Coral-Associated细菌作为一种很有前途的Antibiofilm代理与耐甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜</t我tle> <link rel="preload stylesheet" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.28.0/bib-related-content.min.css"> <link rel="preload" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" data-n-g=""> <style id="__jsx-903e4b2e5d3241e4">div#__next{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:100vh;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}</style> </head> <body> <div id="__next"> <section class="ant-layout"> <div> <header class="ant-layout-header"> <div 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class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_leftColumn__yqNgV"> <div> <div> <div id="article-table-of-contents" data-ismobile="false"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__0jAuv"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__title__CH9Lz"> 在这一页上</gydF4y2Badiv> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#abstract">文摘</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#introduction">介绍</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#materials-and-methods">材料和方法</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#results">结果</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#discussion">讨论</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#conclusion">结论</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#acknowledgments">确认</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#references">引用</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#copyright">版权</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#related-articles">相关文章</一个> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_middleColumn__sbd41"> <div class="ArticleMiddleSection_articleMiddleSection__gAv9z"> <div class="articleHeader"> <strong>研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</年代trong> <div class="articleHeader__meta"> <span>体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->|</年代pan> <span>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->862374年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->|</年代pan> <span class="articleHeader__meta_doiLink"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/862374" aria-label="Doi-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/862374</一个></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示引用</bgydF4y2Bautton> </div> <h1 class="articleHeader__title">Coral-Associated细菌是一种很有前途的Antibiofilm代理对耐甲氧西林和敏感<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>生物膜</h1gydF4y2Ba> <div class="articleHeader__authors"> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">Nyagwencha Duncun Mosioma<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">和<年代trong>Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian</年代trong><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" aria-label="Mail Option"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a><sup>1</年代up></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示更多</bgydF4y2Bautton> </div> <div class="articleHeader__academicEditor"> <strong>学术编辑器:</年代trong> <span>Mainen j .苎麻</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline"> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>收到了</年代trong> <span>2012年5月10日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>接受</年代trong> <span>2012年7月10</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item articleHeader__timeline_item_sticky"> <strong>发表</年代trong> <span>2012年9月04</年代pan> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleBody"> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4gydF4y2Ba> <p>目前的研究涉及的评估两个coral-associated细菌(出租车)提取物抑制生物膜的合成<我>在体外</我>胞外多糖以及毒性生产溶血素和(EPS),并评估他们的修改附着力属性的能力,这是细胞表面疏水性(CSH)的耐甲氧西林(MRSA)和敏感<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>(MSSA)。九个出租车筛选,CAB-E2的乙酸乙酯提取物(<我>芽孢杆菌firmus</我>)和CAB-E4 (<我>弧菌parahemolyticus</我>)显示优秀antibiofilm活动<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>。CAB-E2减少生产EPS(57 - 79%)和溶血素(43 - 70%),最终导致显著抑制生物膜(80 - 87%)由MRSA和MSSA。同样,CAB-E4还发现减少生产EPS(43 - 57%)、溶血素(43 - 57%)和生物膜(80 - 85%)的病原体进行测试。样品形貌分析也证明了antibiofilm出租车提取物的功效。此外,出租车提取物强烈的CSH下降<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>。此外,红外光谱分析<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>对待出租车提取证明减少蜂窝组件相对于各自的控制。因此,本研究首次报道,<我>b . firmus</我>——coral-associated细菌,是一种很有前途的来源antibiofilm代理对耐药形成的顽固的生物膜<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>。</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4gydF4y2Ba> <p>生物膜是生物和非生物surface-associated,复杂和高度结构化的固着细菌社区巩固自己在自产胞外多糖的细胞外基质(EPS)以及蛋白质和微观分子如DNA (<一个href="#B1">1</一个>]。Biofilm-associated细菌呈现巨大的宽容对抗生素和宿主免疫防御机制往往导致持久和难治性感染,留下浮游同行(<一个href="#B2">2</一个>,<一个href="#B3">3</一个>]。细菌坚持植入医疗器械或受损的组织可以成为可怕的通过生物膜的形成造成持续性感染(<一个href="#B4">4</一个>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p><i>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>是在生物膜形成的人类病原体导致一系列疾病,从轻微的局部皮肤损伤到危及生命的深部组织损伤,和系统性感染如肺炎、心内膜炎、外毒素综合症(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>]。慢性感染持续存在并造成严重的发病率和死亡率的人口由于顽固的生物膜结构的发展,这种病原体。虽然<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>已经显示了<我>在体外</我>抗菌素对化疗敏感性,经常疗法用于治疗感染的最终成功,导致临床复发和慢性亚临床感染。可以归因于这些复发和慢性葡萄球菌感染细菌生物膜的增长(<一个href="#B6">6</一个>,<一个href="#B7">7</一个>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>这个臭名昭著的生物膜结构<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>组成的细胞外基质包围蛋白质、DNA、和/或多糖glycocalyx(也称为多糖细胞间adhesin或PIA) (<一个href="#B8">8</一个>]。其粘附医疗器械被归咎于他们的发病机理。的能力<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>导致各种疾病与众多的毒性等因素丰富和毒素<一个href="#B9">9</一个>]。