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<p>在这一页上</p> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#materials-and-methods" aria-label="">材料和方法</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#results-and-discussion" aria-label="">结果与讨论</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#conclusion" aria-label="">结论</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#data-availability" aria-label="">数据可用性</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#conflicts-of-interest" aria-label="">的利益冲突</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#supplementary-materials" aria-label="">补充材料</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</一个></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<sup>1,2</sup></span> <span class="">Abba Paltahe,<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="">丹尼尔Fotio,<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="">撕Atangana文森特,<sup>1</sup> 和</span> <span class="">Wassansa弗朗索瓦销售<sup>1</sup></span> <div class="sc-ePZHVD eecoTM isHide"> <p><sup>1</sup><span>化学系,提高教师培训学院,大学马鲁阿,55岁,信箱马鲁阿,喀麦隆</span></p> <p><sup>2</sup><span>农业与环境工程系,Bamenda大学技术学院39信箱,Bambili、喀麦隆</span></p> </div> <button class="sc-kEYyzF gRIXYh sc-bEjcJn cFrLKZ" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>Doraiswami Ramkrishna</div> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2019年8月11日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2019年10月02</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2019年10月17日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2019年11月27日</span> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-kZmsYB iukjRu article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>水有限公司(II)等重金属污染是特别的关注,因为他们坚持环境、毒性、生物蓄积在生物体的能力。在这项研究中,接触时间的影响在三个初始浓度、pH值、吸附剂剂量,温度,动力学,热力学,一、两年,带三个参数的吸附等温线模型有限公司(II)在印楝树叶(黑暗)调查。吸附剂使用红外光谱特征,TGA-DSC, adsorption-desorption EDX和氮。黑暗是由许多公司(II) surface-binding团体和打赌面积为0.2783 m<sup>2</sup>/ g由中央和大孔隙。平衡是三个浓度在10分钟内达到去除效率为85 - 97%。∆<我>G</我>5.424°的−−6.068焦每摩尔在25到60°C,分别表示自发吸附随着温度。dr吸附能量的0.649到2.433焦每摩尔揭示了物理吸附。最大吸附容量的9.201 - -523.900毫克/克获得了弗伦德里希和约万诺维奇等温线。明显的吸附是非常有利的高Kiselev平衡常数(11.652 - -172.78 L /毫克)和非常低<我>R</我><sub>l</sub>0.001 - -0.026的值。吸附发生排斥机制由Fowler-Guggenheim表示和Hill-de波尔负相互作用能量(16.182到90.163和111.102−−−−3328.86 KJmol<sup>−1</sup><sub>,</sub>分别),确认最大的公司(II)吸附在pH值3。结果可用于一个高效吸附系统的设计使用楝树叶中非常有效的消除低和高水平的钴等重金属离子废水。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>世界人口的增加,伴随需求已经导致了繁荣的新技术来满足这些需求。然而,这些新技术的发展导致了增加需要的自然资源。这些自然资源的开发和新技术的使用极大地影响全球环境。不幸的是,淡水的代表<我><</我>水在地球上和总数的1%用于所有由人类活动(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>,<一个href="#B2">2</一个>)收到的大部分污染问题与开发自然资源和新技术的发展。水污染的叫做重金属污染物在全球的崛起和特别的关注,因为他们坚持环境,在微量有毒,能够引起严重的氧化应激和生物蓄积在生物体的能力<一个href="#B2">2</一个>]。这样的重金属之一是钴的主要人为源环境cobalt-bearing矿石开采和加工,使用cobalt-containing污泥或磷酸盐化肥对土壤,cobalt-containing废物的处理,和大气沉积来自化石燃料的燃烧等活动和金属冶炼和精炼<一个href="#B3">3</一个>]。这种金属具有显著的对人类健康的影响甚至在痕量如表示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>(<一个href="#B4">4</一个>]。由于钴毒性(表处于非常低的水平<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>),有需要开发合适的技术,可以有效地将钴从解决方案即使在非常低的浓度。目前,许多水处理技术,如降水、coagulation-flocculation,沉降,浮选、过滤、膜过程、电化学过程、生物过程、吸附和离子交换与不同的效率测试<一个href="#B5">5</一个>]。大多数发展中国家缺乏技术和经济手段来应用这些技术。因此,需要一个非常简单的技术可以在低成本设计和应用即使在地方甚至没有电。许多研究报道,吸附是最有前途的处理技术由于其潜在的效率,能够去除污染物的含量非常低,能耗低,选择性高,操作方便,分离各种化合物的能力(<一个href="#B6">6</一个>,<一个href="#B7">7</一个>]。然而,吸附效率很大程度上取决于固体吸附剂负责修复其表面上的污染物。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">器官系统</td> <td class="align_center">毒性水平报道</td> <td class="align_center">报道的影响</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">肺</td> <td class="align_center">0.015 - -0.13毫克/ m<sup>3</sup></td> <td class="align_center">肺妥协,肺部炎症、肉芽肿性肺病、限制性肺病、肺纤维化,fibrosing牙槽炎,会更加综合症</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">血液</td> <td class="align_center">∼1毫克/公斤/天</td> <td class="align_center">增加红细胞和血红蛋白水平,即。,polycythemia (levels normalize 9–15 days after cessation)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">心血管</td> <td class="align_center">0.04毫克有限公司/公斤/天0.14毫克/公斤/天</td> <td class="align_center">啤酒消费者的心肌病,窦性心动过速,左心室衰竭、心原性休克,减少心肌合规,没有心肌运动或儿茶酚胺反应,增大心脏,心包积液,广泛的细胞内变化(肌纤维的变化,线粒体、糖原和脂质),病理变化在myocardiaum包括增生性间质组织,肌肉纤维肿胀,和焦退化。</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">胃肠</td> <td class="align_center">0.04毫克/公斤/天</td> <td class="align_center">恶心、呕吐、腹泻,</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">肝脏的影响</td> <td class="align_center">0.04毫克/公斤/天</td> <td class="align_center">中央肝坏死,血清胆红素增加,增加天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸磷酸激酶增加,增加鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶,isocitric脱氢酶、醛缩酶</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">内分泌</td> <td class="align_center">0.066毫克/公斤/天</td> <td class="align_center">组织学形态:不规则的卵泡,卵泡大小,减少甲状腺肿、甲状腺功能减退、甲状腺发育不全,甲状腺肥大,甲状腺增生、甲状腺坚贞</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">皮肤病学的</td> <td class="align_center">0.014毫克/公斤/天</td> <td class="align_center">过敏性皮炎、湿疹耀斑,</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">眼科</td> <td class="align_center">1.3毫克/公斤/天</td> <td class="align_center">严重的视力障碍(视神经萎缩、脉络膜灌注受损),implant-related chorio-retinal钴毒性、不变性的photoreceptor-retinal色素上皮细胞(RPE)复杂,有毒的视网膜病变</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">神经系统</td> <td class="align_center">血清水平> 0.01毫克</td> <td class="align_center">记忆障碍,精神状态改变,耳聋、眩晕、癫痫、震动</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">精神病学</td> <td class="align_center">血清水平> 0.01毫克</td> <td class="align_center">抑郁症</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="3"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td> <div> 高基因毒性a cepa工厂报告所有的水样本Sandub区域的工业废水,卡利亚,埃及,与存在的一些重金属(铅、锌、Co、Cd和铜)(<一个href="#B20" target="_blank">20.</一个>]<br> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 总结影响暴露于钴(<一个href="#B4" target="_blank">4</一个>]。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>活性炭是使用最广泛的吸附剂在水和废水处理,但它的使用有一些重大的缺点导致其生产成本高,需要再生伴随着管理产生的污泥(<一个href="#B8">8</一个>]。因此需要在全球范围内为低成本吸附剂如粘土(<一个href="#B8">8</一个>),<我>穆萨paradisiaca</我>和<我>番薯甘薯</我>皮(<一个href="#B9">9</一个>,<一个href="#B10">10</一个>),leaf-based吸附剂(<一个href="#B11">11</一个>壳聚糖[],和修改<一个href="#B12">12</一个>]对重金属和其他污染物吸附水和废水。尤其有增加趋势利用生物质废物材料作为吸附剂对重金属去除的水和废水因其丰富的可用性和低成本,较高的固定碳的多孔结构,在纤维素含量高,木质素、半纤维素等具有良好的官能团,可以绑定重金属(<一个href="#B7">7</一个>,<一个href="#B13">13</一个>,<一个href="#B14">14</一个>]。研究人员正在显现出了与日俱增的兴趣,从leaf-based吸附剂材料(原始的或修改的),因为他们是廉价和在世界各地的大量极少使用(<一个href="#B11">11</一个>]。它们含有羟基、羧基、羰基、氨基、硝基可以作为结合位点在吸附污染物。最重要的是他们需要很少的准备阶段。</p> <p>楝树(<我>Azadirachta indica</我>)是一个独特的红木树主要在东南亚地区也发现在不同的国家。其产品已广泛应用于解决各种各样的问题与公共卫生、农业、环境污染、人口控制。树叶已经检测重金属(<一个href="#B15">15</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B17">17</一个>)和有机污染物(<一个href="#B18">18</一个>,<一个href="#B19">19</一个>]补救从环境中尽管此类研究的数量非常有限。印楝叶粉有不同类型的表面官能团,尽管它没有一个高度多孔结构,生物吸附可能发生主要通过化学吸附官能团的存在和离子交换(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。</p> <p>发表作品的使用楝树叶把钴离子从水和废水不能发现在文献中。因此本研究旨在评估工艺参数的影响,一个,两个,带三个参数的等温线、动力学、热力学的Co(2)去除水溶液用楝树叶。</p> <h4 id="materials-and-methods">2。材料和方法</h4> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。收集、处理和印楝树叶吸附剂的表征</h5> <p>收集了在实验室前面有分散在每一个空的空间。他们被带到实验室,用蒸馏水洗净,干在烤箱105°C的24小时。然后干样品碎,磨粉。这个粉是用蒸馏水洗几次,直到叶子没有更散发着黄色的颜色。然后他们被在露天在实验室干了五天(平均温度在实验室33°C),缩写为(黑暗)和用于表征和吸附研究没有进一步的治疗。</p> <p>化学和表面成分测定使用能量色散x - y分析(EDX)(日本岛津制作所,光谱仪- 1800)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR) (iS50喇曼红外光谱,热科学、美国)分析。红外光谱,然后获得的山峰相比楝树叶和其他生物样本识别在文献中报道。不同阶段的转换进行了使用差示扫描calorimetry-thermogravimetric (DSC-TGA)技术(SDT Q600 V20.9建立20,TGA-DTA, TA仪器,美国)。孔隙度特征测定气体吸附使用氮adsorption-desorption在液氮温度下(195−800°C)(微粒学三星3000设备,美国)。</p> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。吸附试验</h5> <p>盐酸(35% w / w),氢氧化钠(粒状),硫酸钴(II)七水硫酸锌盐和氨溶液(25% w / w)都使用必要的实验室试剂从Scharlab s L。、西班牙。吸附实验在封顶250毫升锥形烧瓶用100毫升有限公司(II)的解决方案。瓶的内容包括公司(II)所需的浓度和搅拌在一个给定的质量黑暗与加热板在不同的时间间隔。接触时间的影响,研究了三个初始有限公司(II)浓度(100和500 mg / L), pH值(3 - 8),黑暗与质量(0.05 - -0.4)和温度(25-60°C)。预先确定的时间间隔后,解决方案是使用一种高级绘画纸滤纸过滤不1,剩余的平衡浓度Co (II)在溶液中决定使用紫外/可见分光光度计(斯派克23 rs,非饱和med.inc)在400 nm(预定)与浓氨水络合。pH值调整都是使用0.1 M氢氧化钠溶液和盐酸。公司的数量(2)删除计算使用(<一个href="#B21">21</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq1"><span class="left_break" id="L1"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M1"> <svg height="80.8067pt" id="M1-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 131.654 80.8067" width="131.654pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.877)"> <path d="M673 0V28C608 34 594 43 563 129C499 303 432 494 370 665L339 656L132 132C98 43 84 37 20 28V0H238V28C162 35 154 45 175 108C188 150 203 192 219 237H432C454 176 474 122 487 83S491 36 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128 610 98 576L40 495L63 476C89 515 130 568 198 568C274 568 316 519 316 436C316 347 251 264 191 192C142 134 85 76 30 21V0H403C415 45 425 89 438 131L411 139Z" id="g190-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>问</我><sub><i>t</我></sub>吸附容量(毫克/克)在时间吗<我>t</我>(最小值),<我>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>是平衡吸附容量(毫克/ g),然后呢<我>K</我><sub>1</sub>是pseudofirst-order平衡速率常数(最小值<sup>−1</sup>从情节的)决定<svg height="12.7178pt" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 55.918 12.7178" width="55.918pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.289,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.439,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.937,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-114"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.255,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.513,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.05,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-114"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.368,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.035,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>与<我>t</我>。</p> <p>何鸿燊的线性化pseudosecond-order动力学模型是由以下方程描述<一个href="#B25">25</一个>]:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq3"><span class="left_break" id="L4"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M4"> <svg height="30.0256pt" id="M4-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 80.774 30.0256" width="80.774pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,2.78,8.349)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> 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xlink:href="#g113-114"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.09,21.906)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.03,29.866)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.19,16.857)"> <path d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z" id="g117-36"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.04,8.349)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="10.6944" x="65.92" y="13.203"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.92,26.082)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-114"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,72.24,29.214)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.81,16.857)"> <path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" id="g113-47"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R4"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-2" 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<p>Weber-Morris方程给出了(<一个href="#B26">26</一个>]<span class="equation_break" id="EEq4"><span class="left_break" id="L5"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M5"> <svg height="16.7446pt" id="M5-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81.964 16.7446" width="81.