出链接<年代vg height="12.975" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:24.0375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.0375 12.975" width="24.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>来<年代vg height="12.975" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.075px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.075 12.975" width="11.075" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="12.7" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:13.075px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.075 12.7" width="13.075" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,67.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9756801" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>=时间条目的第一车辆在退出链接<年代vg height="12.975" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:24.0375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.0375 12.975" width="24.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>来<年代vg height="12.975" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.075px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.075 12.975" width="11.075" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:47.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.625 14.6875" width="47.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8771296" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.040629" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.15,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>车辆的总数在退出链接<年代vg height="12.975" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:24.0375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.0375 12.975" width="24.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>来<年代vg height="12.975" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.075px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.075 12.975" width="11.075" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p> <p>先进先出法条件下<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:32.587502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.587502 14.6875" width="32.587502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8771296" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.040629" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.15,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>可以给<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.16"> <svg height="19.35" id="M51" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.35" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,118.82,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.96" y="2.51"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.82" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,139.55,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,144.4,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.209999" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.060001" y="-2.51"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.51"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.347885" y="-2.51"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.34,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.21,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.34,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.18,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.82" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.68" y="-2.51"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.51"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.970221" y="-2.51"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.73,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.61,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.73,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.95,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="-2.51"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="169.53999" y="-2.51"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="173.70351" y="-2.51"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="179.955" y="-2.51"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="183.08075" y="-2.51"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="189.33224" y="-2.51"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="195.58376" y="-2.51"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在那里,<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:73.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 73.6875 14.6875" width="73.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.764843" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.928342" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.14,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-43.27,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.15,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.3,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>累积的车辆退出<年代vg height="12.975" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:11.075px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.075 12.975" width="11.075" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:86.650002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 86.650002 14.6875" width="86.650002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.764843" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.928342" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.14,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-43.27,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.15,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-18.93,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>累积的车辆退出<年代vg height="12.975" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:24.0375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.0375 12.975" width="24.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p> <p>插值的值<年代vg height="12.7" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:9.3625002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3625002 12.7" width="9.3625002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,67.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="12.7" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:13.075px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.075 12.7" width="13.075" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,67.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9756801" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和替换他们<一个href="#EEq3.15">3.11</一个>),总旅行时间<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:30.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.075001 14.6875" width="30.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8766499" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.15,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>可以计算。车辆的平均旅行时间退出链接在给定的时间间隔内(<年代vg height="15.625" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:19.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.225 15.625" width="19.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.5)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 15.28,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> T</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),然后除以总旅行时间获得<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:30.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.075001 14.6875" width="30.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8766499" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.15,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>车辆的数量为同一时期退出链接<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:66.887497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.887497 14.6875" width="66.887497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8766499" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.15,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.516462" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.679962" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-22.71,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在哪里<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:32.587502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.587502 14.6875" width="32.587502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8771296" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.040629" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.15,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>汽车的数量,在间隔退出。</p> <h5 id="sec3.4">3.4。HCM延迟的方法</h5><p>HCM延迟方法(<一个href="#B34">34</一个>是估计给定时间延迟在一个十字路口。使用这种方法,车道组的平均延迟每辆车可以计算使用(<一个href="#EEq3.17">3.13</一个>)。<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.17"> <svg height="177.05" id="M63" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 177.05" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,177.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,69.