分析了时变近海混凝土桥的脆弱性</t我tle> <link href="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/2739212-style.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload stylesheet" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.28.0/bib-related-content.min.css"> <link rel="preload" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" data-n-g=""> <style id="__jsx-903e4b2e5d3241e4">div#__next{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:100vh;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}</style> </head> <body> <div id="__next"> <section class="ant-layout"> <div> <header class="ant-layout-header"> <div class="header__width-wrapper"> <div class="ant-anchor-wrapper ant-anchor-logo" style="max-height:100vh"> <div class="ant-anchor ant-anchor-fixed"> <div class="ant-anchor-ink"> <span class="ant-anchor-ink-ball"></span> </div> <div class="ant-anchor-link ant-link-logo"> <a class="ant-anchor-link-title" href="//www.newsama.com/" title=""> <div class="ant-image"> <img alt="标志" class="ant-image-img ant-image-logo" src="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/public/logo.svg"> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TopNavigation_topNavigationWrapper__QzFKB"> <div class="TopNavigation_rightSideMenuItems__0bKf1"> <ul class="ant-menu-overflow ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-horizontal ant-menu-light header-ant-menu-horizontal" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true" data-testid="desktop-menu"> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:0" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:1" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:2" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:3" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:4" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-overflow-item-rest ant-menu-submenu ant-menu-submenu-horizontal" style="opacity:0;height:0;overflow-y:hidden;order:9007199254740991;pointer-events:none;position:absolute" aria-hidden="true" role="none"> <div role="menuitem" class="ant-menu-submenu-title" tabindex="-1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"> <span role="img" aria-label="ellipsis" class="anticon anticon-ellipsis"> <svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" data-icon="ellipsis" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M176 511a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0zm280 0a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0zm280 0a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0z"></path> </svg></span> <i class="ant-menu-submenu-arrow"></i> </div></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> <button data-testid="search-button-icon" aria-label="Search" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default SearchToggleButton_btn__kmpSM"><span role="img" class="anticon SearchToggleButton_icon__nurvY"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 26 26" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M22.1,23.813l-5.478-5.479a10.282,10.282,0,1,1,1.709-1.709L23.813,22.1a1.209,1.209,0,0,1-1.71,1.71ZM2.416,10.27A7.851,7.851,0,0,0,15.78,15.864l.041-.043.043-.041A7.853,7.853,0,1,0,2.416,10.27Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span></button> <div></div> <button data-testid="menu-button-icon" aria-label="Menu" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default MenuToggleButton_btn__Go00X"><span role="img" class="anticon MenuToggleButton_icon__5uVd5"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 -2 28 28" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.833,25.667a1.834,1.834,0,0,1,0-3.668H25.667a1.834,1.834,0,0,1,0,3.668Zm0-11a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0-3.666H25.667a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0,3.666Zm0-11A1.833,1.833,0,1,1,1.833,0H25.667a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0,3.666Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span></button> <div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <main class="ant-layout-content ArticleLayout_articleLayoutWrapper__oukM3"> <div> <div id="journal-header" class=" JournalNavigation_journalHeader__vGN2X" data-istranslated="false"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity" class="JournalNavigation_journalHeader__titleLink__sZyGb"><h1 id="journal-header-title" data-testid="journal-header-title" class="JournalNavigation_small__sXDLc JournalNavigation_journalHeader__title__fsEHD">复杂性</h1></a> <div class="JournalNavigation_navigationBarHorizontal__YojZL"> <div id="navigation-bar-horizontal" class="navigation-bar-horizontal"> <button id="Journal overview" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default ant-dropdown-trigger bordered"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>日报》概述</年代pan></button> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/guidelines">对于作者</a> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers">对于审查员</a> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors">的编辑器</a> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/contents/">表的内容</a> <button id="Special Issues" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default ant-dropdown-trigger"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>特殊的问题</年代pan></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="ant-breadcrumb ArticleLayout_breadcrumbs__hsc4o"> <ol> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/" aria-label="Complexity">复杂性</a></span><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</年代pan></li> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/contents/year/2019/" aria-label="2019">2019年</a></span><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</年代pan></li> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link">文章</年代pan><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</年代pan></li> </ol> </nav> <div class="ant-row ThreeColumnLayout_wrapper__gPK_l"> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_leftColumn__yqNgV"> <div> <div> <div id="article-table-of-contents" data-ismobile="false"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__0jAuv"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__title__CH9Lz"> 在这一页上</d我v> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#abstract">文摘</a> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#introduction">介绍</a> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#conclusions">结论</a> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#data-availability">数据可用性</a> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#conflicts-of-interest">的利益冲突</a> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#acknowledgments">确认</a> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#references">引用</a> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#copyright">版权</a> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#related-articles">相关文章</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_middleColumn__sbd41"> <div class="ArticleMiddleSection_articleMiddleSection__gAv9z"> <div class="articleHeader"> <strong>研究文章|开放获取</年代trong> <div class="articleHeader__meta"> <span>体积2019年|</年代pan> <span>文章的ID2739212|</年代pan> <span class="articleHeader__meta_doiLink"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2739212" aria-label="Doi-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2739212</a></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="articleHeader__title">分析了时变近海混凝土桥的脆弱性</h1> <div class="articleHeader__authors"> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">阎,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">Jia-lei严,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author"><strong>Jun-lei王</年代trong><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" aria-label="Mail Option"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4335-5501" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve" width="1em" height="1em"> <path d="M256 128c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128S0 198.7 0 128 57.3 0 128 0s128 57.3 128 128z" fill="#a6ce39"></path> <path d="M86.3 186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v107.1zm22.6-107.1h41.6c39.6 0 57 28.3 57 53.6 0 27.5-21.5 53.6-56.8 53.6h-41.8V79.1zm15.4 93.3h24.5c34.9 0 42.9-26.5 42.9-39.7C191.7 111.2 178 93 148 93h-23.7v79.4zM88.7 56.8c0 5.5-4.5 10.1-10.1 10.1s-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6 4.5-10.1 10.1-10.1s10.1 4.6 10.1 10.1z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a>,<年代up>2</年代up></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">彭张<a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2787-3357" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve" width="1em" height="1em"> <path d="M256 128c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128S0 198.7 0 128 57.3 0 128 0s128 57.3 128 128z" fill="#a6ce39"></path> <path d="M86.3 186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v107.1zm22.6-107.1h41.6c39.6 0 57 28.3 57 53.6 0 27.5-21.5 53.6-56.8 53.6h-41.8V79.1zm15.4 93.3h24.5c34.9 0 42.9-26.5 42.9-39.7C191.7 111.2 178 93 148 93h-23.7v79.4zM88.7 56.8c0 5.5-4.5 10.1-10.1 10.1s-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6 4.5-10.1 10.1-10.1s10.1 4.6 10.1 10.1z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a>,<年代up>3</年代up></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">和保洁他<年代up>4</年代up></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleHeader__academicEditor"> <strong>学术编辑器:</年代trong> <span>光李</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline"> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>收到了</年代trong> <span>2018年11月21日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>修改后的</年代trong> <span>2019年1月05</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>接受</年代trong> <span>2019年1月09</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item articleHeader__timeline_item_sticky"> <strong>发表</年代trong> <span>2019年1月20日</年代pan> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleBody"> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>海上桥梁,在整个生命周期中最突出的问题是,它是在地震区域和海洋腐蚀环境在同一时间。非线性动态分析模型建立一个离岸动静力和连续刚构桥基于OpenSEES平台。桥墩的脆弱面,轴承,桥平台和系统建立了通过选择合理的材料耐久性损伤本构模型和损伤指数的分析,研究了损伤桥梁的耐久性时变地震桥组件的脆弱性和近海环境中系统的整个生命周期。结果表明,耐久性损伤会导致地震能力不断下降的码头和地震作用下的地震需求增加以及概率达到最终的故障状态;高桥墩相比,低码头更容易受到海洋腐蚀环境;桥梁的地震脆弱平台就是高于轴承;和海洋腐蚀环境的影响相对较大。服务周期的延长,耐久性损伤的影响的地震桥系统的脆弱性不容忽视在沿海环境和需要做出一个合理的评估桥梁结构的地震脆弱在整个生命周期。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>到目前为止,离岸和跨海桥梁世界各地的广泛建立,如施明海峡大桥在日本,荷兰的瓦尔大桥,在新西兰奥克兰海港大桥。海岸线18000公里,中国也开展了海上和跨海桥梁的建设,促进海洋经济发展的地区,满足海洋资源勘探的需要,维护海洋主权(<a href="#B1">1</a>,<a href="#B2">2</a>]。他们中的一些已经完成,如杭州湾大桥建于2008年,2016年香港珠海澳门大桥。但随之而来的问题是海洋环境下混凝土结构的腐蚀。海上桥梁,特殊的地理环境将严重侵蚀桥梁结构材料,使其力学性能退化,和最突出的问题是,许多桥梁在离岸腐蚀环境和地震多个区域。现有的研究(<a href="#B3">3</a>]表明,桥的服务时间延长,混凝土碳化和氯离子侵蚀的影响将导致桥梁结构耐久性损伤,然后导致抗震性能退化。</p> <p>地震脆弱性分析是其中一个主要的海上桥梁的抗震性能评价方法在整个生命周期。国内外学者已经做了大量的研究成果。考虑氯离子侵蚀的降解作用对钢筋的性能和通过分析双跨度桥梁的地震脆弱,崔书记和其他<a href="#B4">10</a>)断定,钢筋的腐蚀有一定影响混凝土桥梁的抗震性能。一个新的衡量地震强度概率地震分析提出了倾斜的公路桥梁的到了[<a href="#B5">11</a>,<a href="#B6">12</a>]。安德烈et al。<a href="#B7">13</a>]关注发展的一个新的结构鲁棒性的定义,和结构鲁棒性和结构脆弱性指数。Salimi和Yazdani<a href="#B8">14</a>]研究了非线性结构的可靠性分析使用分析脆弱性曲线随机地震荷载而兴奋不已。混合纤维增强聚合物/钢筋混凝土桥梁设计和建造在德州Ziehl et al。<a href="#B9">15</a>),这是独特的在几个方面。此外,断断续续的活载的投标过程和结果评估已经进行了一段大约2年。增量非线性动态分析是用来评估钢时刻框架结构的抗震性能Khorami et al。<a href="#B10">16</a>]。Ghosh和帕吉特<a href="#B11">17</a>)提出了两种模型的地震脆弱参数讨论氯离子侵蚀的影响桥上的时间变化和组件性能的恶化的影响地震氯化桥梁受到攻击的脆弱性。全et al。<a href="#B12">18</a>)表明,地震入射角更重要的是影响地震需求和脆弱性的积分比倾斜桥平台桥桥平台。卡拉奇警察局et al。<a href="#B13">19</a>]目前地震易损性评估的三个真实的案例只是轴承动静力钢筋混凝土桥梁常见在巴基斯坦北部,一个,两个,三排环形码头。西蒙et al。<a href="#B14">20.</a>]以钢腐蚀和防护混凝土开裂为变量建立损伤模型,钢筋腐蚀模型,混凝土防护失效模型和钢筋腐蚀,和保护的具体故障模型基于单个码头桥梁<我>OpenSEES</我>程序分析钢筋腐蚀的影响和保护混凝土混凝土桥的脆弱性上的失败。Alipour et al。<a href="#B15">21</a>]研究钢筋混凝土公路桥梁的生命周期的性能和成本受到地震地面运动持续不断地暴露在攻击时氯离子,并提供一个重要的框架,将获得更实际的性能和成本估算。崔et al。<a href="#B16">22</a>]提供了一个改善钢筋混凝土钢筋退化模型,其中包括点状腐蚀和认为破解掉腐蚀速率的变化来评估钢筋混凝土桥梁的时变地震脆弱子结构在海洋环境中。计算时间脆弱性曲线表明,有一个RC柱的非线性加速增长的脆弱性沿着公路桥梁的使用寿命,特别是在25年的氯化物。邓et al。<a href="#B17">23</a>]表明,应变corrosion-induced恶化渗透和钢筋屈服强度显著增加的地震脆弱腐蚀mss桥。</p> <p>总之,关于地震的脆弱性桥梁的钢腐蚀的影响,相关研究成果已在国内外获得的。然而,传统的研究往往忽视了桥梁结构的抗震性能退化的问题在整个生命周期。因此,一些桥梁无法达到设计使用寿命,需要修复和加强维持他们的正常功能,从而导致大量的经济损失。</p> <h4 id="the-establishment-of-nonlinear-finite-element-model-based-on-opensees">2。建立基于非线性有限元模型<我>OpenSEES</我></h4> <p>的<我>OpenSEES</我>分析平台可用于结构模态分析、剖面分析,静态线性弹性分析,动态非线性分析,结构系统的灵敏度和可靠性分析在地震<a href="#B16">22</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B18">24</a>]。本文的有限元模型建立了基于桥梁<我>OpenSEES</我>平台。</p> <p>摘要桥跨度是6 (6×60 m = 360)预应力混凝土刚架连续梁桥中2<年代up>#</年代up>和3<年代up>#</年代up>皮尔斯是固定的码头,1<年代up>#</年代up>4<年代up>#</年代up>,5<年代up>#</年代up>皮尔斯是simply-bearing的。地震设防烈度地区桥梁所在地是7度,地震分为第一组和土壤是二级网站。facade安排如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig1/" target="_blank">1(一)</a>。根据桥址的土壤类别,地震波的选择<我>同行</我>地面运动数据库。考虑地震和结构损伤指标的不确定性,建立了地震脆弱性分析和非线性有限元建模的例子是完成。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-8ac4c1a23c2139a20160968009e80e9c"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)桥的立面布局" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.001a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)桥的立面布局</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)部分甲板(m)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.001b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)部分甲板(m)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)的码头(m)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.001c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)的码头(m)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)轴承的细节" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.001d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)轴承的细节</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(e)桥台模型" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.001e.jpg"> <br> <strong>(e)桥台模型</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-8ac4c1a23c2139a20160968009e80e9c partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Facade layout of the bridge" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)桥的立面布局" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.001a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)桥的立面布局</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Section of the deck (m)" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)部分甲板(m)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.001b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)部分甲板(m)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Section of pier (m)" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)的码头(m)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.001c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)的码头(m)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Details of bearing" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)轴承的细节" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.001d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)轴承的细节</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (e) Abutment model" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(e)桥台模型" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.001e_th.jpg"><br><strong>(e)桥台模型</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-8ac4c1a23c2139a20160968009e80e9c partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 桥的总体布置图。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <p>甲板是一个箱单室箱形断面,弹性梁杆单元,基于弹性纤维元素method-nonlinear梁柱单元,非线性连接单元,和长度为零的元素用来模拟甲板,非线性特征的码头,桥平台滚珠轴承,分别和桥平台。此外,甲板的面积<我>一个</我>= 9.5米<年代up>2</年代up>,年轻的甲板混凝土弹性模量(<我>C</我>50)<我>E</我>= 3.45×10<年代up>4</年代up>MPa,泊松比<我><i>μ</我></i>= 0.2,扭转惯性矩的甲板部分<我>J</我>= 25.8米<年代up>4</年代up>,截面抗弯惯性矩在z轴和轴方向<我>我</我><sub><i>z</我></sub>= 14.3米<年代up>4</年代up>和<我>我</我><sub><i>y</我></sub>= 82.4米<年代up>4</年代up>,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (b)</a>;码头如图的部分<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (c)</a>;在图中<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (d)</a>1是下盘,2是球面F4板,3是密封的裙子,4是mid-seat板,5是平面F4板、上滑块6,7是上层座位板和桥台模型如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig1/" target="_blank">1 (e)</a>。</p> <h4 id="model-of-material">3所示。模型的材料</h4> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。本构关系和混凝土的力学性能</h5> <h6 id="sec3.1.1">3.1.1。混凝土的本构关系</h6> <p>桥墩的延性主要反映在塑料塑性铰转动能力的码头。混凝土核心地区特别高于无约束混凝土的极限压应变压缩带的失败之前,可以确保所需的延性结构(<a href="#B19">25</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B21">27</a>]。因此,有必要单独保护混凝土从核心混凝土。无约束和约束混凝土材料模拟使用混凝土01模型如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig2/" target="_blank">2</a>和应力-应变关系曲线如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>。