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-114"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.32,15.912)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.62,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.88,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.35,15.912)"> <path d="M135 536C164 536 186 560 186 587C186 617 164 639 136 639C109 639 85 617 85 587C85 560 109 536 135 536ZM252 0V26C188 32 181 38 181 106V451C138 433 90 420 39 412V388C99 379 102 374 102 312V106C102 38 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M465 179V225H369V632H330C227 497 124 346 29 205V179H289V107C289 37 284 33 198 26V0H454V26C374 33 369 37 369 107V179H465ZM289 225H92C156 335 222 430 287 520H289V225Z" id="g190-166"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.96,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>问</我><sub><i>t</我></sub>(mg·克<sup>−1</sup>)是吸附在时间<我>t</我>(最小值),<我>k</我><sub>id</sub>(mg·克<sup>−1</sup>最小值<sup>1/2</sup>)是intraparticle扩散的速率常数,和C是拦截来自一条直线的情节<我>问</我><sub><i>t</我></sub>与<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.4646pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2582 17.8625 12.4646" width="17.8625pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.433,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.865,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-48"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.772,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> </svg>。</span></p> <h5 id="sec2.4">2.4。吸附热力学参数</h5> <p>吉布斯自由能(∆<我>G</我>)、焓(∆<我>H</我>),熵(∆<我>年代</我>)是至关重要的任何吸附过程的热力学参数所需的适当的评估(<一个href="#B27">27</一个>]。吉布斯自由能决定了吸附(∆的自然特征<我>G</我>< 0为自发过程),而焓值表明吸热或放热过程(∆的性质<我>H</我>< 0是放热,∆<我>H</我>> 0是吸热)。积极的价值观∆<我>年代</我>表明增加随机性在固液界面吸附过程,因此提高吸附性能。这些属性计算采用以下方程:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq5"><span class="left_break" id="L7"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M7"> <svg height="48.8256pt" id="M7-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 85.234 48.8256" width="85.234pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-1"> <g 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622C646 614 650 609 634 524L604 366H253L281 524C296 608 308 615 382 622L388 650H132L126 622C211 615 214 609 198 524L121 122C106 42 102 35 23 28L17 0H276L282 28C196 35 191 40 206 122L243 324H597L559 123C544 42 537 35 452 28L446 0H710L716 28C632 35 628 43 643 122L719 524C735 610 741 615 822 622L828 650Z" id="g113-73"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="19.3252" x="92.97" y="35.557"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,94.77,48.437)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.42,48.437)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,113.5,39.211)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-150"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,122.98,39.211)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R7"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M7-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.898 11.44" width="14.898pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M130 550H367L393 615L386 623H101L63 323C82 331 123 342 165 342C275 342 328 277 328 188C328 107 283 40 201 40C141 40 99 72 78 91C69 99 59 98 51 91C39 81 30 67 29 58C28 48 33 37 46 24C60 10 104 -12 149 -12C203 -11 269 14 323 59C384 109 412 165 412 225C412 308 347 399 219 399C193 399 146 382 104 367L130 550Z" id="g190-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.4,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>R</我>理想气体常数(kJ·摩尔<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>),<我>T</我>是温度(K)。焓变化(∆吗<我>H</我>)和熵的变化(∆<我>年代</我>从块ln)计算<我>K</我>和1 /<我>T</我>。</p> <p><i>K</我>计算从<span class="equation_break" id="EEq6"><span class="left_break" id="L8"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M8"> <svg height="52.0016pt" id="M8-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 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</g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,38.52,11.768)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.3,11.768)"> <path d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z" id="g190-116"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="21.3069" x="25.91" y="13.816"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.06,26.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,38.68,29.827)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.41,17.47)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="52.0016pt" id="M8-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 79.074 52.0016" width="79.074pt" 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211 376L143 344ZM234 338C325 338 367 255 367 172C367 102 346 21 264 21C184 21 132 113 132 239C132 267 133 291 138 312C164 327 197 338 234 338Z" id="g190-227"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.93,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>K</我>平衡常数,<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>是平衡(毫克/升)的温度<我>T</我>,<我>C</我><sub><i>o</我></sub>是初始铬(VI)浓度(毫克/升),然后呢<我>C</我><sub>广告</sub>铬(VI)的浓度在吸附剂在平衡(毫克/升)温度<我>T</我>。</p> <h5 id="sec2.5">2.5。吸附等温线</h5> <p>一个、两个、三个吸附等温线模型被用来评估有限公司(2)吸附在黑暗的性能。这些等温线及其非线性的、线性的,策划形式和特征参数总结在表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">等温线/参考</td> <td class="align_center">非线性形式</td> <td class="align_center">线性形式</td> <td class="align_center">情节</td> <td class="align_center">特征参数</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="5">单参数等温线</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">亨利的(<一个href="#B28" target="_blank">28</一个>]</td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<我>K</我><sub>他</sub><i>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<我>K</我><sub>他</sub><i>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>vs。<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>他</sub>=亨利的吸附常数</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="5">两个参数等温线</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">弗伦德里希(<一个href="#B29" target="_blank">29日</一个>]</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<我>K</我><sub>F</sub><i>C</我><sup>1 /<我>n</我></sup></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln<我>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>= ln<我>K</我><sub>F</sub>+ 1 /<我>n</我>ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln<我>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>与ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>F</sub>=吸附容量(毫克/克)(L /毫克)<sup>1<我>/ n</我></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">1 /<我>n</我>=吸附强度</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">约万诺维奇[<一个href="#B28" target="_blank">28</一个>]</td> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2"></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln<我>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>= ln<我>问</我><sub>马克斯</sub>−K<sub>J</sub>C<sub>e</sub></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln<我>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>vs。<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub>马克斯</sub>=最大吸附物吸收</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>J</sub>=约万诺维奇常数</td> </tr> <tr> <td 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-16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.651,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Langmuir-4</td> <td class="align_center"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 29.1742 12.7178" width="29.1742pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.318,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.671,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.032,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.651,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>=−<我>bq</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>+<我>bq</我><sub><i>米</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 29.1742 12.7178" width="29.1742pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.318,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.671,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.032,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.651,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>vs。<我>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Langmuir-5</td> <td class="align_center"> <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 24.7432 12.5794" width="24.7432pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.22,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>=<我>bq</我><sub><i>米</我></sub> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 22.4335 12.7178" width="22.4335pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.919,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>−<我>b</我></td> <td class="align_center"><span style="width: 60.8826ptpx;"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 60.8826 12.7178" width="60.8826pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.22,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.573,0)"> <path d="M478 437H300V411C357 404 363 393 347 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.618,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.98,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.298,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Temkin [<一个href="#B31" target="_blank">31日</一个>]</td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<我>B</我>ln<我>一个</我><sub>T</sub>。