生物膜的形成,<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>可以支配的PIA的生产。PIA中扮演着重要角色在随后的细胞间的相互作用或群体感应(QS),已由icaADBC-encoded蛋白质合成(<一个href="#B10">10</一个>,<一个href="#B11">11</一个>]。附属基因调节器(<我>agr</我>特征明显)轨迹、双组分监管体系,发挥了至关重要的作用的规定生产的外毒素<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>(<一个href="#B12">12</一个>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>一般来说,抗生素用于治疗这些biofilm-forming病原体不是针对顽固的生物膜;而是目标浮游同行,细菌上创建选择压力,抵抗特定药物(<一个href="#B13">13</一个>]。这导致了惊人的耐甲氧西林增加<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>,除了vancomycin-resistant和其他抗生素的出现,加速和扩大更多的关注对替代策略开发新药物在预防和治疗危及生命的援助这些耐多药(MDR)葡萄球菌引起的感染。虽然一些自然产生植物分子如萜类化合物,glycosteroids,类黄酮,和多酚正在接受持续的关注,因为它们强大的抗菌,抗炎,抗肿瘤性质与致病细菌,特别是革兰氏阳性微生物(<一个href="#B14">14</一个>),他们没有表现出antibiofilm报道活动。与这些植物的化合物,许多海洋细菌被很好的记录最近的有效antibiofilm属性对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌病原体(<一个href="#B15">15</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>珊瑚礁是最多产的海洋生态系统仍是一个尚未开发的资源和一大群结构独特的生物合成的产品持有巨大的生物技术应用的微生物。寻找新的生物活性分子的概率从这些珊瑚生态系统非常有前途,因为在这个生态系统中微生物财团没有很透彻了。细菌和放线菌分离珊瑚生态系统同样被证明生产次生代谢产物发挥防御作用,有效控制细菌生物膜(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>了解这种背景下,当前研究集中探讨出租车提取物对生物膜形成的影响和生产MDR临床分离株的毒力<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>。此外,各种蜂窝组件的修改测试菌株在出租车提取物治疗检查通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(ir)。据作者所知,这是第一个研究上<我>b . firmus</我>,coral-associated细菌antibiofilm和antipathogenic潜力<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>,尤其是耐多药耐甲氧西林敏感<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>(MSSA)。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="materials-and-methods">2。材料和方法</h4gydF4y2Ba> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。细菌菌株和出租车提取制备</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>咽炎患者参加临床菌株胸科学系Rajaji政府医院,马杜赖。5临床耐甲氧西林菌株<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>(MRSA-44 MRSA-20 MRSA-45 mrsa - 395和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌- 410)和五个methicillin-susceptible临床菌株<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>(MSSA-46 MSSA-A8 MSSA-51 mssa - 84,和mssa - 79)被用于本研究。十临床分离株被确定在物种水平基于16 s rRNA基因测序及其基因库加入数字JN315147 JN315148, JN315149, JN390832,和JN315150耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和JN315152 JN315153, JN315154, JN390831,分别和JN315151 MSSA隔离。两个<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>写明ATCC 33591和写明ATCC 11632株,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌菌株被用作参考。</gydF4y2Bap> <p><i>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>菌株生长和维护在胰蛋白酶的大豆琼脂/汤(TSA / TSB)和出租车在Zobell海洋琼脂培养/汤(ZMA / ZMB)在室温下盘子。出租车是孤立的粘液和组织的珊瑚<我>疣digitifera</我>马纳尔湾的海湾<一个href="#B15">15</一个>]。九个出租车抑制生物膜的能力进行了评估MRSA和MSSA菌株,并提取CAB-E2和CAB-E4显示优良的抑制准备如前所述[<一个href="#B16">16</一个>]。隔离CAB-E2(加入基因库EU660357数量)和CAB-E4 (EU660363)被确定为<我>芽孢杆菌firmus</我>和<我>弧菌parahemolyticus</我>分别通过16 s rRNA基因测序。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。生物膜的形成在24-Well聚苯乙烯板试验</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>出租车提取物对生物膜形成的影响是在24-well聚苯乙烯板完成。短暂,一夜之间文化测试的生物(1%)注射1毫升新鲜TSB(治疗)和存在(治疗)的出租车提取物(10 - 150<我>μ</我>g / mL)。盘子被孵化24 h在37°C。孵化后,盘子洗了无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)去除浮游细胞被染色前,允许空气干燥。生物膜结晶紫溶液沾0.4% (w / v)为5分钟。随后清白的染料被丢弃,井与去离子水冲洗两次,然后允许干燥。最后,1毫升的绝对乙醇添加在每个。光密度是决定在570纳米<一个href="#B16">16</一个>],生物膜抑制百分比计算使用以下公式:<年代pan class="equation" id="eq1"> <svg height="66.9375" id="M1" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 66.9375" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,66.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-18.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,95.25,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.44" y="20.48"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.48" y="20.51"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.9" y="40.990002"> ]</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8016319" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.352964" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.491457" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.042789" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.594122" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.845619" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.433983" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.985313" y="0"> g</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.061771" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.764099" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.015602" y="0"> f</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.342598" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.818436" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.069931" y="0"> h</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="89.321434" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.797264" y="0"> b</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="99.048767" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="102.5246" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="106.00043" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.47626" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="115.72777" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.639999" y="20.469999"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.803497" y="20.469999"> C</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.143002" y="20.469999"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.394501" y="20.469999"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.646" y="20.469999"