和相关参数的计算应力和应变所示<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq1"><span class="left_break" id="L1"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M1"> <svg height="122.807pt" id="M1-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 113.092 122.807" width="113.092pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,10.593)"> <path d="M619 670C619 686 593 712 555 712S459 686 410 634S335 504 320 430H250L219 400L222 388H312L258 73C223 -133 201 -166 187 -180C175 -191 158 -199 140 -199C123 -199 88 -188 74 -172C68 -166 63 -164 54 -171C38 -185 23 -201 23 -215C23 -236 60 -261 93 -261C122 -261 161 -247 207 -200C268 -138 300 -71 337 94C365 220 376 277 394 387L501 399L521 430H401C432 623 464 665 501 665C524 665 544 651 567 627C577 617 583 618 592 625C601 631 619 651 619 670Z" id="g113-103"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.73,13.725)"> <path d="M387 400C387 425 348 451 303 451C247 451 176 414 132 376C69 322 24 228 24 148C24 43 74 -12 147 -12C211 -12 301 33 363 103L346 128C319 99 249 51 193 51C148 51 112 84 112 165C112 230 130 287 154 330C170 359 199 400 243 400C277 400 304 383 326 354C333 345 343 343 354 348C378 360 387 382 387 400Z" id="g50-100"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.47,13.725)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.36,10.593)"> <path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.63,10.593)"> <path d="M332 -241C217 -138 149 60 149 271C149 483 216 680 332 783L312 808C148 686 74 491 74 272V271C74 50 148 -146 312 -266L332 -241Z" id="g119-5"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.65,10.593)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.8,10.593)"> <path d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z" id="g117-36"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.33,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.57,10.593)"> <path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" id="g113-47"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.54,10.593)"> <path d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z" id="g113-56"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.78,10.593)"> <path d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z" id="g113-58"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.1,10.593)"> <path d="M529 97L508 118C475 75 449 58 438 58C428 58 421 66 415 104C393 234 374 403 364 496C345 670 307 712 254 712C220 712 174 691 153 669L161 645C176 653 194 658 206 658C237 658 261 640 278 562C287 522 290 483 293 434C223 269 110 105 23 9L32 -12C59 -6 85 0 108 7C152 64 251 252 300 366C307 297 315 221 337 82C346 24 363 -12 393 -12C425 -12 475 13 529 97Z" id="g113-233"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.86,13.725)"> <path d="M735 650H491L482 618L516 614C568 608 571 595 541 535L299 115H297L196 559C187 600 195 608 238 614L265 618L275 650H26L18 618C79 611 98 605 115 527L234 -9H272C389 197 542 449 591 523C647 608 656 612 726 618L735 650Z" id="g50-87"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,90.92,10.593)"> <path d="M311 271V272C311 491 237 686 73 808L53 783C169 680 236 483 236 271C236 60 168 -138 53 -241L73 -266C237 -146 311 50 311 271Z" id="g119-6"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.2,10.593)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.92,13.725)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.66,13.725)"> <path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" id="g50-49"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="122.807pt" id="M1-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 103.392 122.807" width="103.392pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,34.031)"> <path d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z" id="g113-247"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5,37.163)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.75,37.163)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.64,34.031)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.9,34.031)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.93,34.031)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.07,34.031)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.61,34.031)"> <path d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z" id="g113-52"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.85,34.031)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.81,34.031)"> <path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z" id="g113-54"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.11,34.031)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,75.87,37.163)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-87"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.93,34.031)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,90.21,34.031)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-247"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,95.22,37.163)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,98.96,37.163)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="122.807pt" id="M1-5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.756 122.807" width="63.756pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-5"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,67.254)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.76,70.385)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-87"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.45,67.254)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.91,56.164)"> <path d="M530 686C535 705 530 712 521 712C504 712 448 684 359 674L358 648H393C437 648 439 646 429 593L400 435C372 447 345 448 332 448C286 448 194 414 144 373C68 311 23 203 23 111C23 26 57 -12 91 -12C120 -12 147 3 188 29C227 54 290 102 341 170H343L322 71C308 6 320 -12 341 -12C373 -12 442 27 501 96L485 120C455 91 422 67 408 67C401 67 401 76 404 91C440 294 479 473 530 686ZM387 375L355 241C326 187 200 53 142 53C126 53 109 73 109 130C109 217 154 337 218 381C240 396 265 404 297 404S372 390 387 375Z" id="g113-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.03,56.164)"> <path d="M170 255C170 288 146 313 114 313S58 288 58 255C58 221 82 198 114 198S170 221 170 255Z" id="g113-46"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.9,56.164)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,53.62,59.295)"> <path d="M563 395C563 428 543 451 519 451C500 451 480 438 472 423C468 415 465 403 470 394C477 381 482 368 482 347C482 272 386 136 342 74H340C334 163 323 257 312 337C302 410 290 451 257 451C214 451 160 385 127 338L145 310C169 341 203 373 209 373C219 373 225 369 232 325C249 215 269 62 271 -15C220 -80 135 -165 18 -231L26 -257L142 -230C254 -105 279 -74 342 13C394 85 484 211 526 286C553 334 563 365 563 395Z" id="g50-122"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,58.96,59.295)"> <path d="M509 90L493 118C465 91 427 70 418 70S409 77 415 103L469 327C494 429 466 451 436 451C412 451 387 444 356 427C307 400 222 342 160 264H158L246 667C253 701 252 710 243 710C228 710 169 680 87 673L83 644H117C155 644 160 640 149 588L24 -4L32 -12C57 -4 86 4 108 9L143 187C198 275 324 386 375 386C394 386 399 367 385 311L331 87C315 22 322 -12 351 -12C387 -12 452 24 509 90Z" id="g50-105"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="33.4478" x="30.91" y="63.6"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.91,76.479)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.63,79.611)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,50.37,79.611)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="122.807pt" id="M1-7" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 146.033 122.807" width="146.033pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-7"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,109.154)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-247"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.01,112.285)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.75,112.285)"> <path d="M528 97L513 125C484 95 440 68 431 68C425 68 421 76 427 107C449 227 476 342 505 451H495L418 424L385 278C338 191 220 62 157 62C145 62 133 76 145 130L200 368C215 434 210 451 183 451C157 451 92 418 24 352L37 324C78 356 106 377 115 377C123 377 122 364 116 340L64 115C58 89 56 68 56 52C56 2 78 -12 103 -12C127 -12 159 -4 190 18C247 59 309 113 366 187H368L351 108C328 1 348 -12 368 -12C403 -12 472 33 528 97Z" id="g50-118"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.94,109.154)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.2,109.154)"> <path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.44,109.154)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.4,109.154)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.64,109.154)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.88,109.154)"> <path d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z" id="g113-53"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.13,109.154)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.86,98.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.1,98.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.07,98.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-53"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.37,98.064)"> <path d="M516 277C516 378 460 448 376 448C335 448 288 434 240 401C158 345 127 277 107 159C53 -161 38 -221 23 -247L28 -261C43 -260 95 -250 114 -226C122 -216 129 -199 146 -75C152 -29 157 0 164 31C182 9 206 -12 237 -12C267 -12 325 8 376 46C451 102 516 179 516 277ZM432 259C432 134 366 40 259 40C236 40 204 48 171 76L195 203C219 327 253 400 326 400C398 400 432 336 432 259Z" id="g113-239"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.53,101.195)"> <path d="M357 391C357 416 325 451 270 451C241 451 179 431 146 400C109 365 97 334 97 307C97 248 143 213 196 180C250 146 261 123 261 101C261 75 237 40 190 40C153 40 110 72 86 109C81 116 68 119 55 112C37 102 24 87 24 66C24 30 85 -12 137 -12C229 -12 331 62 331 140C331 189 304 218 236 260C197 284 164 309 164 346C164 381 194 400 220 400C259 400 282 380 304 350C310 342 321 339 330 344C347 353 357 372 357 391Z" id="g50-116"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.41,98.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.28,98.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,113,101.195)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118.35,101.195)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,126.58,98.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,132.45,98.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-247"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,137.46,101.195)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,141.01,101.195)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="74.7833" x="71.86" y="105.5"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.17,118.379)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,107.52,114.204)"> <path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z" id="g50-31"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,111.34,122.647)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,115.08,122.647)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R1"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M1-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.398 11.44" width="13.398pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 611 70 451 70 272V271C70 90 136 -71 282 -169L300 -147Z" id="g190-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M311 0V25C221 32 216 41 216 113V635C162 613 103 594 39 583V559L88 556C131 552 135 546 135 500V113C135 41 131 32 40 25V0H311Z" id="g190-213"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.26)"> <path d="M275 271C275 451 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 269V271Z" id="g190-42"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M1-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.038 11.44" width="15.038pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <path d="M411 139C381 76 368 73 314 73H129L267 224C351 317 400 380 400 469C400 574 322 635 233 635C176 635 128 610 98 576L40 495L63 476C89 515 130 568 198 568C274 568 316 519 316 436C316 347 251 264 191 192C142 134 85 76 30 21V0H403C415 45 425 89 438 131L411 139Z" id="g190-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M1-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.868 11.44" width="14.868pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M269 381C298 400 325 421 340 436C360 455 370 476 370 504C370 579 313 635 223 635H222C170 635 123 610 95 579L52 516L72 497C95 533 136 577 193 577C245 577 286 546 286 482C286 408 218 369 127 339L133 314C149 319 174 325 197 325C254 325 324 285 324 192C325 83 266 39 201 39C143 39 103 68 78 91C70 98 62 97 54 91C45 84 33 71 32 58C30 46 34 35 48 22C61 10 102 -12 148 -12C216 -12 410 57 410 225C410 298 357 362 269 379V381Z" id="g190-232"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.37,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M1-8" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.458 11.44" width="15.458pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-8"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M465 179V225H369V632H330C227 497 124 346 29 205V179H289V107C289 37 284 33 198 26V0H454V26C374 33 369 37 369 107V179H465ZM289 225H92C156 335 222 430 287 520H289V225Z" id="g190-166"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.96,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-203bd248924e601adb52bc4076721cef"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-203bd248924e601adb52bc4076721cef partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.002_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-203bd248924e601adb52bc4076721cef partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 混凝土的本构关系01。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-8f54f7ff5efc98a961998744eefb6ab3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-8f54f7ff5efc98a961998744eefb6ab3 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.003_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-8f54f7ff5efc98a961998744eefb6ab3 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 应力-应变关系。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <p>的公式,<我>f</我><sub><i>cc</我></sub>的轴向抗压强度是混凝土核心地区和<我>f '</我><sub><i>cc</我></sub>无约束混凝土的轴向抗压强度。<年代vg height="12.7178pt" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 15.5646 12.7178" width="15.5646pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.721,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.464,3.132)"> <path d="M326 635C142 635 58 369 56 221C54 100 92 -12 210 -12C393 -12 474 250 477 409C480 520 444 635 326 635ZM319 603C388 603 397 515 394 439C391 317 342 20 218 20C152 20 138 108 140 195C142 336 196 603 319 603Z" id="g189-254"></path> </g> </svg>混凝土轴心抗压强度,<我><i>ε</我></i><sub><i>cc</我></sub>在核心区混凝土的轴向压缩应变,然后呢<年代vg height="9.25202pt" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 13.8422 9.25202" width="13.8422pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-247"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.005,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.748,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g189-254"></use> </g> </svg>混凝土的轴向压缩应变,通常是-0.002,<我><i>λ</我></i><sub><i>V</我></sub>配箍特征值,<我>d</我>钢筋体积广播,计算了箍筋的脂质,然后呢<我>f</我><sub><i>本产品</我></sub>箍筋屈服强度。<我><i>ε</我></i><sub><i>铜</我></sub>约束混凝土的极限压应变,通常是-0.004,<我><i>ε</我></i><sub><i>苏</我></sub>箍筋的应变下最大拉伸应力,这通常是0.09,然后呢<我><i>ρ</我></i><sub><i>年代</我></sub>箍筋体积配筋率。</p> <h6 id="sec3.1.2">3.1.2。碳酸混凝土的定义</h6> <p>研究现有的混凝土的耐久性,碳化深度作为一个参数,但其大小的影响在结构断面不能考虑如果将碳化混凝土的碳化深度作为参数性能。在这篇文章中,碳化率(<a href="#B22">28</a>,<a href="#B23">29日</a>)选择作为计算参数,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig4/" target="_blank">4</a>和相关参数的计算<a href="#B24">30.</a>]所示(<a href="#EEq5">5</a>)- (<a href="#EEq5">12</a>)。和峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量的具体生命周期数据所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>- - - - - -<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>。<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq5"><span class="left_break" id="L4"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M4"> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.293 225.02" width="47.293pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.068)"> <path d="M536 404C536 423 520 448 491 448C445 448 398 404 308 283L286 338C255 416 242 448 217 448C182 448 138 402 92 341L111 321C149 368 169 378 178 378C188 378 198 363 214 320L254 212C185 117 138 65 107 65C98 65 85 69 82 75C79 82 73 86 65 86C44 86 23 60 23 39C23 7 44 -12 71 -12C119 -12 168 33 265 177L306 61C321 17 347 -12 373 -12C413 -12 465 33 507 96L491 119C459 84 432 60 413 60C395 60 378 92 358 148L321 250C341 279 369 310 389 332C417 363 439 382 456 382C466 382 475 376 481 368C486 361 492 358 496 358C513 358 536 381 536 404Z" id="g113-121"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.2,15.