<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<我>B</我>ln<我>一个</我><sub>T</sub>+<我>B</我>ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>与ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>一个</我><sub>T</sub>:平衡绑定常量(L /毫克)<我>b</我><sub>T</sub>=<svg height="11.439pt" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 29.0548 11.439" width="29.0548pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M631 18C609 24 585 35 559 65C534 91 514 117 478 169C448 214 406 281 389 313C462 346 516 399 516 485C516 545 490 590 449 616C412 641 363 650 290 650H42V622C120 615 128 612 128 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-140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.35,3.132)"> <path d="M781 91L765 118C733 86 702 70 693 70C686 70 685 77 692 106L738 297C772 439 736 451 712 451S675 445 647 431C605 410 526 356 452 257H450L459 294C491 426 459 451 429 451C403 451 386 445 361 431C312 404 239 343 170 253H168L188 333C208 411 205 451 175 451C148 451 85 417 24 346L39 318C57 338 100 374 112 374C120 374 122 372 115 339C91 226 62 112 28 -6L37 -12C59 -4 87 3 114 6C125 68 142 127 154 168C184 227 316 383 372 383C397 383 396 366 381 289C362 192 338 92 312 -6L317 -12C339 -5 367 3 396 6L434 170C468 234 598 383 650 383C668 383 676 369 664 319L609 90C593 23 600 -12 629 -12C654 -12 722 23 781 91Z"></path> </g> </svg>=<我>K</我><sub>E</sub><i>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>exp (−<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M25" 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<td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Kiselev [<一个href="#B34" target="_blank">34</一个>]</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><i>K</我><sub>1</sub><i>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<svg height="12.5794pt" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 94.171 12.5794" width="94.171pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.475,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.836,0)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 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height="12.5794pt" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 60.0051 12.5794" width="60.0051pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.22,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 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version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 18.2374 11.439" width="18.2374pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> </svg></td> <td class="align_center"><i>k</我><sub>1</sub>= Kiselev平衡常数(L /毫克)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>k</我><sub><i>n</我></sub>复杂的吸附分子之间形成=常数</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Hill-de布尔(<一个href="#B35" target="_blank">35</一个>,<一个href="#B36" target="_blank">36</一个>]</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><i>K</我><sub>1</sub><i>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<svg height="11.439pt" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 38.2062 11.439" width="38.2062pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.475,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.836,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 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<path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.407,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.552,0)"> <path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.089,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.564,0)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.062,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g>  <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.423,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.898,0)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path> </g> </svg>−<svg height="11.439pt" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 38.2062 11.439" width="38.2062pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.475,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.836,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.982,0)"> <path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.518,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> </svg>=−ln<我>K</我><sub>1</sub>−<svg height="12.4698pt" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 41.9218 12.4698" width="41.9218pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 0H271L277 28C193 35 192 39 208 133L239 316C264 328 280 325 303 288C368 183 435 90 502 0H652L659 28C602 34 584 43 543 94C495 154 403 283 347 369L574 554C634 603 659 612 735 624L743 650Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.23,3.132)"> <path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.176,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.652,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.013,0)"> <path d="M631 18C609 24 585 35 559 65C534 91 514 117 478 169C448 214 406 281 389 313C462 346 516 399 516 485C516 545 490 590 449 616C412 641 363 650 290 650H42V622C120 615 128 612 128 527V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H300V28C221 34 212 40 212 125V284H244C295 284 312 272 329 244C359 195 395 133 430 84C475 19 516 -3 592 -7C603 -8 615 -8 627 -8L631 18ZM212 316V563C212 591 215 602 223 607C231 613 248 617 277 617C352 617 423 577 423 469C423 415 407 375 368 345C343 324 310 316 260 316H212Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.668,0)"> <path d="M592 498C586 556 582 629 581 675H560C545 656 537 650 510 650H115C87 650 74 652 60 675H40C38 620 33 555 28 495H57C69 539 77 568 89 585C102 607 122 616 205 616H267V123C267 44 259 34 168 28V0H454V28C360 34 352 44 352 123V616H422C498 616 514 608 531 584C542 568 552 543 562 495L592 498Z"></path> </g> </svg></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"> <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 79.7087 12.5794" width="79.7087pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M238 0V26C174 32 166 38 166 104V712C132 700 70 683 18 677V653C81 647 87 645 87 577V104C87 38 78 32 15 26V0H238Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.289,0)"> <path d="M524 0V26C466 32 460 36 460 104V297C460 393 411 449 331 449C302 449 276 437 248 419C223 402 201 387 181 372V451C137 432 90 420 42 411V388C96 378 102 374 102 310V104C102 38 97 33 29 26V0H246V26C187 32 181 36 181 104V339C211 365 250 390 290 390C357 390 381 345 381 276V109C381 40 374 32 315 26V0H524Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.439,0)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.937,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.556,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.909,0)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.407,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.552,0)"> <path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.089,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.564,0)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.062,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g>  <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.423,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.898,0)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path> </g> </svg>−<svg height="11.439pt" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 38.2062 11.439" width="38.2062pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.475,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.836,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.982,0)"> <path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.518,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> </svg>与Ɵ</td> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>1</sub>= Hill-de布尔常量(L /毫克)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>2</sub>=精力充沛的吸附分子之间的相互作用常数(kJmol<sup>−1</sup>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Langmuir-Freundlich [<一个href="#B37" target="_blank">37</一个>]</td> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2"></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln (<svg height="12.7178pt" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 30.3629 12.7178" width="30.3629pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.318,3.132)"> <path d="M781 91L765 118C733 86 702 70 693 70C686 70 685 77 692 106L738 297C772 439 736 451 712 451S675 445 647 431C605 410 526 356 452 257H450L459 294C491 426 459 451 429 451C403 451 386 445 361 431C312 404 239 343 170 253H168L188 333C208 411 205 451 175 451C148 451 85 417 24 346L39 318C57 338 100 374 112 374C120 374 122 372 115 339C91 226 62 112 28 -6L37 -12C59 -4 87 3 114 6C125 68 142 127 154 168C184 227 316 383 372 383C397 383 396 366 381 289C362 192 338 92 312 -6L317 -12C339 -5 367 3 396 6L434 170C468 234 598 383 650 383C668 383 676 369 664 319L609 90C593 23 600 -12 629 -12C654 -12 722 23 781 91Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.169,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.53,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.848,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>−1)= ln<我>K</我><sub>G</sub>−<我>N</我><sub><i>b</我></sub>ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln (<svg height="12.7178pt" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 30.3629 12.7178" width="30.3629pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.318,3.132)"> <path d="M781 91L765 118C733 86 702 70 693 70C686 70 685 77 692 106L738 297C772 439 736 451 712 451S675 445 647 431C605 410 526 356 452 257H450L459 294C491 426 459 451 429 451C403 451 386 445 361 431C312 404 239 343 170 253H168L188 333C208 411 205 451 175 451C148 451 85 417 24 346L39 318C57 338 100 374 112 374C120 374 122 372 115 339C91 226 62 112 28 -6L37 -12C59 -4 87 3 114 6C125 68 142 127 154 168C184 227 316 383 372 383C397 383 396 366 381 289C362 192 338 92 312 -6L317 -12C339 -5 367 3 396 6L434 170C468 234 598 383 650 383C668 383 676 369 664 319L609 90C593 23 600 -12 629 -12C654 -12 722 23 781 91Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.169,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.53,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.848,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>−1)与ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>G</sub>=饱和常数(毫克/升)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>N</我><sub><i>b</我></sub>=合作结合常数</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Flory-Huggins [<一个href="#B28" target="_blank">28</一个>]</td> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2"></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln<svg height="12.5794pt" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.501 12.5794" width="34.501pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.973,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g>  <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.334,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.953,3.132)"> <path d="M452 282C452 397 389 451 302 451C268 451 227 441 188 422C95 377 24 281 24 154C24 65 70 -12 173 -12C240 -12 297 16 342 52C418 113 452 201 452 282ZM359 282C359 163 308 66 247 39C237 35 225 32 212 32C151 32 114 79 114 157C114 301 180 380 223 398C240 405 250 408 265 408C315 408 359 369 359 282Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.799,0)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path> </g> </svg>= ln<我>K</我><sub>跳频</sub>+<我>n</我>ln (1−<我>θ</我>)</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln<svg height="12.5794pt" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.501 12.5794" width="34.501pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"> <path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.973,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g>  <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.334,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.953,3.132)"> <path d="M452 282C452 397 389 451 302 451C268 451 227 441 188 422C95 377 24 281 24 154C24 65 70 -12 173 -12C240 -12 297 16 342 52C418 113 452 201 452 282ZM359 282C359 163 308 66 247 39C237 35 225 32 212 32C151 32 114 79 114 157C114 301 180 380 223 398C240 405 250 408 265 408C315 408 359 369 359 282Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.799,0)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path> </g> </svg>与ln (1−<我>θ</我>)</td> <td class="align_center"><i>n</我>=占用吸附的吸附物数量的网站</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>跳频</sub>= Flory-Huggins平衡常数(L /毫克)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Harkin-Jura [<一个href="#B28" target="_blank">28</一个>]</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_center"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 28.6969 12.7178" width="28.6969pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.919,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 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412 352V354C505 373 578 422 578 512ZM486 510C486 422 423 367 314 367H257L294 565C299 591 305 602 315 608C324 614 339 617 362 617C421 617 486 595 486 510ZM466 200C466 100 393 35 296 35C222 35 198 51 212 127L250 333H303C388 333 466 303 466 200Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.813,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.174,0)"> <path d="M686 28C612 35 607 44 591 112C563 234 541 360 519 489L489 666L457 658L147 121C100 40 89 36 24 28L17 0H240L250 28C168 34 159 41 190 101L262 237H482C495 180 503 137 510 91C517 47 514 35 441 28L433 0H677L686 28ZM475 280H285L429 541H431L475 280Z"></path> </g> </svg>- (<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.439pt" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 20.9124 11.439" width="20.9124pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <path d="M686 28C612 35 607 44 591 112C563 234 541 360 519 489L489 666L457 658L147 121C100 40 89 36 24 28L17 0H240L250 28C168 34 159 41 190 101L262 237H482C495 180 503 137 510 91C517 47 514 35 441 28L433 0H677L686 28ZM475 280H285L429 541H431L475 280Z"></path> </g> </svg>)</span>ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 28.6969 12.7178" width="28.6969pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.919,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.272,0)"> <path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"></path> </g> </svg>与ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>B</我>和<我>一个</我>是Harkin-Jura常量</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">哈尔(<一个href="#B38" target="_blank">38</一个>]</td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>= (<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 35.2392 12.5794" width="35.2392pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 0H271L277 28C193 35 192 39 208 133L239 316C264 328 280 325 303 288C368 183 435 90 502 0H652L659 28C602 34 584 43 543 94C495 154 403 283 347 369L574 554C634 603 659 612 735 624L743 650Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.23,3.132)"> <path d="M729 650H468V622C546 615 554 610 554 527V365H213V527C213 610 221 616 297 622V650H38V622C120 616 128 611 128 527V123C128 39 120 34 40 28V0H303V28C221 34 213 40 213 123V322H554V123C554 39 546 34 460 28V0H728V28C647 34 639 39 639 123V527C639 610 647 615 729 622V650Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.725,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.086,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.705,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>)</span><sup>1 /<我>n</我>H</sup></td> <td class="align_center">ln<我>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<svg height="11.439pt" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 28.2849 11.439" width="28.2849pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 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/<我>n</我><sub>H</sub>ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center">ln<我>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>与ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>H</sub>和<我>n</我><sub>H</sub>哈尔西等温线是常数</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="5">拟合等温线</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Redlich-Peterson [<一个href="#B28" target="_blank">28</一个>]</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>=<svg height="12.5794pt" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 108.079 12.5794" width="108.079pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 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120 34 38 28V0H300V28C221 34 212 40 212 125V284H244C295 284 312 272 329 244C359 195 395 133 430 84C475 19 516 -3 592 -7C603 -8 615 -8 627 -8L631 18ZM212 316V563C212 591 215 602 223 607C231 613 248 617 277 617C352 617 423 577 423 469C423 415 407 375 368 345C343 324 310 316 260 316H212Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,103.207,0)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path> </g> </svg></td> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">ln (<我>K</我><sub>R</sub> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 29.1742 12.7178" width="29.1742pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.972,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.333,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.651,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>- 1)=<我>b</我><sub>R</sub>ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>+ ln (<我>一个</我><sub>R</sub>)</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">ln (<我>K</我><sub>R</sub> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 29.1742 12.7178" width="29.1742pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.972,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.333,0)"> <path d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.651,3.132)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path> </g> </svg>- 1)与ln<我>C</我><sub><i>e</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center"><i>K</我><sub>R</sub>Redlich-Peterson等温线常数(Lg<sup>−1</sup>)用于获取相关系数的最大值<我>一个</我><sub>R</sub>=常数(L /毫克)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>b</我><sub>R</sub>=指数是在0和1之间</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 一个、两个、三个等温线模型测试。</div> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="results-and-discussion">3所示。结果与讨论</h4> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。吸附剂的特点</h5> <p>EDX分析表明,黑暗的平均结果主要由碳、氧硅、铁、铝、钾、钙、和微量的Ti, Na, P, S Cl(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>)。硅和铝的相对较高的内容可能是由于污染马鲁阿粘土从土壤表面收集这些叶子花了一些时间。碳和氧含量85%以上确认的bionature材料。相似的[EDX结果<一个href="#B39">39</一个>]表明,印楝叶粉主要包含C、O和少量的钙、镁、钾、P和S。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">元素</td> <td class="align_center">C</td> <td class="align_center">O</td> <td class="align_center">毫克</td> <td class="align_center">艾尔</td> <td class="align_center">如果</td> <td class="align_center">Cl</td> <td class="align_center">K</td> <td class="align_center">Ca</td> <td class="align_center">“透明国际”</td> <td class="align_center">菲</td> <td class="align_center">Na</td> <td class="align_center">P</td> <td class="align_center">年代</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">质量(%)</td> <td class="align_center">56.67</td> <td class="align_center">28.76</td> <td class="align_center">0.76</td> <td class="align_center">2.51</td> <td class="align_center">4.88</td> <td class="align_center">0.14</td> <td class="align_center">1.57</td> <td class="align_center">1.51</td> <td class="align_center">0.39</td> <td class="align_center">3.02</td> <td class="align_center">0.28</td> <td class="align_center">0.22</td> <td class="align_center">0.24</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="14"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 化学成分的黑暗。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>描述材料和红外光谱分析在识别无机混合物中尤其有用。也喜欢拉曼光谱,红外光谱可以提供分子和结构信息的有机和无机材料(<一个href="#B8">8</一个>,<一个href="#B40">40</一个>]。黑暗的红外光谱谱从4000到400厘米<sup>−1</sup>如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>。激烈的峰值为3282.73厘米<sup>−1</sup>是含氧官能团的地<一个href="#B18">18</一个>,<一个href="#B41">41</一个>),而峰值2849.91和2918.26厘米<sup>−1</sup>是CH<sub>2</sub>拉伸乐队一般的蜡(<一个href="#B41">41</一个>]。乐队在1725.29将首席运营官<sup>−</sup>和C = O组中包含纤维素的结构,半纤维素,木质素和常见的植物材料(组件<一个href="#B18">18</一个>,<一个href="#B41">41</一个>]。峰在1516.37和1602.22厘米<sup>−1</sup>显示碳碳的存在和切断伸展在芳环表明木质素的存在<一个href="#B41">41</一个>]。这也证实了峰值1235.42,1315.12,1374.79,1436.58厘米<sup>−1</sup>碳氢键和地弯曲频率表明木质素的存在(<一个href="#B41">41</一个>]。峰值1030.98厘米<sup>−1</sup>表明脂肪族C-O-C组,而峰值1158.80厘米<sup>−1</sup>分配给酒精切断延伸,所有代表含氧官能团的纤维素和半纤维素<一个href="#B41">41</一个>]。乐队在530.45厘米<sup>−1</sup>分配给Fe-O和铁吗<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Si-O-Al拉伸的466.02、425.76和416.59厘米<sup>−1</sup>被分配到Si-O-Si弯曲(<一个href="#B40">40</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6452672.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.001.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 红外光谱谱的黑暗。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Thermo-gravimetric和差示扫描量热分析(DSC-TGA)的DNL图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。有四个减肥区域对应于总损失87%加热到1000°C。第一步需要减肥的约8%的温度范围50°C到195°C,结果主要来自水分和挥发分的释放<一个href="#B42">42</一个>,<一个href="#B43">43</一个>]。第二步显示约46%的陡峭的减肥温度范围从195°C到395°C。第三步中,约有28%体重观察到从39°C到550°C。减肥从步骤2和3 (195°C到550°C)代表超过75%。这两个步骤构成的液化作用过程的主要步骤都涉及生物质热化学转换过程(<一个href="#B43">43</一个>]。这涉及到解放的挥发性碳氢化合物由于快速热解半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的一部分。第四步的体重约4%发生从550°C到1000°C的稳定主要是由于分解剩余的重型组件主要由木质素(<一个href="#B43">43</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6452672.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.002.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> TG / DSC分解的黑暗。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>氮adsorption-desorption等温线呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>。这个等温线IV型等温线模型按照IUPAC分类(<一个href="#B44">44</一个>)的特点是单层的形成(的作用),存在滞后(H1和H2),表明中央和大孔隙,形成多层。印楝树叶显示一个非常小的打赌面积0.2783<sup>2</sup>/ g, BJH adsorption-desorption累积体积0.002205厘米³/ g的毛孔,打赌计算吸附孔隙平均宽度79.5352,BJH吸附平均孔隙直径873.637,BJH解吸平均孔隙直径561.250。这证实了IV型等温线以及中央和大孔隙黑暗的统治地位。负吸附是观察之间的相对压力值从0.49到0.89。随着压力的增加,增加吸附物的吸收随着毛孔变得充满了,但一个拐点(点曲线的曲率变化迹象)通常发生在完成第一个单层。通常,打赌理论应用于获得微孔材料的比表面积(<一个href="#B45">45</一个>),但0.2783的赌表面积<sup>2</sup>/ g显示可用的一些作用很容易填满,不能参与吸附过程显示压力。然而,随着压力进一步增加表面解吸,进一步吸附材料是免费的。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6452672.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.003.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 氮adsorption-desorption DNL的等温线。</div> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。工艺参数的影响、动力学和热力学有限公司(II)吸附的黑暗</h5> <p>接触时间的影响,研究了三个初始钴(II)初始浓度(100和500 mg / L),和结果呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig4/" target="_blank">4(一)</一个>在哪里发现Co的吸附(II)是在黑暗与快速在第一个5分钟(84.5%、88.5%、97%,100,和500 mg / L,分别)减速达到平衡前10分钟(84.95%、89.56%、97.13%,100,和500 mg / L,分别)。这些等温线都观察到<我>l</我>吉尔和Nakha等温线模型(<一个href="#B46">46</一个>)的初始斜率很高表现出高亲和力的公司(II)固体吸附剂。这高亲和力是由于存在许多公司(II)绑定等集团首席运营官<sup>−</sup>,C = O地切断,C-O-C, Si-O-Al, Fe-O组DNL通过红外光谱分析(图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>)来自黑暗与纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量。