消化内科的研究与实践

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消化内科的研究与实践/2010/文章

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2010 |文章编号 138748 | 网页 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/138748

重症Postsphincterotomy治疗涵盖自膨式金属胆道支架置入出血:两个案件的结果

学术编辑器:Hirozumi Sawai
收到了 2009年10月15日
修订 2010年2月11日
公认 2010 3月15日
发布时间 2010年06月06

摘要

我们报告两例严重的括约肌切开术后出血的成人和儿童患者,作为第一选择,可用技术诱导止血没有成功。由于持续出血,一个可膨胀的、部分覆盖的金属支架被放置在胆碱道内以机械地压迫出血部位。血止住了。在接下来的几天里,两位患者血流动力学保持稳定,没有出血的进一步发作。我们认为,对于严重的内镜后-括约肌切开术出血,注射治疗难治,应考虑使用覆膜金属支架,以避免额外的干预,即使是儿科患者,并发症的风险也较高。

1.简介

内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)已成为多种胆胰疾病的重要治疗手段[1]。采用括约肌切开术切除胆胰结石,方便放置胆胰支架,治疗oddi括约肌功能障碍患者[2]。一括约肌切开术最常见的并发症是出血[34]。我们报告使用覆盖的金属支架的两个案件,以治疗严重postsphincterotomy出血。

2.病例报告1

2002年,一位52岁的男子接受了腹腔镜胆囊切除术。从那时起,患者反复出现腹痛和发烧。在2004年进行了一次ERCP,包括括约肌切开术和污泥清除术。2005年3月,另一例胆管炎导致了另一项手术,即采用气动和机械扩张括约肌切开术和污泥清除术。自那以后,病人经历了其他的胆管炎发作,仅用抗生素治疗,最后一次是在2006年7月,超声显示胆汁淤积和胆总管扩张。因此,病人被收治到我院接受ERCP治疗。患者一般情况良好,体格检查不明显。实验数据为:Hb 15.3 gr/dL, HCT 44%,直接胆红素0.68 mg% - maglutamyl转移酶281 U/L, AST/ALT 42/186 U/L,碱性磷酸盐146 U/L。我们没有发现共病。在使用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦后,病人行ERCP,显示胆总管轻度扩张并有几个充盈缺损。 The sphincterotomy was enlarged with a sphincterotome on a guide wire (endocut: watt 120; coag: watt 40, PSD 60 Olympus) and biliary sludge was removed with a Fogarty balloon catheter. The procedure was well tolerated and no signs of bleeding were detected. Almost 6 hours after the procedure, the patient had an episode of rectal bleeding. Blood tests showed Hb 13.3 gr/dL, HCT 39.3%, 120/80 mmHg, and heart rate 70/min. As a result, an emergency esophageal gastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed. It showed active bleeding from the site of previous sphincterotomy. Adrenaline was injected (1 : 10.000 dilution, 10 mL) and a metallic clip (Resolution Clip, Boston Scientific Corporation, Natik USA) was placed, with an evident cessation of hemorrhaging (Figure1)。次日,患者有严重的直肠出血的两个集。Hemoglobin levels were stable at 11.7 gr/dL, Hct 35%, arterial blood pressure was 120/70 mmHg, and heart rate was 70/min. Another EGD was performed and showed a persistent and severe bleeding from the previous clip placement site (Figure2)。Sclerosis with adrenaline (1 : 10.000 dilution, 10 mL) was redone, and a plastic stent (10 Fr, 5 cm, OASIS, Wilson Cook Medical, Winston-Salem, NC) was placed, with subsequent cessation of the bleeding. Almost 3 hours after the sclerotherapy, the patient became hemodynamically instable, hypotensive, and tachicardic, with drop in hemoglobin level (Hb: 4 gr/dL). Another episode of hematochezia occurred. EGD was repeated once more and showed a large amount of blood and clots in the stomach, and fresh bleeding from the sphincterotomy. The plastic stent was removed with a snare, and multiple clots were removed from the biliary duct with a balloon catheter, exposing a small, nonbleeding vessel in the site of the sphincterotomy (Figure3)。严重出血发生。8毫米扩张球囊导管( 飓风Microvasive,波士顿科学公司,Natik USA)用于暂时棉球出血。But because of persisting of the bleeding from the sphincterotomy site when the balloon was removed, an expandable, partially covered metallic stent (4 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter, Wallstent, Boston Scientific Corporation, Natik USA) was placed in the choledocho to mechanically compress the bleeding site and drain the clots from the biliary duct (Figure4)。该患者被送入重症监护病房。After volume replacement (almost 2 L) and transfusion of 4 units of packed red blood cells, the patient stabilized hemodynamically (Hb: 8 gr/dL). On postprocedure day 5, the patient was discharged home in good clinical condition. We saw him one month later in the outpatient clinic. He was in good general condition, asymptomatic, and with normal blood tests. An ERCP was scheduled to remove the previously placed metallic stent. The ERCP showed a partial obstruction in the metallic stent and was removed with a snare. The cholangiography showed multiple filling defects in the upper third of the choledocho. No signs of bleeding were seen (Figure)。使用Fogarty球囊导管清除污泥。患者在术后第二天出院,一般情况良好,无症状,血液测试正常。8个月后患者仍无症状,一般情况良好。