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,144.14,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.17" y="2.51"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.02" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.12743" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.81,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.46,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.18,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8748641" y="0"> F</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.42,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.51"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.970221" y="-2.51"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.04,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.7,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,266.69,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.57,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-134.50999" y="32.959999"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.71,25.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.06,28.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.310001" y="-8.3100004"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="105.86" y="-8.3100004"> ]</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.73" y="-8.3500004"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.981501" y="-8.3500004"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.10725" y="-8.3500004"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.134415" y="-8.3500004"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.912003" y="-8.3500004"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.470001" y="-8.3500004"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.497169" y="-8.3500004"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.837387" y="-8.3500004"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.988861" y="-8.3500004"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="96.464699" y="-8.3500004"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.08,41.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 165.29,31.29 112.17,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.29,19.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.370001" y="0.029999999"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="108" y="0.029999999"> ]</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.36" y="-8.7600002"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-80.080002" y="33.650002"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.540001" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.267334" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.743168" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.16" y="-0.0099999998"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.323498" y="-0.0099999998"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.575001" y="-0.0099999998"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.776245" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.403793" y="-0.0099999998"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.655296" y="-0.0099999998"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="84.818794" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.970268" y="-0.0099999998"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="94.446106" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.83586" y="-0.0099999998"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,91.86,-17.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.2,-14.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.32" y="9.7299995"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="116.28" y="5.3400002"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.543388" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.570557" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.348141" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.580002" y="-0.0099999998"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.7435" y="-0.0099999998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.396538" y="-0.0099999998"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.736755" y="-0.0099999998"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.988258" y="-0.0099999998"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="104.92742" y="-0.0099999998"> +</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 230.53,5.71 89.63,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.53,-14.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.816536" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.156755" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.408257" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,269.11,-9.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.76,-14.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.54" y="-7.25"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.7915" y="-7.25"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.568127" y="-7.25"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.569567" y="-7.25"> </t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 289.3,-11.11 29.66,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,297.1,-22.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.059999" y="0.98000002"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.400002" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-132.69" y="35.509998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.188745" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.35,-61.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8748641" y="0"> F</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.06,-58.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.24" y="-10.74"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.4035" y="-10.74"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.430664" y="-10.74"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.770885" y="-10.74"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.073116" y="-10.74"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.312115" y="-10.74"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.32,-50.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 198.3,-55.38 51.8,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.5,-67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.799999" y="-8.7600002"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.518864" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.994698" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="253.99001" y="-65.309998"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="258.1535" y="-65.309998"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="264.405" y="-65.309998"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="267.53076" y="-65.309998"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="273.78226" y="-65.309998"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="280.03375" y="-65.309998"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在那里,<年代vg height="10.75" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:23.487499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.487499 10.75" width="23.487499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.114927" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>每辆车平均整体延迟(秒/车辆);<年代vg height="14.475" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:29.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.575001 14.475" width="29.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.3,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>统一的延迟(s / veh);<年代vg height="14.475" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:29.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.575001 14.475" width="29.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.3,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>增量或随机延迟(s / veh);<年代vg height="14.625" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:29.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.575001 14.625" width="29.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.3)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.3,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>剩余需求延迟或初始队列延迟(s / veh);<年代vg height="10.475" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:32.5625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.5625 10.475" width="32.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9641709" y="0"> F</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.379169" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>进展调整因素;<年代vg height="10.325" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:27.512501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.512501 10.325" width="27.512501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.340701" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>体积比莱茵集团的能力;<年代vg height="10.6125" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:25.6625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.6625 10.6125" width="25.6625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.852844" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>交通信号周期时间(秒);<年代vg height="7.1875" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:21.6625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.6625 7.1875" width="21.6625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6520758" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>莱茵集团的能力(veh / h);<年代vg height="9.9375" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:22.862499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.862499 9.9375" width="22.