这些结果非常高的相比<一个href="#B47">47</一个>)获得14%和28%的股份(II)对自然无机吸附材料膨润土和的黎波里5分钟。并给出了计算动力学参数表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>在哪里看到公司(II)最好是吸附在黑暗pseudosecond-order动力学模型所描述的相关系数大于99%(0.9998,1.000,1.000,100,和500 mg / L,分别)和强大的计算和实验平衡吸附量之间的相关性。这些结果类似于(<一个href="#B47">47</一个>)获得相关系数的1.000和0.998 pseudosecond-order有限公司(II)吸附的动力学模型天然无机材料膨润土和的黎波里。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)" name="6452672.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.004a.svgz"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)" name="6452672.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.004b.svgz"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)" name="6452672.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.004c.svgz"> <br> <strong>(c)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)" name="6452672.fig.004d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.004d.svgz"> <br> <strong>(d)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig4"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)" name="6452672.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.004a.svgz"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)" name="6452672.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.004b.svgz"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)" name="6452672.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.004c.svgz"><br><strong>(c)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)" name="6452672.fig.004d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ijce/volume-2019/6452672/figures/6452672.fig.004d.svgz"><br><strong>(d)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig4"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 工艺参数的影响(a)接触时间、pH值(b)、(c) DNL剂量,和(d)温度。</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab4"> <table class="table-group" id="tab4"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">模型</td> <td class="align_center">参数</td> <td class="align_center">10毫克/升</td> <td class="align_center">100毫克/升</td> <td class="align_center">500毫克/升</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="4">Pseudofirst-order</td> <td class="align_center"><i>k</我><sub>1</sub>(分钟)</td> <td class="align_center">−0.031</td> <td class="align_center">0.0004</td> <td class="align_center">0.028</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>,<我>c</我>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">0.052</td> <td class="align_center">1.112</td> <td class="align_center">2.167</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>例(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">8.541</td> <td class="align_center">90.452</td> <td class="align_center">487.086</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.8281</td> <td class="align_center">0.0006</td> <td class="align_center">0.7971</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="4">Pseudosecond-order</td> <td class="align_center"><i>k</我><sub>2</sub>(g /毫克/分钟)</td> <td class="align_center">0.269</td> <td class="align_center">0.139</td> <td class="align_center">0.055</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>,<我>c</我>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">8.157</td> <td class="align_center">89.286</td> <td class="align_center">476.190</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>e</我></sub>例(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">8.541</td> <td class="align_center">90.452</td> <td class="align_center">487.086</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9998</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="3">Intraparticle扩散(Weber-Morris)</td> <td class="align_center"><i>k</我><sub>id</sub>(毫克/克/分钟<sup>1<我>/</我>2</sup>)</td> <td class="align_center">0.051</td> <td class="align_center">0.046</td> <td class="align_center">0.353</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>C</我>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">8.646</td> <td class="align_center">89.158</td> <td class="align_center">484.33</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.6472</td> <td class="align_center">0.0227</td> <td class="align_center">0.9754</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td> <div> <i>问</我> <sub><i>e</我></sub>,<我>c</我>和<我>问</我> <sub><i>e</我></sub>,前女友,分别计算和实验的平衡吸附量。<br> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表4</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 动力学参数有限公司(II)吸附在黑暗。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>pH值的影响结果如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig4/" target="_blank">4 (b)</一个>。在吸附量有降低pH值是不同的从3 - 7所示。钴可能是出现在自由离子的形式在pH值3。因此,降低吸附从酸碱3.0到7.0可以解释的类型和羧基官能团的离子状态(可能更占主导地位的,黑暗)pKa值约为3.7。在pH值低于pKa、羧酸盐组主要是质子化了的导致较低的吸收。在pH值高于pKa,更多的官能团携带负电荷和带正电的钴离子将被绑定,提高吸收(<一个href="#B48">48</一个>]。然而,在pH值8有一个显著的增长高达97%。随着pH值的基本,是发现有公司(II)的形成氢氧化物沉淀可能,因此负责高吸附。</p> <p>吸附剂剂量的影响,研究了从0.05到0.4 g,结果在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig4/" target="_blank">4 (c)</一个>。可以看出,吸附量增加而增加的数量DNL剂量最高的0.3 g的黑暗,其次是减少0.4克。增加吸附是由于表面积的增加,因此活动网站的数量。然而,增加吸附与黑暗的质量下降可能是由于粒子聚合可能导致减少的总表面面积和扩散路径长度的增加<一个href="#B49">49</一个>]。</p> <p>研究了吸附温度的依赖从25-60°C,和结果呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig4/" target="_blank">4 (d)</一个>,而计算热力学参数如表所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab5/" target="_blank">5</一个>。从计算∆<我>G</我>5.424°值(−−5.505−5.607−6.068焦每摩尔在25岁,35岁,40岁和60°C,分别),可以看出增加温度几乎没有影响公司(II)吸附黑暗。这也是的结果(<一个href="#B47">47</一个>)有限公司(II)对自然无机吸附材料膨润土和的黎波里。然而,轻微的增加可能是由于加热产生的新活动网站的创建。这同样可能造成一些最初的加速度慢吸附步骤,提高本体溶液的吸附物的流动对吸附剂表面(<一个href="#B50">50</一个>]。负∆<我>G</我>°值表明,有限公司(II)吸附是自发的,在黑暗和整体过程是吸热焓是明显的积极价值。同样,熵的积极价值表明,有增加随机性在固液界面吸附过程,因此提高的过程。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab5"> <table class="table-group" id="tab5"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">温度(K)</td> <td class="align_center">∆<我>G</我>°(焦每摩尔)</td> <td class="align_center">∆<我>H</我>°(焦每摩尔)</td> <td class="align_center">∆<我>年代</我>°(焦每摩尔K)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">298年</td> <td class="align_center">−5.424</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="4">+ 0.275</td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="4">+ 0.023</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">308年</td> <td class="align_center">−5.505</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">313年</td> <td class="align_center">−5.607</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">333年</td> <td class="align_center">−6.068</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表5</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 热力学参数为100 mg / L初始有限公司(II)浓度。</div> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。吸附等温式</h5> <h6 id="sec3.3.1">3.3.1。单参数等温线</h6> <p><i>(1)亨利的等温线</我>。这个模型假定的表面吸附物量正比于气体的分压吸附物。它也用于描述吸附的吸附物在非常低的浓度,这样所有吸附物分子从他们最近的邻居是隐蔽的<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。从表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>本等温线描述有限公司(II)吸附DNL的相关系数统一对所有测试初始浓度。亨利等温线模型还显示最适合对Langmuir-1 Langmuir-2, Langmuir-3, Langmuir-4,弗伦德里希,Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich等温线的吸附孔雀石绿和橘子皮(<一个href="#B51">51</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab6"> <table class="table-group" id="tab6"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">等温线/参数</td> <td class="align_center" colspan="3">测试浓度</td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_center">10毫克/升</td> <td class="align_center">100毫克/升</td> <td class="align_center">500毫克/升</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="4">单参数等温线</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">亨利的等温线</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>他</sub></td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="4">两个参数等温线</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">弗伦德里希</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>F</sub>(毫克/克)(L /毫克)<sup>1<我>/ n</我></sup></td> <td class="align_center">9.201</td> <td class="align_center">118.203</td> <td class="align_center">523.900</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>n</我></td> <td class="align_center">−5.112</td> <td class="align_center">−8.446</td> <td class="align_center">−35.088</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9993</td> <td class="align_center">0.9992</td> <td class="align_center">0.9995</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">约万诺维奇</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>问</我><sub>马克斯</sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">10.171</td> <td class="align_center">100.655</td> <td class="align_center">500.196</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>J</sub></td> <td class="align_center">0.120</td> <td class="align_center">0.011</td> <td class="align_center">0.002</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Langmuir-1</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>问</我><sub><i>米</我></sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">6.988</td> <td class="align_center">80.000</td> <td class="align_center">476.190</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>b</我>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">3.756</td> <td class="align_center">0.893</td> <td class="align_center">2.625</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sub>l</sub></td> <td class="align_center">0.026</td> <td class="align_center">0.011</td> <td class="align_center">0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9971</td> <td class="align_center">0.9967</td> <td class="align_center">0.9982</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Langmuir-2</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>问</我><sub><i>米</我></sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">6.983</td> <td class="align_center">80.000</td> <td class="align_center">476.190</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>b</我>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">3.739</td> <td class="align_center">0.893</td> <td class="align_center">2.625</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sub>l</sub></td> <td class="align_center">0.026</td> <td class="align_center">0.011</td> <td class="align_center">0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9999</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Langmuir-3</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>问</我><sub><i>米</我></sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">6.990</td> <td class="align_center">79.95</td> <td class="align_center">472.700</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>b</我>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">3.757</td> <td class="align_center">0.896</td> <td class="align_center">2.618</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sub>l</sub></td> <td class="align_center">0.026</td> <td class="align_center">0.011</td> <td class="align_center">0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9979</td> <td class="align_center">0.9974</td> <td