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.121834" y="20.469999"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.222816" y="20.469999"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.474319" y="20.469999"> l</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.101151" y="20.469999"> O</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.128311" y="20.469999"> D</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="94.155479" y="20.469999"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="100.40698" y="20.469999"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="106.65848" y="20.469999"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="114.99798" y="20.469999"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="121.24948" y="20.469999"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="133.75249" y="20.469999"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="145.0927" y="20.469999"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="152.23192" y="20.469999"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.78325" y="20.469999"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="162.54689" y="20.469999"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="170.17372" y="20.469999"> O</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="179.20088" y="20.469999"> D</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="188.22806" y="20.469999"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="194.47955" y="20.469999"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="200.73105" y="20.469999"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="209.07056" y="20.469999"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.32205" y="20.469999"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.04939" y="20.469999"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.25" y="40.950001"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.725834" y="40.950001"> C</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.065334" y="40.950001"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.316835" y="40.950001"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.568336" y="40.950001"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.04417" y="40.950001"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.132648" y="40.950001"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.384151" y="40.950001"> l</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.010979" y="40.950001"> O</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.038147" y="40.950001"> D</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.065315" y="40.950001"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.316811" y="40.950001"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="89.568314" y="40.950001"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.907814" y="40.950001"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="104.15931" y="40.950001"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.84" y="40.950001"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="131.61758" y="40.950001"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="137.86908" y="40.950001"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.12059" y="40.950001"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.37209" y="40.950001"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="378.87" y="21.1"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="383.03351" y="21.1"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="389.285" y="21.1"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>生物膜的抑制浓度(BIC)确定最低浓度产生明显的破坏生物膜的形成,显著减少读数相比与控制井OD570 nm。井包含介质和提取被用作空白。因此,BIC既取决于光谱光度测量的量化和微观可视化,化验后都做了决定BIC的出租车提取E2和E4。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。通过纸片扩散试验抗菌活性</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>为了检查是否出租车提取E2和E4有抗菌功效对MRSA和MSSA隔离,琼脂扩散试验进行了使用Muller-Hinton琼脂(尼古拉斯)(Himedia)(临床和实验室标准协会,2006)。一夜之间文化的MRSA和MSSA隔离亚文化在TSB直到浊度0.5麦克法兰(<年代vg height="14.375" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:46.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.612499 14.375" width="46.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.804752" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.64,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>CFU /毫升)。用无菌棉拭子,文化是均匀分布在琼脂板的表面。吸收多余的水分被允许发生10分钟。在擦洗板块,井被穿孔直径10毫米和装载提取(在100年的浓度<我>μ</我>g / mL)。一百年<我>μ</我>L出租车文化的上层清液添加在每个。尼古拉斯板块在37°C,然后孵化和盘子是24小时后观察抑制区。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.4">2.4。出租车提取物对经济增长的影响</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>出租车提取物对细胞密度的影响在24-well聚苯乙烯板完成。井TSB注射临床株MRSA和MSSA隔离以及参考菌株,分别接受两个出租车提取E2和E4和孵化24小时37°C。井没有提取作为控制各自的压力和TSB提取成为空白。24小时后,井挖掘轻轻地和量化的内容spectrophotometrically OD600 nm增长的变化。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.5">2.5。原位可视化<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我></h5> <h6 id="sec2.5.1">2.5.1。光显微镜分析</h6gydF4y2Ba> <p>可视化的光学显微镜,生物膜被允许长在玻璃碎片(<年代vg height="11.075" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:32.700001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.700001 11.075" width="32.700001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.804752" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>厘米)放置在24-well聚苯乙烯板补充有或没有出租车提取物(10 - 150<我>μ</我>g / mL)和孵化24 h在37°C。玻璃碎片被洗PBS和沾0.4%结晶紫。彩色玻璃块被放置在幻灯片上的生物膜向上指导和检查光学显微镜(Euromex,模型:GE3045、荷兰)×400的放大。可见生物膜与附加数码相机记录(Cmex相机模型:DC5000、荷兰)(<一个href="#B16">16</一个>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h6 id="sec2.5.2">2.5.2。