3.病例报告2

一个8岁的男孩被送往我们的门户网站,因为海绵状血管瘤研究所,或许继发于插管,对新生儿败血症和食管静脉曲张用捆扎结扎两会治疗脐血管中。另一个合并症发现先天联合免疫缺陷(SCID T-B +)。During followup, a CT scan, performed in order to evaluate his vascular anatomy for a possible surgical shunt, showed a 6.5 cm hepatic fluid lesion of unknown origin with a suspected stone inside, mild intrahepatic biliary duct dilation, and a large cavernoma of the portal vein. Laboratory data were AST/ALT 42/74 U/L (normal: 5–40/65 U/L), bilirubin tot/dir 0.49/0.11 mg/dL (0–1.5 mg/dL), alkaline phosphates 362 U/L (40–134 U/L), gamma-GT 70 mg/(5–85 U/L), PLT 60 L(50 - 400人 L),PT 84%(80%–120%), and INR 1.16 (0.80–1.20 INR). With evidence of cholestasisand a CT scan that prompted suspicion of a biliary stone, an ERCP was planned. At admission, the patient was in good general conditions, and the physical examination was unremarkable (weight Kg 20, arterial blood pressure 86/52, and heart rate 84). On piperacillin/tazobactam and under general anesthesia, the patient, continuously monitored with electrocardiography, pulse oximeter, and automatic recording of blood pressure and pulse, underwent ERCP, showing hilar extrinsic compression, with several filling defects. The sphincterotomy was done with a sphincterotome on a guide wire (endocut: watt 120; coag: watt 40, PSD 60 Olympus). Severe bleeding occurred. The lumen was filled entirely with blood, and only after ten minutes of washout and compression with an 8mm dilation balloon catheter ( 然后用一个取石气球导管(15mm, Extractor XL, Boston Scientific Corporation, Natik USA)(图)6),出血部位主要出现在括约肌切开术的上缘(图7)。Several attempts at sclerosis with 1 : 10.000 epinephrine, total 20 mL, were injected without stopping the bleeding. The patient became hypotensive, and hemoglobin level dropped to 7 gr/dL (from 10.4 gr/dL). We immediately started volume replacement (almost 1 L) and transfusion of 450 cc of packed red blood cells. Given our previous experience with a metal stent in post-sphincterotomy bleeding in an adult patient, we decided, 90 minutes into the procedure, to insert an expandable, covered metallic stent (4 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter, Wallstent, Boston Scientific Corporation, Natik USA) into the choledocho to mechanically compress the bleeding site and simultaneously drain the biliary duct (Figure8)。出血停止,入重症监护室,血流动力学稳定(Hb: 8.3 gr/dL)。术后第5天,患者出院回家,临床情况良好。两周后,他接受了一个开放的程序来构建一个肠系膜分流。他的耐受性很好,3天后计划进行ERCP摘除支架。在全身麻醉下,侧位内窥镜被引入并推进到乳头处,在那里可以看到支架。支架通畅,用短吻鳄牙钳取出(图)9)。胆管造影正常,未见出血迹象(图)10)。现在,在手术六个月后,患者处于良好的一般条件,无症状,且无胆汁淤积的迹象。

4.讨论

一般来说,括约肌切开术后出血是常见的(2%-11%),而且是自限性的。用硬化剂冲洗通常足以止血[34]。其他方式包括内镜下气球填塞[,氩等离子凝固热疗[6],使用纤维蛋白胶,和夹放置[7]。对于顽固性病例,血管造影栓塞,或手术,是必要的[8]。一些研究表明递增直径的胆道支架的串行布置是成功后乳头括约肌切开狭窄的治疗。此外,最近的情况下,报告记录成功使用一个覆盖的金属支架在从食管静脉曲张活动性出血[9]。文献中的这一证据促使我们应用支架试图止血。我们在第一个案例中使用了支架的压缩效果。在第二个案例中,因为我们成功地在一个成年病人身上使用了支架来治疗括约肌切开术后出血,而且因为病人年轻,我们选择放弃其他可用的方法。金属支架的主要适应证是胆道梗阻[10]。最近,这些支架的使用已逐步扩展到其他病理条件的治疗[1112]。这些支架的放置和移除很容易,但必须在不超过3个月内完成。在第一个病例中,我们尝试了除栓塞外的所有方法来止血。将患者(插管并处于低血压状态)转移到血管造影室太困难,而且确实很危险。在第二个案例中,我们依靠之前在一个成年病人身上的经验,使用金属支架来阻止出血。总之,我们相信在持久post-ES流血,当耐火材料注射疗法或者并不是所有模式诱导止血,覆盖金属支架的应用应考虑进一步治疗选项,允许endoscopist避免额外的过程,风险较高的并发症,尤其是在非常年轻的病人,谁能更严重的并发症。然而,需要进一步的研究和新的先进的金属假体具有足够的特征(更长的长度,更强的胆汁抵抗能力,以及容易去除),以确保安全和有效的使用。

参考

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