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.08,12.068)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.35,12.068)"> <path d="M480 416C480 431 465 448 438 448C388 448 312 383 252 330C217 299 188 273 155 237H153L257 680C262 700 263 712 253 712C240 712 183 684 97 674L92 648L126 647C166 646 172 645 163 606L23 -6L29 -12C51 -5 77 2 107 8C115 62 130 128 142 180C153 193 179 220 204 241C231 170 259 106 288 54C317 0 336 -12 358 -12C381 -12 423 2 477 80L460 100C434 74 408 54 398 54C385 54 374 65 351 107C326 154 282 241 263 299C296 332 351 377 403 377C424 377 436 372 445 368C449 366 456 368 462 375C472 386 480 402 480 416Z" id="g113-108"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.89,10.241)"> <path d="M782 731H740L476 -79H474L280 352L133 274L151 239L242 286L473 -219L782 731Z" id="g119-37"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="4.44962" x="42.86" y=".702"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.86,12.068)"> <path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.539 225.02" width="6.539pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 173.75 225.02" width="173.75pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.27,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.51,43.06)"> <path d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 0H271L277 28C193 35 192 39 208 133L239 316C264 328 280 325 303 288C368 183 435 90 502 0H652L659 28C602 34 584 43 543 94C495 154 403 283 347 369L574 554C634 603 659 612 735 624L743 650Z" id="g113-76"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.74,46.192)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.48,46.192)"> <path d="M452 282C452 397 389 451 302 451C268 451 227 441 188 422C95 377 24 281 24 154C24 65 70 -12 173 -12C240 -12 297 16 342 52C418 113 452 201 452 282ZM359 282C359 163 308 66 247 39C237 35 225 32 212 32C151 32 114 79 114 157C114 301 180 380 223 398C240 405 250 408 265 408C315 408 359 369 359 282Z" id="g50-112"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,34.76,48.293)"> <path d="M452 139L416 148C386 81 373 77 319 77H141L282 220C372 312 414 373 414 464C414 569 332 635 240 635C181 635 132 609 101 574L42 493L70 467C98 506 143 562 209 562C280 562 324 515 324 435C324 347 261 272 197 197C148 139 89 84 34 29V0H417L452 139Z" id="g176-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.01,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,48.24,46.192)"> <path d="M485 418C485 434 469 451 441 451C389 451 312 387 255 335C221 304 194 278 159 242H157L259 678C264 698 264 710 255 710C242 710 183 681 96 673L90 643L128 642C165 641 171 640 162 602L24 -5L31 -12C51 -4 81 4 110 9L145 181C154 195 180 220 205 242C233 170 263 106 291 53C318 1 335 -12 360 -12C383 -12 425 0 483 82L463 105C437 79 411 57 400 57C388 57 378 68 355 110C329 156 288 244 268 298C299 333 355 376 405 376C426 376 440 373 448 368C453 365 465 368 468 373C477 386 485 405 485 418Z" id="g50-108"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,52.87,46.192)"> <path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z" id="g50-50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.84,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,67.07,46.192)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,71.7,46.192)"> <path d="M329 433H203L239 587L230 596L147 534L123 433H57L30 395L34 388H115L61 129C37 16 59 -12 85 -12C147 -12 222 58 260 98L241 125C212 95 160 62 144 62C132 62 127 71 138 126L192 386L305 394L329 433Z" id="g50-117"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.38,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,84.61,46.192)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,89.25,46.192)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,93.24,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,102.47,46.192)"> <path d="M606 650H137L129 618C217 609 221 609 203 518L129 129C115 46 106 40 26 32L18 0H300L307 32C210 40 203 45 218 129L249 305H358C454 305 455 296 457 219H491L531 425H497C465 353 463 350 366 350H259L300 569C306 605 310 611 346 611H444C522 611 535 598 541 578C550 557 553 519 552 485L588 489L606 650Z" id="g50-71"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,108.59,43.06)"> <path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,116.87,36.797)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,121.3,36.797)"> <path d="M381 704H317L48 -163H112L381 704Z" id="g50-48"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,125.21,36.797)"> <path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z" id="g50-53"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,130.19,43.06)"> <path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z" id="g113-83"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,138.34,43.06)"> <path d="M828 650H570L564 622C646 614 650 609 634 524L604 366H253L281 524C296 608 308 615 382 622L388 650H132L126 622C211 615 214 609 198 524L121 122C106 42 102 35 23 28L17 0H276L282 28C196 35 191 40 206 122L243 324H597L559 123C544 42 537 35 452 28L446 0H710L716 28C632 35 628 43 643 122L719 524C735 610 741 615 822 622L828 650Z" id="g113-73"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,149.26,36.797)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,153.69,36.797)"> <path d="M117 -12C153 -12 178 12 178 50C178 84 153 110 118 110C84 110 59 84 59 50C59 12 84 -12 117 -12Z" id="g50-47"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,155.85,36.797)"> <path d="M158 548H390L417 615L410 623H122L83 318C105 326 143 337 185 337C296 337 350 275 350 188C350 116 308 42 225 42C164 42 122 74 100 93C90 101 82 99 72 92C60 82 51 68 50 59C48 46 52 38 66 24C82 9 125 -12 172 -12C225 -11 292 15 346 59C408 108 437 166 437 226C437 309 371 397 242 397C214 397 170 382 133 369L158 548Z" id="g50-54"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,163,43.243)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z" id="g113-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,167.51,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.108 225.02" width="34.108pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-5"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,43.06)"> <path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.69,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.61,43.243)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z" id="g113-42"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 2.964 225.02" width="2.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.068)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-7" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.394 225.02" width="74.394pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-7"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,43.06)"> <path d="M520 -816C310 -597 186 -177 186 271C186 720 307 1139 520 1358L491 1388C219 1134 96 727 96 272V271C96 -188 219 -597 491 -846L520 -816Z" id="g119-157"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.34,34.553)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.59,34.553)"> <path d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z" id="g113-57"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="20.6897" x="9.26" y="39.407"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.26,52.286)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.98,55.418)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.73,55.418)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.75,55.418)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.05,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.59,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.83,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.79,43.06)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-56"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.04,43.06)"> <path d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z" id="g113-55"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.36,43.06)"> <path d="M522 271V272C522 727 399 1134 127 1388L98 1358C311 1139 432 720 432 271C432 -177 308 -597 98 -816L127 -846C399 -597 522 -188 522 271Z" id="g119-158"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-9" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 106.132 225.02" width="106.132pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-9"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.23,79.827)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.98,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.24,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.48,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.44,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.65,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.18,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.42,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.66,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.63,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.87,76.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-53"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.21,76.695)"> <path d="M584 650H137L131 622C214 614 217 612 200 521L125 127C109 41 101 35 23 28L17 0H288L294 28C201 35 193 42 209 128L242 309H348C440 309 442 300 443 226H471L510 422H482C452 354 449 348 357 348H251L295 575C302 609 304 615 338 615H426C502 615 517 604 526 581C534 560 536 524 537 492L565 494C574 554 583 631 584 650Z" id="g113-71"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,95.11,70.432)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,99.54,70.432)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.7,70.432)"> <path d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z" id="g50-52"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-11" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.23 225.02" width="36.23pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-11"> <rect height="0.65243" width="6.159" x="0" y="95.819"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,107.015)"> <path d="M449 634C442 637 425 643 405 650C376 660 341 666 307 666C181 666 98 590 98 485C98 400 170 343 215 310L246 288C307 243 343 204 343 147C343 67 291 18 219 18C104 18 61 124 51 202L23 199C28 124 27 71 27 47C47 22 122 -16 204 -16C324 -16 428 60 428 174C428 256 379 309 307 360L276 382C223 419 179 455 179 516C179 576 221 632 293 632C379 632 410 564 418 487L448 490C446 536 446 592 449 634Z" id="g113-84"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.79,107.015)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.25,98.163)"> <path d="M686 28C612 35 607 44 591 112C563 234 541 360 519 489L489 666L457 658L147 121C100 40 89 36 24 28L17 0H240L250 28C168 34 159 41 190 101L262 237H482C495 180 503 137 510 91C517 47 514 35 441 28L433 0H677L686 28ZM475 280H285L429 541H431L475 280Z" id="g113-66"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.49,101.294)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="14.5347" x="22.25" y="103.361"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.93,116.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-66"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-13" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 110.633 225.02" width="110.633pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-13"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,137.642)"> <path d="M548 455L523 469C505 448 490 439 461 439C416 439 374 447 316 447C144 447 23 310 23 161C23 47 89 -12 179 -12C312 -12 429 106 429 244C429 303 419 344 368 386L371 388C404 383 440 378 474 378C507 378 530 411 548 455ZM350 274C350 191 308 25 198 25C144 25 108 75 108 157C108 264 170 395 276 395C296 395 320 384 333 360C347 334 350 316 350 274Z" id="g113-240"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.76,140.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.92,140.774)"> <path d="M573 302C573 402 527 451 414 451C386 451 343 446 313 437L330 513L320 522C295 508 261 484 243 463L230 415C194 400 159 383 126 359L131 330C159 344 187 357 222 368L109 -147C96 -204 80 -214 18 -223L13 -255L256 -244L259 -212L236 -210C184 -205 180 -195 191 -141L219 -1C240 -10 268 -12 284 -12C352 4 431 48 484 104C543 166 573 240 573 302ZM481 290C481 165 381 37 305 37C280 37 249 56 235 71L302 395C328 399 353 402 372 402C427 402 481 378 481 290Z" id="g50-113"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.51,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.77,137.642)"> <path d="M378 -385C239 -253 158 0 158 271S238 795 378 927L356 953C165 798 79 550 79 272V271C79 -10 165 -259 356 -411L378 -385Z" id="g119-133"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.55,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.7,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.24,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.48,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.44,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.68,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.92,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-58"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="6.159" x="84.26" y="126.446"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.26,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,90.42,137.642)"> <path d="M364 271V272C364 550 278 798 87 953L65 927C205 795 285 542 285 271S204 -253 65 -385L87 -411C278 -259 364 -10 364 271Z" id="g119-134"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.44,137.642)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-240"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,105.2,140.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-113"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-15" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 107.123 225.02" width="107.123pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-15"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-247"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5,167.956)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.16,167.956)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.76,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.02,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.8,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.95,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.48,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.72,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.69,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.93,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.17,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-55"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="6.159" x="82.51" y="153.629"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.51,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.67,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.68,164.824)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-247"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.69,167.956)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-113"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-17" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 106.883 225.02" width="106.883pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-17"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-247"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5,195.139)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.75,195.139)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.93,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.19,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.97,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.12,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.66,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.9,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.86,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-53"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.1,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.34,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-58"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="6.159" x="82.68" y="180.811"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.68,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.84,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.85,192.