class="align_center">0.9983</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Langmuir-4</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>问</我><sub><i>米</我></sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">6.987</td> <td class="align_center">79.895</td> <td class="align_center">472.647</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>b</我>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">3.749</td> <td class="align_center">0.894</td> <td class="align_center">2.614</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sub>l</sub></td> <td class="align_center">0.026</td> <td class="align_center">0.011</td> <td class="align_center">0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9979</td> <td class="align_center">0.9974</td> <td class="align_center">0.9983</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Langmuir-5</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>问</我><sub><i>米</我></sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">6.986</td> <td class="align_center">79.927</td> <td class="align_center">472.571</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>b</我>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">3.746</td> <td class="align_center">0.893</td> <td class="align_center">2.614</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sub>l</sub></td> <td class="align_center">0.026</td> <td class="align_center">0.011</td> <td class="align_center">0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9971</td> <td class="align_center">0.9967</td> <td class="align_center">0.9982</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Temkin</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>一个</我><sub>T</sub>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">0.004</td> <td class="align_center">2.026<我>E</我>−05</td> <td class="align_center">3.978<我>E</我>−17</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>b</我><sub>T</sub>(焦每摩尔)</td> <td class="align_center">−1.515</td> <td class="align_center">−0.234</td> <td class="align_center">−0.179</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9995</td> <td class="align_center">0.9993</td> <td class="align_center">0.9996</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="4">两个参数等温线</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Elovich</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>问</我><sub><i>米</我></sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">1.368</td> <td class="align_center">9.470</td> <td class="align_center">13.459</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>E</sub>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">0.008</td> <td class="align_center">7.072<我>E</我>−05</td> <td class="align_center">5.375<我>E</我>−16</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9997</td> <td class="align_center">0.9995</td> <td class="align_center">0.9996</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Dubinin-Radushkevich</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>X</我><sub><i>米</我></sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">7.388</td> <td class="align_center">84.041</td> <td class="align_center">479.048</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我>(摩尔<sup>2</sup>kJ<sup>−2</sup>)</td> <td class="align_center">−0.0845</td> <td class="align_center">−1.1855</td> <td class="align_center">−0.4736</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>E</我>(焦每摩尔)</td> <td class="align_center">2.433</td> <td class="align_center">0.649</td> <td class="align_center">1.027</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9965</td> <td class="align_center">0.9941</td> <td class="align_center">0.9964</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Fowler-Guggenheim</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>成品</sub>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">6.155<我>E</我>−05</td> <td class="align_center">2.108<我>E</我>−08年</td> <td class="align_center">4.759<我>E</我>−31</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>W</我>(焦每摩尔)</td> <td class="align_center">−16.182</td> <td class="align_center">−24.254</td> <td class="align_center">−90.163</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9996</td> <td class="align_center">0.9995</td> <td class="align_center">0.9996</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Kiselev</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>k</我><sub>1</sub>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">25.186</td> <td class="align_center">11.652</td> <td class="align_center">172.78</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>k</我><sub><i>n</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center">1.331</td> <td class="align_center">1.191</td> <td class="align_center">1.044</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9942</td> <td class="align_center">0.9933</td> <td class="align_center">0.9961</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Hill-de布尔</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>1</sub>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">2.922<我>E</我>−14</td> <td class="align_center">2.015<我>E</我>−39</td> <td class="align_center">0</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>2</sub>(焦每摩尔)</td> <td class="align_center">−111.102</td> <td class="align_center">−269.609</td> <td class="align_center">−3328.866</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9988</td> <td class="align_center">0.9978</td> <td class="align_center">0.998</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Langmuir-Freundlich</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>G</sub>(毫克/升)</td> <td class="align_center">0.268</td> <td class="align_center">1.139</td> <td class="align_center">0.740</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>N</我><sub><i>b</我></sub></td> <td class="align_center">0.995</td> <td class="align_center">1.011</td> <td class="align_center">1.367</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9975</td> <td class="align_center">0.9966</td> <td class="align_center">0.9972</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Harkin-Jura</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>一个</我></td> <td class="align_center">−178.571</td> <td class="align_center">−33333.333</td> <td class="align_center">−5000000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>B</我></td> <td class="align_center">2.07<我>E</我>+ 00</td> <td class="align_center">2.00<我>E</我>+ 00</td> <td class="align_center">2.00<我>E</我>+ 01</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9988</td> <td class="align_center">0.9988</td> <td class="align_center">0.9995</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">哈尔</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>H</sub></td> <td class="align_center">84635.961</td> <td class="align_center">3.201<我>E</我>+ 17</td> <td class="align_center">2.584<我>E</我>+ 95</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>n</我><sub>H</sub></td> <td class="align_center">5.11247444</td> <td class="align_center">8.44594595</td> <td class="align_center">35.0877193</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9993</td> <td class="align_center">0.9992</td> <td class="align_center">0.9995</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Flory-Huggins</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>n</我></td> <td class="align_center">0.216</td> <td class="align_center">0.1184</td> <td class="align_center">0.0289</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>跳频</sub>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">0.057</td> <td class="align_center">0.007</td> <td class="align_center">0.002</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">0.9994</td> <td class="align_center">0.9992</td> <td class="align_center">0.9995</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="4">拟合等温线</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Redlich-Peterson</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>K</我><sub>R</sub>(Lg<sup>−1</sup>)</td> <td class="align_center">18</td> <td class="align_center">33</td> <td class="align_center">131年</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>一个</我><sub>R</sub>(L /毫克)</td> <td class="align_center">1.104</td> <td class="align_center">0.083</td> <td class="align_center">0.068</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>b</我><sub>R</sub></td> <td class="align_center">1.674</td> <td class="align_center">1.505</td> <td class="align_center">1.407</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>R</我><sup>2</sup></td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> <td class="align_center">1.000</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表6</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 一个,两个,和three-isotherm参数Co的吸附(II)在黑暗。</div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.3.2">3.3.2。两个参数等温线</h6> <p><i>(1)弗伦德里希模型</我>。弗伦德里希模型描述了多层异构表面去除过程发生(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。根据定义,吸附强度,<我>n</我>,小于团结<一个href="#B35">35</一个>]。该模型适合Co的吸附(II)在黑暗与相关性系数大于99%的三个初始浓度高值<我>K</我><sub>F</sub>(9.2,118年和523年(毫克/克)(L /毫克)<sup>1<我>/ n</我></sup>10、100和500 mg / L(表)的吸附能力<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)。这种性能是由于表面异质群体在黑暗的存在明显的从红外光谱的结果(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>),证实了这个等温线模型分析。这些组织都是很好的结合位点(II)。类似结果,弗伦德里希等温线在许多其他应用等温线模型也最好描述铅(II)离子水溶液的吸附研究棕尘及其修改提取树脂作为吸附剂(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。</p> <p><i>(2)朗缪尔模型</我>。朗缪尔吸附模型假定均匀能量到单层表面和表面没有被吸附物的相互作用<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>]。5线性形式可以得到如表所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab5/" target="_blank">5</一个>。分离系数,<我>R</我><sub>l</sub>,这被认为是一个更可靠指标的吸附是由以下方程:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq7"><span class="left_break" id="L62"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M62"> <svg height="29.3732pt" id="M62-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.45,26.082)"> <path d="M452 333C452 398 425 448 375 448C329 448 235 404 140 292H138L229 683C233 701 234 712 225 712C208 712 149 686 66 677L64 652H97C135 652 140 651 129 598L38 167C23 96 29 57 44 33C60 7 98 -12 132 -12C169 -12 232 3 290 41C383 102 452 223 452 333ZM365 316C365 199 308 87 239 49C221 39 200 35 183 35C137 35 99 70 112 163C116 191 123 215 129 233C190 316 290 392 330 392C348 392 365 372 365 316Z" id="g113-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.81,26.082)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,66.43,29.214)"> <path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" id="g50-49"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.85,16.857)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R62"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M62-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.028 11.44" width="15.028pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B62-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <path d="M430 623H48C43 580 39 534 30 478H57C80 544 84 550 152 550H369C286 366 187 178 74 -1L81 -12L156 -2C249 201 343 408 438 611L430 623Z" id="g190-223"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>b</我>(L /毫克)是朗缪尔常数<我>C</我><sub>0</sub>(毫克/升)溶液的初始浓度。