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6148071" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>有效绿灯时间通过车道组(秒);<年代vg height="10.325" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:23.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.762501 10.325" width="23.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分析时间周期(小时);<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:23.637501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.637501 10.7375" width="23.637501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.239957" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>增量延误因素(0.50前定时信号);<年代vg height="10.325" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:22.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.674999 10.325" width="22.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4647713" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>上游过滤/计量调整因素孤立交叉口(1.0);<年代vg height="10.325" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:24.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.450001 10.325" width="24.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>车辆到达的比例在绿色间隔;<年代vg height="14.475" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:36.650002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.650002 14.475" width="36.650002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.01,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8748641" y="0"> F</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.3,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>进展调整因素。</p> <p>上述延迟计算HCM需要在位置3流值,自由流动之间的运行时间位置2和位置3,周期时间,莱茵集团的能力,车辆到达类型和发展调整因素作为输入值。这些,流值和周期时间直接获得。车道组的容量计算的字段使用饱和流率和绿色循环时间比给出的<年代vg height="13.6125" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:73.599998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 73.599998 13.6125" width="73.599998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6520758" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.692465" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.969452" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.747036" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.898514" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.374348" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(<一个href="#B34">34</一个>]。值为3564辆汽车每小时获得作为能力值在IRC密切匹配给定的值:106 - 1990 (<一个href="#B51">51</一个>三车道公路干线)。因此,标准的3600辆汽车每小时按IRC的价值:106 - 1990年为三车道公路干线被分析。HCM展品16-11和16-12<一个href="#B34">34</一个>)被用来确定到达类型和发展已知体积的调整因素条件和车辆分配绿灯时间。值对应的到来类型4和绿色循环时间的比率0.3进展调整因素的选择。</p> <p>额外的自由流动的运行时间延迟拉伸(恒定值为特定链接)添加到估计延迟获得两个地点之间的总旅行时间。获得自由流动运行时间除以位置2和3之间的距离,<年代vg height="15.775" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:24.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.85 15.775" width="24.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.38)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.1,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>自由流动的速度<年代vg height="14.825" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:15.0125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.0125 14.825" width="15.0125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ff</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.39,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的延伸。因此,获得的总旅行时间延迟伸展<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3.21"> <svg height="38.262501" id="M81" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.262501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.2625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.39)"> <g> <path d="m 170.99,64.58 15.28,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.99,53.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.75" y="-10.38"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.741997" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.209648" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.6,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 223.74,56.54 19.79,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.68,44.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ff</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.24,41.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.72,53.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.77" y="-0.16"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="217.9335" y="-0.16"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.185" y="-0.16"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.31075" y="-0.16"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.56226" y="-0.16"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.81375" y="-0.16"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在那里,<年代vg height="15.625" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:19.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.225 15.625" width="19.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.5)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 15.28,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> T</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>总行程时间延误是伸展和<年代vg height="10.75" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:9.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.375 10.75" width="9.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是估计延迟的值。</p> <p>1.82公里的总旅行时间联系然后计算mid-block旅行时间的总和(1.72公里)的旅行时间延迟(0.1公里)。每个模块的基础,混合DF-HCM,标价方法证实了使用字段数据和模拟数据和详细的下面的部分。</p> <h4 id="corroboration-of-the-estimation-scheme">4所示。确证的评估方案</h4><p>为了评估上述方法的性能,估计意思是链接旅行时间使用这些方法绘制与实际旅行时间使用字段数据和模拟数据。所需的实际行程时间数据在使用字段数据的验证结果通过GPS一点装备手动测试车辆以及车辆从视频。GPS数据收集使用三辆车,三个汽车人力车,两个摩托车,五公交车代表每个分类的样本。整个数据收集期间,这些GPS测试车辆,除了公交车,沿着反复研究部分。数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>,<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>,<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>显示了块旅行时间预测的三种方法相比,实际的旅行时间的字段数据和模拟数据。可以看出,混合DF-HCM模型能够捕捉变化的实际旅行时间比其他两种方法。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-85f6c17ec395ef0365dbbf69b99916f0"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/figures/587913.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-85f6c17ec395ef0365dbbf69b99916f0 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/thumbnails/587913.fig.003_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-85f6c17ec395ef0365dbbf69b99916f0 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>使用字段数据样本旅行时间的结果。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-7bb733bb49f64e0a60fa5e8405575f2b"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/figures/587913.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-7bb733bb49f64e0a60fa5e8405575f2b partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/thumbnails/587913.fig.004_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-7bb733bb49f64e0a60fa5e8405575f2b partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>旅行时间为2小时模拟数据比较。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-7aa887201b0ccef85f2bd9eb0cf489da"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/figures/587913.fig.005.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-7aa887201b0ccef85f2bd9eb0cf489da partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/thumbnails/587913.fig.005_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-7aa887201b0ccef85f2bd9eb0cf489da partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>旅行时间从6点比较的样图。M-10:00 P。米年代我米ulated data.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>旅行时间估计的错误在上面的例量化使用平均绝对百分误差(日军)和均方误差(RMSE)。使用获得的平均绝对百分比误差<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq4.1"> <svg height="50.662498" id="M84" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 50.662498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,50.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-31.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.97,47.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.25" y="9.7399998"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.309998" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.115167" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.106504" y="0"> E</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.209167" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 143.52,50.94 11.77,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.52,39.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.44,63.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.48,41.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157,34.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.83,59.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.97,54.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209,57.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.87929" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.219511" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.87,54.