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cUsFHx">|</span> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3264969" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3264969</A.。> </div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>付文龙，谭家文，张晓元，陈铁，王凯, "<span class="adjust-article-svg-size">旋转机械故障诊断MAR模型和变异混合GWO-SCA优化支持向量机的盲参数辨识</span>“，<i>复杂</我>, 卷。2019年, 物品ID3264969, 17.   页面, 2019年． https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3264969</P> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">引证</Button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN cTnPQL article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">旋转机械故障诊断MAR模型和变异混合GWO-SCA优化支持向量机的盲参数辨识</h1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>文龙福</B><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-1085" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<sup>1.,2.</sup></span> <span class="">贾文谭<A.。class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0035-0997" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<sup>1.,2.</sup></span> <span class="">张小袁,<sup>3.</sup></span> <span class="">领带陈,<sup>1.,2.</sup> 和</span> <span class="">凯王<sup>1.,2.</sup></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1.</sup><span>2 .三峡大学电气与新能源学院，湖北宜昌443002</span></p> <p><sup>2.</sup><span>中国三峡大学级联水电站运营与控制经营与控制重点实验室，宜昌443002</span></p> <p><sup>3.</sup><span>河南工业大学电气工程学院，河南郑州450001</span></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">展示更多</Button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑：</B>Marcin Mrugalski</D我v> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2019年1月14日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">认可的</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2019年3月27日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2019年4月17日</span> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ hDZsgu article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">抽象的</h4> <p>作为具有良好复杂性的工业领域的一个至关重要的和广泛使用的部件，旋转机械的健康状况与生产效率和安全直接相关。因此，识别和诊断旋转机器断层仍然是防止机械系统故障的主要问题之一，这可以提高机械系统的可靠性和效率。本文提出了一种基于MS模型和突变混合GWO-SCA优化的基于盲参数识别的新方法，以诊断旋转机械的故障。从不同类型的故障收集的信号首先通过变分模式分解（VMD），分解模式编号分解成内在模式功能（IMF）组。<我>K</我>其中预设中心频率观测法。然后建立所有IMFs的多元自回归(MAR)模型，采用施瓦茨贝叶斯准则(Schwartz Bayes Criterion, SBC)确定模型的阶数，通过QR分解盲目识别模型的所有参数，通过主成分分析(PCA)提取关键特征，构建不同故障类型的特征向量。然后，提出了一种结合突变算子、灰狼优化器(GWO)和正弦余弦算法(SCA)的混合优化算法，即突变混合GWO-SCA (MHGWOSCA)，用于支持向量机(SVM)的参数选择。然后采用最优支持向量机模型对不同的故障样本进行分类。工程应用和对比分析表明了该方法的有效性和优越性。</P> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1.介绍</h4> <p>旋转机械是现代工业制造中的关键部分，其失败可能导致严重的安全事故和经济损失。因此，在防止机械系统故障中进行调查的主要主题之一是识别和诊断旋转机器故障[<A.。href="#B1">1.</A.。>,<A.。href="#B2">2.</A.。>］．在各种旋转机械中，滚动轴承是最广泛使用的组件，与机械剩余的寿命有很大的关系[<A.。href="#B3">3.</A.。>］．不幸的是，由于复杂的运行条件和结构特征，滚动轴承在一定程度上易于失效[<A.。href="#B4">4.</A.。>]因此，需要开发有效可行的滚动轴承故障诊断方法，以提高旋转机械的可靠性[<A.。href="#B5">5.</A.。>］．</P> <p>由于振动信号携带丰富的信息，大多数滚动轴承故障诊断方法依赖于对振动信号的分析[<A.。href="#B6">6.</A.。>］．然而，振动信号在实际操作中通常是非间断的，这限制了故障特征的提取效果，从而影响了故障诊断的准确性。解决此问题，提出了许多时频信号分析方法来分析非间断信号，包括经验模式分解（EMD）[<A.。href="#B7">7.</A.。>]，集合经验模式分解（EEMD）[<A.。href="#B8">8.</A.。>]，经验小波变换（EWT）[<A.。href="#B9">9</A.。>]和变分模式分解（VMD）[<A.。href="#B10">10.</A.。>］．EMD在处理非标准信号方面具有优势，并且不需要预设任何基本功能，但其性能受到最终效果和模式混合的影响。为了克服这些缺陷，通过引入噪声辅助分析方法提出了作为EMD的改进版本的EEMD，这也增加了计算成本并且不能完全中和增加的噪声。EWT是一种自适应信号分解方法，其继承EMD和小波变换的优点，但是适当的小波滤波器组的选择仍然是问题。与上述方法不同，VMD是准正交信号分解方法，其主要结构是构造和解决受约束的变分问题。它可以有效地实现信号中每个频率分量的分离，避免了模式混合或滤波选择的问题。在许多之前的研究中已经证明了其进步和有效性[<A.。href="#B11">11.</A.。>,<A.。href="#B12">12.</A.。>]由于上述信号处理方法削弱了信号的非平稳性，可以顺利提取故障特征。由于效率高且考虑了变量相关性，多元自回归（MAR）模型[<A.。href="#B13">13.</A.。>介绍了从振动信号中提取特征，这已广泛采用特征提取，表现出优越的性能[<A.。href="#B14">14.</A.。>,<A.。href="#B15">15.</A.。>］．再通过主成分分析(PCA)筛选出MAR模型中提取的特征中的关键成分，最终构建特征向量[[<A.。href="#B16">16.</A.。>］．</P> <p>滚动轴承故障诊断的本质是一种模式识别问题;也就是说，故障类型由样本的故障特征确定。在工程应用中，许多替代方法可用于解决此问题。例如，贝叶斯决策通过考虑现有概率以及类条件概率而具有强烈的识别能力，并且其良好的准确性需要假设合适的先前模型[<A.。href="#B17">17.</A.。>］．基于欧几里德或曼哈顿距离的K最近邻居（KNN）易于实现和易于分布样本的[<A.。href="#B18">18.</A.。>］．人工神经网络（ANN）在处理识别问题方面具有良好的能力，对大量样本的支持[<A.。href="#B19">19.</A.。>］．基于统计学习和结构风险最小化理论的支持向量机是一种优秀的机器学习方法。支持向量机找到一个满足分类要求的最优超平面，该超平面使两个类之间的间隔最大，从而提高分类性能。目前，SVM结合特征提取方法已成功应用于模式识别领域[<A.。href="#B20">20.</A.。>,<A.。href="#B21">21.</A.。>］．</P> <p>尽管SVM具有卓越的模式识别能力，但其性能受参数的影响。鉴于此，开发出各种优化算法并应用以搜索最佳参数，例如遗传算法（GA）[<A.。href="#B22">22.</A.。>]，粒子群优化（PSO）[<A.。href="#B23">23.</A.。>]、正弦余弦算法(SCA) [<A.。href="#B24">24.</A.。>]和灰狼优化器（GWO）[<A.。href="#B25">25.</A.。>］．作为Mirjalili等人提出的新颖优化算法，SCA和GWO。在许多之前的作品中证明有效[<A.。href="#B26">26.</A.。>–<A.。href="#B28">28.</A.。>].为了在收敛精度方面获得更好的性能，一种变异混合GWO-SCA（MHGWOSCA）本文提出了一种优化方法。综上所述，基于MAR模型的盲参数识别和变异混合GWO-SCA优化支持向量机，本文提出了一种旋转机械故障诊断方法。首先，应用VMD将振动信号分解为一组固有模态函数（IMF），以及分解模式编号<我>K</我>采用中心频率观测法对模型进行预设定，建立了各imf的MAR模型，并用Schwartz-Bayes准则（SBC）确定其阶次通过QR分解对模型中的所有参数进行盲识别，然后通过PCA提取关键特征，构建不同故障样本的特征向量。然后，提出了一种结合变异算子、GWO和SCA理论的混合优化算法，称为变异混合GWO-SCA（MHGWOSCA）最后，利用最优支持向量机模型对不同的故障样本进行分类，工程应用和对比分析表明了该方法的有效性和优越性。</P> <p>论文组织如下<A.。href="#sec2">2.</A.。>致力于VMD，MAR和SVM的基本知识。部分<A.。href="#sec3">3.</A.。>介绍了基于MS模型和突变混合GWO-SCA优化SVM的盲目参数识别的提出的故障诊断方法。部分<A.。href="#sec4">4.</A.。>提出了工程应用，结果分析显示了所提出的方法的可用性。结论总结在一节中<A.。href="#sec5">5.</A.。>．</P> <h4 id="fundamental-theories">2.基本理论</h4> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。变分模式分解</h5> <p>变分模态分解(VMD)是一种新的自适应信号预处理方法[<A.。href="#B29">29.</A.。>］．通过设置模式编号<我>K</我>事先，给定的信号可以分解成<我>K</我>带限量的内在模式功能（IMF）。循环迭代方法用于获得受约束变分问题的最佳解，确定了每种模式的频率中心和带宽。约束变化问题可以描述如下：<span 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xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,61.436,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.382,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.5794pt" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="71.47518380000001 -9.28833 18.427 12.5794" width="18.427pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.525,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.668,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.812,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,86.988,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.5794pt" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="92.0811838 -9.28833 18.919 12.5794" width="18.919pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,92.131,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.062,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.209,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-126"></use> </g> </svg></span>表示中央频率的集合<svg height="12.5794pt" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 9.62618 12.5794" width="9.62618pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-222"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.837,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> </svg>和<svg height="11.5564pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 20.3252 11.5564" width="20.3252pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.722,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.22,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.654,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>是时间的部分衍生<我>T</我>对于功能和单位脉冲功能。<svg height="12.7178pt" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 21.9563 12.7178" width="21.9563pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.352,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.85,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.283,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>为给定的实值输入信号。</P> <p>对于上述变分问题，利用二次罚函数项和拉格朗日乘子将其转化为一个无约束问题(<A.。href="#EEq1">1.</A.。>)可指定如下:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq2"><span class="left_break" id="L8"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M8"> <svg height="40.154pt" id="M8-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.655 40.154" width="66.655pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B8-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.942)"> <path d="M541 160L512 170C485 116 462 88 439 67C411 41 376 35 318 35C272 35 238 37 224 48C207 61 205 85 212 121L290 533C305 611 308 615 391 622L397 650H139L133 622C217 615 221 612 206 533L126 118C111 41 103 34 23 26L17 0H474C489 31 528 124 541 160Z" id="g113-77"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.36,23.942)"> <path d="M332 -241C217 -138 149 60 149 271C149 483 216 680 332 783L312 808C148 686 74 491 74 272V271C74 50 148 -146 312 -266L332 -241Z" id="g119-5"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.39,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.58,27.074)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.73,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.87,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.8,27.074)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.95,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.09,23.942)"> <path d="M558 587C558 666 497 712 432 712C379 712 330 691 284 650C212 586 178 508 148 348L71 -65C49 -185 35 -229 23 -235L27 -261C49 -259 101 -251 124 -224C131 -216 138 -178 159 -24C171 66 197 200 227 356C264 550 295 668 393 668C443 668 479 632 479 575C479 516 446 458 383 418C361 404 344 398 318 397L296 350C395 338 460 281 460 192C460 110 411 40 300 40C258 40 215 55 192 69L181 51C191 18 222 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<g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.79,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.22,24.125)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="40.154pt" id="M8-9" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.323 40.154" width="67.323pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B8-9"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,23.949)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.8,38.075)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.7,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.89,27.074)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.22,24.125)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.74,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.17,24.125)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.7,23.942)"> <path d="M839 267V273L216 1669H138L761 270L138 -1129H216L839 267Z" id="g119-222"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R8"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M8-10" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.038 11.44" width="15.038pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B8-10"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <path d="M411 139C381 76 368 73 314 73H129L267 224C351 317 400 380 400 469C400 574 322 635 233 635C176 635 128 610 98 576L40 495L63 476C89 515 130 568 198 568C274 568 316 519 316 436C316 347 251 264 191 192C142 134 85 76 30 21V0H403C415 45 425 89 438 131L411 139Z" id="g190-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>α</我>和<svg height="12.7178pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 21.1603 12.7178" width="21.1603pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.554,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.052,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.486,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>分别代表惩罚系数和拉格朗日乘法器，<我>F</我>(<我>T</我>）是给定的信号。</P> <p>然后利用替代方向方法来获得拉格朗日乘法器的鞍点，即解决（<A.。href="#EEq2">2.</A.。>）通过优化<我>M</我><sub><i>K</我></sub>,<我>W</我><sub><i>K</我></sub>,<我>β</我>(<我>T</我>)交替<A.。href="#B30">30.</A.。>］．优化问题<我>M</我><sub><i>K</我></sub>和<我>W</我><sub><i>K</我></sub>的公式为(<A.。href="#EEq3">3.</A.。>)及(<A.。href="#EEq3">4.</A.。>)分别为。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq3"><span class="left_break" id="L10"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M10"> <svg height="82.2759pt" id="M10-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.078 82.2759" width="41.078pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.25,17.679)"> <path d="M504 89L488 119C453 85 428 69 416 69C408 69 405 75 412 102L462 304C492 438 460 451 436 451S388 441 356 423C311 397 229 336 170 256H168L189 340C208 418 200 451 177 451C144 451 82 413 24 352L40 322C65 345 98 369 108 369C114 369 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -10.31)" xlink:href="#B11-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 24.94)" xlink:href="#B11-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 24.94)" xlink:href="#B11-4"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R11"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M11-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.898 11.44" width="14.898pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M130 550H367L393 615L386 623H101L63 323C82 331 123 342 165 342C275 342 328 277 328 188C328 107 283 40 201 40C141 40 99 72 78 91C69 99 59 98 51 91C39 81 30 67 29 58C28 48 33 37 46 24C60 10 104 -12 149 -12C203 -11 269 14 323 59C384 109 412 165 412 225C412 308 347 399 219 399C193 399 146 382 104 367L130 550Z" id="g190-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.4,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M11-5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.428 11.44" width="15.428pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-5"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <path d="M143 344C173 483 265 547 326 576C363 593 402 605 434 611L429 641C389 634 343 623 301 608C195 570 43 456 43 236C43 81 135 -12 245 -12C368 -12 453 88 453 208C453 310 380 393 273 393C253 393 232 386 211 376L143 344ZM234 338C325 338 367 255 367 172C367 102 346 21 264 21C184 21 132 113 132 239C132 267 133 291 138 312C164 327 197 338 234 338Z" id="g190-227"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.93,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="114.422pt" id="IL11" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.49 114.422" width="15.49pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 25.75)" xlink:href="#B11-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 87.39)" xlink:href="#B11-5"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>拉格朗日乘数可以用它来迭代<span class="equation_break" id="EEq7"><span class="left_break" id="L12"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M12"> <svg height="37.6735pt" id="M12-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.238 37.6735" width="43.238pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,2.36,18.396)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-17"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.56,15.682)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.22,15.682)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.78,15.682)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.97,22.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.48,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.74,22.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="37.6735pt" id="M12-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.468 37.6735" width="44.