对于有利的吸附,0 <<我>R</我><sub>l</sub>< 1,<我>R</我><sub>l</sub>> 1,<我>R</我><sub>l</sub>= 1,<我>R</我><sub>l</sub>= 0,分别描述不利的,线性的,和不可逆吸附<一个href="#B9">9</一个>]。</p> <p>Co的吸附(II)与五朗缪尔模型线性化,在黑暗和表中给出的计算参数<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>。所有这5个模型适合Co的吸附(II)在黑暗与朗缪尔平衡常数的值相同(<我>b</我>),<我>R</我><sub>l</sub>和<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>> 99%。高<我>b</我>和低<我>R</我><sub>l</sub>值表示一个非常有利的公司(II)吸附在黑暗。然而,Langmuir-2显示更好的拟合相关系数最高。最高的吸附能力也同样获得了Langmuir-1 Langmuir-2。根据(<一个href="#B52">52</一个>]Langmuir-1和Langmuir-2是最利用朗缪尔等温线模型由于最小偏离拟合方程导致最好的误差分布。朗缪尔模型的适应性也表明公司(II)在黑暗与发生在一个单层同质表面吸附。</p> <p><i>(3)约万诺维奇模型</我>。模型是基于与朗缪尔模型相同的假设,但预测除了一些吸附物之间的机械接触的可能性和吸附剂<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。获得的吸附能力(10.171,100.655,和500.196毫克/克10,100,和500 mg / L)高于朗缪尔模型(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)。的<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>三个公司都是统一(II)初始浓度显示模型在描述公司的充分性(II)吸附在黑暗。约万诺维奇等温线也生成一条直线曲线表明,最好安装铁的吸附<sup>2 +</sup>、镁<sup>2 +</sup>,锌<sup>2 +</sup>离子在metallophthalocyanine电影(<一个href="#B53">53</一个>]。约万诺维奇的减少值常数(<我>K</我><sub>J</sub>10点)与初始浓度增加(0.120 mg / L,在100 mg / L, 0.011和0.002在500 mg / L)表明,随着初始浓度之间有很少的接触时间有限公司(II)和吸附前黑暗。在更高的初始浓度,有一个重要的驱动力由于增加浓度必须克服所有污染物的传质阻力之间的水和固体阶段从而增加吸附(<一个href="#B50">50</一个>]。所有表面覆盖值计算利用这个模型的吸附能力。</p> <p><i>(4)Temkin模型</我>。Temkin模型假定吸附物的吸附热与覆盖层比对数线性降低,而由于adsorbent-adsorbate交互和吸附的特点是均匀分布的结合能,到一些最大的结合能<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>]。该模型同样适合公司(II)吸附在黑暗<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>值大于99%。同样,其他作者获得的结果也使用miswak树叶吸附亚甲蓝(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。的<我>b</我><sub>T</sub>(吸附能量(焦每摩尔))值−1.515−0.234,−0.179焦每摩尔(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)表明,物理吸附是负责公司(II)吸附在黑暗<一个href="#B49">49</一个>]。</p> <p><i>(5)Elovich模型</我>。Elovich模型是基于动力学原理假设吸附的吸附网站呈指数增长,这意味着一个多层吸附<一个href="#B32">32</一个>]。尽管这个模型的健身有限公司(II)吸附在黑暗<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>值(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>),计算吸附能力很低。这可能是由于该模型描述了多层吸附表明迁移从一层到另一个。Elovich等温线模型已经报道还来描述吸附铜(II)但在甲壳素与其他测试模型<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>0.808 (<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。</p> <p><i>(6)Dubinin-Radushkevich (dr)模型</我>。它是一种经验一般用于表达吸附机制与高斯能量分布在异构表面(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。应用Dubinin-Radushkevich模型是确定的意义明显的吸附能,<我>E</我>(焦每摩尔)给出的<span class="equation_break" id="EEq8"><span class="left_break" id="L63"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M63"> <svg height="28.9113pt" id="M63-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.514 28.9113" width="56.514pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B63-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,16.857)"> <path d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z" id="g113-70"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.64,16.857)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.09,8.349)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="28.2597" x="24.09" y="13.203"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.09,26.004)"> <path d="M782 731H740L476 -79H474L280 352L133 274L151 239L242 286L473 -219L782 731Z" id="g119-37"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="18.2905" x="34.06" y="16.465"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.06,27.69)"> <path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z" id="g113-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.48,27.69)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.55,16.857)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R63"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M63-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.168 11.44" width="15.168pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B63-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M246 635C138 635 67 554 67 471C67 401 116 348 178 315C143 296 103 268 87 252C65 231 42 203 42 157C42 50 128 -12 234 -12C319 -12 432 52 432 169C432 256 370 303 299 344C347 376 373 399 381 408C399 430 408 459 408 487C408 569 341 635 246 635ZM235 603C284 603 334 567 334 483C334 420 306 383 273 358C202 393 142 427 142 503C142 552 173 603 235 603ZM245 21C179 21 122 70 122 163C122 219 155 270 204 300C279 263 352 219 352 144C352 66 308 21 245 21Z" id="g190-152"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.67,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><i>K</我>是一个常数与吸附能量(摩尔<sup>2</sup>·kJ<sup>−2</sup>)。</p> <p>如果该值的<我>E</我>8 - 16焦每摩尔,离子交换系统中是主要的吸附过程。如果该值低于8焦每摩尔,物理吸附是主要的吸附机制,如果该值大于16焦每摩尔,这可能是化学吸收作用[<一个href="#B49">49</一个>]。dr代表适合公司(II)在黑暗与吸附(<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>> 99%)(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>),表明异构的参与网站。所有获得吸附能量低于8焦每摩尔(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)显示,过程是物理。这些结果是一致的与其他研究钴吸附(<一个href="#B54">54</一个>,<一个href="#B55">55</一个>]。</p> <p><i>(7)Fowler-Guggenheim模型</我>。这等温线考虑了吸附分子的横向互动(<一个href="#B33">33</一个>]。吸附热的增加线性加载。如果吸附分子之间的相互作用有吸引力(也就是说,<我>W</我>是积极的),吸附热与加载将增加,这是由于增加了吸附分子之间的相互作用随着载荷的增加。这意味着,如果测量吸附热显示了增加对加载,它表明积极的横向吸附分子之间的相互作用。然而,如果吸附分子之间的相互作用是排斥(即<我>W</我>是负的),吸附热与加载显示下降。当吸附分子之间没有相互作用(即,<我>W</我>= 0),这Fowler-Guggenheim朗缪尔方程方程将减少。<我>W</我>吸附分子之间的相互作用能(kJ·摩尔<sup>−1</sup>)。从表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>可以看出,该模型描述了公司(II)吸附在黑暗。整个<我>W</我>值是负的,变得越来越消极随着加载或增加初始浓度,表明吸附热与加载显示减少由于吸附分子之间的排斥作用。其他作者(<一个href="#B56">56</一个>)也报告说,最好Fowler-Guggenheim模型描述铬(VI),锰(II)、铁(II)、铜(II)与积极激活碳从农业废物<我>W</我>值。这种差异可能是由于反应条件以及不同材料的组成。</p> <p><i>(8)Kiselev模型</我>。Kiselev吸附等温线方程也称为本地化单分子层模型(<一个href="#B34">34</一个>)只适用于表面覆盖<我>θ</我>> 0.68 (<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。最低的<我>θ</我>获得的价值是0.82在这项研究中测试的初始浓度。这个模型还描述(2)吸附在黑暗<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>值大于99%。的值<我>k</我><sub>1</sub>代表平衡常数非常高的三个浓度以及<我>k</我><sub><i>n</我></sub>值,它代表的复杂地层吸附分子之间的恒定,确认的高吸附Co (II)在黑暗。的研究(<一个href="#B57">57</一个>]同样展示了健身Kiselev镉吸附的吸附等温式使用新型水处理纳米粒子与残留<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>> 99%。</p> <p><i>(9)Hill-de布尔模型</我>。这个模型方程描述的情况有移动吸附以及吸附分子之间横向交流<一个href="#B35">35</一个>,<一个href="#B36">36</一个>]。一个积极的<我>K</我><sub>2</sub>意味着吸引吸附物种之间和一个负值意味着排斥;即明显的亲和力增加与加载时吸附物种之间的吸引力,并减少与加载时吸附物种之间的排斥。当吸附分子之间没有相互作用(即,<我>K</我><sub>2</sub>= 0)。从表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>,所有的<我>K</我><sub>2</sub>值是消极意义有限公司(II)吸附在黑暗与发生排斥机制,证实Fowler-Guggenheim模型结果和最大的公司(II)吸附在pH值3。这也是其他作品的结果(<一个href="#B57">57</一个>,<一个href="#B58">58</一个>)利用纳米颗粒水处理残留和颗粒活性炭。</p> <p><i>(10)Langmuir-Freundlich模型</我>。这两朗缪尔等温线保险丝和弗伦德里希等温线在一起(<一个href="#B37">37</一个>]。它提供了一个灵活的分析框架建模朗缪尔和弗伦德里希式吸附效果。合作绑定常数(<我>N</我><sub><i>b</我></sub>在10 mg / L)得到(0.995,1.011,100 mg / L, 500 mg / L和1.367)表明吸附的增加趋势随着初始有限公司(II)许多公司(II)离子浓度可以与黑暗与表面反应组(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)。同样,有增加饱和常数(<我>K</我><sub>G</sub>)随着初始有限公司(II)浓度指示缓解与增加的表面积累的初始浓度由于快速占领活动网站允许额外的离子表面积累。这一事实<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>这个模型是高(> 99%)(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)证实,黑暗与表面吸附Co (II)涉及同质和异质网站。</p> <p><i>(11)Flory-Huggins模型</我>。它描述了表面覆盖的程度吸附剂上的吸附物的特点(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。这个等温线模型可以表达的可行性和自发性应用∆的吸附过程<我>G</我>=−RTln<我>K</我><sub>跳频</sub>。从表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>,所有<我>K</我><sub>跳频</sub>是积极的,消极的吉布斯自由能(∆吗<我>G</我>),因此吸附过程的自发性源于高有限公司(II)占用的黑暗与表面(表面覆盖值计算基于最大吸附容量值约万诺维奇等温线本研究范围从92%到85)。这个模型的结果也显示,被吸附物的数量占据吸附网站(<我>n</我>)降低Co(2)初始浓度增加。在初始浓度高,有许多现有吸附离子站点的争夺,而在较低的初始浓度有网站的可用性更少的离子。这一趋势也在另一项研究中获得对锌的吸附水溶液使用椰棕尘[<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。</p> <p><i>(12)Harkin-Jura</我>。该模型假设的可能性多分子层吸附在吸附剂的表面有异构孔隙分布(<一个href="#B38">38</一个>]。这个模型的结果如表所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>与<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>值> 99%确认heteroporosity DNL的表面性质和多层吸附的可能性有限公司(II)在其表面。类似的结果也报道了其他作者(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>在他们的研究显示,哈金<我>- - - - - -</我>侏罗山脉等温线模型有一个更好的选择比弗伦德里希吸附数据,哈尔西,调查和Temkin等温线模型的吸附去除废水的活性黑5使用膨润土,确认的heteroporosity吸附剂。打赌研究这项工作表明,黑暗与含有微,中间,大孔隙。</p> <p><i>(13)则</我>。这个模型像哈金<我>- - - - - -</我>法律适用于多层异构表面上吸附的吸附。与<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>值> 99%,哈尔西等温线结果还证实的异构特性的DNL表面和多层吸附的可能性有限公司(II)在其表面。一些作品<一个href="#B28">28</一个>)也报道了合适的实验数据哈尔西甲基橙的吸附等温线模型pinecone-derived活性炭和pb<sup>2 +</sup>在椰子壳碳离子。这适合证明激活网站和多层异构分布的吸附剂进行了测试。激活的是网站的黑暗的异构分布等不同群体的存在表示的首席运营官<sup>−</sup>,C = O地切断,C-O-C, Si-O-Al, Fe-O通过红外光谱分析(图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>)。</p> <h6 id="sec3.3.3">3.3.3。拟合等温线</h6> <p><i>(1)Redlich-Peterson模型</我>。这个等温线模型实证等温线将三个参数。它结合了元素从朗缪尔和弗伦德里希方程,因此代表了吸附平衡在一个广泛的吸附物浓度是同构或异构系统适用于(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。计算参数的值为这个三个等温线模型(<我>K</我><sub>R</sub>,抓到<我>- - - - - -</我>彼得森等温线常数(Lg<sup>−1</sup>)用于获取相关系数的最大值,<我>一个</我><sub>R</sub>=常数(L /毫克)<我>b</我><sub>R</sub>=是在0和1之间的指数)如表所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>。<我>R</我><sup>2</sup>统一的价值了<我>K</我><sub>R</sub>18 Lg<sup>−1</sup>10 mg / L, 33 Lg<sup>−1</sup>为100 mg / L, 131年Lg<sup>−1</sup>为500 mg / L,表明吸附随着初始浓度的缓解。抓到<我>- - - - - -</我>彼得森弗伦德里希等温线模型方法<我>b</我><sub>R</sub>趋向于零,朗缪尔<我>b</我><sub>R</sub>是接近1<一个href="#B5">5</一个>]。然而,所有的事实<我>b</我><sub>R</sub>值大于1(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)表明,这个模型并不描述有限公司(II)吸附在黑暗。</p> <h4 id="conclusion">4所示。结论</h4> <p>有限公司(II)的吸附水溶液用楝树叶bioadsorbent,丰富浪费材料了。biosorbent确定属性的显示,它有多种多样的表面官能团虽然具有低孔隙度特征。有限公司(II)是吸附在黑暗与有利在酸性pH值,因为它容易沉淀基本博士有限公司(II)吸附同样证明了边际对温度的依赖。10分钟得到的平衡时间为每个测试三个初始浓度约85%的去除效率最低的10 mg / L, 89.56%为100 mg / L, 97.13%为500 mg / L。Pseudosecond-order动力学模型最适合这一过程。所有的测试——和两个参数等温线模型描述有限公司(II)吸附死印楝叶不一。同样,所有的测试两个参数等温线显示同质、异质,多层吸附在黑暗。然而并非如此Redlich-Peterson等温线,参数模型。更多当地的可用性,因此低成本意味着它将提供一个类似的单位成本是有效的吸附能力比其他测试材料有限公司(2)删除(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab7/" target="_blank">7</一个>;(<一个href="#B54">54</一个>,<一个href="#B55">55</一个>,<一个href="#B59">59</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B65">65年</一个>])。因此得出结论,印楝树叶可以一个合适的,当地的,低成本的替代消除钴(II)离子从水的解决方案。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab7"> <table class="table-group" id="tab7"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">吸附剂</td> <td class="align_center"><i>问</我><sub><i>米</我></sub>(毫克/克)</td> <td class="align_center">平衡时间(分钟)</td> <td class="align_center">参考</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">木质纤维素/蒙脱石纳米复合材料(以前)</td> <td class="align_center">93.43</td> <td class="align_center">60</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B59" target="_blank">59</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">激活无序介孔碳</td> <td class="align_center">90%</td> <td class="align_center">15</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B54" target="_blank">54</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">未经处理的泥煤苔</td> <td class="align_center">30.03</td> <td class="align_center">60</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B60" target="_blank">60</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">泥煤苔HNO对待<sub>3</sub></td> <td class="align_center">21.51</td> <td class="align_center">One hundred.