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2203999" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.1,57.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.11" y="-1.58"> |</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.11" y="1.58"> |</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 173.83,50.94 106.96,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.43,39.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.07,35.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.09,39.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.900002" y="0.99000001"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.779999" y="-8.75"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.545082" y="-8.75"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.796585" y="-8.75"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.04808" y="-8.75"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.299583" y="-8.75"> %</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.63932" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="228.66" y="-9.54"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.8235" y="-9.54"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.075" y="-9.54"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.20074" y="-9.54"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="248.45226" y="-9.54"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:45px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45 14.7125" width="45" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2203999" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.16,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:59.049999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.049999 14.7125" width="59.049999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.91,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>估计和测量研究的平均旅行时间伸展在吗<年代vg height="10.975" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:20.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.875 10.975" width="20.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.7766261" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> h</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>间隔的时间<年代vg height="10.325" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:14.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.8375 10.325" width="14.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>时间间隔的总数。日军所需满足的标准总结测量等测量有效性、可靠性、易于解释,清晰的展示,支持统计评估。然而,大多数研究者所指出的(<一个href="#B52">52</一个>),日军的分布往往是不对称或右偏态和未定义的值为零。因此,规模依赖测量称为均方根误差(RMSE)也使用时通常是有用的不同的方法应用于同一组数据进行了比较。然而,并没有绝对的标准的“好”价值的措施,他们依赖规模相同的数据<一个href="#B53">53</一个>]。小RMSE的价值,更好的预测。RMSE表达错误的期望值和相同的单元数据使可见大小的一个典型的错误。均方根误差是由<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq4.2"> <svg height="55.637501" id="M89" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 55.637501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,55.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-27.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,103.98,43.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.560001" y="-19.459999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.560001" y="-12.62"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.560001" y="-5.79"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.560001" y="16.299999"> ⎷</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.454668" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.406336" y="0"> E</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.521503" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 168.34,70.71 143.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.3,51.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 169.54,46.97 11.76,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.54,35.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.46,59.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.5,37.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.02,30.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.65,43.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.46,40.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.48,43.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.87929" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.219511" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,275.35,40.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2203999" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,287.58,43.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.103624" y="0"> ]</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,306.85,49.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,311.73,43.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="153.02" y="-2.78"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.1835" y="-2.78"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="163.435" y="-2.78"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="166.56075" y="-2.78"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="172.81226" y="-2.78"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:45px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45 14.7125" width="45" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2203999" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.16,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:59.049999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.049999 14.7125" width="59.049999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.91,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>估计和测量研究的平均旅行时间伸展在吗<年代vg height="10.975" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:20.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.875 10.975" width="20.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.7766261" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> h</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>间隔的时间<年代vg height="10.325" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:14.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.8375 10.325" width="14.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>时间间隔的总数。</p> <p>日军和RMSE值获得的数据所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>可以看到,错误是在可接受的范围<一个href="#B52">52</一个>,<一个href="#B53">53</一个>]。根据刘易斯的判断预测的准确性(<一个href="#B49">49</一个>),任何预测与日军的价值可以被认为是高度准确的不到10%,11% - -20%是好的,21% - -50%是合理的,51%以上是不准确的。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-7bdaac2114289ff507ddf6b85d66d6a9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/figures/587913.fig.006.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-7bdaac2114289ff507ddf6b85d66d6a9 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/thumbnails/587913.fig.006_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-7bdaac2114289ff507ddf6b85d66d6a9 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>性能模型的日军场和模拟数据。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-266711939dbf53c55cca77513bff0c27"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/figures/587913.fig.007.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-266711939dbf53c55cca77513bff0c27 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2012/587913/thumbnails/587913.fig.007_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-266711939dbf53c55cca77513bff0c27 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>性能模型的RMSE场和模拟数据。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>它可以观察到,在野外数据的情况下,混合DF-HCM方法表现好于其他两种方法。结果使用模拟数据显示基地和混合DF-HCM方法执行相对,执行比标价方法。因此,十字路口的结果清楚地表明,分析延迟分别为旅行时间估计带来了更多的准确性。也可以观察到投入产出方法太受制于可以使用流数据质量和只有当流动数据从模拟精度保证等。这是进一步检查通过比较两天的现场数据的性能mid-block部分,和日军和RMSE如表所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>。可以看出,在这种情况下,数据融合方法优于投入产出方法不同的情况下使用模拟数据确认和流值作为获得领域的不确定性,数据融合方法优于输入输出的方法。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 模型的性能在日军和RMSE mid-block。</div> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913/tab1" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <p>总的来说,它可以观察到该数据融合方法是一种更好的旅行时间估计候选人相比,投入产出方法mid-block部分。投入产出方法可以被认为是在这种情况下,流值的准确性得到保证。同时,它可以清楚地观察到,分析分别对交叉口延误带来更多的旅行时间估计的准确性。这导致的结论是,需要对交叉口延误分析分别确定城市干道的总旅行时间。因此,提出数据融合方法可以用于mid-block部分连同HCM十字路口的延时估计方法来确定城市干道的总旅行时间。</p> <h4 id="summary-and-conclusions">5。摘要和结论</h4><p>车辆人口增长的负面影响包括拥堵和延误,和在争论的话题目前世界各地。印度经济的快速增长和相应的车辆数量的增长,也不例外。交通的异构性质和缺乏巷纪律使得这些问题更加复杂。描述和分析这种类型的交通发展中国家现有的需求一种不同的方法比在西方国家是同质的,车道交通纪律。在处理城市干道,有额外的挑战由于交通的高变异性特征。在印度等国家,另一个挑战是在数据可用性,因此较少的数据密集的旅行时间估计要使用的方法。</p> <p>本研究分析了旅行时间估计的数据融合技术的应用在一个印度城市动脉。研究尝试混合DF-HCM方法并比较其性能基本方法和不同类型数据融合模型获得的总旅行时间的整个部分。模型对不同交通流条件的性能测试使用领域和模拟数据。结果表明混合DF-HCM模型作为旅行时间估计的最佳人选在城市干道。标价方法被发现错误强调最高的必要性分析路口分别获得更好的性能。混合模型中,数据融合方法在野外条件下给了有前景的结果。流值的精度保证的时候,比如使用模拟数据,基础和混合DF-HCM方法显示类似的性能稍微从投入产出方法更好的性能。因此,实时ATIS航站等领域实现城市干道,混合方法使用mid-block部分的数据融合以及单独的延迟信号交叉路口的估计带来的最大精度预测旅行时间信息显示其潜在的任何这样的实时实现。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4><p>作者承认这项研究支持的通讯和信息技术,印度政府授予没有通过信。23(1)/ 2009 -交货和印美科技论坛的支持通过批准号IUSSTF / JC-Intelligent交通系统/ / 95 - 2010/2011 - 12所示。</p> </div> </div> <div class="ArticleReferences_xmlContent__p_40j"> <h4 class="ArticleReferences_references__GH2t_" id="references">引用</h4><ol class="ArticleReferences_orderedReferences__mJr9M"> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B1"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">s·m·特纳,w . l .