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.62,18.396)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-17"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.82,15.682)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.03,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,94.28,15.682)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,98.94,15.682)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.5,15.682)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,94.22,25.73)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,111.7,22.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,116.22,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,125.48,22.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,130.03,21.946)"> <path d="M626 271V272C626 845 478 1358 152 1678L120 1644C380 1367 528 839 528 271C528 -295 377 -825 120 -1102L152 -1136C478 -823 626 -308 626 271Z" id="g119-174"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="88.4892pt" id="I12" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 167.48 88.4892" width="167.48pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -9.37)" xlink:href="#B12-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 13.6 16.04)" xlink:href="#B12-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 27.79 50.82)" xlink:href="#B12-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R12"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M12-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.028 11.44" width="15.028pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <path d="M430 623H48C43 580 39 534 30 478H57C80 544 84 550 152 550H369C286 366 187 178 74 -1L81 -12L156 -2C249 201 343 408 438 611L430 623Z" id="g190-223"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="88.4892pt" id="IL12" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.09 88.4892" width="15.09pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 38.31)" xlink:href="#B12-4"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我><i>τ</我></i>是一个更新参数。</P> <p>VMD的主要步骤可以总结如下:</P> <p><span class="statement" id="step1"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">步骤1。</我></span>初始化<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="15.535pt" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 18.303 15.535" width="18.303pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.257,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.192,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.339,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="20.4321838 -11.5914 17.168 15.535" width="17.168pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.482,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.74,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.414,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.686,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="39.7791838 -11.5914 12.722 15.535" width="12.722pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.829,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.384,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> </svg>,</span></span><i>N</我>=1．</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step2"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第2步：。</我></span>执行循环,<我>N</我>=<我>N</我>+1。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step3"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第3步。</我></span>更新<我>M</我><sub><i>K</我></sub>和<我>W</我><sub><i>K</我></sub>基于(<A.。href="#EEq5">5.</A.。>)及(<A.。href="#EEq5">6.</A.。>）。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step4"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第四步。</我></span>更新<我>β</我>基于(<A.。href="#EEq7">7.</A.。>）。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step5"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第5步。</我></span>如果<span class="inline_break"> <svg 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,82.211,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.157,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-48"></use> </g> </svg><span class="isep"></span> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="92.4681838 -11.5914 42.366 15.535" width="42.366pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,92.518,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-10"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.434,-.222)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,97.861,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.119,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.053,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,113.332,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-10"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118.675,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118.675,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,127.253,0)"> <path d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z" id="g117-91"></path> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="138.46618379999998 -11.5914 5.602 15.535" width="5.602pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,138.516,0)"> <path d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z" id="g113-247"></path> </g> </svg>,</span></span>循环端，否则转到步骤2进行下一次迭代。</span></p> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。多变量自回归模型</h5> <p>自回归(AR)模型利用自身推导回归变量，即利用时刻白噪声的线性组合<我>N</我>和以前的价值<我>P</我>时间来描述系统的输出<我>N</我>。方程式可描述如下[<A.。href="#B31">31.</A.。>]：<span class="equation_break" id="EEq8"><span class="left_break" id="L15"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M15"> <svg height="14.6581pt" id="M15-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 136.224 14.6581" width="136.224pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B15-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.184)"> <path d="M536 404C536 423 520 448 491 448C445 448 398 404 308 283L286 338C255 416 242 448 217 448C182 448 138 402 92 341L111 321C149 368 169 378 178 378C188 378 198 363 214 320L254 212C185 117 138 65 107 65C98 65 85 69 82 75C79 82 73 86 65 86C44 86 23 60 23 39C23 7 44 -12 71 -12C119 -12 168 33 265 177L306 61C321 17 347 -12 373 -12C413 -12 465 33 507 96L491 119C459 84 432 60 413 60C395 60 378 92 358 148L321 250C341 279 369 310 389 332C417 363 439 382 456 382C466 382 475 376 481 368C486 361 492 358 496 358C513 358 536 381 536 404Z" id="g113-121"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.2,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.01,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.27,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,34.33,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.27,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.48,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.14,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.7,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.59,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.12,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,82.18,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.13,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,94.33,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,98.99,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.55,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,112.44,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,122.98,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,128.12,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,133.26,9.184)"> <use 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<use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.74,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,35.4,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,40.96,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-113"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.6581pt" id="M15-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.509 14.6581" width="20.509pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B15-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.85,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R15"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M15-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.168 11.44" width="15.168pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B15-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M246 635C138 635 67 554 67 471C67 401 116 348 178 315C143 296 103 268 87 252C65 231 42 203 42 157C42 50 128 -12 234 -12C319 -12 432 52 432 169C432 256 370 303 299 344C347 376 373 399 381 408C399 430 408 459 408 487C408 569 341 635 246 635ZM235 603C284 603 334 567 334 483C334 420 306 383 273 358C202 393 142 427 142 503C142 552 173 603 235 603ZM245 21C179 21 122 70 122 163C122 219 155 270 204 300C279 263 352 219 352 144C352 66 308 21 245 21Z" id="g190-152"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.67,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 33.737 12.7178" width="33.737pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.059,3.132)"> <path d="M138 535C169 535 191 560 191 589C191 620 168 644 139 644S85 620 85 589C85 560 110 535 138 535ZM257 0V30C192 35 185 43 185 109V453C142 435 94 422 40 414V386C101 378 104 372 104 311V109C104 41 97 35 33 30V0H257Z" id="g58-103"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.427,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.925,0)"> <path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.106,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="37.3191838 -9.28833 20.587 12.7178" width="20.587pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.369,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.609,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.752,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.992,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="60.085183799999996 -9.28833 18.427 12.7178" width="18.427pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.135,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.279,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.422,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.598,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="80.6911838 -9.28833 12.518 12.7178" width="12.518pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.741,0)"> <path d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" id="g113-113"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.451,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg></span>为自回归系数，<svg height="9.25202pt" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 10.6114 9.25202" width="10.6114pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.317,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </svg>白噪声的均值和方差是0吗<我><i>σ</我></i><sup>2.</sup>,<我>P</我>是AR模型的顺序(<我>P</我>）。</P> <p>当需要进行多元建模时，AR模型必须进行多次分析和建立。因此，不同变量决定的模型顺序可能不一致。与AR模型相比，多元自回归(MAR)模型只建模一次，能反映不同变量之间的内在关系。让<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="16.2017pt" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-3.943501pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2582 39.073 16.2017" width="39.073pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.267,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.202,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.773,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.271,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.442,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="16.2017pt" style="vertical-align:-3.943501pt" version="1.1" viewbox="42.655183799999996 -12.2582 20.587 16.2017" width="20.587pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.705,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.945,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.088,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.328,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="16.2017pt" style="vertical-align:-3.943501pt" version="1.1" viewbox="65.42118380000001 -12.2582 18.427 16.2017" width="18.427pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.471,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.614,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.757,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.934,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="16.2017pt" style="vertical-align:-3.943501pt" version="1.1" viewbox="86.0271838 -12.2582 15.087 16.2017" width="15.087pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,86.077,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.334,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg></span>是有价值的<我>K</我>- 时间变量<我>N</我>;显然它不仅涉及前一个的值<我>P</我>时代和白噪音<我>N</我>，而且是以前的价值观<我>P</我>其他变量的次数[<A.。href="#B13">13.</A.。>］．可以描述MAR模型的等式<span class="equation_break" id="EEq9"><span class="left_break" id="L19"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M19"> <svg height="162.349pt" id="M19-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 136.658 162.349" width="136.658pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B19-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,22.118)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.27,15.854)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.2,25.902)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B19-10"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,147.105)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,147.105)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.92,140.842)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.86,150.889)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R19"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M19-11" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.338 11.44" width="15.338pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B19-11"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M247 635C117 635 41 518 41 422C41 317 114 239 220 239C239 239 256 244 278 255L348 290C315 139 207 37 63 13L67 -15C93 -15 155 -5 207 17C343 71 443 203 443 385C443 520 371 635 247 635ZM231 602C331 602 355 476 355 390C355 371 354 349 351 325C334 310 298 294 261 294C177 294 128 369 128 457C128 516 155 602 231 602Z" id="g190-193"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.84,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>P</我>是MAR模型的顺序，<svg height="13.8999pt" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-3.94351pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.95639 15.3624 13.8999" width="15.3624pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.385,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.059,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.856,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> </svg>是自动评级系数<我>K</我>-th变量时<我>M</我>-th变量随步长延迟<我>我</我>,<svg height="13.8999pt" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-3.94351pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.95639 13.3529 13.8999" width="13.3529pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.382,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.317,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </svg>是随机误差吗<我>M</我>th变量。