</td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">泥煤苔氢氧化钠处理</td> <td class="align_center">35.21</td> <td class="align_center">15</td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>Thespesia populnea</我>树皮活性炭</td> <td class="align_center">26.09</td> <td class="align_center">60</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B55" target="_blank">55</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">碳凝胶没有兴奋剂</td> <td class="align_center">2.8927</td> <td class="align_center">180年</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B61" target="_blank">61年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">碳凝胶掺杂石墨</td> <td class="align_center">7.97</td> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">杏石活性炭</td> <td class="align_center">111.11</td> <td class="align_center">90年</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B62" target="_blank">62年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">南非煤飞灰</td> <td class="align_center">0.40</td> <td class="align_center">240年</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B63" target="_blank">63年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">磁性壳聚糖</td> <td class="align_center">27.5</td> <td class="align_center">1</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B64" target="_blank">64年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">沙特烤日期坑</td> <td class="align_center">6.28</td> <td class="align_center">40</td> <td class="align_center">(<一个href="#B65" target="_blank">65年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">印楝树叶</td> <td class="align_center">523年</td> <td class="align_center">10</td> <td class="align_center">本研究</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表7</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672/tab7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 比较黑暗的吸附容量和平衡反应时间与其他吸附剂(II)吸附。</div> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="data-availability">数据可用性</h4> <p>获得的模型方程的计算中使用不同等温线参数及其相应的相关系数测试等温线作为补充提供材料。</p> <h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">的利益冲突</h4> <p>作者声明不存在任何利益冲突有关的出版。</p> <h4 id="supplementary-materials">补充材料</h4> <p>情节不同等温线方程模型。<我id="supp-1">(<一个href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672.f1.docx" target="_blank">补充材料</一个>)</我></p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4> <ol> <li id="B1">世界卫生组织,“健康在水资源开发中,”2007年,<一个t一个rget="_blank" href="http://www.who.int/docstore/watersanitationhealth/vector/waterresources.htm">http://www.who.int/docstore/watersanitationhealth/vector/waterresources.htm</一个>。<span class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Health%20in%20Water%20resources%20development&author=World Health Organization&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> <li id="B2">负责保存,p . n . 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Al-Jlil&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4> <p>版权©2019年科尼利厄斯负责等。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-6 bqUtxN article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 dhicaS"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 sZeeW rightWrapper"> <div id="rightSectionMenu" class="sc-hZSUBg hwTmaF journal_article__StickyRight-sc-12fk6zy-0 xuPEv"> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 iKpUSJ article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-jrIrqw deaPpH article_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-hjRWVT iLecBy article_toolbar_views"> 515年 的观点 | 387年 下载 | 2 引用</div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cbkKFq dNPgJJ sc-iybRtq jghqNV pdf_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/ijce/2019/6452672.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id=""><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-krvtoX isUmzT" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF</span></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje ggEPYc sc-fYiAbW eBEQa fileArrow" title="" role="presentation" 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</span></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje ggEPYc sc-fYiAbW eBEQa fileArrow" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="20"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cbkKFq dNPgJJ sc-fHxwqH dPWBKK ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ijce/2019/6452672.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-krvtoX isUmzT" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</span></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje ggEPYc sc-fYiAbW eBEQa fileArrow" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjBweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMnB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjAgMjIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDUzLjIgKDcyNjQzKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5jaGV2cm9uLWRvd24gY29weSAzPC90aXRsZT4KICAgIDxkZXNjPkNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBTa2V0Y2guPC9kZXNjPgogICAgPGRlZnM+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTExLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgTDExLDIgQzExLDEuNDQ3NzE1MjUgMTEuNDQ3NzE1MywxIDEyLDEgQzEyLjU1MjI4NDcsMSAxMywxLjQ0NzcxNTI1IDEzLDIgTDEzLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgTDE1LjI5Mjg5MzIsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBDMTUuNjgzNDE3NSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDE2LjMxNjU4MjUsMTAuOTAyMzY4OSAxNi43MDcxMDY4LDExLjI5Mjg5MzIgQzE3LjA5NzYzMTEsMTEuNjgzNDE3NSAxNy4wOTc2MzExLDEyLjMxNjU4MjUgMTYuNzA3MTA2OCwxMi43MDcxMDY4IEwxMi43MDcxMDY4LDE2LjcwNzEwNjggQzEyLjMxNjU4MjUsMTcuMDk3NjMxMSAxMS42ODM0MTc1LDE3LjA5NzYzMTEgMTEuMjkyODkzMiwxNi43MDcxMDY4IEw3LjI5Mjg5MzIyLDEyLjcwNzEwNjggQzYuOTAyMzY4OTMsMTIuMzE2NTgyNSA2LjkwMjM2ODkzLDExLjY4MzQxNzUgNy4yOTI4OTMyMiwxMS4yOTI4OTMyIEM3LjY4MzQxNzUxLDEwLjkwMjM2ODkgOC4zMTY1ODI0OSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDguNzA3MTA2NzgsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBMMTEsMTMuNTg1Nzg2NCBaIE0yLDE3IEMyLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMi40NDc3MTUyNSwxNiAzLDE2IEMzLjU1MjI4NDc1LDE2IDQsMTYuNDQ3NzE1MyA0LDE3IEw0LDIwIEM0LDIwLjU1MjI4NDcgNC40NDc3MTUyNSwyMSA1LDIxIEwxOSwyMSBDMTkuNTUyMjg0NywyMSAyMCwyMC41NTIyODQ3IDIwLDIwIEwyMCwxNyBDMjAsMTYuNDQ3NzE1MyAyMC40NDc3MTUzLDE2IDIxLDE2IEMyMS41NTIyODQ3LDE2IDIyLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMjIsMTcgTDIyLDIwIEMyMiwyMS42NTY4NTQyIDIwLjY1Njg1NDIsMjMgMTksMjMgTDUsMjMgQzMuMzQzMTQ1NzUsMjMgMiwyMS42NTY4NTQyIDIsMjAgTDIsMTcgWiIgaWQ9InBhdGgtMSI+PC9wYXRoPgogICAgPC9kZWZzPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlN5bWJvbHMiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJTaWRlYmFycy9EZXNrdG9wL0FydGljbGUtU2lkZWJhciIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTI5MS4wMDAwMDAsIC0xMzQuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJEb3dubG9hZC1yZWZlcmVuY2UiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDAwMDAwLCAxMTIuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iVHlwZS1hbmQtaWNvbnMiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDIwLjAwMDAwMCwgMjEuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9Ikljb25zL0Rvd25sb2FkIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyNjkuMDAwMDAwLCAwLjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iZG93bmxvYWQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPG1hc2sgaWQ9Im1hc2stMiIgZmlsbD0id2hpdGUiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgeGxpbms6aHJlZj0iI3BhdGgtMSI+PC91c2U+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L21hc2s+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8dXNlIGlkPSJDb21iaW5lZC1TaGFwZSIgZmlsbD0iIzAwMDAwMCIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJub256ZXJvIiB4bGluazpocmVmPSIjcGF0aC0xIj48L3VzZT4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJDT0xPUi8tUHJpbWFyeS1HcmVlbiIgbWFzaz0idXJsKCNtYXNrLTIpIiBmaWxsPSIjNkJBNDM5IiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxyZWN0IGlkPSJSZWN0YW5nbGUiIHg9IjAiIHk9IjAiIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCI+PC9yZWN0PgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4=" height="20"></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-2 gvAMNw article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-fyjhYU bmCmNg article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-ugnQR bdNavy accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-iomxrj czMNsj" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iMjAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMCAyMiI+PGRlZnM+PGNsaXBQYXRoIGlkPSJhIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMmEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjE2YTEsMSwwLDAsMSwyLDB2M2ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMSwxSDE3YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLTFWMTZhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDIsMHYzYTMsMywwLDAsMS0zLDNabTYuMjg4LTYuMy00LTRhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDEuNDE0LTEuNDE0TDksMTIuNTg2VjFhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDIsMFYxMi41ODZsMi4yOTMtMi4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDEuNDE0LDEuNDE0bC00LDRhMSwxLDAsMCwxLTEuNDIzLDBaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyIDEpIi8+PC9jbGlwUGF0aD48L2RlZnM+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTIgLTEpIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMmEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjE2YTEsMSwwLDAsMSwyLDB2M2ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMSwxSDE3YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLTFWMTZhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDIsMHYzYTMsMywwLDAsMS0zLDNabTYuMjg4LTYuMy00LTRhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDEuNDE0LTEuNDE0TDksMTIuNTg2VjFhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDIsMFYxMi41ODZsMi4yOTMtMi4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDEuNDE0LDEuNDE0bC00LDRhMSwxLDAsMCwxLTEuNDIzLDBaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyIDEpIi8+PGcgY2xpcC1wYXRoPSJ1cmwoI2EpIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiIGZpbGw9InJnYmEoMCwwLDAsMCkiLz48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==" height="24"><span class="sc-iFMziU gCiAsp">下载其他格式</span><span class="sc-keVrkP hYjHxB">更多的</span></span> <img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-dvCyap bivFoZ" title="" role="presentation" 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class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link authors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">作者</一个></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link editors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors"><img alt="" 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