共焦激光扫描显微镜(样品形貌)分析</h6gydF4y2Ba> <p>两个出租车提取的效果(10 - 150<我>μ</我>g / mL)对生物膜的形成是监控下共焦激光扫描显微镜(样品形貌)(710年模型:LSM)(德国卡尔蔡司)洗后用PBS和吖啶橙染色法为0.1%。488海里氩激光器和500 - 640 nm排放带通滤波器是用来激发和检测彩色细胞。样品形貌图像(<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:48.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.4375 10.9125" width="48.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.103384" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.143772" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.395271" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)一式三份的得到24 h老控制和生物膜处理和使用禅宗2009图像处理软件(<一个href="#B18">18</一个>]。Z-stack分析和三维表面形貌(架构)于2009年完成了禅宗软件(德国卡尔蔡司)。此外,图像(生物膜堆栈)进行了分析使用COMSTAT软件(请老人斯特恩伯格博士的导航系统系统生物学,丹麦技术大学)。三个不同的参数,平均和最大厚度(<我>μ</我>米)的生物膜和biovolume (<我>μ</我>米<年代up>3</年代up>),这是体积的细菌<我>μ</我>米<年代up>2</年代up>使用的玻璃表面。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.6">2.6。表型检测的粘液生产刚果红琼脂(CRA)板试验</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>测试和参考菌株筛选定性CRA粘液生产板试验与前面描述的方法(<一个href="#B19">19</一个>]。CRA介质由TSB (30 gms / L),蔗糖(36 gms / L),琼脂粉(18 gms / L),刚果红染料(0.8 gms / L)。刚果红染色剂制备浓缩的溶液,分别热压处理过的和添加到媒体当琼脂冷却到55°C。盘子被接种和耗氧孵化24 h在37°C。Biofilm-positive菌株产生黑的殖民地,而biofilm-negative菌株是彩色的粉红色。CRA分析也用于评估直接提取CAB-E2和CAB-E4粘液的影响生产。细菌提取物在BIC混合在一起(无菌)刚果红琼脂冷却时和添加到媒体55°C。控制盘包含刚果红染色没有出租车提取物也准备好了。盘子被接种测试菌株和耗氧孵化24 h在37°C。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.7">2.7。细菌粘附疏水性(浴)测定</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>出租车的影响提取E2和E4的CSH测试菌株决心通过使用数学(微生物粘附到碳氢化合物)测定作为衡量他们的坚持疏水烃(甲苯)以下描述的过程<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>]。简单地说,1毫升的测试细菌培养(OD530海里= 1.0)是放在玻璃管和100年<我>μ</我>L(甲苯以及提取在BIC补充道。混合物被大力涡2分钟和10分钟孵化在室温下允许相分离,然后OD530海里的水相被记录。细菌培养孵化与甲苯缺乏提取作为对照组。疏水性的百分比是根据公式计算:%疏水性= [1−(OD530海里后涡流涡流之前/ OD530 nm)]×100。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.8">2.8。每股收益量化分析</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>总碳水化合物测定做了EPS的决心。短暂、无菌玻璃幻灯片都沉浸在测试文化与出租车提取他们的BIC 24-well聚苯乙烯板和孵化24 h。孵化后,玻璃幻灯片被移除和0.9%生理盐水洗。细胞悬浮液在0.9%氯化钠被转移到试管同等体积的5%苯酚的5卷集中H<年代ub>2</年代ub>所以<年代ub>4</年代ub>包含0.2%的硫酸肼被添加。1 h的混合是在黑暗的环境中,和吸光度测量OD490海里后离心10分钟(10000克)(<一个href="#B21">21</一个>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.9">2.9。溶血素测定</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>溶血活性的检测控制和处理样品主要是通过使用血琼脂平板,准备通过添加5%洗涤红细胞营养琼脂。总溶血试验进行了如前所述[<一个href="#B22">22</一个>]。总之,一夜之间1%的接种体测试文化添加出租车提取物在BIC生长在穆勒辛顿汤(MHB)补充0.5%渐变80和孵化37°C,直到达到OD600 2.5海里。离心后,100<我>μ</我>L(浮在表面的游离在孵化37°C 30分钟和900<我>μ</我>L悬挂含有2%的绵羊红细胞,CaCl 20毫米<年代ub>2</年代ub>10毫米三,160毫米氯化钠与盐酸调整pH值7.4。然后,20分钟的混合物被保存在冰和离心机。上层清液中的释放血红蛋白测定在OD530海里。结果表明随着比例溶解与红细胞溶解在蒸馏水。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.10">2.10。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>两个出租车提取他们的BIC处理细胞悬液(10<年代up>6</年代up>CFU /毫升)的每一株MRSA和MSSA控制缺乏提取样品。孵化后37°C 24 h在160 rpm,细胞悬液离心机在10000 rpm在4°C 10分钟。,和上层的丢弃。傅立叶变换红外光谱在400 - 4000厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>地区被记录在一个张量27傅立叶变换红外光谱仪配备DLaTGS检测器(力量)。所有尖锐的频率乐队确定准确的从原始baseline-corrected光谱属于相应的组。使用获得的光谱是溴化钾(KBr)颗粒技术。溴化钾(AR级)是干在100°C真空下48 h, 100毫克的溴化钾和1毫克的细菌培养颗粒被KBr颗粒做准备。对于每一个谱,64的分辨率扫描收集4厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>。光谱是绘制吸光度和号码,主成分(pc)分析使用便携式辨音器9.7版。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.11">2.11。统计数据</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>使用SPSS进行统计分析。值表示为平均数±标准差。邓肯的方差分析测试是用来比较参数组和Dunnett之间的方差分析测试之间的对比测试和控制。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="results">3所示。结果</h4gydF4y2Ba> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。评估的MRSA和MSSA生物膜的形成</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>总共102 MSSA和63耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌临床菌株筛选生物膜的形成(数据未显示),这五的生物膜形成各株MRSA和MSSA选择深造。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>定性,生物膜的形成五耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA-20、MRSA-44 MRSA-45 MRSA - 395和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌- 410)和五个MSSA临床分离株(MSSA-A8、MSSA-46 MSSA-51, MSSA - 84和MSSA - 79)进行了分析通过光显微镜观察放大×400,用分光光度计定量分析在OD570海里。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。BIC测定</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>9的出租车antibiofilm筛查活动(数据未显示),两个提取物,即CAB-E2 (<我>芽孢杆菌firmus</我>)和CAB-E4 (<我>弧菌parahaemolyticus</我>)显示优良的抑制对MRSA和MSSA菌株的生物膜。CAB-E2的乙酸乙酯提取物和CAB-E4体重,和他们的收益率(160年是0.016%<我>μ</我>(110克/毫升)和0.011%<我>μ</我>分别g / mL)。确定这两个的BIC出租车提取<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>,提取不同范围的浓度(10 - 150<我>μ</我>g / mL)。检测病原体的浓度减少生物膜的形成是在治疗提取获得的E2和E4。这两种提取物显示出突出的生物膜抑制80 - 100的浓度的85%<我>μ</我>克/毫升<bgydF4y2Ba>。</bgydF4y2Ba>CAB-E2抑制生物膜形成的MRSA和MSSA菌株83和87%,分别在100集中<我>μ</我>克/毫升(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig5/" target="_blank">5(一个)</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (b)</一个>),而提取E4显示79和84%的最大生物膜抑制对MRSA和MSSA隔离(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (c)</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (d)</一个>在同一浓度。)因此,100年<我>μ</我>g / mL是固定的BIC提取,并进一步分析了提取物的浓度。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。的提取效果<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>增长</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>出租车提取评价BICs (100<我>μ</我>g / mL)琼脂纸片扩散法对他们的抗菌活性。没有抗菌活性没有抑制区加载井(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>(一)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>(B))。这进一步证实了光谱分析OD600 nm,没有杀菌或抑菌活性观察(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig7/" target="_blank">7(一)</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig7/" target="_blank">7 (b)</一个>)。很明显的增长<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>是一样的甚至在提取BIC的控制样品。