</P> <h5 id="sec2.3">２.３.支持向量机</h5> <p>支持向量机（SVM）是由VAPNIK开发的机器学习模型[<A.。href="#B32">32.</A.。>］．它可以使用有限的信息推导出模型复杂性和学习能力之间的最佳解决方案，以获得最佳分类准确性。SVM在解决有限的样品，非线性和高维数据的问题方面具有独特的优势。对于给定的样本集<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 22.231 12.7178" width="22.231pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-124"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.511,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.009,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.211,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.267,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="24.3601838 -9.28833 39.99 12.7178" width="39.99pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.41,0)"> <path d="M556 393C556 426 537 448 514 448C496 448 478 435 471 420C468 414 462 401 466 394C473 382 480 368 480 346C480 268 392 143 338 67H336C329 163 319 253 309 330S286 448 254 448C215 448 160 383 127 337L143 311C167 344 200 373 208 373S222 365 229 320C246 214 264 66 268 -20C219 -83 131 -171 17 -239L25 -261L137 -235C248 -110 273 -79 335 8C384 77 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.415,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.655,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="90.7481838 -9.28833 18.427 12.7178" width="18.427pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,90.798,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.942,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,101.085,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.261,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="111.3541838 -9.28833 11.428 12.7178" width="11.428pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,111.404,0)"> <path d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z" id="g113-111"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,117.93,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-126"></use> </g> </svg>,</span></span>支持向量机的主要思想是将样本映射到高维特征空间，并找到一个超平面来解决低维空间中相应的非线性问题。超平面函数可以构造为<span class="equation_break" id="EEq10"><span class="left_break" id="L23"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M23"> <svg height="13.9183pt" id="M23-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 65.98 13.9183" width="65.98pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B23-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.16,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.03,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.2,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.74,9.288)"> <path d="M452 333C452 398 425 448 375 448C329 448 235 404 140 292H138L229 683C233 701 234 712 225 712C208 712 149 686 66 677L64 652H97C135 652 140 651 129 598L38 167C23 96 29 57 44 33C60 7 98 -12 132 -12C169 -12 232 3 290 41C383 102 452 223 452 333ZM365 316C365 199 308 87 239 49C221 39 200 35 183 35C137 35 99 70 112 163C116 191 123 215 129 233C190 316 290 392 330 392C348 392 365 372 365 316Z" id="g113-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.47,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.74,9.288)"> <path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R23"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M23-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.728 11.44" width="19.728pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B23-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.82,9.25)"> <path d="M248 635C97 635 43 457 43 311C43 153 97 -12 247 -12S450 166 450 312C450 466 397 635 248 635ZM246 603C337 603 361 452 361 312S337 20 248 20S132 172 132 313C132 452 156 603 246 603Z" id="g190-254"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.23,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>W</我>为权向量，<我>B</我>是偏差参数，而<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="7.35473pt" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-0.3499303pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -7.0048 16.986 7.35473" width="16.986pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.163,0)"> <path d="M320 255C320 327 260 385 186 385S52 327 52 255S112 125 186 125S320 183 320 255Z" id="g117-74"></path> </g> </svg><span class="ibiop"></span> <svg height="7.35473pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499303pt" version="1.1" viewbox="19.8411838 -7.0048 7.446 7.35473" width="7.446pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.891,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> </svg></span>表示的内积<我>W</我>和<我>x</我>．</P> <p>以二进制分类问题为例，以通过充分的分类间隔正确对样本进行分类，所有样本都需要满足以下约束。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq11"><span class="left_break" id="L25"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M25"> <svg height="36.3978pt" id="M25-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 155.06 36.3978" width="155.06pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B25-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.526)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.16,21.526)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.03,21.526)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.24,24.658)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.2,21.526)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.73,21.526)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.01,21.526)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-167"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.6,11.011)"> <path d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230Z" id="g117-92"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.86,11.011)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.86,11.011)"> <path d="M54 437L27 408L31 397H101V103C101 37 94 32 30 26V0H266V25C187 33 180 36 180 110V397H288C299 404 304 428 298 437H180V477C179 562 190 610 203 630C214 647 230 659 256 659C289 659 318 641 337 622C346 612 355 612 364 619C374 627 380 635 383 643C388 655 387 667 378 678C362 697 333 710 299 712C260 707 225 689 189 659C135 613 119 563 112 541S101 490 101 458V437H54Z" id="g190-103"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.59,11.011)"> <path d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.49,31.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.86,31.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.59,31.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,107.07,31.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,116.3,31.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,123.24,34.782)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,129.93,31.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,141.19,31.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,148.82,31.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="36.3978pt" id="I25" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 156.36 36.3978" width="156.36pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B25-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R25"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M25-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.788 11.44" width="17.788pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B25-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.29,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="36.3978pt" id="IL25" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.86 36.3978" width="17.86pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 12.27)" xlink:href="#B25-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>在续集中，可以计算分类间隔作为<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="13.7421pt" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-2.1507pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 11.596 13.7421" width="11.596pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-48"></use> </g> </svg><span class="isep"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="13.7421pt" style="vertical-align:-2.1507pt" version="1.1" viewbox="11.5511838 -11.5914 25.101 13.7421" width="25.101pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-10"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.944,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.201,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-10"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.544,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> </svg>,</span></span>最大化间隔相当于最小化<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="13.7421pt" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-2.1507pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 25.0628 13.7421" width="25.0628pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-10"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.343,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.6,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-10"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.943,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> </svg>．</span>解决线性不可等性问题，术语<我><i>ξ</我></i>和罚款因素<我>C</我>被纳入（<A.。href="#EEq11">11.</A.。>)从而将最优超平面的构造转化为约束优化问题。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq12"><span class="left_break" id="L28"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M28"> <svg height="59.0831pt" 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<p>在将样本映射到高维空间时，不同的内积核函数会形成不同的算法，其中径向基函数在模式识别的应用中得到了广泛的应用<span class="equation_break" id="EEq13"><span class="left_break" id="L29"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M29"> <svg height="22.6609pt" id="M29-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 136.869 22.6609" width="136.869pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B29-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,14.938)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12,14.938)"> <path d="M378 -385C239 -253 158 0 158 271S238 795 378 927L356 953C165 798 79 550 79 272V271C79 -10 165 -259 356 -411L378 -385Z" id="g119-133"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.78,14.938)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.98,18.07)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.03,14.938)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.89,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.76,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="49.8433pt" id="IL29" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.34 49.8433" width="19.34pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 18.99)" xlink:href="#B29-3"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<svg height="9.39034pt" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-104"></use> </g> </svg>是内核参数。</P> <p>约束优化问题的求解(<A.。href="#EEq12">12.</A.。>)由拉格朗日函数的鞍点确定，并将该二次规划问题转化为相应的对偶问题;也就是说,<span class="equation_break" id="EEq14"><span class="left_break" id="L31"></span><span class="middle_break"><span 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B31-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 46.34 0)" xlink:href="#B31-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 12.87 44.53)" xlink:href="#B31-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 44.53)" xlink:href="#B31-4"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 28.29 44.52)" xlink:href="#B31-5"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 62.55 77.82)" xlink:href="#B31-6"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R31"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M31-7" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.638 11.44" width="19.638pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B31-7"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.68,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-166"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.14,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="148.963pt" id="IL31" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.72 148.963" width="19.72pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 68.55)" xlink:href="#B31-7"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<svg height="9.39034pt" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 10.0711 9.39034" width="10.0711pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-234"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.89,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> </svg>Lagrange乘法器。</P> <p>的最优值<我><i>μ</我></i><sub><i>我</我></sub>从上方的双问题获得，可以如下确定最佳分类判别函数。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq15"><span class="left_break" id="L33"></span><span class="middle_break"><span 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xlink:href="#B33-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R33"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M33-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.288 11.44" width="19.288pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B33-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.89,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-161"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.79,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="37.2364pt" id="IL33" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.37 37.2364" width="19.37pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 12.69)" xlink:href="#B33-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <h4 id="fault-diagnosis-by-blind-parameter-identification-of-mar-model-and-mutation-hybrid-gwo-sca-optimized-svm">3.基于MAR模型和变异混合GWO-SCA优化SVM的盲参数识别故障诊断</h4> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。MAR模型的盲目参数识别</h5> <p>多元自回归（MAR）模型是自回归（AR）模型的多元版本。通过多变量的同步自回归建模和参数辨识，具有效率高、考虑变量相关性等优点。参数识别是MAR分析的关键部分，合适的参数将有助于获得更好的拟合效果，在这一过程中，MAR模型的阶次选择不仅关系到序列中包含的基本特征的提取，而且对识别效率有很大的影响。本研究采用Schwartz-Bayes准则（SBC）来估计MAR模型的阶数。SBC功能如下所示[<A.。href="#B33">33.</A.。