会怎样,r . j .奔驰和d·j·霍尔顿“旅行时间收集数据手册,”科技。众议员供料- pl - 98 - 035,联邦高速公路管理局,华盛顿特区,美国,1998年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Travel%20time%20data%20collection%20handbook&author=S.%20M.%20Turner&author=W.%20L.%20Eisele&author=R.%20J.%20Benz&author=D.%20J.%20Holdener&publication_year=1998" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B2"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">v . p . Sisiopiku n·m·Rouphail, a .圣地亚哥“动脉旅行时间和探测器之间的相关性分析的数据模拟和现场研究,“<我>交通研究记录</我>,没有。1457年,第173 - 166页,1994年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis%20of%20correlation%20between%20arterial%20travel%20time%20and%20detector%20data%20from%20simulation%20and%20field%20studies&author=V.%20P.%20Sisiopiku&author=N.%20M.%20Rouphail&author=A.%20Santiago&publication_year=1994" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B3"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">h . m .张“Link-journey-speed模型动脉流量,”<我>交通研究记录</我>,没有。1676年,第115 - 109页,1999年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Link-journey-speed%20model%20for%20arterial%20traffic&author=H.%20M.%20Zhang&publication_year=1999" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B4"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">美国罗宾逊和j·w·波兰的城市建模与电感回路探测器数据链接旅行时间通过事例的方法,”<我>交通研究记录</我>,没有。1935年,47-56,2005页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Modeling%20urban%20link%20travel%20time%20with%20inductive%20loop%20detector%20data%20by%20using%20the%20k-NN%20method&author=S.%20Robinson&author=J.%20W.%20Polak&publication_year=2005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B5"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j·安德森和m·贝尔“旅行时间估计在城市道路网络,”<我>《1997年IEEE会议在智能交通系统中,ITSC</我>1997年11月,页924 - 929。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Travel%20time%20estimation%20in%20urban%20road%20networks&author=J.%20Anderson&author=M.%20Bell" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B6"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">w·h·林,a Kulkarni和p . Mirchandani“短期动脉旅行时间预测先进的旅行者信息系统,“<我>智能交通系统杂志》上</我>,8卷,不。3、143 - 154年,2004页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450490492833" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Short-term%20arterial%20travel%20time%20prediction%20for%20advanced%20traveler%20information%20systems&author=W.%20H.%20Lin&author=A.%20Kulkarni&author=P.%20Mirchandani&publication_year=2004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an:1062.90013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Zentralblatt数学</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B7"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">l . d . Vanajakshi s c .萨勃拉曼尼亚总督和r . Sivanandan“短期的旅行时间预测印度使用公共汽车作为探测车辆交通状况,”<我>美国交通运输研究委员会第87届会议</我>美国,华盛顿特区,2008年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Short-term%20prediction%20of%20travel%20time%20for%20Indian%20traffic%20conditions%20using%20buses%20as%20probe%20vehicles&author=L.%20D.%20Vanajakshi&author=S.%20C.%20Subramanian&author=R.%20Sivanandan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B8"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">d .公园,l . r . Rilett g·汉,“光谱基础神经网络实时旅行时间预测,“<我>交通运输工程学报</我>,卷125,不。6,515 - 523年,1999页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1999)125:6(515)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Spectral%20basis%20neural%20networks%20for%20real-time%20travel%20time%20forecasting&author=D.%20Park&author=L.%20R.%20Rilett&author=G.%20Han&publication_year=1999" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B9"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">d·h·南和d·r·德鲁”交通动力学:高速公路旅行时间估计方法在实时流量测量,”<我>交通运输工程学报</我>,卷122,不。3、185 - 191年,1996页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1996)122:3(185)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Traffic%20dynamics%3A%20method%20for%20estimating%20freeway%20travel%20times%20in%20real%20time%20from%20flow%20measurements&author=D.%20H.%20Nam&author=D.%20R.%20Drew&publication_year=1996" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B10"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">d·h·南和d·德鲁”,分析高速公路交通拥堵下:交通动力学方法,”<我>交通运输工程学报</我>,卷124,不。3、208 - 212年,1998页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1998)124:3(208)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analyzing%20freeway%20traffic%20under%20congestion%3A%20traffic%20dynamics%20approach&author=D.%20H.%20Nam&author=D.%20R.%20Drew&publication_year=1998" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B11"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a . Skabardonis和n . Geroliminis”路口干道旅行时间的实时估计,”<我>学报》第16届国际研讨会在交通和交通理论</我>,第406 - 387页,2005年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Real-time%20estimation%20of%20travel%20times%20on%20signalized%20arterials&author=A.%20Skabardonis&author=N.%20Geroliminis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B12"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">k .克里希南<我>旅行时间估计和预测城市道路[博士。论文)</我>英国伦敦帝国理工学院,2008。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B13"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">l . d . Vanajakshi b·m·威廉姆斯和l . r . Rilett“基于流的旅行时间估计方法改进为高速公路从探测器的数据点,”<我>交通运输工程学报</我>,卷135,不。1,26-36,2009页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2009)135:1(26)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Improved%20flow-based%20travel%20time%20estimation%20method%20from%20point%20detector%20data%20for%20freeways&author=L.%20D.%20Vanajakshi&author=B.%20M.%20Williams&author=L.%20R.%20Rilett&publication_year=2009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B14"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a . Bhaskar大肠涌,a·g·杜蒙特”分析使用累积情节旅行时间估计网络上大放异彩,”<我>智能交通系统研究的国际期刊</我>,8卷,不。3、151 - 163年,2010页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177-010-0012-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis%20for%20the%20use%20of%20cumulative%20plots%20for%20travel%20time%20estimation%20on%20signalized%20network&author=A.%20Bhaskar&author=E.%20Chung&author=A.%20G.%20Dumont&publication_year=2010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B15"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">k . Choi和y涌”,旅行时间估计的数据融合算法联系,“<我>它的杂志</我>,7卷,不。3 - 4、235 - 260年,2002页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070290258813" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20data%20fusion%20algorithm%20for%20estimating%20link%20travel%20time&author=K.%20Choi&author=Y.%20Chung&publication_year=2002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an:1059.90503" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Zentralblatt数学</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B16"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j .你和t . j .金”混合旅行时间预测模型的开发和评估,”<我>交通研究C</我>,8卷,不。1 - 6,231 - 256年,2000页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-090X(00)00012-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Development%20and%20evaluation%20of%20a%20hybrid%20travel%20time%20forecasting%20model&author=J.%20You&author=T.%20J.%20Kim&publication_year=2000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B17"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">谢,r . l . Cheu和d·h·李,“改善动脉链接旅行时间估计的数据融合,”<我>美国交通运输研究委员会第83届会议</我>美国,华盛顿特区,2004年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Improving%20arterial%20link%20travel%20time%20estimation%20by%20data%20fusion&author=C.%20Xie&author=R.%20L.%20Cheu&author=D.%20H.%20Lee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B18"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">沙玛,d·m·布洛克和j·a . Bonneson“投入产出和混合动力技术的实时预测信号交叉路口的延迟和最大队列长度,“<我>交通研究记录</我>,没有。2035年,第80 - 69页,2007年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3141/2035-08" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Input-output%20and%20hybrid%20techniques%20for%20real-time%20prediction%20of%20delay%20and%20maximum%20queue%20length%20at%20signalized%20intersections&author=A.%20Sharma&author=D.%20M.%20Bullock&author=J.%20A.%20Bonneson&publication_year=2007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B19"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j . Bonneson a·沙玛,d·布洛克”测量性能的汽车交通在城市街道上,“<我>砂浆材料报告</我>、交通运输研究委员会的国家科学院,华盛顿特区,美国,2008年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Measuring%20the%20performance%20of%20automobile%20traffic%20on%20urban%20streets&author=J.%20Bonneson&author=A.%20Sharma&author=D.%20Bullock&publication_year=2008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B20"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">p·d·j·Dailey低质粗支亚麻纱,p . j .林”其数据融合。”<我>其研究项目最终研究报告</我>,华盛顿州交通委员会,华盛顿,美国,1996年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=ITS%20data%20fusion&author=D.%20J.%20Dailey&author=P.%20Harn&author=P.%20J.%20Lin&publication_year=1996" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B21"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">l .楚j .哦,和w·莱克尔,“基于自适应卡尔曼滤波器的公路旅行时间估计,”<我>美国交通运输研究委员会第84届会议</我>美国,华盛顿特区,2005年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Adaptive%20kalman%20filter%20based%20freeway%20travel%20time%20estimation&author=L.