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.4">3.4。原位生物膜形成的分析</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>获得的图像从光显微镜分析显示控制幻灯片描述开发测试病原体的生物膜的形成,然而,测试病原体在出租车提取物治疗(100<我>μ</我>g / mL)开发贫困相比,生物膜的形成,控制样本(数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>)。在光学显微镜(即确定获得的结果。,disintegration of biofilm structures by CAB extracts), we used CLSM to further elucidate the antibiofilm potential of extracts against biofilms of MDR<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>菌株(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>)。样品形貌照片公布了参考写明ATCC 33591株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的附着能力强,导致发展的密集的玻璃块控制生物膜的形成样本,而对待样品描述的antibiofilm潜力CAB-E2和E4的瓦解顽固的生物膜体系结构参考应变在治疗。不同参数的显著减少生物膜MRSA和MSSA如最大厚度(<我>μ</我>米),biovolume (<我>μ</我>米<年代up>3</年代up>),平均厚度(<我>μ</我>米),在治疗出租车提取,证明通过COMSTAT分析(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>(一)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>(b))。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> (一)COMSTAT CAB-E2和E4的分析处理和未经处理的(控制)的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜。(b) COMSTAT分析CAB-E2和E4 MSSA生物膜处理和未经处理的(控制)。一式三份的平均值和SDs个人实验。<年代up>*</年代up>显示统计学意义(<年代vg height="11.25" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.25" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。</gydF4y2Badiv> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab1" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-9774a16b7b9a41a4266f23d5dd1b9d1b"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-9774a16b7b9a41a4266f23d5dd1b9d1b partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.001_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-9774a16b7b9a41a4266f23d5dd1b9d1b partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>光显微图像(×400)揭示了提取CAB-E2 antibiofilm活动和E4 BICs (100<我>μ</我>对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株g / mL)。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-888ced595d156b601e0de224019e7fb0"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-888ced595d156b601e0de224019e7fb0 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.002_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-888ced595d156b601e0de224019e7fb0 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>光显微图像(×400)揭示了antibiofilm出租车提取E2和E4 BICs (100<我>μ</我>针对MSSA隔离g / mL)。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-b76e61137feded9f9a1af9276ff4ca36"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-b76e61137feded9f9a1af9276ff4ca36 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.003_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-b76e61137feded9f9a1af9276ff4ca36 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>样品形貌图像展示antibiofilm势CAB-E2和E4耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株在BIC 100<我>μ</我>克/毫升。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-733306f49ade9e287e9239d568714b21"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-733306f49ade9e287e9239d568714b21 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.004_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-733306f49ade9e287e9239d568714b21 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>样品形貌图像展示antibiofilm势CAB-E2和E4 MSSA隔离BIC 100<我>μ</我>克/毫升。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-6dff750efc63e90f56129f356d73b8b7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.005a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.005b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.005c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.005d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-6dff750efc63e90f56129f356d73b8b7 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.005a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.005b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.005c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.005d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-6dff750efc63e90f56129f356d73b8b7 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>CAB-E2和E4对生物膜形成的影响的MRSA和MSSA隔离以及参考菌株;antibiofilm CAB-E2反对活动(a) MRSA和MSSA分离株(b);CAB-E4和(c)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(d) MSSA隔离,量化结晶紫的吸附和测量吸光度在570海里。出租车提取物不同浓度从10到150人<我>μ</我>g / mL BIC为了调查使用。100年<我>μ</我>g / mL是固定的BIC提取,这个浓度显示最大抑制生物膜。一式三份的平均值和SDs个人实验。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-c043108b462953ca367d916626f24020"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.006.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-c043108b462953ca367d916626f24020 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.006_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-c043108b462953ca367d916626f24020 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>(A)的影响CAB-E2和E4耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的生长和参考压力。的出租车提取物抗菌活性(a)写明ATCC 33591耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(b) MRSA-20, (c) MRSA-44, (d) MRSA-45,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(e) - 395, (f)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌- 410。井1、2、3、4、5包含CAB-E2 (100<我>μ</我>CAB-E4(100克)<我>μ</我>g),文化上层清液的游离CAB-E2 (100<我>μ</我>L),文化上层清液的游离CAB-E4 (100<我>μ</我>L)、乙酸乙酯(100<我>μ</我>L)分别和6作为消极的控制所有的盘子。(B)的影响CAB-E2和E4 MSSA隔离和参考菌株的生长。的出租车提取物抗菌活性(a) MSSA写明ATCC 11632 (b) MSSA-A8, (c) MSSA-46, (d) MSSA-51, (e) MSSA - 84, (f) MSSA - 79。井1、2、3、4、5包含CAB-E2 (100<我>μ</我>CAB-E4(100克)<我>μ</我>g),文化上层清液的游离CAB-E2 (100<我>μ</我>L),文化上层清液的游离CAB-E4 (100<我>μ</我>L)、乙酸乙酯(100<我>μ</我>L)分别和6作为消极的控制所有的盘子。