>]：<span class="equation_break" id="EEq16"><span class="left_break" id="L34"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M34"> <svg height="29.9382pt" id="M34-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 142.007 29.9382" width="142.007pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B34-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.324)"> <path d="M449 634C442 637 425 643 405 650C376 660 341 666 307 666C181 666 98 590 98 485C98 400 170 343 215 310L246 288C307 243 343 204 343 147C343 67 291 18 219 18C104 18 61 124 51 202L23 199C28 124 27 71 27 47C47 22 122 -16 204 -16C324 -16 428 60 428 174C428 256 379 309 307 360L276 382C223 419 179 455 179 516C179 576 221 632 293 632C379 632 410 564 418 487L448 490C446 536 446 592 449 634Z" id="g113-84"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.31,20.324)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.34,20.324)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.05,20.324)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.73,20.324)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.77,9.288)"> <path d="M238 681C243 705 239 712 230 712C217 712 156 682 75 674L70 648H105C148 648 153 641 144 598L39 110C18 11 35 -12 55 -12C90 -12 166 36 221 103L205 125C174 93 130 65 118 65C112 65 108 68 114 96L238 681Z" id="g113-109"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.94,12.42)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-113"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" 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xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-227"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.26,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>N</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>=<我>国会议员</我>+1，<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="17.3944pt" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-5.474199pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.9202 20.386 17.3944" width="20.386pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.172,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.755,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="17.3944pt" 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</svg>,</span></span>和<我>R</我><sub>22.</sub>是通过模型K矩阵的QR分解得到的上三角矩阵的第四部分（参见[<A.。href="#B33">33.</A.。>] 更多细节）。</P> <p>订单选择的具体方法是，在给定的模型顺序范围内，<我>s</我>(<我>P</我>)将随着订单的增加而逐渐减少。如果<我>s</我>(<我>P</我>）采取最小值或没有显着的减少<我>s</我>(<我>P</我>)，随着顺序的增加，相应的<我>P</我>价值是模型的顺序。</P> <p>考虑到不同变量序列之间的内在联系，MAR模型中存在大量的参数，一般采用最小方差准则直接估计模型参数[<A.。href="#B34">34.</A.。>]但是，对于MA模型来说，它将是计算昂贵的。为了实现更好的计算效率，应用了基于QR分解的快速计算方法来识别参数（参见[<A.。href="#B33">33.</A.。>] 更多细节）。然后组合所有识别的参数以构建多变量序列的特征向量。</P> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2.变异GWO-SCA优化</h5> <h6 id="sec3.2.1">3.2.1。正弦余弦算法</h6> <p>正余弦算法(SCA)是一种结构简单、易于实现的新型群优化算法。SCA仅使用正弦和余弦函数，实现了良好的优化效果。研究和开发是SCA流程优化问题出现的两个关键阶段[<A.。href="#B24">24.</A.。>］．通过精心制定的勘探和剥削机制，SCA能够在搜索空间中快速搜索可行的解决方案。让<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="15.4658pt" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.1747 23.249 15.4658" width="23.249pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M669 636L663 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.859,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.814,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="15.4658pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="52.908183799999996 -12.1747 19.398 15.4658" width="19.398pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.958,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-91"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,61.888,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,64.437,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.392,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="15.4658pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="74.4861838 -12.1747 18.426 15.4658" width="18.426pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.536,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.679,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.822,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,89.998,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="15.4658pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="95.09118380000001 -12.1747 28.356 15.4658" width="28.356pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.141,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-91"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.072,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,106.621,3.132)"> <path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z" id="g50-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,112.28,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,116.795,-5.996)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-85"></use> </g> </svg></span>处于…的地位<我>我</我>-<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="11.5564pt" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 19.31 11.5564" width="19.31pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g 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xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="15.4658pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="88.26618380000001 -12.1747 26.046 15.4658" width="26.046pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.316,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,94.972,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,97.52,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,103.18,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,107.695,-5.996)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-85"></use> </g> </svg></span>是个人的最佳位置<我>我</我>．参数<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.584pt" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-3.29567pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 21.11 12.584" width="21.11pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.702,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,67.874,3.132)"> <path d="M810 0V30C751 35 744 40 744 106V296C744 396 694 451 614 451C583 451 558 438 537 425C512 409 485 391 454 368C434 420 390 451 342 451C309 451 285 439 260 424C228 405 206 387 185 372V453C141 434 90 421 43 413V386C102 378 105 373 105 309V106C105 41 96 35 29 30V0H243V30C194 35 185 41 185 106V335C216 360 256 389 297 389C357 389 384 348 384 275V106C384 41 374 35 312 30V0H530V30C475 35 465 41 465 104V294C465 313 464 324 463 336C502 367 539 389 576 389C637 389 663 346 663 274V109C663 41 653 35 593 30V0H810Z" id="g58-107"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,75.436,3.132)"> <path d="M442 39L431 68C420 63 406 57 394 57C377 57 359 71 359 118V301C359 353 349 393 314 424C291 443 261 451 230 451C171 438 107 401 79 381C59 366 46 355 46 340C46 316 72 295 91 295C106 295 117 303 122 319C131 350 139 371 152 384C163 397 178 404 197 404C246 404 281 365 281 293V278C260 262 186 232 124 213C69 194 41 161 41 112C41 47 92 -12 163 -12C195 -12 243 25 283 51C288 35 293 22 308 7C319 -4 339 -12 354 -12L442 39ZM281 87C262 68 226 51 199 51C169 51 129 74 129 126C129 162 151 181 190 198C211 208 259 229 281 240V87Z" id="g58-95"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,79.522,3.132)"> <path d="M482 0V30C420 38 407 48 370 103L273 248C308 299 331 332 352 357C387 397 401 404 463 409V439H277V409C318 405 324 400 307 369C290 337 270 307 251 279L194 367C175 396 180 402 220 409V439H18V409C74 401 87 395 117 349L204 213C173 168 147 130 119 95C78 46 67 38 5 30V0H195V30C144 38 143 47 162 79C181 112 202 149 225 181L297 70C314 43 307 35 264 30V0H482Z" id="g58-118"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.466,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg></span>确定个人的区域<我>我</我>在下一次迭代中<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.584pt" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-3.29567pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 19.8759 12.584" width="19.8759pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.172,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.734,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.82,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-118"></use> </g> </svg>,</span><i>L</我>,<我>A.</我>分别为最大迭代次数、当前迭代次数和常数。参数<我>R</我><sub>2.</sub>是范围的随机数<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.439pt" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.4961 11.439" width="34.4961pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M290 -163V-135C183 -126 181 -122 181 -44V583C181 662 184 666 290 675V703H120V-163H290Z" id="g113-92"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.725,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.868,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.108,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-238"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.792,0)"> <path d="M226 -163V703H56V676C162 667 165 662 165 584V-43C165 -122 162 -126 56 -136V-163H226Z" id="g113-94"></path> </g> </svg>,</span>它定义了下一个动作应该朝向的距离。随机地强调(<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="11.6399pt" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-3.29108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 21.11 11.6399" width="21.11pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.901,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.479,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-92"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.6399pt" style="vertical-align:-3.29108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="24.692183800000002 -8.34882 6.41 11.6399" width="6.41pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.742,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </svg>)</span></span>或者不顾（<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="11.6399pt" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-3.29108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 21.11 11.6399" width="21.11pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.901,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.479,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.6399pt" style="vertical-align:-3.29108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="24.692183800000002 -8.34882 6.41 11.6399" width="6.41pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.742,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </svg>)</span></span>个体位置的效果，随机重量<我>R</我><sub>3.</sub>在<svg height="11.439pt" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 26.7843 11.439" width="26.7843pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.725,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.868,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.108,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-94"></use> </g> </svg>被引入方程中。最后,参数<我>R</我><sub>4.</sub>是在范围内的随机数<svg height="11.439pt" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 26.7843 11.439" width="26.7843pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.725,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.868,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.108,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-94"></use> </g> </svg>在正弦和余弦分量之间转换。</P> <h6 id="sec3.2.2">3.2.2。灰狼优化器</h6> <p>灰狼优化器是一种基于严格组织系统的灰狼及其复杂合作狩猎方法的群体智能算法。GWO算法在野外模拟灰狼的层次结构和狩猎行为。狼分为四个亚组，即，<我>α</我>,<我>β</我>,<我><i>δ</我></i>,<我><i>ω</我></i>.前三个亚组依次是具有最佳适应值的三只狼，它们指导其他狼(<我><i>ω</我></i>)来搜寻目标。在优化过程中，狼更新的位置<我>α</我>,<我>β</我>,<我><i>δ</我></i>,<我><i>ω</我></i>．灰狼的更新方程可以描述为[<A.。href="#B25">25.</A.。>]<span class="equation_break" id="EEq18"><span class="left_break" id="L47"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M47"> <svg height="171.263pt" id="M47-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 127.976 171.263" width="127.976pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B47-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,10.58)"> <path d="M43 650V622C120 616 128 612 128 526V124C128 39 120 33 34 27V0H270C392 0 492 25 567 83C643 141 690 230 690 350C690 444 655 517 605 565C543 625 450 650 323 650H43ZM213 547C213 587 217 598 226 604C236 612 262 617 304 617C371 617 429 604 474 576C554 529 592 439 592 336C592 176 505 36 319 36C246 36 213 55 213 131V547Z" 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-224"></use> </g> </svg>,</span>和<svg height="11.927pt" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.3233 11.927" width="15.3233pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-69"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-226"></use> </g> </svg>是个人位置之间的距离<我>α</我>,<我>β</我>,<我><i>δ</我></i>和个人分别，同时<我>C</我><sub>1.</sub>,<我>C</我><sub>2.</sub>,<我>C</我><sub>3.</sub>是随机数<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.439pt" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 26.7843 11.439" width="26.7843pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.725,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.868,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.108,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-94"></use> </g> </svg>．</span><i>A.</我><sub>1.</sub>= 2<我>∙r</我>-<我>A.</我>,<我>A.</我><sub>2.</sub>= 2<我>∙r</我>-<我>A.</我>,<我>A.</我><sub>3.</sub>= 2<我>∙r</我>-<我>A.</我>,在那里<我>a=</我>2-2（<我>L</我>/<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.584pt" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-3.29567pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 19.8759 12.584" width="19.8759pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.172,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.734,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.82,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-118"></use> </g> </svg>)</span>是一个自适应参数，随着迭代和<我>R</我>是一个真正的随机数<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.439pt" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 26.7843 11.439" width="26.7843pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.725,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.868,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.108,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-94"></use> </g> </svg>．</span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.927pt" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.8309 11.927" width="15.8309pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-89"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.88,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-223"></use> </g> </svg>,</span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="14.1649pt" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.8765 14.1649" width="15.8765pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-89"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.88,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-224"></use> </g> </svg>,</span>和<svg height="11.927pt" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.3102 11.927" width="15.3102pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-89"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.88,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-226"></use> </g> </svg>表示个人当前的位置<我>α</我>,<我>β</我>,<我><i>δ</我></i>分别地<我>X</我>表示个人的最终位置，其在个人定义的圆圈内的随机位置<我>α</我>,<我>β</我>,<我><i>δ</我></i>．最后，<我>L</我>为当前迭代次数。</P> <h6 id="sec3.2.3">3.2.3。突变杂交GWO-SCA优化</h6> <p>在GWO的更新策略中，职位<我>α</我>是最重要的，它指导其他个体的搜索行为。此外，在SCA中，(<A.。href="#EEq17">17.</A.。>)具有出色的平衡勘探和开发过程的能力。因此，GWO和SCA之间的能力组合有望提高收敛性能，这使得混合算法——灰太狼优化器正弦余弦算法（GWO-SCA）成为可能，在探索不同区域和开发有潜力的区域方面都很强大<我>α</我>在(<A.。href="#EEq18">18.</A.。>)通过SCA的更新策略进行了改进[<A.。href="#B35">35.</A.。