%20Chu&author=J.%20Oh&author=W.%20Recker" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B22"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">n . e . El-Faouzi”交通数据融合、贝叶斯和证据方法”<我>美国交通运输研究委员会第85届会议</我>美国,华盛顿特区,2006年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bayesian%20and%20evidential%20approaches%20for%20traffic%20data%20fusion&author=N.%20E.%20El-Faouzi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B23"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j . Kwon b Coifman, p . Bickel“日常行程时间趋势和行程时间预测从回路检测器数据,”<我>交通研究记录</我>,没有。1717年,第129 - 120页,2000年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Day-to-day%20travel-time%20trends%20and%20travel-time%20prediction%20from%20loop-detector%20data&author=J.%20Kwon&author=B.%20Coifman&author=P.%20Bickel&publication_year=2000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B24"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">张x和j·a .大米、“短期旅行时间预测,”<我>交通研究C</我>,11卷,不。3 - 4、187 - 210年,2003页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-090X(03)00026-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Short-term%20travel%20time%20prediction&author=X.%20Zhang&author=J.%20A.%20Rice&publication_year=2003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B25"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">n . e . El-Faouzi l·a·克莱恩,o . De看,“改善旅行时间估计感应循环并与dempster-shafer收费数据数据融合,“<我>交通研究记录</我>,没有。2129年,第80 - 73页,2009年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3141/2129-09" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Improving%20travel%20time%20estimates%20from%20inductive%20loop%20and%20toll%20collection%20data%20with%20dempster-shafer%20data%20fusion&author=N.%20E.%20El-Faouzi&author=L.%20A.%20Klein&author=O.%20De%20Mouzon&publication_year=2009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B26"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j·n·伊万,”神经网络表示为动脉街事件检测数据融合,“<我>交通研究C</我>,5卷,不。3 - 4、245 - 254年,1997页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-090X(97)00018-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Neural%20network%20representations%20for%20arterial%20street%20incident%20detection%20data%20fusion&author=J.%20N.%20Ivan&publication_year=1997" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B27"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">c . f . Daganzo<我>运输和交通运营的基础</我>Pergamon-Elsevier,牛津大学,英国,1997年。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B28"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">公元5月,<我>交通流基本原理</我>美国新泽西,Prentice Hall,恩格尔伍德悬崖,1990。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B29"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">r . Pueboobpaphan和t . Nakatsuji实时交通状态估计在城市道路网络:无味卡尔曼滤波的应用,”<我>《第九次国际会议上先进技术在交通运输中的应用</我>美国,页542 - 547年,2006年8月。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/40799(213)86" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Real-time%20traffic%20state%20estimation%20on%20urban%20road%20network%3A%20the%20application%20of%20unscented%20Kalman%20filter&author=R.%20Pueboobpaphan&author=T.%20Nakatsuji" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B30"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">w·h·x Liu马、吴x和h,“实时估计动脉旅行时间在拥挤的条件下,“<我>Tr一个n年代portmetrica</我>,8卷,不。2、87 - 104年,2012页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Real%20time%20estimation%20of%20arterial%20travel%20time%20under%20congested%20conditions&author=H.%20X.%20Liu&author=W.%20Ma&author=X.%20Wu&author=H.%20Hu&publication_year=2012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B31"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">f·v·韦伯斯特,“交通信号设置”,<我>道路研究技术论文</我>39岁的科学与工业研究,伦敦,英国,1958年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Traffic%20signal%20settings&author=F.%20V.%20Webster&publication_year=1958" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B32"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a·j·米勒”,设置固定周期交通信号,”<我>运筹学的季度</我>,没有。14日,第386 - 373页,1963年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Settings%20for%20fixed-cycle%20traffic%20signals&author=A.%20J.%20Miller&publication_year=1963" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B33"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">g·f·纽厄尔”,随机延迟路口干线公路,”<我>运输和交通理论</我>,米,Ed,页598 - 598,爱思唯尔科学出版社,1990年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Stochastic%20delays%20on%20signalized%20arterial%20highways&author=G.%20F.%20Newell&publication_year=1990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B34"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">HCM,<我>高速公路容量手册</我>交通研究委员会,华盛顿,美国,2000年。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B35"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">r . m .金柏和e·m·霍利斯“交叉路口交通队列和延迟,”<我>TRRL实验室报告</我>909年,交通和道路研究实验室(TRRL),伦敦,英国,1979年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Traffic%20queues%20and%20delays%20at%20road%20junctions&author=R.%20M.%20Kimber&author=E.%20M.%20Hollis&publication_year=1979" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B36"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">d . w .强劲、r . m . Nagui和k的勇气,“现有的计算方法和扩展HCM延迟估计过程,”<我>美国交通运输研究委员会第87届会议</我>美国,华盛顿特区,2006年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=New%20calculation%20method%20for%20existing%20and%20extended%20HCM%20delay%20estimation%20procedure&author=D.%20W.%20Strong&author=R.%20M.%20Nagui&author=K.%20Courage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B37"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">s . c .蚀”,从冲击波分析确定交通延误。”<我>交通研究</我>,12卷,不。5,343 - 348年,1978页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-1647(78)90010-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Determination%20of%20traffic%20delays%20from%20shock-wave%20analysis&author=S.%20C.%20Wirasinghe&publication_year=1978" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B38"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">w . b . Cronje”分析现有公式的延迟,溢出和停止,”<我>交通研究记录</我>,没有。905年,第95 - 93页,1983年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis%20of%20existing%20formulas%20for%20delay%2C%20overflow%20and%20stops&author=W.%20B.%20Cronje&publication_year=1983" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B39"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">w . Brilon和n .吴”延误定时交通信号在时间的交通条件下,“<我>交通工程和控制</我>没有,卷。31日。12日,1990年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Delays%20at%20fixed-time%20traffic%20signals%20under%20time-dependent%20traffic%20conditions&author=W.%20Brilon&author=N.%20Wu&publication_year=1990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B40"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">f . Viti和h v Zuylen,”马尔可夫介观模拟模型队列溢出的多车道的路口十字路口有”<我>《联席会议10日EWGT & 16 Mini-EURO会议</我>华沙,波兰,2005年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Markov%20mesoscopic%20simulation%20model%20of%20overflow%20queues%20at%20multilane%20signalized%20intersections&author=F.%20Viti&author=H.%20V.%20Zuylen" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B41"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">克里希那y, p室利罗摩克里希纳,诉看到,总督r . Sivanandan“公交车行程时间预测使用GPS数据,”<一个t一个rget="_blank" href="http://www.gisdevelopment.net/proceedings/mapindia/ 2006student%20oral/mi06stu_84.htm">http://www.gisdevelopment.net/proceedings/mapindia/ 2006学生% 20口头/ mi06stu_84.htm</一个>,2011年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bus%20travel%20time%20prediction%20using%20GPS%20data&author=Y.%20Ramakrishna&author=P.%20Ramakrishna&author=V.%20Lakshmanan&author=R.%20Sivanandan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B42"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">r . p . s . Padmanaban l . Vanajakshi, s . c .萨勃拉曼尼亚”巴士旅行时间估计将停留时间进行了应用,”<我>20.09年IEEE智能车辆研讨会</我>中文,页955 - 959年,2009年6月。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2009.5164409" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Estimation%20of%20bus%20travel%20time%20incorporating%20dwell%20time%20for%20APTS%20applications&author=R.%20P.%20S.%20Padmanaban&author=L.%20Vanajakshi&author=S.%20C.%20Subramanian" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B43"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">ArcGIS 9.3手动,ESRI, 2008年8月。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B44"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">PTV,<我>VISSIM 5.3版本手册,创新运输概念</我>Pl一个nung运输Verkehr AG)、卡尔斯鲁厄,德国,2010年。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B45"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">f·c·方和l . Elefteriadou”一些指导方针选择交换流量经营分析,微观分析模拟模型”<我>交通运输工程学报</我>,卷131,不。7,535 - 543年,2005页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2005)131:7(535)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Some%20guidelines%20for%20selecting%20microsimulation%20models%20for%20interchange%20traffic%20operational%20analysis&author=F.%20C.%20Fang&author=L.%20Elefteriadou&publication_year=2005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B46"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">t . v .马修和p . Radhakrishnan校准nonlane-based异构信号交叉路口的交通微观仿真模型的,”<我>城市规划与发展》杂志上</我>,卷136,不。