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-8cd721fba5e8f9f51de4fa6e9081e60a"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.007a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.007b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-8cd721fba5e8f9f51de4fa6e9081e60a partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.007a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.007b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-8cd721fba5e8f9f51de4fa6e9081e60a partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>CAB-E2和E4对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的生长的影响(a)和MSSA (b)隔离,享年100岁<我>μ</我>克/毫升(BIC),样品没有提取作为控制各自的菌株。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.5">3.5。抑制粘液的合成(CRA)</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>作为评估生物膜的抑制耐甲氧西林的合成及其敏感<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>菌株,出租车提取抑制能力的粘液的合成是定性检查CRA板试验。出租车提取物在他们的BICs纳入CRA片证实殖民地是否可以显示任何变化的颜色从黑色到红色或枣红色。CAB-E2和E4足够有效的抑制几乎所有的粘液生产测试菌株以及参考菌株和因为相似模式的结果,只代表MRSA和MSSA隔离的结果(图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig8/" target="_blank">8</一个>)。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-3b8b49cd3b8c1ca43eba42b5c9b591e5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.008a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.008b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.008c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-3b8b49cd3b8c1ca43eba42b5c9b591e5 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.008a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.008b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.008c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-3b8b49cd3b8c1ca43eba42b5c9b591e5 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>临床菌株MRSA-20细菌菌落生长在刚果红琼脂板,显示减少粘液生产水平的出租车提取BIC (100<我>μ</我>g / mL):(一)强烈的未经处理的黑色殖民地MRSA-20;(b) MRSA-20 CAB-E2处理;(c)在BIC MRSA-20 CAB-E4对待。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.6">3.6。出租车提取物对每股收益的影响</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>每股收益中提取的光谱分析控制和治疗样本显示,提取E2和E4显著降低EPS MRSA和MSSA隔离的合成。有趣的是,提取E2显示在MSSA最大减少76和79%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株,分别(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig9/" target="_blank">9(一个)</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig9/" target="_blank">9 (b)</一个>)。然而,提取E4中相对较低比例的EPS与CAB-E2减少。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-294f0e0bd88f6986b1c1c1781d0282f8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.009a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.009b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-294f0e0bd88f6986b1c1c1781d0282f8 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.009a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.009b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-294f0e0bd88f6986b1c1c1781d0282f8 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>CAB-E2和E4的EPS生产耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(a)和MSSA (b)隔离在一个100的浓度<我>μ</我>克/毫升(BIC)。一式三份的平均值和SDs个人实验。*表示统计学意义(<年代vg height="11.25" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.25" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.7">3.7。出租车提取物对细胞外溶血素的影响生产</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>虽然exoproteins主要分泌post-exponential增长期间,测试病原体培养了出租车提取BICs OD600海里的2.5。显著减少观察溶血素MRSA和MSSA隔离处理提取物,尤其是CAB-E2(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(一)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(b))。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(a)溶血性活动文化上层清液处理BIC (100<我>μ</我>CAB-E2和E4的g / mL)。(b)溶血性MSSA文化活动上层清液处理BIC (100<我><i>μ</我></i>CAB-E2和E4的g / mL)。</gydF4y2Badiv> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab2" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.8">3.8。出租车提取物对CSH(数学分析)的影响</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>细胞表面疏水性(CSH)起着至关重要的作用对于biofilm-producing细菌的粘附特性。疏水性的百分比是到62年,51 MRSA-20分离株的44%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌写明ATCC, MRSA-45,分别,而较小的比剩下的两个耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株为40%。相比之下,MSSA隔离显示相对较小的疏水性的33 - 20%相比,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株。为了检查出租车提取物的能力维护测试病原体的细胞表面性质的变化,他们暴露在甲苯和两个出租车提取物。BICs的提取物进行相应病原体检测。CAB-E2能够减少MRSA和MSSA细胞膜的疏水性能,减少至少单一的疏水性比未经处理的控制。(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>(一)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>(b))。然而,CAB-E4没有显示任何的修改在细胞疏水性的测试病原体(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>(一)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>(b))。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> (a) CAB-E2和E4的细胞表面疏水性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株在BIC (100<我><i>μ</我></i>g / mL)。(b) CAB-E2和E4的细胞表面疏水性MSSA隔离在BIC (100<我><i>μ</我></i>g / mL)。一式三份的平均值和SDs个人实验。*表示统计学意义(<年代vg height="11.25" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.25" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。</gydF4y2Badiv> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab3" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.9">3.9。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析</h5gydF4y2Ba> <p>傅立叶变换红外光谱描述了控制细胞和细胞之间的视觉差异处理出租车提取物。