>]：<span class="equation_break" id="EEq21"><span class="left_break" id="L57"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M57"> <svg height="36.3978pt" id="M57-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 50.078 36.3978" width="50.078pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B57-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.526)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-69"></use> </g> 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.58,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="58.5174pt" id="IL57" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.55 58.5174" width="19.55pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 23.33)" xlink:href="#B57-3"></use> </svg></span></span>式中参数值<我>R</我><sub>1.</sub>,<我>R</我><sub>2.</sub>,<我>R</我><sub>4.</sub>与sca相同，以及含义<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.927pt" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.8439 11.927" width="15.8439pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-69"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-223"></use> </g> 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xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.24,144.977)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.38,144.977)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.53,144.977)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="215.301pt" id="I60" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 212.13 215.301" width="212.13pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -12.24)" xlink:href="#B60-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 22.12)" xlink:href="#B60-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 9.88)" xlink:href="#B60-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 44.24)" xlink:href="#B60-4"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 32)" xlink:href="#B60-5"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 66.36)" xlink:href="#B60-6"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 154.53 66.36)" xlink:href="#B60-7"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R60"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M60-8" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.158 11.44" width="21.158pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B60-8"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.61,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.66,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="215.301pt" id="IL60" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.24 215.301" width="21.24pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 101.72)" xlink:href="#B60-8"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>G</我>和<我>T</我>(<我>T</我><<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.584pt" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-3.29567pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 19.8759 12.584" width="19.8759pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.172,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.734,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.82,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-118"></use> </g> </svg>)</span>是给定的突变幅度和突变期间，而突变期间<我>unif</我>表示符合均匀分布的随机数<我>U</我><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.5564pt" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 26.8104 11.5564" width="26.8104pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.738,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.881,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.121,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>．</span>可以观察到，在更新过程中，个人的位置<我>α</我>,<我>β</我>,<我><i>δ</我></i>将周期性地变化，这使它们具有一定的能力，即使在迭代的后期也能跳出局部最优。</P> <p>所提出的突变杂种Gwo-SCA（MHGWOSCA）的主要步骤如下所示：</P> <p><span class="statement" id="step10"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">步骤1。</我></span>在给定的变量范围内随机初始化种群并设置变异参数。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step20"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第2步。</我></span>计算每个个体的适应度值。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step30"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第3步。</我></span>选择并保存最好的三个人<我>α</我>,<我>β</我>,<我><i>δ</我></i>．</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step40"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第四步。</我></span>更新其他个人资料(<我><i>ω</我></i>)据(<A.。href="#EEq21">21.</A.。>)及(<A.。href="#EEq22">22.</A.。>）。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step50"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第5步。</我></span>更新参数<我>A.</我>,<我>A.</我>,<我>C</我>．</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step60"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第6步。</我></span>如果未达到最大迭代次数，请转至步骤2。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step70"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第7步。</我></span>输出个人的位置<我>α</我>为最优解。</span></p> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。基于MS模型盲参数识别的诊断方法与突变杂交GWO-SCA优化</h5> <p>在本节中，为了促进故障诊断精度，提出了基于MS模型和突变混合GWO-SCA优化SVM的基于盲参数识别的故障诊断方法。具体步骤详细说明如下：</P> <p><span class="statement" id="step100"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">步骤1。</我></span>收集振动信号。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step200"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第2步。</我></span>确定模式编号<我>K</我>采用中心频率观测法对VMD进行了分析。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step300"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第3步。</我></span>使用VMD将样本分解为多组IMF。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step400"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第四步。</我></span>建立所有IMFs的MAR模型，并应用SBC确定模型顺序;然后通过QR分解识别不同故障样本的MAR参数向量。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step500"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第5步。</我></span>基于PCA的参数向量提取主功能;因此，获得了不同故障类型的特征向量。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step600"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第6步。</我></span>优化参数<我>C</我>和<svg height="9.39034pt" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-104"></use> </g> </svg>利用所提出的MHGWOSCA优化方法对支持向量机进行优化。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step700"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第7步。</我></span>用最优参数训练支持向量机模型<我>C</我>和<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="9.39034pt" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-104"></use> </g> </svg>;</span>然后得到最优支持向量机模型。</span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="step800"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">第8步。</我></span>应用最佳SVM模型来对不同的故障样本进行分类并评估模型的性能。</span></p> <p>所提出的故障诊断模型流程图如图所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig1/" target="_blank">1.</A.。>．</P> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="3264969.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.001.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>给出了该故障诊断方法的流程图。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="engineering-application">4.工程应用</h4> <h5 id="sec4.1">4．1.数据收集</h5> <p>具有不同故障位置和尺寸的振动信号从轴承箱中储备大学轴承数据中心收集[<A.。href="#B37">37.</A.。>]作为本研究的实验数据。实验台主要由电机、加速度计、扭矩传感器/编码器和测力仪组成。轴承为SKF6205-2RS型深沟球轴承。采用加速度计采集振动信号;同时，采用扭矩传感器/编码器进行功率和转速的测量。实验装置采用电火花加工，模拟了滚动轴承的三种故障状态:内滚道故障、球芯故障和外滚道故障，故障深度为0.011英寸。实验以驱动端(DE)采集到的振动信号为研究对象，采样频率为12kHz，转速为1750 rpm，额定负载为2hp。为了充分验证所提出的故障诊断方法的有效性，本文采用直径分别为0.007、0.014、0.021英寸的内圈故障、球圈故障和外圈故障9种类型的样本(即三种类型的故障都有三种缺陷尺寸)。此外，每种故障类型的振动信号包含59个样本，每个样本包含2048个样本点。实验装置图像如图所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig2/" target="_blank">2.</A.。>，以及实验数据[<A.。href="#B5">5.</A.。>]列于表中<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab1/" target="_blank">1.</A.。>．</P> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">错误的位置</TD> <td class="align_center">缺陷尺寸(英寸)</TD> <td class="align_center">课程标签</TD> <td class="align_center">数量的样品</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">内部种族</TD> <td class="align_center">0.007</TD> <td class="align_center">L1</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">内部种族</TD> <td class="align_center">0.014</TD> <td class="align_center">L2</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">内部种族</TD> <td class="align_center">0.021</TD> <td class="align_center">L3</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">球</TD> <td class="align_center">0.007</TD> <td class="align_center">L4</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">球</TD> <td class="align_center">0.014</TD> <td class="align_center">L5</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">球</TD> <td class="align_center">0.021</TD> <td class="align_center">16种</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">外座圈</TD> <td class="align_center">0.007</TD> <td class="align_center">发明人或者设计人</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">外座圈</TD> <td class="align_center">0.014</TD> <td class="align_center">经历了18个</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">外座圈</TD> <td class="align_center">0.021</TD> <td class="align_center">L9</TD> <td class="align_center">59.</TD> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表格1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 实验数据的描述。</D我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="3264969.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.002.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>轴承数据中心的实验台及其测量传感器。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.2">4.2。评估指标</h5> <p>在本申请中，调整的RAND指数（ARI），标准化的互信息（NMI），F法测量（F）和精度（ACC）作为四种广泛使用的评估措施用于评估诊断结果[<A.。href="#B38">38.</A.。>]，反映分类结果和实际样本分布信息之间的匹配程度。</P> <p>让<svg height="8.68572pt" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.93839 8.68572" width="9.93839pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M488 658H270V630C328 626 335 619 335 579C217 574 44 509 44 330C44 147 221 88 335 86C335 38 328 32 265 28V0H488V28C425 32 418 38 418 86C534 88 710 153 710 337C710 517 538 575 418 579C418 619 425 626 488 630V658ZM335 118C249 124 136 180 136 337C136 490 251 543 335 547V118ZM418 547C502 543 618 491 618 333S503 124 418 118V547Z" id="g113-150"></path> </g> </svg>为给定的实际标签集和<svg height="8.68572pt" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.97754 8.68572" width="9.97754pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M719 146L691 147C666 77 657 72 612 72H528C572 125 688 224 688 364C688 546 558 665 384 665C212 665 77 541 77 361C77 221 188 124 239 72H150C110 72 97 80 73 147L46 146L63 0H307L314 18C284 71 178 203 178 360C178 529 256 631 383 631C509 631 588 523 588 363C588 197 485 67 453 18L458 0H701L719 146Z" id="g113-153"></path> </g> </svg>是分类结果集。ARI考虑具有相同标签和不同标签的样本数量。ARI的范围为<svg height="11.439pt" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.4439 11.439" width="34.4439pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.116,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.499,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.739,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-94"></use> </g> </svg>较高的值表明更多样本标记正确。它可以表达为<span class="equation_break" id="EEq23"><span class="left_break" id="L68"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M68"> <svg height="29.0261pt" id="M68-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 83.562 29.0261" width="83.562pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B68-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,15.857)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-66"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.13,15.857)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.29,15.857)"> <path d="M405 650H141L135 622C222 616 230 610 215 535L133 116C118 41 113 33 29 28L23 0H289L295 28C209 33 205 40 219 116L298 535C312 609 317 616 399 622L405 650Z" id="g113-74"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.48,15.857)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.94,7.005)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.4,10.136)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,49.84,10.136)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.7,7.005)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.24,7.005)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,74.7,10.136)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,79.13,10.136)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="45.2305" x="38.94" y="12.203"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.65,25.082)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.33,20.907)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.26,28.867)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R68"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M68-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.018 11.44" width="21.018pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B68-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.64,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.52,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>N</我><sub>11.</sub>是两者中具有相同标签的样本对数<我>Φ</我>和<我>Ω</我>，尽管<我>N</我><sub>00</sub>是具有不同标签的样本对数<svg height="8.68572pt" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.93839 8.68572" width="9.93839pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-150"></use> </g> </svg>和<我>Ω</我>．<svg height="14.8825pt" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-3.2911pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 18.8722 14.8825" width="18.8722pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.826,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> </svg>是样本对的所有可能组合。</P> <p>NMI是一种常见的外部评估指标，可以衡量两个数据分布之间的一致性程度[<A.。href="#B39">39.</A.。>］．NMI的值位于0和1之间，较高的值表示更好的分类性能。