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-247"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.86,195.139)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="225.02pt" id="M4-19" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 102.758 225.02" width="102.758pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-19"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,219.189)"> <path d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z" id="g113-70"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.94,222.321)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.83,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.09,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.87,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.01,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.55,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.79,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.75,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.99,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.23,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="6.159" x="80.58" y="207.994"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.58,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,86.74,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,94.75,219.189)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="251.949pt" id="I4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 184.29 251.949" width="184.29pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B4-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -5.38)" xlink:href="#B4-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 10.17 -5.38)" xlink:href="#B4-4"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 12.87 26.93)" xlink:href="#B4-5"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 49.24 26.93)" xlink:href="#B4-7"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 26.93)" xlink:href="#B4-9"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 26.93)" xlink:href="#B4-11"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 26.93)" xlink:href="#B4-13"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 26.93)" xlink:href="#B4-15"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 26.93)" xlink:href="#B4-17"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 26.93)" xlink:href="#B4-19"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R4"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.898 11.44" width="14.898pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M130 550H367L393 615L386 623H101L63 323C82 331 123 342 165 342C275 342 328 277 328 188C328 107 283 40 201 40C141 40 99 72 78 91C69 99 59 98 51 91C39 81 30 67 29 58C28 48 33 37 46 24C60 10 104 -12 149 -12C203 -11 269 14 323 59C384 109 412 165 412 225C412 308 347 399 219 399C193 399 146 382 104 367L130 550Z" id="g190-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.4,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-8" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.428 11.44" width="15.428pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-8"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.25)"> <path d="M143 344C173 483 265 547 326 576C363 593 402 605 434 611L429 641C389 634 343 623 301 608C195 570 43 456 43 236C43 81 135 -12 245 -12C368 -12 453 88 453 208C453 310 380 393 273 393C253 393 232 386 211 376L143 344ZM234 338C325 338 367 255 367 172C367 102 346 21 264 21C184 21 132 113 132 239C132 267 133 291 138 312C164 327 197 338 234 338Z" id="g190-227"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.93,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-10" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.028 11.44" width="15.028pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-10"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M430 623H48C43 580 39 534 30 478H57C80 544 84 550 152 550H369C286 366 187 178 74 -1L81 -12L156 -2C249 201 343 408 438 611L430 623Z" id="g190-223"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-12" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.168 11.44" width="15.168pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-12"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M246 635C138 635 67 554 67 471C67 401 116 348 178 315C143 296 103 268 87 252C65 231 42 203 42 157C42 50 128 -12 234 -12C319 -12 432 52 432 169C432 256 370 303 299 344C347 376 373 399 381 408C399 430 408 459 408 487C408 569 341 635 246 635ZM235 603C284 603 334 567 334 483C334 420 306 383 273 358C202 393 142 427 142 503C142 552 173 603 235 603ZM245 21C179 21 122 70 122 163C122 219 155 270 204 300C279 263 352 219 352 144C352 66 308 21 245 21Z" id="g190-152"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.67,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-14" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.338 11.44" width="15.338pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-14"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M247 635C117 635 41 518 41 422C41 317 114 239 220 239C239 239 256 244 278 255L348 290C315 139 207 37 63 13L67 -15C93 -15 155 -5 207 17C343 71 443 203 443 385C443 520 371 635 247 635ZM231 602C331 602 355 476 355 390C355 371 354 349 351 325C334 310 298 294 261 294C177 294 128 369 128 457C128 516 155 602 231 602Z" id="g190-193"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.84,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.728 11.44" width="19.728pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-16"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.82,9.25)"> <path d="M248 635C97 635 43 457 43 311C43 153 97 -12 247 -12S450 166 450 312C450 466 397 635 248 635ZM246 603C337 603 361 452 361 312S337 20 248 20S132 172 132 313C132 452 156 603 246 603Z" id="g190-254"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.23,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-18" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.788 11.44" width="17.788pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-18"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.29,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-20" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.468 11.44" width="19.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-20"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.93,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="251.949pt" id="IL4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.81 251.949" width="19.81pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 2.08)" xlink:href="#B4-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 47.84)" xlink:href="#B4-8"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 93.62)" xlink:href="#B4-10"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 123.91)" xlink:href="#B4-12"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 155.31)" xlink:href="#B4-14"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 182.5)" xlink:href="#B4-16"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 209.68)" xlink:href="#B4-18"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 236.86)" xlink:href="#B4-20"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-03c4bcc92dbfbc0befe2fe7da6a4c21f"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)混凝土的碳化速度(米)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.004a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)混凝土的碳化速度(米)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)纤维的码头" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.004b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)纤维的码头</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-03c4bcc92dbfbc0befe2fe7da6a4c21f partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Carbonization rate of concrete (m)" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)混凝土的碳化速度(米)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.004a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)混凝土的碳化速度(米)</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Fiber section of pier" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)纤维的码头" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.004b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)纤维的码头</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-03c4bcc92dbfbc0befe2fe7da6a4c21f partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 部分的码头。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-a3411367b05408a8bb705a4397c6959e"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)峰值应力" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.005a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)峰值应力</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)的峰值压力" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.005b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)的峰值压力</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)弹性模量" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.005c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)弹性模量</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-a3411367b05408a8bb705a4397c6959e partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Peak stress" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)峰值应力" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.005a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)峰值应力</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Peak strain" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)的峰值压力" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.005b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)的峰值压力</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Modulus of elasticity" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)弹性模量" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.005c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)弹性模量</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-a3411367b05408a8bb705a4397c6959e partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> C40混凝土的力学性能。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-ac59937ab534f0d73cf71d2372527f88"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)峰值应力" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.006a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)峰值应力</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)的峰值压力" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.006b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)的峰值压力</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)弹性模量" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.006c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)弹性模量</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-ac59937ab534f0d73cf71d2372527f88 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Peak stress" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)峰值应力" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.006a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)峰值应力</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Peak strain" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)的峰值压力" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.006b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)的峰值压力</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Modulus of elasticity" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)弹性模量" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.006c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)弹性模量</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-ac59937ab534f0d73cf71d2372527f88 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> C50混凝土的力学性能。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-f3ef4397ef5f124b13440f362a49b5bb"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.007.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-f3ef4397ef5f124b13440f362a49b5bb partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.007_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-f3ef4397ef5f124b13440f362a49b5bb partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 混凝土的碳化速度。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <p>的公式,<我>x</我><sub><i>c</我></sub>(毫米)<我>t</我>和<我>k</我>(<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="13.5496pt" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-2.150599pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.399 26.65 13.5496" width="26.65pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M797 0V26C739 32 732 36 732 103V296C732 394 682 449 605 449C576 449 550 437 529 423C504 407 475 389 446 366C425 418 382 449 334 449C303 449 279 437 253 421C222 403 201 385 180 371V452C135 432 85 419 41 411V388C99 379 102 374 102 310V103C102 38 93 32 27 26V0H238V26C189 32 180 38 180 103V338C210 363 250 390 289 390C351 390 377 348 377 275V103C377 37 368 32 306 26V0H520V26C465 32 456 38 456 101V296C456 314 455 326 453 338C491 369 529 390 565 390C628 390 653 345 653 274V107C653 36 642 32 583 26V0H797Z" id="g121-107"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.647,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.294,0)"> <path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z" id="g113-48"></path> </g> </svg><span class="isep"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="13.5496pt" style="vertical-align:-2.150599pt" version="1.1" viewbox="26.605183800000002 -11.399 14.144 13.5496" width="14.144pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.655,-1.158)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-37"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="3.97987" x="36.6244" y="-10.6967"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.624,0)"> <path d="M298 36L289 62C276 55 253 45 228 45C202 45 169 60 169 141V397H276C289 405 292 426 282 437H169V574L155 576L90 509V437H45L17 408L21 397H90V107C90 28 125 -12 188 -12C198 -12 213 -8 230 1L298 36Z" id="g121-114"></path> </g> </svg>)</年代pan></span>混凝土碳化深度、时间和系数。<年代vg height="11.927pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 26.9614 11.927" width="26.9614pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.23,3.132)"> <path d="M690 629C653 643 577 667 483 667C225 667 24 528 24 292C24 92 174 -17 367 -17C448 -17 534 1 570 10C592 34 642 131 658 174C648 180 639 186 629 192C562 89 499 21 382 21C223 21 130 138 130 298C130 467 255 627 462 627C582 627 643 589 650 462L686 466C689 517 688 580 690 629Z" id="g50-68"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.391,3.132)"> <path d="M750 359C750 550 603 667 427 667C199 667 24 499 24 287C24 100 166 -17 344 -17C573 -17 750 136 750 359ZM645 356C645 196 538 24 350 24C205 24 127 136 127 285C127 471 247 626 422 626C571 626 645 521 645 356Z" id="g50-80"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.016,3.132)"> <path d="M110 500L131 481C160 519 206 572 269 572C345 572 375 524 375 464C375 377 300 293 202 198C135 134 66 75 2 20L1 0H371C390 41 406 81 427 123L404 133C364 76 346 72 291 72H113L270 211C381 309 460 378 460 479C460 575 401 635 304 635C255 635 211 614 174 581L110 500Z" id="g189-243"></path> </g> </svg>浓度的影响系数吗<我>有限公司</我><sub><i>2</我></sub>,<我>K</我><sub><i>1</我></sub>是碳化的影响系数的位置,<我>K</我><sub><i>kt</我></sub>混凝土浇注和维护的影响系数,<我>K</我><sub><i>ks</我></sub>是工作应力的影响系数,<我>K</我><sub><i>F</我></sub>粉煤灰的替代系数,<我>T</我>(°C)是混凝土的温度,<我>RH</我>环境相对湿度,<我>f</我><sub><i>cuk</我></sub>(MPa)是混凝土立方体抗压强度,<我>F</我>粉煤灰的重量比,<年代vg height="12.1044pt" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.2062998pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.8981 6.25863 12.1044" width="6.25863pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <rect height="0.65243" width="6.159" x="0" y="-11.1958"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-84"></use> </g> </svg>碳化速率,<我>一个</我><sub><i>c</我></sub>(m<年代up>2</年代up>)是碳化区和<我>一个</我>(m<年代up>2</年代up>)是横截面的面积,<我><i>σ</我></i><sub><i>cp</我></sub>,<我><i>ε</我></i><sub><i>cp</我></sub>,<我><i>ε</我></i><sub><i>铜</我></sub>,<我>E</我><sub><i>c</我></sub>峰值应力、峰值应变、极限应变和碳酸混凝土弹性模量,分别也<我><i>σ</我></i><sub><i>p</我></sub>,<我><i>ε</我></i><sub><i>p</我></sub>,<我><i>ε</我></i><sub><i>u</我></sub>,<我>E</我>峰值应力、峰值应变、极限应变和弹性模量的初始混凝土,然后呢<我><i>μ</我></i>泊松比。</p> <p>如数据所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>- - - - - -<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>,我们可以知道随着服务时间的增加,峰值应力的增加在一定程度上变化很大;弹性模量略有增加;和峰值应变略有减少C50和C40混凝土碳化后。此外,随着C50混凝土的力学性能变得更好,C40混凝土的碳化速度高于C50混凝土。</p> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。本构关系和钢筋的力学性能</h5> <h6 id="sec3.2.1">3.2.1之上。钢筋本构关系</h6> <p>纵筋和箍筋的类型<我>HRB</我>335年和<我>R</我>235年,32毫米和16毫米直径的保护层的厚度是0.09米。此外,位置和数量的纵向增援图所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig4/" target="_blank">4</a>和为1<年代up>#</年代up>码头,箍筋的间距的范围7厘米- 157厘米,157厘米,757厘米,757厘米,968厘米从码头上和向下120厘米从码头下10厘米,20厘米,10厘米,和40厘米,分别;4<年代up>#</年代up>码头,箍筋的间距的范围7厘米- 157厘米,157厘米,697厘米,697厘米,917厘米从码头上和向下120厘米从码头下10厘米,20厘米,10厘米,和40厘米,分别;5<年代up>#</年代up>码头,箍筋的间距的范围7厘米- 157厘米,157厘米,1437厘米,1437厘米,1655厘米从码头上和向下120厘米从码头下10厘米,20厘米,10厘米,和40厘米,分别;2<年代up>#</年代up>码头,箍筋的间距的范围7厘米- 157厘米,157厘米,3437厘米,3437厘米,3644厘米从码头上和向下120厘米从码头下10厘米,20厘米,10厘米,和40厘米,分别;至于3<年代up>#</年代up>码头,箍筋的间距的范围7厘米- 157厘米,157厘米,3297厘米,3297厘米,3507厘米从码头上和向下120厘米从码头下10厘米,20厘米,10厘米,分别和40厘米。