1、文章ID 005001 qup, 59 - 66年,2010页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2010)136:1(59)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Calibration%20of%20microsimulation%20models%20for%20nonlane-based%20heterogeneous%20traffic%20at%20signalized%20intersections&author=T.%20V.%20Mathew&author=P.%20Radhakrishnan&publication_year=2010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B47"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">戴x, z高、t . Breikin和h . Wang”高增益observer-based与延迟校准参数的估计的变化,“<我>IEEE自动控制</我>卷,57号3、726 - 732年,2012页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2011.2169635" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=High-gain%20observer-based%20estimation%20of%20parameter%20variations%20with%20delay%20alignment&author=X.%20Dai&author=Z.%20Gao&author=T.%20Breikin&author=H.%20Wang&publication_year=2012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B48"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">戴高z、x、t . Breikin和h . Wang”小说通过使用高增益观测器参数识别与应用程序的燃气涡轮发动机,”<我>IEEE工业信息</我>,4卷,不。4、271 - 279年,2008页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2008.2007802" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Novel%20parameter%20identification%20by%20using%20a%20high-gain%20observer%20with%20application%20to%20a%20gas%20turbine%20engine&author=Z.%20Gao&author=X.%20Dai&author=T.%20Breikin&author=H.%20Wang&publication_year=2008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B49"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">韦尔奇和g .主教<我>介绍了卡尔曼滤波</我>北卡罗莱纳大学教堂山分校,数控,美国,2006年。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B50"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">d·h·南和d·r·德鲁”自动测量的流量变量对于智能交通系统的应用程序,“<我>交通研究B</我>,33卷,不。6,437 - 457年,1999页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(99)00001-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个><年代pan class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Automatic%20measurement%20of%20traffic%20variables%20for%20intelligent%20transportation%20systems%20applications&author=D.%20H.%20Nam&author=D.%20R.%20Drew&publication_year=1999" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B51"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">IRC: 106,<我>指南在平原地区城市道路容量</我>道路,印度国会,新德里,印度,1990。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B52"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">d·l·肯尼斯·k·k·罗纳德,<我>业务和管理的进步预测</我>霍华德,翡翠书籍,房子,伦敦,英国,1982年。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B53"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">c·d·科尔曼和d . a . Swanson”MAPE-R横断面测量的估计和预测的准确性,”<我>经济和社会测量杂志》上</我>,32卷,不。4、219 - 233年,2007页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=On%20MAPE-R%20as%20a%20measure%20of%20cross-sectional%20estimation%20and%20forecast%20accuracy&author=C.%20D.%20Coleman&author=D.%20A.%20Swanson&publication_year=2007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个></div></li> </ol> </div> <h4 class="copyright-title" id="copyright">版权</h4><div class="copyright-body"> 版权©2012 s p . Anusha等。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</div> <div id="related-articles"></div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_rightColumn__b_MuL"> <div> <div> <div class="ArticleRightSection_articleRightSection__rG8Zh"> <div class="ArticleToolbar_articleToolbar__8fsAH"> <a href="https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2012/587913.pdf" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="primary" aria-label="PDF" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" target="_blank" data-testid="download-pdf"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 19 24"> <path d="M16.772,24H2.227A2.163,2.163,0,0,1,0,21.746V2.255A2.159,2.159,0,0,1,2.227,0H12.415L12.9.494h.03V.523L19,6.669V21.746A2.161,2.161,0,0,1,16.772,24ZM2.334,1A1.276,1.276,0,0,0,1,2.358V21.642A1.283,1.283,0,0,0,2.334,23H16.665A1.276,1.276,0,0,0,18,21.642V7.087l-.032-.033H14.215A2.131,2.131,0,0,1,12.02,4.832V1.005L12.015,1ZM13,2V4.745A1.192,1.192,0,0,0,14.261,6H17ZM4.012,20A1.032,1.032,0,0,1,3,18.923a2.505,2.505,0,0,1,.967-1.539,8.15,8.15,0,0,1,2.377-1.418c.344-.779.65-1.6.92-2.327l.008-.022.017-.046.009-.024c.2-.539.453-1.209.71-1.827a4.545,4.545,0,0,1-.372-3.862c.267-.569.6-.858.976-.858.556,0,.964.621,1.015,1.546a7.125,7.125,0,0,1-.681,3.143c.158.305.343.624.55.949a7.127,7.127,0,0,0,1.806,1.9,8.681,8.681,0,0,1,2.023-.279,4.23,4.23,0,0,1,1.468.238c.118.047,1.156.478,1.2,1.143a.688.688,0,0,1-.412.67,2.509,2.509,0,0,1-1.164.242,4.757,4.757,0,0,1-.671-.052,6.631,6.631,0,0,1-2.608-1.025c-.163.042-.323.086-.514.138l-.1.026-.15.041c-.235.067-.464.13-.679.185l-.292.076-.025.006-.019,0c-.794.205-1.615.418-2.4.705A14.033,14.033,0,0,1,6,18.437C5.832,18.7,4.941,20,4.012,20ZM6,17a6.865,6.865,0,0,0-1.287.871A1.927,1.927,0,0,0,4,18.831a.12.12,0,0,0,.041.1A.165.165,0,0,0,4.17,19c.327,0,.965-.631,1.356-1.219C5.671,17.564,5.83,17.3,6,17Zm7.044-2A4.632,4.632,0,0,0,12,15.131a4.76,4.76,0,0,0,1.675.792A2.906,2.906,0,0,0,14.32,16a1.629,1.629,0,0,0,.68-.13,2.672,2.672,0,0,0-.584-.528A2.752,2.752,0,0,0,13.045,15ZM8.166,13c-.177.449-.343.884-.481,1.25l-.01.025-.009.024-.007.02-.035.092-.032.085c-.156.409-.37.97-.59,1.5.6-.181,1.229-.341,1.733-.469l.031-.008.055-.014.028-.007.028-.007.307-.078c.191-.048.4-.105.674-.179l.03-.008.005,0,.036-.01.036-.01.01,0,.01,0,.016,0a8.291,8.291,0,0,1-1.566-1.767C8.341,13.285,8.264,13.16,8.166,13Zm.516-5a1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.34.365A2.425,2.425,0,0,0,8.437,11a4.012,4.012,0,0,0,.553-2.22A1.309,1.309,0,0,0,8.681,8Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>PDF</年代pan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jam/2012/587913.ris" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="ghost" aria-label="Download Citation" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" data-testid="download-citation"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M16 12H8C7.44772 12 7 12.4477 7 13C7 13.5523 7.44772 14 8 14H16C16.5523 14 17 13.5523 17 13C17 12.4477 16.5523 12 16 12Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M16 16H8C7.44772 16 7 16.4477 7 17C7 17.5523 7.44772 18 8 18H16C16.5523 18 17 17.5523 17 17C17 16.4477 16.5523 16 16 16Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M10 8H8C7.44772 8 7 8.44772 7 9C7 9.55228 7.44772 10 8 10H10C10.5523 10 11 9.55228 11 9C11 8.44772 10.5523 8 10 8Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M15 2C15 1.44772 14.5523 1 14 1C13.4477 1 13 1.44772 13 2V8C13 8.55228 13.4477 9 14 9H20C20.5523 9 21 8.55228 21 8C21 7.44772 20.5523 7 20 7H15V2Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.7071 1.29289C14.5196 1.10536 14.2652 1 14 1H6C4.34315 1 3 2.34315 3 4V20C3 21.6569 4.34315 23 6 23H18C19.6569 23 21 21.6569 21 20V8C21 7.73478 20.8946 7.48043 20.7071 7.29289L14.7071 1.29289ZM6 3H13.5858L19 8.41421V20C19 20.5523 18.5523 21 18 21H6C5.44772 21 5 20.5523 5 20V4C5 3.44772 5.44772 3 6 3Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>下载引用</年代pan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <div class="ant-collapse ant-collapse-icon-position-end articleToolbarOtherFormats_otherFormatsCollapse__VHaOL"> <div class="ant-collapse-item"> <div class="ant-collapse-header" aria-expanded="false" aria-disabled="false" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="ant-collapse-expand-icon"> <span role="img" class="anticon ant-collapse-arrow"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span> </div> <span class="ant-collapse-header-text"><span><span role="img" class="anticon articleToolbarOtherFormats_atofDownloadIcon__YRM5T"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span><span>下载其他格式</年代pan></span></span> </div> </div> </div> <a href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/587913/confirm" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="ghost" aria-label="Order printed copies" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" target="_blank"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.41667 1H18.6667C19.1269 1 19.5 1.44772 19.5 2V22C19.5 22.5523 19.1269 23 18.6667 23H7.41667C5.80584 23 4.5 21.433 4.5 19.5V4.5C4.5 2.567 5.80584 1 7.41667 1ZM6.16667 16.3368V4.5C6.16667 3.67157 6.72631 3 7.41667 3H17.8333V16H7.41667C6.96933 16 6.54552 16.1208 6.16667 16.3368ZM17.8333 18H7.41667C6.72631 18 6.16667 18.6716 6.16667 19.5C6.16667 20.3284 6.72631 21 7.41667 21H17.8333V18Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>订单打印副本</年代pan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 18 14"> <defs> <clippath id="a"> <path d="M10.293,13.707a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.414L14.586,8H1A1,1,0,0,1,1,6H14.586L10.293,1.707A1,1,0,0,1,11.707.293l6,6a1,1,0,0,1,.172.231h0l.01.019,0,.005.007.014.006.012,0,.008.008.018v0a1,1,0,0,1-.009.817l0,0L17.9,7.44l0,.009-.005.011-.007.013,0,.008-.008.015,0,.005-.01.016,0,0-.011.017,0,0-.012.018,0,0-.012.017,0,0L17.8,7.6l0,0-.011.014,0,.006-.01.012-.009.011-.006.007-.015.017h0l-.04.042-6,6a1,1,0,0,1-1.414,0Z" transform="translate(3 5)"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g