计算方程如下：<span class="equation_break" id="EEq24"><span class="left_break" id="L71"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M71"> <svg height="43.6759pt" id="M71-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.104 43.6759" width="28.104pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B71-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,22.017)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.39,22.017)"> <path d="M962 650H795L470 145L347 650H176L170 622C268 613 275 606 244 503L190 322C150 188 132 126 118 91C102 50 80 33 18 28L12 0H245L251 28C175 35 170 48 174 93C177 128 191 180 220 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version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 282.8 65.691" width="282.8pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -12.83)" xlink:href="#B71-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.64 22.01)" xlink:href="#B71-2"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R71"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M71-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.318 11.44" width="21.318pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B71-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.36,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-166"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.82,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="65.691pt" id="IL71" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.4 65.691" 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xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-227"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.98,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="65.3845pt" id="IL73" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.56 65.3845" width="21.56pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 8.81)" xlink:href="#B73-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 45.93)" xlink:href="#B73-4"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td> <td class="align_center" colspan="2">实际标签</TD> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_center">积极的</TD> <td class="align_center">消极的</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">分类结果</TD> <td class="align_center">积极的</TD> <td class="align_center">真阳性(TP)</TD> <td class="align_center">假阳性（FP）</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">消极的</TD> <td class="align_center">假阴性（Fn）</TD> <td class="align_center">真否定（TN）</TD> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 混淆矩阵。</D我v> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.3">4．3．在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用</h5> <p>为了证明所提出的VMD-MAR-MHGWOSCA-SVM方法的优越性，在每个阶段都以比较的形式进行了实验，如下所示：在信号处理阶段应用EMD进行比较；模糊熵（FE）[<A.。href="#B42">42.</A.。>]和排列熵(PE) [<A.。href="#B5">5.</A.。>]用于特征提取阶段进行比较;GWO，SCA和Hgwosca在参数优化阶段进行比较。以与所提出的方法相同的方式设定对比实验的参数。</P> <p>在所提出的方法中，第一步是将每个故障类型的信号分解为一组IMF。模式号码<我>K</我>VMD需要预先利用中央频率观察方法确定。如果<我>K</我>太大，模糊混合会发生，因为相邻的IMF的中心频率太近。相比之下，难以有效地削弱不稳定性<我>K</我>太小。中央频率不同<我>K</我>表格列于表中<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab3/" target="_blank">3.</A.。>,在那里<我>K</我>由直径为0.007英寸(L1)的内圈断层样品确定。如表所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab3/" target="_blank">3.</A.。>什么时候<我>K</我>设置为5，前两个中央频率相对接近，这意味着发生了过度分解;因此参数<我>K</我>设置为4.不同故障类型的原始信号波形如图所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig3/" target="_blank">3.</A.。>0.007英寸故障（L1、L4、L7）的分解结果如图所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig4/" target="_blank">4.</A.。>．可以观察到，来自9种故障的波形是完全不同的，并且一个故障类型的IMF也在一定程度上辨别。</P> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="10"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">模式数</TD> <td class="align_center" colspan="9">归一化中心频率</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="10"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">2.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2256</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0907</TD> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">3.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2978</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2275</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0999</TD> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><i>4.</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>0.2471</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>0.1738</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>0.0860</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>0.0127</我></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">5.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.3066</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2834</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2271</TD> <td class="align_center">0.1148</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0525</TD> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">6.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.3072</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2854</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2364</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2142</TD> <td class="align_center">0.1139.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0519</TD> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">7.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.3170</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2981</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2757</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2270</TD> <td class="align_center">0.1242</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0982</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0493</TD> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">8.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.3178</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2990</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2777</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2363</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2147</TD> <td class="align_center">0.1231</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0975</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0492</TD> <td class="align_center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">9</TD> <td class="align_center">0.4022</TD> <td class="align_center">0.3133</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2970</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2768</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2363</TD> <td class="align_center">0.2146</TD> <td class="align_center">0.1230</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0975</TD> <td class="align_center">0.0492</TD> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="10"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 归一化中心频率不同<我>K</我>价值观。</D我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（一种）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003a.svgz"> <br> <strong>（一种）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（b）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003b.svgz"> <br> <strong>（b）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（C）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003c.svgz"> <br> <strong>（C）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（d）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003d.svgz"> <br> <strong>（d）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（e）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003e" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003e.svgz"> <br> <strong>（e）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（F）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003f" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003f.svgz"> <br> <strong>（F）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（G）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003g" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003g.svgz"> <br> <strong>（G）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（H）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003h" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003h.svgz"> <br> <strong>（H）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(我)"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003i" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003i.svgz"> <br> <strong>(我)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig3"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="（一种）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003a.svgz"><br><strong>（一种）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="（b）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003b.svgz"><br><strong>（b）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="（C）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003c.svgz"><br><strong>（C）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="（d）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003d.svgz"><br><strong>（d）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(e)"><img alt="（e）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003e" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003e.svgz"><br><strong>（e）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(f)"><img alt="（F）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003f" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003f.svgz"><br><strong>（F）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(g)"><img alt="（G）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003g" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003g.svgz"><br><strong>（G）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(h)"><img alt="（H）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003h" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003h.svgz"><br><strong>（H）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(i)"><img alt="(我)"NA.Me="3264969.fig.003i" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.003i.svgz"><br><strong>(我)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig3"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>不同故障信号的时域波形：（a）内圈0.007英寸，（b）内圈0.014英寸，（c）内圈0.021英寸，（d）滚珠0.007英寸，（e）滚珠0.014英寸，（f）滚珠0.021英寸，（g）外圈0.007英寸，（h）外圈0.014英寸，（i）外圈0.021英寸。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（一种）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.004a.svgz"> <br> <strong>（一种）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（b）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.004b.svgz"> <br> <strong>（b）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（C）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.004c.svgz"> <br> <strong>（C）</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig4"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="（一种）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.004a.svgz"><br><strong>（一种）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="（b）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.004b.svgz"><br><strong>（b）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="（C）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.004c.svgz"><br><strong>（C）</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig4"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>VMD分解结果为0.007英寸的故障信号：（a）内部竞争，（b）球，（c）外圈。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <p>当获得样品的分解组分时，为所有IMFS建立多元归共（MAR）模型。SBC值的值<我>s</我>(<我>P</我>）如图所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig5/" target="_blank">5.</A.。>，其中，根据故障类型L1的样本确定MAR模型的顺序。从图中可以看出，作为模型的顺序<我>P</我>增加，<我>s</我>(<我>P</我>)逐渐减少，但<我>s</我>(<我>P</我>）何时不再显着下降<我>P</我>增加到10。因此，MAR模型订单<我>P</我>在实验中选取为10。建立MAR模型后，基于QR分解识别所有参数，形成故障特征向量。此外，利用主成分分析(PCA)从所有特征中提取主特征，从而在计算代价和特征信息完整性之间取得平衡。MAR模型通过盲参数辨识得到的特征向量的主成分分布如图所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig6/" target="_blank">6.</A.。>和表格<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab4/" target="_blank">4.</A.。>，不同断层特征向量的三维投影如图所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig7/" target="_blank">7.</A.。>．</P> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab4"> <table class="table-group sidewaystable" id="tab4"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">故障标签</TD> <td class="align_center" colspan="13">主要成分</TD> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_center">PC1</TD> <td class="align_center">PC2.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC3.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC4.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC5</TD> <td class="align_center">PC6.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC7.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC8.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC9</TD> <td class="align_center">PC10.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC11.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC12.</TD> <td class="align_center">PC13</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">L1</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.465</TD> <td class="align_center">0.498</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.055.</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.516</TD> <td class="align_center">0.095</TD> <td class="align_center">0.008</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.101</TD> <td class="align_center">0.334</TD> <td class="align_center">0.151</TD> <td class="align_center">0.100</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.040</TD> <td class="align_center">0.078</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.097.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">-0.459</TD> <td class="align_center">0.510</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.076.</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.515</TD> <td class="align_center">0.116</TD> <td class="align_center">0.003</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.082</TD> <td class="align_center">0.297</TD> <td class="align_center">0.137</TD> <td class="align_center">0.083</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.032</TD> <td class="align_center">0.076</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.095.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">L2</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.362</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.252</TD> <td class="align_center">0.257</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.034</TD> <td class="align_center">0.268</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.861</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.699</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.181</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.131</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.702</TD> <td class="align_center">0.053</TD> <td class="align_center">0.071</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.185</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">0.396</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.547</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.194</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.347</TD> <td class="align_center">0.161</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.432</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.415</TD> <td class="align_center">0.160</TD> <td class="align_center">0.059</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.438</TD> <td class="align_center">0.510</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.070</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.393</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">L3</TD> <td class="align_center">0.883</TD> <td class="align_center">0.374</TD> <td class="align_center">1.127</TD> <td class="align_center">0.456</TD> <td class="align_center">0.168</TD> <td class="align_center">0.145</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.120</TD> <td class="align_center">0.229</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.036</TD> <td class="align_center">0.061</TD> <td class="align_center">0.054</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.031</TD> <td class="align_center">0.020</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">0.903</TD> <td class="align_center">0.393</TD> <td class="align_center">1.113</TD> <td class="align_center">0.462</TD> <td class="align_center">0.140</TD> <td class="align_center">0.162</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.158</TD> <td class="align_center">0.221</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.054</TD> <td class="align_center">0.065</TD> <td class="align_center">0.081</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.054</TD> <td class="align_center">0.030</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">L4</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.724</TD> <td class="align_center">-1.063</TD> <td class="align_center">0.770</TD> <td class="align_center">0.037</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.593.