</p> <p>钢筋的本构关系模型采用双线强化模型钢01模型如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig8/" target="_blank">8</a>。的基础上修正Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto强化模型,该模型可以考虑这两个包辛格效应和各向同性的增强效果。钢铁材料模型的参数值如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab1/" target="_blank">1</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 钢的材料参数。</d我v> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab1" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-e59ff18965981bf9380f3bf1e4684ac8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.008.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-e59ff18965981bf9380f3bf1e4684ac8 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.008_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-e59ff18965981bf9380f3bf1e4684ac8 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 钢筋的双线性强化模型。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.2.2">3.2.2。钢筋的腐蚀时间和机械性能</h6> <p>近海地区的大气环境属于氯盐侵蚀环境的渗透类型之一。混凝土结构的耐久性评估标准(<我>个cec上</我>220:2007)给最初的腐蚀时间的估算公式,膨胀腐蚀时间和腐蚀速率的钢筋腐蚀环境。最初的钢筋腐蚀的时间<我>t</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>可以估计<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq13"><span class="left_break" id="L8"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M8"> <svg height="15.9225pt" id="M8-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 68.292 15.9225" width="68.292pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B8-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.36,15.09)"> <path d="M250 606C250 634 233 656 203 656C168 656 146 618 146 593C146 564 169 545 192 545C227 545 250 573 250 606ZM227 95L212 119C187 98 152 71 135 71C129 71 128 78 134 102L207 373C219 418 217 451 194 451C165 451 92 411 30 351L44 326C77 353 106 371 114 371C124 371 121 357 117 341L55 97C32 5 46 -12 70 -12C108 -12 191 51 227 95Z" id="g50-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.05,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.31,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.75,5.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.68,15.742)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.45,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.99,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.23,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.19,11.958)"> <path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z" id="g113-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.49,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.86,15.09)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R8"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M8-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.258 11.44" width="19.258pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B8-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.89,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.76,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的公式,<我>t</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>积累时间的混凝土表面氯离子浓度达到稳定值;最初的钢筋腐蚀时间可以估计(<a href="#EEq14">14</a>当氯离子扩散系数的时间依赖性(不考虑<a href="#B25">31日</a>,<a href="#B26">32</a>]:<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq14"><span class="left_break" id="L9"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M9"> <svg height="28.4415pt" id="M9-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 87.552 28.4415" width="87.552pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B9-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.827)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.43,12.564)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.37,22.611)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.86,18.827)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.12,18.827)"> <path d="M473 -672C287 -482 178 -118 178 271C178 661 285 1024 473 1214L447 1243C202 1022 91 668 91 272V271C91 -129 202 -485 447 -701L473 -672Z" id="g119-149"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.26,10.319)"> <path d="M383 397C383 424 344 448 299 448C244 448 172 409 132 375C66 319 23 227 23 146C23 42 74 -12 146 -12C208 -12 298 30 359 103L343 124C315 95 248 48 192 48C145 48 111 85 111 163C111 228 129 294 151 330C171 363 201 401 241 401C275 401 302 384 325 356C332 347 339 344 348 348C373 360 383 381 383 397Z" id="g113-100"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="6.56351" x="31.62" y="15.173"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.62,28.052)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.38,18.827)"> <path d="M469 271V272C469 668 358 1022 113 1243L87 1214C275 1024 382 661 382 271C382 -118 273 -482 87 -672L113 -701C358 -485 469 -129 469 271Z" id="g119-150"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.69,5.85)"> <path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.54,18.827)"> <path d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z" id="g117-42"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.08,18.827)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.32,18.827)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,77.56,12.564)"> <path d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z" id="g54-33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.12,12.564)"> <path d="M141 347C171 480 264 541 327 570C364 587 403 599 436 605L429 641C389 634 339 622 300 609C191 570 37 458 37 239C37 86 126 -12 245 -12C367 -12 454 89 454 210C454 314 380 397 272 397C252 397 230 390 208 380L141 347ZM231 338C323 338 366 257 366 174C366 108 340 27 263 27C180 27 129 123 129 244C129 268 130 292 135 310C158 323 193 338 231 338Z" id="g50-55"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R9"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M9-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.638 11.44" width="19.638pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B9-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.68,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-166"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.14,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的公式,<我>c</我>混凝土保护层的厚度(mm);<我>k</我>是氯离子侵蚀系数计算的根据是什么<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq15"><span class="left_break" id="L10"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M10"> <svg height="30.6781pt" id="M10-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 136.614 30.6781" width="136.614pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.17,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.43,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.67,15.845)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-37"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="9.99534" x="37.64" y="6.307"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.64,18.161)"> <path d="M743 375C743 570 607 650 407 650H136L130 622C214 612 220 606 204 526L125 122C110 43 105 36 24 27L17 0H250C382 0 482 23 571 76C680 141 743 248 743 375ZM644 379C644 188 520 36 305 36C277 36 249 38 229 46C205 55 202 71 212 126L293 553C300 588 306 600 317 606C330 613 356 617 390 617C547 617 644 537 644 379Z" id="g113-69"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.81,18.161)"> <path d="M380 106C343 72 306 56 265 56C195 56 116 112 115 248C235 252 361 262 377 265C396 269 400 277 400 297C400 374 333 449 250 449H249C198 449 144 421 103 376S37 269 37 201C37 88 109 -12 232 -12C263 -12 332 6 395 84L380 106ZM225 412C281 412 315 364 314 312C314 297 308 292 290 292C232 290 176 289 120 289C135 370 180 412 225 412Z" id="g121-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.34,18.161)"> <path d="M181 342V451C133 431 89 419 40 411V388C98 381 102 377 102 311V104C102 38 95 32 33 26V0H263V26C186 32 181 38 181 104V287C203 343 235 372 261 372C277 372 289 366 304 352C310 346 318 345 330 350C349 359 362 379 362 399C362 422 338 449 304 449C256 449 213 393 183 342H181Z" id="g121-112"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.24,18.161)"> <path d="M54 437L27 408L31 397H101V103C101 37 94 32 30 26V0H266V25C187 33 180 36 180 110V397H288C299 404 304 428 298 437H180V477C179 562 190 610 203 630C214 647 230 659 256 659C289 659 318 641 337 622C346 612 355 612 364 619C374 627 380 635 383 643C388 655 387 667 378 678C362 697 333 710 299 712C260 707 225 689 189 659C135 613 119 563 112 541S101 490 101 458V437H54Z" id="g121-100"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,65.31,11.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,70.87,11.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.02,18.162)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-157"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,86.09,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.23,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.96,9.309)"> <path d="M962 650H795L470 145L347 650H176L170 622C268 613 275 606 244 503L190 322C150 188 132 126 118 91C102 50 80 33 18 28L12 0H245L251 28C175 35 170 48 174 93C177 128 191 180 220 284L292 542H294C331 392 383 150 409 4H432L774 555H776L714 137C700 40 694 34 612 28L606 0H868L874 28C793 34 784 37 797 137L849 533C859 612 863 616 956 622L962 650Z" id="g113-78"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,119.18,12.441)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,122.93,12.441)"> <path d="M397 380C406 395 404 411 396 425S369 451 350 451C302 451 239 372 192 294H189L199 338C214 407 207 451 180 451C152 451 83 405 30 345L48 318C87 354 117 372 125 372S135 362 127 324L55 -5L61 -12C87 -5 117 3 139 5C154 87 168 162 179 207C198 250 240 310 260 332C281 355 297 366 307 366C321 366 333 360 347 346C351 342 360 342 369 348C379 355 389 366 397 380Z" id="g50-115"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="20.4183" x="106.96" y="14.508"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,109.05,27.387)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,121.27,30.519)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,128.58,18.162)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-158"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R10"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M10-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.288 11.44" width="19.288pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.89,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-161"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.79,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的公式,<我>D</我>氯离子扩散系数(m<年代up>2</年代up>/);小块土地是误差函数;<我>米</我><sub><i>cr</我></sub>是钢铁腐蚀的临界氯离子浓度(公斤/米<年代up>3</年代up>);<我>米</我><sub><i>年代</我></sub>是混凝土表面氯离子浓度(公斤/米<年代up>3</年代up>)计算的<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq16"><span class="left_break" id="L11"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M11"> <svg height="15.9225pt" id="M11-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.295 15.9225" width="66.295pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.22,15.09)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.83,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.09,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.9,5.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.31,15.742)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.6,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.47,11.958)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.01,5.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R11"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M11-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.758 11.44" width="19.758pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-227"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.26,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的公式,<年代vg height="15.8638pt" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-4.4277pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 20.7264 15.8638" width="20.7264pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.807,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.649,4.268)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </svg>是氯浓度(公斤/米<年代up>3</年代up>)在混凝土表面和0.1公里的海岸线,可以选择根据表<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab2/" target="_blank">2</a>;<我>k</我>′是可以根据选择的校正系数表<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab3/" target="_blank">3</a>。初步的计算结果的钢筋腐蚀的时间<我>C</我>40岁<我>C</我>50混凝土桥墩在海上大气中如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab4/" target="_blank">4</a>根据桥址的环境条件。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 氯离子浓度<年代vg height="15.8638pt" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-4.4277pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 20.7264 15.8638" width="20.7264pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.807,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.649,4.268)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </svg>在混凝土表面和0.1公里的海岸。</d我v> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab2" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 氯浓度校正因子<年代vg height="11.6425pt" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 10.4587 11.6425" width="10.4587pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.539,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-31"></use> </g> </svg>表面上。</d我v> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab3" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表4</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 钢筋锈蚀初始时间。</d我v> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab4" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <p>材料特性的相关计算钢筋(纵向钢筋和箍筋)氯离子腐蚀后在其生命周期中所示<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq17"><span class="left_break" id="L17"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M17"> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.39 290.218" width="56.39pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.37,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.11,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.15,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.41,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.78,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.74,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.28,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,52.65,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.736 290.218" width="38.736pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,40.874)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.37,44.005)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.25,40.874)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.71,32.021)"> <path d="M494 514C482 587 419 712 303 712C238 712 174 667 174 603C174 561 205 514 249 449C219 438 187 422 162 407C93 366 23 283 23 177C23 69 87 -12 190 -12C244 -12 288 5 328 33C406 87 444 170 444 249C444 329 404 391 331 475C265 550 222 605 222 627C222 647 238 657 267 657C355 657 421 585 484 499L494 514ZM359 234C359 143 319 30 219 30C172 30 114 75 114 178C114 275 163 343 195 378C212 397 241 415 269 425C305 382 359 313 359 234Z" id="g113-226"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.11,35.153)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,34.85,35.153)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="14.5725" x="24.71" y="37.22"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.74,50.099)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.5,53.231)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.24,53.231)"> <path d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z" id="g50-109"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 139.272 290.218" width="139.272pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-5"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.39,82.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.14,82.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.18,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.64,70.606)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.88,70.606)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.84,70.606)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.08,70.606)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.32,70.606)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.67,70.606)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="33.3265" x="30.64" y="75.46"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.68,88.339)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.06,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.6,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.84,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.8,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,94.04,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.28,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.52,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-57"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,112.76,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-53"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,119.16,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,125.88,82.