傅立叶变换红外光谱,CAB-treated MRSA和MSSA细胞显示最大吸光度等最主要的四个地区3700 - 3100厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:细菌细胞的水合作用;3050 - 2750厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:在细菌细胞膜脂肪酸;1700 - 1600厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>从蛋白质和肽:酰胺键;1500 - 1000厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:混合区域,蛋白质和脂肪酸(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig10/" target="_blank">10 ()</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig10/" target="_blank">10 (b)</一个>)[<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-0f2cbee2d3a0a573a14456dc42b47bed"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0010a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0010b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-0f2cbee2d3a0a573a14456dc42b47bed partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.0010a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.0010b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-0f2cbee2d3a0a573a14456dc42b47bed partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>傅立叶变换红外光谱的MRSA-44 (a)和MSSA-A8 (b)接受CAB-E2和E4。区域显示最大变化被分析:(1)3500 - 3100厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:细菌细胞的水合作用;(2)3050 - 2700厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:在细菌细胞膜脂肪酸;(3)1700 - 1600厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>从蛋白质和肽:酰胺键;(4)1500 - 1000厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:混合区、蛋白质和脂肪酸。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>治疗CAB-E4 MSSA细胞显示增强的水合作用的细胞,而脱水与CAB-E2-treated MRSA和MSSA细胞观察。有巨大差异脂肪酸资料地区的控制和extract-treated细胞。特别是,<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>细胞治疗CAB-E2显示拒绝峰吸光度的脂肪酸,而CAB-E4做了一些减少修改耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。与预期相反,MSSA细胞治疗CAB-E4显示峰吸光度的脂肪酸升高地区比控制。高峰在1650厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>意味着蛋白质和肽之间的交互<一个href="#B24">24</一个>]。虽然并没有太多的变化在CAB-E4是重要的治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌细胞治疗与CAB-E2蛋白质区域。而CAB-E4-treated MSSA细胞显示斜峰的吸光度与控制。高峰在1500 - 1200厘米的范围<年代up>−1</年代up>显示了相互作用的蛋白质和脂肪酸(<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。CAB-E4相比,MRSA和MSSA细胞治疗CAB-E2显示减少脂肪酸分泌比控制。中的山峰的范围1200 - 900厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>表现出对称的磷酸键伸展在细胞内的核酸和多糖(<一个href="#B25">25</一个>]。在1200 - 900厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>CAB-E2-treated MRSA和MSSA细胞显示,巨大的减少多糖,而CAB-E4边际变化没有显示甚至比控制。电脑分析还表明大量出租车提取处理和未经处理的变化<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>细胞(控制)。在整个光谱范围进行分析,控制和出租车extracts-treated细胞几乎躺在不同的象限(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig11/" target="_blank">11</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig12/" target="_blank">12</一个>)。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-dea50477f0e2cf565ed93d3c3e25437b"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0011a.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0011b.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0011c.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0011d.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-dea50477f0e2cf565ed93d3c3e25437b partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.0011a_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.0011b_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.0011c_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/thumbnails/862374.fig.0011d_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-dea50477f0e2cf565ed93d3c3e25437b partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图11</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/fig11/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>傅立叶变换红外光谱以及主成分分析MRSA-44 CAB-E2对待和E4。(1)3500 - 3100厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:细菌细胞的水合作用;解释变异的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别PC1和PC2 99和1%。(2)3050 - 2700厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:在细菌细胞膜脂肪酸;解释变异的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别PC1和PC2 100和0%。(3)1700 - 1600厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>从蛋白质和肽:酰胺键;解释变异的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别PC1和PC2 99和1%。(4)1500 - 1000厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:混合区域,蛋白质和脂肪酸;解释变异的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别PC1和PC2 99和1%。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-075866c1f52a67fb1d91cfcf184e2dab"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0012a.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0012b.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ecam/volume-2012/862374/figures/862374.fig.0012c.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" 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13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别PC1和PC2 99和1%。(2)3050 - 2700厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:在细菌细胞膜脂肪酸;解释变异的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别PC1和PC2 100和0%。(3)1700 - 1600厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>从蛋白质和肽:酰胺键;解释变异的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别PC1和PC2 99和1%。(4)1500 - 1000厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>:混合区域,蛋白质和脂肪酸;解释变异的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别PC1和PC2 99和1%。</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="discussion">4所示。讨论</h4gydF4y2Ba> <p>细菌在海洋环境著称的丰富来源生物活性分子尤其是大量化合物对各种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性病原菌的抗生素。然而,报告是稀疏的antibiofilm势(<一个href="#B16">16</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B18">18</一个>]。独立此外,一些研究显示,许多海洋细菌能够产生新颖antibiofilm化合物(s),没有了从陆地环境<一个href="#B26">26</一个>,<一个href="#B27">27</一个>]。珊瑚生态系统仍是一个未开发的资源剩余活性的细菌,特别是对MDR antibiofilm活动<我>金黄色葡萄球菌。</我>因此,在目前的研究中,我们调查了biofilm-inhibiting属性之后,连续两个coral-associated细菌提取物的毒性抑制势对临床分离的MRSA和MSSA。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>细菌生长迅速发生后不久,其对一个坚实的基础,是生物膜的形成的最重要阶段。最初的几个小时的增长从表面上看,附着力是可逆的(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>,<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。