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.167</TD> <td class="align_center">0.025</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.271</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.099</TD> <td class="align_center">0.045</TD> <td class="align_center">0.053</TD> <td class="align_center">0.124</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.244</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">0.277</TD> <td class="align_center">-1.649.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.483</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.168</TD> <td class="align_center">0.614</TD> <td class="align_center">1.125</TD> <td class="align_center">0.160</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.182</TD> <td class="align_center">0.285</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.320</TD> <td class="align_center">0.017</TD> <td class="align_center">0.495</TD> <td class="align_center">0.519</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">L5</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.387</TD> <td class="align_center">0.075</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.232</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.161</TD> <td class="align_center">0.232</TD> <td class="align_center">0.566</TD> <td class="align_center">0.057</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.033</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.077</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.069.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.124</TD> <td class="align_center">0.013</TD> <td class="align_center">0.072</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">-0.334</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.002</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.292</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.107</TD> <td class="align_center">0.242</TD> <td class="align_center">0.600</TD> <td class="align_center">0.082</TD> <td class="align_center">0.003</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.120</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.102</TD> <td class="align_center">0.127</TD> <td class="align_center">0.039</TD> <td class="align_center">0.082</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">16种</TD> <td class="align_center">0.350</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.174</TD> <td class="align_center">0.128</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.874</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.099</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.441</TD> <td class="align_center">0.413</TD> <td class="align_center">0.533</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.149</TD> <td class="align_center">0.306</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.065.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.204</TD> <td class="align_center">0.002</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">-1.335</TD> <td class="align_center">0.256</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.407</TD> <td class="align_center">0.647</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.262</TD> <td class="align_center">0.114</TD> <td class="align_center">0.339</TD> <td class="align_center">0.128</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.068</TD> <td class="align_center">0.374</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.047</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.265</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.284</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">发明人或者设计人</TD> <td class="align_center">1.847</TD> <td class="align_center">0.174</TD> <td class="align_center">0.321</TD> <td class="align_center">0.410</TD> <td class="align_center">0.250</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.255</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.026</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.182</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.008</TD> <td class="align_center">0.198</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.283</TD> <td class="align_center">0.083</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.011</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">1.995.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.217</TD> <td class="align_center">0.045</TD> <td class="align_center">0.276</TD> <td class="align_center">0.170</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.364</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.070</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.297</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.048</TD> <td class="align_center">0.130</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.086.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.061</TD> <td class="align_center">0.005.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">经历了18个</TD> <td class="align_center">-1.110</TD> <td class="align_center">0.912</TD> <td class="align_center">0.024</TD> <td class="align_center">1.937</TD> <td class="align_center">-1.912</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.797</TD> <td class="align_center">0.348</TD> <td class="align_center">0.720.</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.036</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.714</TD> <td class="align_center">0.657</TD> <td class="align_center">0.399</TD> <td class="align_center">0.280</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">-1.337</TD> <td class="align_center">0.116</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.700.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.553</TD> <td class="align_center">0.894</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.020</TD> <td class="align_center">0.247</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.459</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.077</TD> <td class="align_center">0.289</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.036</TD> <td class="align_center">0.308</TD> <td class="align_center">0.335</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" colspan="14"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">L9</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.845.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.547</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.570</TD> <td class="align_center">0.382</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.046</TD> <td class="align_center">0.345</TD> <td class="align_center">0.295</TD> <td class="align_center">0.237</TD> <td class="align_center">0.015</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.127</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.100.</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.218</TD> <td class="align_center">0.005.</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">0.753</TD> <td class="align_center">0.129</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.638.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.636</TD> <td class="align_center">0.267</TD> <td class="align_center">0.380</TD> <td class="align_center">0.208</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.340</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.274</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.473</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.328</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.078</TD> <td class="align_center">-0.162</TD> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="14"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表4.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 特征向量的主成分。</D我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="3264969.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.005.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>MAR型号订单的选择<我>P</我>．</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="3264969.fig.006" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.006.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>特征向量的主要成分分布。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="3264969.fig.007" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.007.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>特征向量的3D投影不同故障。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <p>在优化阶段，将不同故障类型的特征向量随机分为两部分，分别为30和29个向量，其中30个用于训练，29个用于测试，并将提出的MHGWOSCA方法用于优化惩罚因子<我>C</我>和核参数<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="9.39034pt" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-104"></use> </g> </svg>,</span>在搜索范围的同时，单个号码和迭代时间分别设置为30和100<我>C</我>和<svg height="9.39034pt" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-104"></use> </g> </svg>均<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="13.7421pt" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-2.1507pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 28.665 13.7421" width="28.665pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.725,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.285,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.717,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.701,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="13.7421pt" style="vertical-align:-2.1507pt" version="1.1" viewbox="30.794183800000003 -11.5914 20.311 13.7421" width="20.311pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.844,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.084,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.516,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.478,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-94"></use> </g> </svg>．</span></span>考虑到最大迭代次数和优化参数的个数，将突变幅度设置为0.5，突变周期设置为5。在优化过程中，通过对训练样本进行五次交叉验证来计算适应度值。因此，给定的优化效果<我>C</我>和<svg height="9.39034pt" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-104"></use> </g> </svg>可以通过交叉验证的平均准确度来衡量，然后是最佳的<我>C</我>和<svg height="9.35772pt" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-3.38377pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.97395 6.20645 9.35772" width="6.20645pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-101"></use> </g> </svg>获得了。MHGWOSCA的收敛过程如图所示<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig8/" target="_blank">8.</A.。>，从中可以看出，随着迭代的进行，个体的平均适应度值先快速上升后趋于稳定;即个体接近全局最优解。另外，由于变异算子的影响，最佳的三个个体<我>α</我>,<我>β</我>,<我><i>δ</我></i>在不影响全局收敛趋势的情况下，尝试跳出局部最优。阴影部分显示了10次运行中收敛曲线的分布。图中比较了不同优化方法的收敛曲线<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig9/" target="_blank">9</A.。>，表中列出了近20次迭代中不同优化方法的平均适应度值<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab5/" target="_blank">5.</A.。>．收敛数据是10个运行的平均值。该图表明SCA的收敛速率明显低于其他方法;GWO和Hgwosca都有良好的收敛趋势;MHGWOSCA首先在初始阶段收敛到高水平，并在所有方法中显示出在稍后的迭代阶段的最佳收敛效果。</P> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab5"> <table class="table-group" id="tab5"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">迭代号码</TD> <td class="align_center" colspan="4">优化方法</TD> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_center">MHGWOSCA.</TD> <td class="align_center">Hgwosca.</TD> <td class="align_center">拥有</TD> <td class="align_center">斯卡</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">81.</TD> <td class="align_center">88.12</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.15</TD> <td class="align_center">95.95</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">82.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.17</TD> <td class="align_center">96.06</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">83.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.17</TD> <td class="align_center">95.87</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">84.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.17</TD> <td class="align_center">96.03</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">85.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.33</TD> <td class="align_center">97.26</TD> <td class="align_center">97.17</TD> <td class="align_center">96.13</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">86.</TD> <td class="align_center">89.70</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.17</TD> <td class="align_center">96.16</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">87.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.17</TD> <td class="align_center">96.04</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">88.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.33</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.18</TD> <td class="align_center">96.02</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">89.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.18</TD> <td class="align_center">96.08</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">90.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.17</TD> <td class="align_center">96.09</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">91.</TD> <td class="align_center">88.87</TD> <td class="align_center">97.26</TD> <td class="align_center">97.19</TD> <td class="align_center">96.25</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">92.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.18</TD> <td class="align_center">96.33</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">93.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.18</TD> <td class="align_center">96.34</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">94.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.25</TD> <td class="align_center">97.19</TD> <td class="align_center">96.29</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">95.