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,129.62,82.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,134.64,82.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.46 290.218" width="38.46pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.77,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.74,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.98,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.22,79.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-57"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-8" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 104.052 290.218" width="104.052pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-8"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.76,112.657)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.5,112.657)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.12,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.38,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.62,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.86,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.83,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.05,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.59,109.525)"> <path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.05,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.58,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.82,109.525)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,94.06,103.262)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,99.62,103.262)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-10" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.169 290.218" width="16.169pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-10"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,139.213)"> <path d="M238 0V26C174 32 166 38 166 104V712C132 700 70 683 18 677V653C81 647 87 645 87 577V104C87 38 78 32 15 26V0H238Z" id="g121-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.29,139.213)"> <path d="M524 0V26C466 32 460 36 460 104V297C460 393 411 449 331 449C302 449 276 437 248 419C223 402 201 387 181 372V451C137 432 90 420 42 411V388C96 378 102 374 102 310V104C102 38 97 33 29 26V0H246V26C187 32 181 36 181 104V339C211 365 250 390 290 390C357 390 381 345 381 276V109C381 40 374 32 315 26V0H524Z" id="g121-108"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.62,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-11" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 113.796 290.218" width="113.796pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-11"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-57"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.5,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.47,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.71,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.95,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-56"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.2,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.73,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.97,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.94,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.18,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.42,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-57"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.94,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,86.23,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.56,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,107.78,142.345)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,111.33,142.345)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-12" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.18 290.218" width="52.18pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-12"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.49,130.705)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.73,130.705)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.97,130.705)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.21,130.705)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-53"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="40.5728" x="11.73" y="135.56"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.73,148.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.92,148.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.46,148.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.7,148.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-56"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.94,148.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-13" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.77 290.218" width="16.77pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-13"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-14" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.547 290.218" width="40.547pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-14"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.77,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.01,132.95)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.57,132.95)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.54,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-239"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-15" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.556 290.218" width="39.556pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-15"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.82,139.213)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.15,139.213)"> <path d="M766 88L752 113C719 83 690 64 681 64C674 64 672 74 679 103L724 292C758 436 724 448 701 448C680 448 666 442 639 429C594 407 514 350 441 252H439L447 289C476 423 450 448 419 448C398 448 379 441 355 427C307 400 234 344 162 249H160L180 324C203 409 197 448 170 448C144 448 82 413 23 349L35 321C57 343 96 374 108 374C115 374 117 371 111 341C87 227 57 112 24 -6L32 -12C53 -4 81 4 108 6C119 68 134 128 149 171C177 229 309 383 364 383C387 383 388 355 373 282C354 190 330 92 303 -6L309 -12C332 -4 356 3 386 6C396 63 411 122 424 171C458 236 590 383 642 383C658 383 664 369 652 315L603 91C587 20 593 -12 619 -12C642 -12 708 23 766 88Z" id="g113-110"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.34,142.345)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.09,142.345)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-17" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.226 290.218" width="18.226pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-17"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.22,180.886)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.76,180.886)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-18" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.382 290.218" width="31.382pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-18"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.27,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.49,180.886)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.95,180.886)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-19" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 70.845 290.218" width="70.845pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-19"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.56,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.78,180.886)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.66,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.2,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,57.42,180.886)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,60.89,180.886)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.84,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-20" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 2.964 290.218" width="2.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-20"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-21" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 114.09 290.218" width="114.09pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-21"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,177.755)"> <path d="M443 -984V-930L363 -927C256 -924 254 -914 254 -808V1291C254 1454 257 1464 363 1467L443 1470V1524H180V-984H443Z" id="g119-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.44,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.58,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.12,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.64,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.54,177.755)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.8,177.755)"> <path d="M568 -959C334 -711 197 -236 197 271C197 780 332 1253 568 1501L537 1533C238 1246 102 786 102 272V271C102 -248 238 -710 537 -991L568 -959Z" id="g119-165"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.83,169.247)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.02,169.247)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.55,169.247)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.79,169.247)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,86.03,163.505)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,91.59,163.505)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="41.8225" x="54.83" y="174.101"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.19,187.985)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.43,187.907)"> <path d="M778 808H735L485 -141H483L284 324L133 247L149 215L244 263L484 -298H486L778 808Z" id="g119-121"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="22.7932" x="72.47" y="177.363"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.47,187.985)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-69"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,82.69,187.985)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,87.06,191.117)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,90.8,191.117)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,97.85,177.755)"> <path d="M575 271V272C575 786 439 1246 140 1533L109 1501C345 1253 480 780 480 271C480 -236 343 -711 109 -959L140 -991C439 -710 575 -248 575 271Z" id="g119-166"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.68,177.755)"> <path d="M390 -984V1524H127V1470L207 1467C313 1464 316 1454 316 1291V-808C316 -914 314 -924 207 -927L127 -930V-984H390Z" id="g119-162"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-23" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 99.685 290.218" width="99.685pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-23"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-239"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.64,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.9,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.37,215.957)"> <path d="M525 275C525 381 464 451 380 451C338 451 289 439 241 405C158 347 127 277 106 152C51 -168 37 -216 24 -242L28 -257C42 -256 92 -247 117 -222C126 -213 134 -193 150 -69L166 32C184 10 211 -12 245 -12C276 -12 332 8 384 46C458 100 525 176 525 275ZM436 260C436 131 366 41 267 41C246 41 208 51 175 82C181 125 187 162 195 200C220 322 257 400 328 400C398 400 436 338 436 260Z" id="g50-239"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.07,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.09,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.33,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.29,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-57"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.5,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.03,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,82.25,215.957)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,86,215.957)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,89.03,206.562)"> <path d="M546 97L529 123C499 91 459 65 450 65C443 65 439 73 445 106C468 226 496 341 523 451H513L436 424C423 357 412 311 403 276C356 195 245 59 190 59C165 59 158 99 166 135L236 445L227 451L152 428L60 18C43 -58 24 -145 24 -183C24 -237 43 -257 66 -257C96 -257 123 -236 130 -224L129 -216C115 -205 96 -156 96 -102C96 -57 105 -7 113 26H115C127 -1 137 -12 158 -12S198 -5 230 19C284 60 332 117 385 186H387C381 154 378 142 370 107C347 1 367 -12 388 -12C422 -12 492 32 546 97Z" id="g50-234"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,94.68,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 77.582 290.218" width="77.582pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-24"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.78,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.25,213.008)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.76,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.91,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.74,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.28,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.52,213.008)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,73.15,206.562)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-25" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.77 290.218" width="16.77pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-25"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,212.825)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-53"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-27" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 120.666 290.218" width="120.666pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-27"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.76,240.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.5,240.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.97,240.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.6,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.86,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.88,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-53"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.12,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.09,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.29,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.83,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.07,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.35,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,86.11,240.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,89.86,240.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,92.84,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.83,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.7,237.814)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,114.46,240.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118.2,240.