因此,防止细菌粘附在初期可以大大减少的风险进一步的生物膜的形成。出租车的活性代谢物提取显著抑制生物膜的形成的早期阶段通过减少形成的一个个独立王国<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>。出租车提取减少生物膜的形成85和100的浓度的87%<我>μ</我>分别对MRSA和MSSA g / mL隔离。24-well聚苯乙烯板试验是应用最广泛的试验检测的生物膜的形成(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>]。生物膜抑制试验和显微观察清楚地描绘,海洋细菌提取物CAB-E2 CAB-E4有效减少和分散一个个独立王国。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>生物膜发育的下一个主要阶段是生物膜结构特征的形成<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>]。从微观图像,它是特别适合出租车提取了最大MDR-MRSA顽固的生物膜结构的崩溃和MSSA临床分离株通过放宽一个个独立王国。设想,出租车可能干扰的自然产品在任何一步的革兰氏阳性病原体的生物膜,但显然没有抑制细菌的生长,BICs [<一个href="#B32">32</一个>]。生物膜形成的体系结构通过所有测试隔离观察样品形貌进一步验证antibiofilm出租车提取物E2和E4的效率。顽固的生物膜结构的大量减少不同的参数,如最大厚度(<我>μ</我>米),biovolume (<我>μ</我>米<年代up>3</年代up>),平均厚度(<我>μ</我>米),出租车提取物治疗是通过COMSTAT分析证明。有效的破坏和减少一个个独立王国通过随后的样品形貌图像明显COMSTAT分析(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>(一)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>(b))。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>9辆出租车提取物中筛选,CAB-E2 (<我>芽孢杆菌firmus</我>)和CAB-E4 (<我>弧菌parahaemolyticus</我>)被发现的强有力的生物膜抑制剂<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>,因为他们足够熟练最终抑制MSSA和耐多药耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的生物膜在低浓度的提取(50 - 100<我>μ</我>g / mL)。这项研究的结果非常类似于先前的研究在海洋放线菌(CAA-3)减少了生物膜的形成<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>100年高达80%的浓度<我>μ</我>克/毫升(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。先前的报道表明,化学不同图书馆TAGE-triazole轭合物能够抑制生物膜的形成<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>(<一个href="#B33">33</一个>)与庆大霉素金合欢醇作为辅助治疗剂防止biofilm-related感染<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>(<一个href="#B34">34</一个>]。然而,这些研究量化生物膜的抑制作用。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>在<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>生物膜的形成等,各种生理活动,表达毒性因素通过QS系统[监管<一个href="#B35">35</一个>]。生物膜的形成的主要因素是负责许多病原体尤其是革兰氏阳性细菌的耐药性。此外,biofilm-forming细菌对抗生素产生耐药性比其他病原体更频繁<一个href="#B36">36</一个>]。本研究高度集中在细菌提取物对试验病原体的生长没有影响,而有效地控制他们的毒力因素通过作用于生物膜形成QS之下。抗菌试验,无论是出租车的提取物表现出抗菌活性。这是一个众所周知的事实,广泛接触任何抗生素针对细菌病原体产生不变的压力,其收益敏感性降低,最后达到完全抵抗特定抗生素。因此,本研究推测,开发抗CAB-antibiofilm化合物的概率是相当低,因为它不具有杀菌或抑菌效果和无害细菌病原体的生长。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>最近的一份报告表明,EPS导致生物膜结构变化与细胞渗透阻力增加和氧化压力除了杀戮等杀虫剂氯(<一个href="#B37">37</一个>]。这里,我们证明了出租车提取E2和E4抑制EPS生产MRSA和MSSA隔离的最大射程80 - 85%。耐甲氧西林的最重要原因<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>是他们的荚膜多糖(<一个href="#B38">38</一个>]。因此,减少每股收益可能使生物膜的合成抗生素更容易。此外,定性方法(CRA的<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>)也表现出减少,细菌提取物导致优秀的黏液biofilm-producing MDR的合成<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>。生物膜形成的经典黑色外观测试菌株高度降低,改为粉红色CRA板块合并2单独提取。这也可能表明,两个出租车提取物可能干扰胞外多糖的合成等价,从而扰乱glycocalyx的形成,减少累积的黏液。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>α-溶血素在生物膜的形成中起着重要的作用,也似乎是主要需要细胞间的相互作用,QS;因此突变等位基因<我>hla</我>(α-溶血素基因编码)最初可以帮助在殖民基础但从未在组织多细胞macrocolonies [<一个href="#B39">39</一个>]。溶血素测定的结果明显证据表明,出租车可以是一个有前途的群体淬火复合显著降低α-溶血素的生产,这是由全球监管机构,如控制<我>agr</我>和<我>莎拉</我>(<一个href="#B40">40</一个>]<我>。</我></p> <p>微生物细胞表面特性如电荷和疏水性bacterium-host细胞相互作用中发挥着至关重要的作用[<一个href="#B41">41</一个>]。早期的研究报道的干扰植物提取物对革兰氏阴性细菌的疏水性(<一个href="#B42">42</一个>和革兰氏阳性细菌<一个href="#B43">43</一个>,<一个href="#B44">44</一个>),从而抑制生物膜的形成。同样,在BIC CAB-E2能够修改大大MRSA和MSSA孤立的细胞表面特性,减少至少单一其疏水性比未经处理的控制明显,从而导致antibiofilm活动(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>(一)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ecam/2012/862374/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>(b))。巨大的变化在细胞疏水性被观察到<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>CAB-E4对待。最近在一项研究报告,有一个显著差异之间的细胞表面电荷用抗生素治疗,治疗B组链球菌(<一个href="#B45">45</一个>]。生物膜内细菌可以产生周质的葡聚糖结合抗生素,封存在周质,防止他们从抗生素的作用[<一个href="#B46">46</一个>]。因此,减少疏水性会使细菌生物被膜暴露在抗生素和顺序将缓解根除的生物膜。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>除了这些研究,傅立叶变换红外光谱技术已经申请了探测细胞成分的变化<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>在出租车提取物治疗。,傅立叶变换红外光谱用于探测生物分子结构和交互的《生物高分子如DNA, RNA,蛋白质,碳水化合物,脂质分离组织和细胞(<一个href="#B47">47</一个>]。傅立叶变换红外光谱代表CAB-E2 E4-treated<我>金黄色葡萄球菌</我>细胞的生物膜扰动表现出明显减少蛋白质的吸光度(1800 - 1500厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>)和多糖(1200 - 900厘米<年代up>−1</年代up>)地区。最近,一些研究人员也使用类似的傅立叶变换红外光谱技术探测化学成分的变化在高等植物和藻类<一个href="#B48">48</一个>,<一个href="#B49">49</一个>]。傅立叶变换红外光谱的结果CAB-E2-treated MRSA和MSSA证明他们的能力产生毒性,如溶血性蛋白质和EPS高度降低。这些毒性因素施加可怕的发病的主要原因是通过发展成生物膜结构,显著水平已大大减少。红外光谱结果平行,与获得的结果高度一致的定量和定性分析EPS和溶血素的生产。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="conclusion">5。结论</h4gydF4y2Ba> <p>Antipathogenic疗法(目标只有生物膜及其相关的毒性而不是伤害病原体的生长)的另一种策略是目前流行的抗菌疗法(这往往导致发展中抵抗特定药物)治疗biofilm-forming病原体。同样,本研究揭示了antibiofilm和antipathogenic势coral-associated细菌从马纳尔湾的海湾。的提取<我>b . firmus</我>可以是一个有前途的antibiofilm代理,因为它演示了显著抑制生物膜的形成,粘液的合成,EPS和溶血素,最突出的能力修改MDR-MRSA的粘附性能和MSSA。最后,傅立叶变换红外光谱分析进一步验证了出租车提取物对表型的影响抑制病原体进行测试。进一步描述的铅分子从这个提取可能最终与新颖生物活性制剂,可以针对这些可怕的biofilm-forming病原体。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4gydF4y2Ba> <p>作者欣然承认提供的计算和生物信息学工具Alagappa大学生物信息学基础设施基金(GOI,由印度生物技术部批准号BT / BI / 25/001/2006)。金融援助提供大学拨款委员会(UGC)开展这项工作。金融援助的形式提供给美国Gowrishankar拉吉夫·甘地国家奖学金(RGNF)大学拨款委员会,新德里(没有。f .比分(SC) / 2010 (SA-III))是值得庆幸的是承认。作者还要感谢老人Sternberg博士,导航系统系统生物学,丹麦技术大学提供COMSTAT软件。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> </div> <div class="ArticleReferences_xmlContent__p_40j"> <h4 class="ArticleReferences_references__GH2t_" id="references">引用</h4gydF4y2Ba> <ol class="ArticleReferences_orderedReferences__mJr9M"> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B1"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">s 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