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.26</TD> <td class="align_center">97.19</TD> <td class="align_center">96.43</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">96.</TD> <td class="align_center">88.99</TD> <td class="align_center">97.26</TD> <td class="align_center">97.19</TD> <td class="align_center">96.37</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">97.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.26</TD> <td class="align_center">97.19</TD> <td class="align_center">96.40</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">98.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.26</TD> <td class="align_center">97.18</TD> <td class="align_center">96.43</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">99.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.26</TD> <td class="align_center">97.19</TD> <td class="align_center">96.46</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">One hundred.</TD> <td class="align_center">97.32</TD> <td class="align_center">97.26</TD> <td class="align_center">97.19</TD> <td class="align_center">96.46</TD> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表5.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 迭代过程中个体的平均适应度值。</D我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（一种）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.008a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.008a.svgz"> <br> <strong>（一种）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（b）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.008b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.008b.svgz"> <br> <strong>（b）</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig8"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="（一种）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.008a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.008a.svgz"><br><strong>（一种）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="（b）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.008b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.008b.svgz"><br><strong>（b）</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig8"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>建议优化方法的收敛程序：（a）总体趋势，（b）部分放大细节。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（一种）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.009a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.009a.svgz"> <br> <strong>（一种）</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="（b）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.009b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.009b.svgz"> <br> <strong>（b）</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig9"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="（一种）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.009a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.009a.svgz"><br><strong>（一种）</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="（b）"NA.Me="3264969.fig.009b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.009b.svgz"><br><strong>（b）</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig9"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>不同优化方法的比较：（a）总体趋势，（b）部分放大细节。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <p>最优参数<我>C</我>和<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="9.39034pt" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-104"></use> </g> </svg>,</span>培训由MHGWOSCA优化的SVM模型，并应用以识别测试样本。为了深入验证所提出的方法，诊断结果平均超过10个运行，每次运行时都随机选择训练样品。此外，计算每个结果的偏差作为结果评估的参考。最佳<我>C</我>和<svg height="9.39034pt" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-104"></use> </g> </svg>给出了与10次运行中最佳精度相对应的结果。</P> <p>表中显示了不同方法的故障诊断结果<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab6/" target="_blank">6.</A.。>和图<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig10/" target="_blank">10.</A.。>．从表中可以看出<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab6/" target="_blank">6.</A.。>所提出的VMD-MAR-MHGWOSCA-SVM方法的评估值在所有四个度量中最高，即09573,0.9554,0.9808和0.9808，评价值的偏差也在一个较小的水平。具体地，EMD-MAR-MHGWOSCA-SVM与所提出的方法之间的比较表明了VMD的有效性;VMD-FE-HGWOSCA-SVM，VMD-PE-HGWOSCA-SVM和该方法的比较显示MAR模型具有更好的特征提取能力;类似地，可以从VMD-MAR-GWO-SVM，VMD-MAR-HGWOSCA-SVM，VMD-MAR-SCA-SVM之间的对比实验结束，以及MHGWOSCA提高SVM诊断性能的提出方法。数字<A.。href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig11/" target="_blank">11.</A.。>是评估值的箱线图，说明了不同诊断方法的性能。如图所示，所提出的方法获得了最高的评估值，并且在所有方法中具有出色的稳定性。</P> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab6"> <table class="table-group sidewaystable" id="tab6"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">处理方法</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><i>C</我></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><span style="width: 7.52435ptpx;"> <svg height="9.39034pt" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.52435 9.39034" width="7.52435pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M546 430L539 434C529 434 505 438 495 440C473 444 450 448 430 448C352 448 265 412 213 366C145 306 96 203 96 103C96 22 135 -12 160 -12C190 -12 238 14 262 32C310 68 368 120 411 184H413C403 117 396 75 384 21C353 -118 325 -158 291 -184C270 -200 241 -205 208 -205C133 -205 90 -164 74 -110C70 -98 58 -100 49 -107C34 -119 23 -140 23 -155C23 -190 74 -261 166 -261C219 -261 280 -233 314 -208C383 -157 446 -79 470 81C491 223 529 388 546 430ZM456 386C452 357 433 283 420 252C402 216 366 174 325 129C288 88 239 56 212 56C192 56 182 77 182 120C182 165 199 242 226 292C256 348 281 377 311 389C327 395 353 402 375 402C408 402 436 394 456 386Z"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> <td class="align_center" colspan="4">结果评估</TD> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_center">调整后兰特指数(ARI)</TD> <td class="align_center">标准化互信息(NMI)</TD> <td class="align_center">F测量（f）</TD> <td class="align_center">准确性（ACC）</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">VMD-FE-HGWOSCA-SVM</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">184.0764</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">2.2262</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9001</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9046</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9519.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9525</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">[-0.034,0.034]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.032, 0.034]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.019,0.017]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.018, 0.017]</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">VMD-PE-HGWOSCA-SVM</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">2.5155</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">414.0703.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9216</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9221.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9635</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9636</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">[-0.037, 0.053]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.043,0.048]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.017, 0.025]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.017, 0.025]</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">EMD-MAR-GWO-SVM</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">172.6222</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">0.0010.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9284</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9244</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9662</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9667</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">[-0.031, 0.038]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.033,0.039]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.017,0.018]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.016,0.018]</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">EMD-MAR-MHGWOSCA-SVM</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">254.3134</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">0.0339</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9296.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9236.</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9661</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9667</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">[-0.072, 0.053]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.074, 0.055]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.041,0.026]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.039,0.026]</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">VMD-MAR-GWO-SVM</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">515.8658</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">0.1028</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9325</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9311</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9691</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9693</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">[-0.048, 0.033]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.054, 0.039]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.024, 0.016]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.023,0.015]</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">VMD-MAR-HGWOSCA-SVM</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">324.7595</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">0.0925</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9380</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9366</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9719</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9720</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">[-0.039, 0.037]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.053,0.037]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.018, 0.017]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.018, 0.016]</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">VMD-MAR-SCA-SVM</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">212.6435</TD> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">0.3115</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9431</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9401</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9741</TD> <td class="align_center">0.9743</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">[-0.028, 0.032]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.041,0.032]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.012,0.014]</TD> <td class="align_center">[-0.013, 0.014]</TD> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2"><i>VMD-MAR-MHGWOSCA-SVM</我></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><i>261.4197</我></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><i>0.1909</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>0.9573</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>0.9554</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>0.9808</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>0.9808</我></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>[-0.034,0.025]</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>[-0.037,0.023]</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>[-0.015, 0.012]</我></td> <td class="align_center"><i>[-0.015, 0.011]</我></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="7"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表6.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/tab6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 故障诊断结果与不同的方法。</D我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig10"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig10"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="3264969.fig.0010" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.0010.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>不同方法评价值的比较。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig11"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig11"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="3264969.fig.0011" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/3264969/figures/3264969.fig.0011.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图11.</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969/fig11/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <figcaption class="fig-group-caption"> <p>不同方法评价值的箱形图;x轴的tick标签分别为:1:VMD-FE-HGWOSCA-SVM、2:VMD-PE-HGWOSCA-SVM、3:EMD-MAR-GWO-SVM、4:EMD-MAR-MHGWOSCA-SVM、5:VMD-MAR-GWO-SVM、6:VMD-MAR-HGWOSCA-SVM、7:VMD-MAR-SCA-SVM、8:VMD-MAR-MHGWOSCA-SVM。</P> </figcaption> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="conclusions">5。结论</h4> <p>对于滚动轴承故障诊断，在本研究中提出了一种基于MAR模型和突变杂交GWO-SCA优化SVM的盲目参数识别的新方法。由于原始信号的非间转性，从不同类型的故障收集的信号首先通过VMD分成一组IMF，分解模式编号<我>K</我>其中中心频率观测法确定。然后利用所有的imf建立MAR模型，由SBC确定其顺序。然后通过QR分解盲目识别MAR模型的所有参数，并通过PCA提取参数向量的关键特征，形成故障特征向量。最后，提出了一种结合突变算子、GWO和SCA理论的混合优化方法，即突变混合GWO-SCA (MHGWOSCA)，对支持向量机模型进行优化，并应用该方法实现了不同故障样本的模式识别。本节的对比实验<A.。href="#sec4">4.</A.。>在提议的VMD-MAR-MHGWOSCA-SVM方法和其他七种相关方法中实施，其中成功地诊断出9种具有不同位置和尺寸的故障。结果分析表明，该方法在所有分类指标中表现出最佳性能，展示了所有方法之间的出色精度和稳定性。</P> <h4 id="data-availability">数据可用性</h4> <p>用于支持本研究结果的数据可根据要求从相应作者处获得。</P> <h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">利益冲突</h4> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突。</P> <h4 id="acknowledgments">致谢</h4> <p>这项工作是由中国国家自然科学基金（编号51741907和51409095），基础研究项目的申请由宜昌市科技局（没有。A17-302-A12）的支持下，湖北省重点的开放式基金支持级联水电站运营与控制实验室（2017千克06号），以及中国三峡大学卓越论文研究基金（第039亿吨。</P> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">参考</h4> <ol> <li id="B1">S.Riaz、H.Elahi、K.Javaid和T.Shahzad，“旋转机械故障诊断的振动特征提取和分析——文献综述，”<我>亚太多学科研究杂志</我>，第5卷，第5期。51, pp. 103-110, 2017。<span 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/3264969.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="text">引文</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</span></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/complexity/2019/3264969.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> epub.</D我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/complexity/2019/3264969.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML</D我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单印刷副本</span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">命令</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 意见<span>812</span> </div> <div> 下载<span>687.</span> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2019/3264969" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</D我v> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">共享职位</h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3264969&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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