transform="translate(-3 -5)"> <path d="M10.293,13.707a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.414L14.586,8H1A1,1,0,0,1,1,6H14.586L10.293,1.707A1,1,0,0,1,11.707.293l6,6a1,1,0,0,1,.172.231h0l.01.019,0,.005.007.014.006.012,0,.008.008.018v0a1,1,0,0,1-.009.817l0,0L17.9,7.44l0,.009-.005.011-.007.013,0,.008-.008.015,0,.005-.01.016,0,0-.011.017,0,0-.012.018,0,0-.012.017,0,0L17.8,7.6l0,0-.011.014,0,.006-.01.012-.009.011-.006.007-.015.017h0l-.04.042-6,6a1,1,0,0,1-1.414,0Z" transform="translate(3 5)" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_articleToolbarStatistics__8_woN"> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_column__R2GqD"> <div> <div> <span>的观点</年代pan> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_amount__vJIDp"> 1601年</div> </div> <div> <span>下载</年代pan> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_amount__vJIDp"> 1272年</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_column__R2GqD articleToolbarStatistics_dimensions__pe7pO"> <div> 引用</div> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ articleToolbarStatistics_circle__p2dSc" data-doi="10.1155/2012/587913" data-style="small_circle"></span> </div> </div> <ul class="articleToolbarSocials_articleToolbarSocials__g02HH"> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/587913&via=Hindawi" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="126.444 2.281 589 589"> <circle cx="420.944" cy="296.781" r="294.5" fill="#2daae1"></circle> <path d="M609.773 179.634c-13.891 6.164-28.811 10.331-44.498 12.204 16.01-9.587 28.275-24.779 34.066-42.86a154.78 154.78 0 0 1-49.209 18.801c-14.125-15.056-34.267-24.456-56.551-24.456-42.773 0-77.462 34.675-77.462 77.473 0 6.064.683 11.98 1.996 17.66-64.389-3.236-121.474-34.079-159.684-80.945-6.672 11.446-10.491 24.754-10.491 38.953 0 26.875 13.679 50.587 34.464 64.477a77.122 77.122 0 0 1-35.097-9.686v.979c0 37.54 26.701 68.842 62.145 75.961-6.511 1.784-13.344 2.716-20.413 2.716-4.998 0-9.847-.473-14.584-1.364 9.859 30.769 38.471 53.166 72.363 53.799-26.515 20.785-59.925 33.175-96.212 33.175-6.25 0-12.427-.373-18.491-1.104 34.291 21.988 75.006 34.824 118.759 34.824 142.496 0 220.428-118.052 220.428-220.428 0-3.361-.074-6.697-.236-10.021a157.855 157.855 0 0 0 38.707-40.158z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/587913" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve"> <g transform="translate(-373.642 -318.344)"> <path fill="#1D8CB5" d="M583.659 328.849H419.625c-19.599 0-35.487 15.888-35.487 35.487v164.015c0 19.599 15.888 35.486 35.487 35.486h164.033c19.599 0 35.487-15.888 35.487-35.486V364.337c.001-19.599-15.888-35.488-35.486-35.488z"></path> <lineargradient id="a" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="-808.873" y1="199.892" x2="-860.569" y2="49.203" gradienttransform="rotate(180 -17.27 206.273) scale(.5915)"> <stop offset="0" style="stop-color:#fff"></stop> <stop offset="1" style="stop-color:#fff;stop-opacity:0"></stop> </lineargradient> <path opacity=".781" fill="url(#a)" d="M557.056 338.895H446.227c-29.337 0-52.955 23.81-52.955 53.385v108.127c.95 23.087 4.603 8.491 11.555-17.075 8.081-29.713 34.396-55.682 66.445-75.145 24.461-14.855 51.84-24.341 101.679-25.244 28.265-.511 25.77-36.683-15.895-44.048z"></path> </g> <g fill="#FFF"> <path d="M81.604 207.76V101.49h-35.32v106.27h35.32zM63.951 86.98c12.308 0 19.981-8.161 19.981-18.36-.228-10.426-7.673-18.36-19.75-18.36-12.087 0-19.984 7.934-19.984 18.36 0 10.199 7.662 18.36 19.52 18.36h.233zM101.151 207.76h35.326v-59.345c0-3.178.23-6.352 1.165-8.621 2.547-6.35 8.363-12.92 18.118-12.92 12.784 0 17.893 9.748 17.893 24.032v56.855h35.319v-60.936c0-32.643-17.422-47.83-40.665-47.83-19.053 0-27.421 10.647-32.068 17.902h.238V101.49h-35.326c.469 9.97 0 106.27 0 106.27z"></path> </g> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/587913" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 14222 14222"> <circle cx="7111" cy="7112" r="7111" fill="#1977f3"></circle> <path d="M9879 9168l315-2056H8222V5778c0-562 275-1111 1159-1111h897V2917s-814-139-1592-139c-1624 0-2686 984-2686 2767v1567H4194v2056h1806v4969c362 57 733 86 1111 86s749-30 1111-86V9168z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div> <footer class="ant-layout-footer"> <div class="footer-main-nav-section"> <div class="footer-main-nav"> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About Us">关于我们</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us">联系我们</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</一个></年代pan></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges">文章处理费用</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/print-editions/" aria-label="Print editions">印刷版</一个></年代pan></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors">作者</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors">编辑器</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers">评论家</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</一个></年代pan></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus">雷电竞APP</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative">开放档案计划</一个></年代pan></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/preventing-and-protecting-against-fraud/" aria-label="Fraud prevention">欺诈防范</一个></年代pan></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> </div> <div class="social-links"> 遵循我们:<div class="social-links__icons"> <a aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM29.1449 16.1871C29.1449 15.9885 29.1406 15.7907 29.1318 15.5939C30.0281 14.946 30.8072 14.1373 31.4215 13.2166C30.5991 13.5822 29.7141 13.8284 28.7854 13.9395C29.7333 13.371 30.4608 12.4719 30.8041 11.4005C29.917 11.9263 28.9349 12.3083 27.8891 12.5146C27.0514 11.6223 25.8588 11.0641 24.5383 11.0641C22.0032 11.0641 19.9472 13.1201 19.9472 15.6543C19.9472 16.0144 19.9878 16.3647 20.0665 16.701C16.2512 16.5091 12.868 14.6823 10.6042 11.9046C10.21 12.583 9.9826 13.371 9.9826 14.212C9.9826 15.8047 10.7928 17.2107 12.0255 18.0331C11.2723 18.0099 10.5649 17.803 9.94629 17.4591C9.94568 17.4783 9.94568 17.4969 9.94568 17.5177C9.94568 19.7406 11.528 21.597 13.6285 22.0175C13.2428 22.1228 12.8369 22.1793 12.4179 22.1793C12.1228 22.1793 11.835 22.15 11.5552 22.0963C12.1399 23.9203 13.8342 25.2475 15.8438 25.2847C14.2725 26.5161 12.2931 27.2498 10.1422 27.2498C9.77203 27.2498 9.40643 27.2287 9.04724 27.1863C11.0788 28.4885 13.4912 29.2484 16.0837 29.2484C24.5276 29.248 29.1449 22.2531 29.1449 16.1871Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM9.31732 30.2344H14.1882V15.5801H9.31732V30.2344ZM11.7529 13.5791H11.7212C10.0867 13.5791 9.02954 12.4539 9.02954 11.0477C9.02954 9.60968 10.119 8.51562 11.7853 8.51562C13.4515 8.51562 14.4769 9.60968 14.5087 11.0477C14.5087 12.4539 13.4515 13.5791 11.7529 13.5791ZM26.8814 30.2344H31.7517V21.8317C31.7517 17.3306 29.3488 15.2362 26.1441 15.2362C23.5599 15.2362 22.4017 16.6565 21.7545 17.655V15.5801H16.8839C16.9476 16.955 16.8839 30.2344 16.8839 30.2344H21.7545V22.0508C21.7545 21.6129 21.7859 21.1752 21.9147 20.8621C22.2668 19.9872 23.0682 19.0808 24.4138 19.0808C26.1761 19.0808 26.8814 20.4245 26.8814 22.3947V30.2344Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M17.2973 23.7838L23.7838 20L17.2973 16.2162V23.7838Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM31.9824 26.0324C32.4969 24.0765 32.4969 20.0204 32.4969 20.0204C32.4969 20.0204 32.5177 15.9442 31.9824 13.9883C31.694 12.9178 30.8499 12.0734 29.7794 11.7853C27.8235 11.25 20 11.25 20 11.25C20 11.25 12.1765 11.25 10.2206 11.7648C9.17053 12.0529 8.30566 12.9178 8.01758 13.9883C7.50275 15.9442 7.50275 20 7.50275 20C7.50275 20 7.50275 24.0765 8.01758 26.0117C8.30597 27.0822 9.15009 27.9266 10.2206 28.2147C12.197 28.75 20 28.75 20 28.75C20 28.75 27.8235 28.75 29.7794 28.2352C30.8499 27.9471 31.694 27.103 31.9824 26.0324Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="39" viewbox="0 0 40 39" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M40 19.4595C40 8.71394 31.044 0 20 0C8.95599 0 0 8.71394 0 19.4595C0 30.205 8.95599 38.9189 20 38.9189C20.1175 38.9189 20.2344 38.9165 20.3516 38.9145V23.7661H16.0547V18.8938H20.3516V15.3084C20.3516 11.1502 22.9605 8.88705 26.7728 8.88705C28.5983 8.88705 30.1675 9.01948 30.625 9.07857V13.4244H27.9962C25.9222 13.4244 25.5206 14.3835 25.5206 15.7906V18.8938H30.4797L29.8334 23.7661H25.5206V38.1671C33.8803 35.8353 40 28.3418 40 19.4595Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-minor-nav"> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策</一个><div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款</一个><div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Responsible Disclosure Policy">负责信息披露政策</一个><div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策</一个><div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Copyright">版权</一个><div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/modern-slavery-statement/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Modern slavery statement">现代奴隶制的声明</一个><div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Cookie Preferences">饼干的偏好</一个></年代pan> </div> </footer> </div> </section> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>