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-29" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 110.232 290.218" width="110.232pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-29"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.72,264.383)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.98,264.383)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.88,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.14,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.17,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.31,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.85,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.09,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.05,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.29,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.53,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-58"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.88,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-239"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,90.89,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.17,261.251)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.89,264.383)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="290.218pt" id="M17-31" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 109.167 290.218" width="109.167pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-31"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.94,289.372)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.57,289.372)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.47,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.73,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.76,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.9,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.44,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.68,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.64,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.88,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.12,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.47,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-239"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,90.48,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,97.76,286.24)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,105.7,289.372)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R17"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.338 11.44" width="19.338pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.81,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.84,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.498 11.44" width="19.498pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-152"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-7" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.598 11.44" width="19.598pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-7"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.76,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-193"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.1,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-9" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.518 11.44" width="21.518pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-9"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.61,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-254"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.02,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.468 11.44" width="19.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-16"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.58,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-22" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.158 11.44" width="21.158pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-22"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.61,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.66,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-26" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.018 11.44" width="21.018pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-26"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.64,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.52,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-28" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.328 11.44" width="21.328pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-28"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.37,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-166"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-30" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.078 11.44" width="21.078pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-30"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.68,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-161"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.58,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-32" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.478 11.44" width="21.478pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-32"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-227"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.98,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的公式,<我>t</我><sub><i>cr</我></sub>锈扩张和混凝土保护层开裂时间,<我>t</我><sub><i>c</我></sub>是时候从钢筋腐蚀扩张和保护层开裂,<我><i>δ</我></i><sub><i>cr</我></sub>(毫米)是至关重要的腐蚀深度的钢筋保护层裂缝时,<我>c</我>(毫米)保护层的厚度,<我>d</我>(毫米)直径钢筋,<我>f</我><sub><i>cuk</我></sub>(MPa)是混凝土的抗压强度,<我><i>λ</我></i><sub><i>cl</我></sub>年平均腐蚀速率的钢筋保护层开裂之前,<我>我</我>(<我>μ</我>一个/厘米<年代up>2</年代up>)是钢筋的腐蚀电流密度,<年代vg height="9.25202pt" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 17.0574 9.25202" width="17.0574pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.192,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.935,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> </svg>当地环境系数,<我>T</我>(°C)是钢筋的温度,<我>米</我><sub><i>sl</我></sub>(公斤/米<年代up>3</年代up>)是在钢筋表面氯离子浓度,<我><i>ρ</我></i>(KΩ·厘米)是混凝土的电阻率,<我>米</我><sub><i>所以</我></sub>(公斤/米<年代up>3</年代up>)是制备混凝土氯离子含量,<年代vg height="14.8173pt" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 12.1106 14.8173" width="12.1106pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.474,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-239"></use> </g> </svg>是系数,<年代vg height="13.8999pt" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-3.94351pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.95639 24.7428 13.8999" width="24.7428pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.22,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.963,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.993,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-234"></use> </g> </svg>(公斤/米<年代up>3</年代up>)普通混凝土保护层中氯离子浓度,<我><i>λ</我></i><sub><i>慢性淋巴细胞白血病</我></sub>平均腐蚀速率腐蚀膨胀和开裂后钢筋的保护层,什么时候<我><i>λ</我></i><sub><i>慢性淋巴细胞白血病</我></sub><<我><i>λ</我></i><sub><i>cl</我></sub>,<我><i>λ</我></i><sub><i>慢性淋巴细胞白血病</我></sub>= 1.8<我><i>λ</我></i><sub><i>cl</我></sub>,<我>f</我><sub><i>yc</我></sub>和<我>E</我><sub><i>sc</我></sub>碳化后的屈服强度和弹性模量,然后呢<我>f</我><sub><i>y</我></sub>和<我>E</我><sub><i>年代</我></sub>最初的屈服强度和弹性模量是混凝土。</p> <p>根据(<a href="#EEq17">17</a>)- (<a href="#EEq17">26</a>),我们可以知道腐蚀率、直径、弹性模量和屈服强度的纵向钢筋和箍筋对C40和C50混凝土,为了节省空间,我们只给直径和弹性模量的照片,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig9/" target="_blank">9</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig10/" target="_blank">10</a>。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-e89922039146924f6c9ae2293d577da9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)直径" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.009a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)直径</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)弹性模量" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.009b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)弹性模量</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-e89922039146924f6c9ae2293d577da9 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Diameter" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)直径" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.009a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)直径</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Modulus of elasticity" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)弹性模量" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.009b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)弹性模量</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-e89922039146924f6c9ae2293d577da9 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 纵向钢筋的力学性能。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-53b2cba2464c49073a1342bf5f9cf751"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)直径" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0010a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)直径</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)弹性模量" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0010b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)弹性模量</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-53b2cba2464c49073a1342bf5f9cf751 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Diameter" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)直径" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0010a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)直径</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Modulus of elasticity" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)弹性模量" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0010b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)弹性模量</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-53b2cba2464c49073a1342bf5f9cf751 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 箍筋的力学性能。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <p>从(<a href="#EEq13">13</a>)- (<a href="#EEq17">22</a>)和数字<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig9/" target="_blank">9</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig10/" target="_blank">10</a>,可以看出,腐蚀的箍筋混凝土发生早于纵向增援,因为箍筋接近混凝土表面,他们更容易受到氯离子。此外,直径、屈服强度和弹性模量的纵向钢筋和箍筋网和C40混凝土减少服务时间的增加。</p> <p>为了简化计算,腐蚀保护层的开裂时间是生命作为关键的混凝土保护层的失败<a href="#B27">33</a>,<a href="#B28">34</a>]。因此,混凝土保护层对桥墩的影响从桥上不再被认为是全生命周期30.39年地震脆弱性分析时进行例如桥梁。</p> <h4 id="analysis-on-damage-index">4所示。分析损伤指数</h4> <h5 id="sec4.1">4.1。分析桥墩损伤指数</h5> <p>摘要相对位移延性比对应的故障状态选择码头码头的损伤指数,它可以表示为<年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="14.8173pt" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.803 14.8173" width="23.803pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M538 96L524 119C492 88 454 63 446 63C439 63 434 70 440 101C463 223 491 341 518 448H508L433 422L401 276C355 192 240 56 188 56C163 56 154 89 163 133C184 233 207 338 235 443L230 448L152 424L58 17C40 -60 23 -143 23 -185C23 -241 42 -261 63 -261C92 -261 117 -241 125 -227L124 -221C109 -209 89 -165 89 -103C89 -55 96 -13 105 26H107C121 -3 134 -12 151 -12C172 -12 194 -5 221 16C279 61 330 124 384 194H386C381 159 377 141 368 105C343 3 363 -12 383 -12C416 -12 486 35 538 96Z" id="g113-234"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.89,3.132)"> <path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z" id="g50-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.172,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="14.8173pt" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="27.384183800000002 -9.28833 37.286 14.8173" width="37.286pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.434,0)"> <path d="M600 0V24L339 665L311 657L43 24V0H600ZM497 50H107L303 539L497 50Z" id="g113-133"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.761,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-48"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.122,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.08,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,54.157,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.5,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> </svg>,</年代pan></span><i><i>μ</我></i><sub><i>d</我></sub>相对位移延性比的码头,<我>Δ</我>是码头上的最大相对位移在桥墩地震响应分析,然后呢<年代vg height="14.1649pt" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 22.1112 14.1649" width="22.1112pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.958,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.034,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.377,3.132)"> <path d="M303 635C245 609 181 592 116 583L111 558L151 557C205 555 210 551 198 490L127 128C110 40 104 35 17 26L11 0H279L285 26C196 35 188 40 205 128L303 635Z" id="g189-213"></path> </g> </svg>的相对位移是码头的钢筋第一收益率这个公式。</p> <p>在这篇文章中,2之间的联系<年代up>#</年代up>和3<年代up>#</年代up>桥墩和桥面桥是整合,也把2<年代up>#</年代up>和3<年代up>#</年代up>皮尔斯刚性墩和假设反弯点位于码头的中点时损伤指数计算。每个码头的损伤指数计算表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab5/" target="_blank">5</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab5"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表5</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 定义的故障状态的相对的。</d我v> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab5" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.2">4.2。分析轴承的损伤指数</h5> <p>相对位移的剪切应变和位移延性更能反映实际工程中轴承的力学性能。一般来说,相对位移作为轴承的损伤指数在目前的研究中,和轴承损伤指数现有研究中常用的表中列出<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab6/" target="_blank">6</a>。使用的轴承类型例如桥是球面轴承抗海洋大气腐蚀,属于移动式钢轴承。因此,轴承损伤指数由科比来分析轴承采用的地震脆弱。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab6"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表6</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 轴承的极限状态。</d我v> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab6" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.3">4.3。分析损伤指数桥平台</h5> <p>很少有研究关注桥平台的损伤状态和没有统一的方法来量化桥的损伤指数目前平台。建立各国学者提出的损伤指标如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab7/" target="_blank">7</a>。摘要相对位移作为指标量化桥梁的地震破坏平台,和桥的地震脆弱平台分析了桥平台损伤指数定义为Murzewski [<a href="#B33">8</a>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab7"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表7</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 桥的极限状态的平台。</d我v> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab7" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.4">4.4。不同的桥组件的损伤指数和不确定性</h5> <p>桥墩的弯矩曲率分析进行的<我>XTRACT</我>(<a href="#B35">35</a>]软件确定桥的失败状态的不同组件和量化其损伤指数。150地震波振幅调制产生的。地震和结构损伤指标的不确定性考虑分析损伤指数<我>年代</我><sub><i>c</我></sub>和不确定性<我>β</我><sub><i>c</我></sub>在不同损伤状态下的每个成员完成状态,如表所示<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab8/" target="_blank">8</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab8"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表8</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 不同的桥组件的损伤指数和不确定性。</d我v> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab8" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <h4 id="analysis-on-time-varying-fragility">5。分析时变脆弱</h4> <p>本文认为桥墩混凝土碳化和钢腐蚀的影响桥梁结构动力响应在服务期间,尽管其他组件的性能退化如甲板、轴承、平台和桥梁。介绍了桥的时变效应脆弱性通过修改混凝土和钢筋的本构关系的有限元模型的桥梁和箍筋的约束强度的比值的混凝土核心区域”<我>k</我>。”</p> <p>非线性问题的关键在于建立材料非线性和桥的非线性仿真系统有限元分析软件,建立非线性元素。材料非线性的建立包括混凝土和钢筋的本构关系,介绍了在部分<a href="#sec3">3</a>。至于建立非线性元素,我们使用“非线性梁柱单元”建立码头实现非线性仿真,和命令是“克莱门特。非线性梁柱eleTag iNode jNode numIntgrPts美元美元secTag transfTag美元”。在这个命令,eleTag美元是独一无二的元素对象标签,和iNode和jNode美元是开始和结束节点,分别。$ numIntgrPts Gauss-Lobatto集成点沿元素的数量,secTag美元以前部分对象标识符,$ transfTag标识符之前定义的坐标变换(CrdTransf)对象。</p> <p>根据这个,我们建立桥梁结构的非线性有限元模型<我>OpenSEES</我>平台,组件和系统的地震脆弱性曲线计算分别为20、40、60、80年和100年通过输入地震波选择非线性动态分析和使用地震脆弱的函数公式(<a href="#EEq27">27</a>),使用损伤指数参数表<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/tab8/" target="_blank">8</a>。和服务时间的影响在近海桥梁的地震脆弱也进行了分析。<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq27"><span class="left_break" id="L23"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M23"> <svg height="52.373pt" id="M23-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.24 52.373" width="13.24pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B23-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,29.514)"> <path d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" id="g113-113"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.38,32.646)"> <path d="M620 667C620 684 593 710 552 710C515 710 459 687 409 634C360 582 334 506 320 433H247L215 400L220 388H310L259 80C224 -129 199 -161 185 -174C175 -183 160 -192 141 -192C123 -192 90 -181 75 -165C69 -158 64 -156 54 -164C39 -178 24 -195 24 -208C24 -231 61 -257 94 -257C124 -257 162 -243 209 -194C267 -134 303 -66 343 107C369 220 378 279 393 385L503 397L523 433H404C432 619 464 660 500 660C522 660 542 646 566 621C573 614 583 615 593 621C603 628 620 648 620 667Z" id="g50-103"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="52.373pt" id="M23-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 162.689 52.373" width="162.689pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B23-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,29.514)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.27,29.514)"> <path d="M542 242C542 369 469 429 379 468C370 472 372 496 376 513L416 681L400 691L344 648L219 51C167 69 113 128 113 217C113 324 166 387 266 428L252 459C124 418 23 336 23 202C23 95 90 13 205 -8L182 -132C165 -222 191 -254 209 -261L215 -258L270 -7C415 -4 542 98 542 242ZM469 232C469 126 403 33 279 39L355 409C399 394 469 331 469 232Z" id="g113-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.79,29.514)"> <path d="M798 -1679C443 -1286 236 -533 236 271C236 1077 440 1827 798 2221L761 2258C326 1806 130 1082 130 272V271C130 -546 326 -1273 761 -1716L798 -1679Z" id="g119-227"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.55,20.014)"> <path d="M483 97L471 123C436 91 401 65 392 65C388 65 384 74 390 106C414 239 444 378 457 429L455 433C444 433 429 436 416 439C392 444 368 448 344 448C281 448 204 415 152 376C71 315 23 205 23 103C23 21 57 -12 85 -12C114 -12 149 6 185 34C231 70 285 119 329 183H331L309 81C292 0 308 -12 326 -12C350 -12 421 24 483 97ZM374 387C370 363 356 291 345 261C315 193 181 50 139 50C124 50 110 71 110 118C110 224 153 331 218 379C238 394 271 402 301 402C329 402 359 394 374 387Z" id="g113-98"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.04,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.58,20.014)"> <path d="M452 333C452 398 425 448 375 448C329 448 235 404 140 292H138L229 683C233 701 234 712 225 712C208 712 149 686 66 677L64 652H97C135 652 140 651 129 598L38 167C23 96 29 57 44 33C60 7 98 -12 132 -12C169 -12 232 3 290 41C383 102 452 223 452 333ZM365 316C365 199 308 87 239 49C221 39 200 35 183 35C137 35 99 70 112 163C116 191 123 215 129 233C190 316 290 392 330 392C348 392 365 372 365 316Z" id="g113-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.86,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.15,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.47,20.197)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.99,20.014)"> <path d="M405 650H141L135 622C222 616 230 610 215 535L133 116C118 41 113 33 29 28L23 0H289L295 28C209 33 205 40 219 116L298 535C312 609 317 616 399 622L405 650Z" id="g113-74"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.03,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-78"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,97.84,20.197)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,105.33,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,115.86,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,119.15,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,128.48,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,133.5,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,139.57,23.146)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,143.83,20.014)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="114.418" x="34.55" y="25.86"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.77,43.45)"> <path d="M772 1098H727L517 -348H515L294 324L133 259L147 224L245 263L524 -588H526L772 1098Z" id="g119-122"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="47.7757" x="72.98" y="29.122"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.98,45.065)"> <path d="M558 587C558 666 497 712 432 712C379 712 330 691 284 650C212 586 178 508 148 348L71 -65C49 -185 35 -229 23 -235L27 -261C49 -259 101 -251 124 -224C131 -216 138 -178 159 -24C171 66 197 200 227 356C264 550 295 668 393 668C443 668 479 632 479 575C479 516 446 458 383 418C361 404 344 398 318 397L296 350C395 338 460 281 460 192C460 110 411 40 300 40C258 40 215 55 192 69L181 51C191 18 222 -16 266 -16C308 -16 351 1 397 26C471 67 545 142 545 221C545 315 486 365 401 395C469 437 558 498 558 587Z" id="g113-224"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,80.21,48.196)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,84.49,39.069)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,92.34,45.065)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.88,45.065)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,110.11,48.196)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,115.78,39.069)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,150.17,29.514)"> <path d="M833 271V272C833 1082 637 1806 202 2258L165 2221C523 1827 727 1077 727 271C727 -533 520 -1286 165 -1679L202 -1716C637 -1273 833 -546 833 271Z" id="g119-234"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="75.9526pt" id="I23" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 170.25 75.9526" width="170.25pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -20.33)" xlink:href="#B23-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 7.46 23.58)" xlink:href="#B23-2"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R23"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M23-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.158 11.44" width="21.158pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B23-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.63,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.66,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="75.9526pt" id="IL23" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.24 75.9526" width="21.24pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 32.05)" xlink:href="#B23-3"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <h5 id="sec5.1">5.1。时变的脆弱性码头</h5> <p>为了描述混凝土梁桥梁的地震脆弱在近海环境在整个寿命更直观,本文比较和分析了码头的脆弱性曲线在服务期间,和地震变异表面5墩四损伤条件下,分别如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig11/" target="_blank">11</a>- - - - - -<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig15/" target="_blank">15</a>。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-80c42b02d2cc06a774a8d7a8c1f44104"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0011a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0011b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0011c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0011d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-80c42b02d2cc06a774a8d7a8c1f44104 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0011a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0011b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0011c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0011d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-80c42b02d2cc06a774a8d7a8c1f44104 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图11</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig11/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 1的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>不同损伤状态下码头。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-d7f74c1b1ba7474168459ee28dc41f2b"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0012a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0012b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0012c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0012d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-d7f74c1b1ba7474168459ee28dc41f2b partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0012a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0012b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0012c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0012d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-d7f74c1b1ba7474168459ee28dc41f2b partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图12</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig12/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 2的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>不同损伤状态下码头。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-efb8c2e12697429fd1a587fce139da3b"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0013a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0013b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0013c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0013d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-efb8c2e12697429fd1a587fce139da3b partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0013a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0013b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0013c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0013d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-efb8c2e12697429fd1a587fce139da3b partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图13</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig13/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 3的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>不同损伤状态下码头。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-6cc6334eea4f48780aeeaaccddb883aa"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0014a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0014b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0014c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0014d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-6cc6334eea4f48780aeeaaccddb883aa partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0014a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0014b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0014c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0014d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-6cc6334eea4f48780aeeaaccddb883aa partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图14</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig14/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 4的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>不同损伤状态下码头。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-d5bfc4b28e25250c4bfc1eb93d50a367"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0015a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0015b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0015c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0015d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-d5bfc4b28e25250c4bfc1eb93d50a367 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0015a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0015b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0015c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0015d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-d5bfc4b28e25250c4bfc1eb93d50a367 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图15</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig15/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 5的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>不同损伤状态下码头。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <p>从数据中获得<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig11/" target="_blank">11</a>- - - - - -<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig15/" target="_blank">15</a>在100年服务期的桥,五个桥墩的地震脆弱四个故障状态下增加随着地震强度和桥的使用寿命。1的超越概率<年代up>#</年代up>码头经过100年的服务下轻微的损伤,介质损失,严重破坏,和完整的崩溃可以最大化了23%,21%,20%,和17%,分别。相比之下,完成状态,4的趋势<年代up>#</年代up>皮尔斯是类似于1<年代up>#</年代up>码头。超过5的概率<年代up>#</年代up>码头经过100年的服务相同的条件下可以最大化了15%,16%,15%,和7%,分别。相比之下,完成状态,2的趋势<年代up>#</年代up>和3<年代up>#</年代up>皮尔斯5是相似的<年代up>#</年代up>码头。在服务期间,5个码头的概率超过所有类型的损伤状态增加在近海环境中氯离子的侵蚀和混凝土的碳化。地震脆弱的1<年代up>#</年代up>和图4<年代up>#</年代up>码头更容易受到近海环境相比,2<年代up>#</年代up>3<年代up>#</年代up>,5<年代up>#</年代up>皮尔斯。</p> <p>延长服务时间,只需承担码头1<年代up>#</年代up>作为一个例子,轻微损坏的概率超过1<年代up>#</年代up>码头在100年的服务期不少于97%,超过中等破坏的概率是89%,90%,92%,95%,98%,和100%,分别超过严重破坏的概率是82%,82%,86%,89%,93%,和96%,分别超过彻底崩溃的概率是21%,22%,25%,28%,31%,和31%,分别在SA 0.6克;轻微损坏的概率超过3 #刚架码头服务时间0和100年的10%和13%,分别超过中等破坏的概率是10%和15%,分别严重破坏的概率超过9%和13%,分别超过了彻底崩溃的概率小于1%。延长服务时间,超过所有码头不同故障状态下的概率增加。</p> <p>根据上述结果,发现地震1的脆弱性<年代up>#</年代up>和图4<年代up>#</年代up>桥墩更容易受到近海环境的影响相比,2<年代up>#</年代up>3<年代up>#</年代up>,5<年代up>#</年代up>皮尔斯。1的超越概率<年代up>#</年代up>4<年代up>#</年代up>,5<年代up>#</年代up>皮尔斯在第一个20年是四个损伤状态下显著低于后者80年最初的环箍钢筋的腐蚀时间大约是14年,最初的纵向钢筋的腐蚀时间大约19年,这表明钢筋力学性能的主要因素是影响桥墩的抗震性能。的结果表明,桥受氯离子侵蚀、码头的实际地震能力将不断减少使用寿命的延长,而地震的概率地震需求行动,达到最终失败状态都将不断增加。</p> <h5 id="sec5.2">5.2。时变的脆弱性轴承</h5> <p>码头的抗震性能退化必然会影响地震作用下轴承条件。摘要脆弱性曲线桥的轴承在服务期间比较和分析和地震脆弱表面5轴承给出如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig16/" target="_blank">16</a>- - - - - -<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig20/" target="_blank">20.</a>以分析桥墩的抗震性能退化的影响抗震性能的轴承和描述地震脆弱的桥梁支座直接在整个生命周期。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-e2797e256097a159f430ca39d8846f35"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0016a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0016b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0016c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0016d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-e2797e256097a159f430ca39d8846f35 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0016a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0016b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0016c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0016d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-e2797e256097a159f430ca39d8846f35 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图16</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig16/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 1的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>轴承在不同损伤状态。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-dd00421cedd980b494f6da441349f168"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0017a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0017b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0017c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0017d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-dd00421cedd980b494f6da441349f168 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0017a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0017b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0017c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0017d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-dd00421cedd980b494f6da441349f168 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图17</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig17/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 2的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>轴承在不同损伤状态。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-0f91f8774a6caa7ffa03ddd03f12df62"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0018a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0018b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0018c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0018d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-0f91f8774a6caa7ffa03ddd03f12df62 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0018a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0018b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0018c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0018d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-0f91f8774a6caa7ffa03ddd03f12df62 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图18</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig18/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 3的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>轴承在不同损伤状态。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-2758137eb9315c73bb07925671c182ec"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0019a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0019b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0019c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0019d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-2758137eb9315c73bb07925671c182ec partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0019a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0019b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0019c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0019d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-2758137eb9315c73bb07925671c182ec partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图19</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig19/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 4的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>轴承在不同损伤状态。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-50c923f9cfe2f1cd15566a06bf31dc8b"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0020a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0020b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0020c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0020d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-50c923f9cfe2f1cd15566a06bf31dc8b partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0020a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0020b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0020c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0020d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-50c923f9cfe2f1cd15566a06bf31dc8b partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图20</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig20/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 5的脆弱面<年代up>#</年代up>轴承在不同损伤状态。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <p>从数据中获得<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig16/" target="_blank">16</a>- - - - - -<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig20/" target="_blank">20.</a>地震的脆弱性5轴承在不同损伤状态下不断增加随着地震强度和使用寿命的增加100年的服务期的桥。1的超越概率<年代up>#</年代up>和5<年代up>#</年代up>轴承在轻微损坏,介质损失,严重破坏,和彻底崩溃可以增加了22%,17%,17%,和15%,分别在100年的服务相比,完成国家时期;4的超越概率<年代up>#</年代up>下轴承损害四个州可以增加了20%,7%,7%,和2%,分别在100年的服务相比,完成国家时期;2的超越概率<年代up>#</年代up>下轴承损害四个州可以增加了22%,12%,11%,和5%,分别在100年的服务相比,完成状态时期,和3的趋势<年代up>#</年代up>轴承是类似于2<年代up>#</年代up>轴承的。在服务期间,五个轴承的概率超过各种伤害国家提高码头与氯离子的侵蚀,以及地震的脆弱性增加1<年代up>#</年代up>和5<年代up>#</年代up>轴承是最大的。因此,我们应该注意提高抗震能力的轴承在近海桥梁的设计。</p> <p>随着1<年代up>#</年代up>和5<年代up>#</年代up>轴承具有相同的类型和都位于桥平台,他们的脆弱性曲线基本上是相同的;同样的,2的类型<年代up>#</年代up>和3<年代up>#</年代up>轴承和他们的力量模式是相同的,和他们的脆弱性曲线也基本相同。因此,本文只分析了时变地震3的脆弱性的影响<年代up>#</年代up>4<年代up>#</年代up>,5<年代up>#</年代up>轴承。当<我>SA</我>0.6克,超过轻微损坏的概率,介质损失,严重破坏,彻底崩溃到5<年代up>#</年代up>轴承是88%,88%,91%,93%,96%,99%,57%,58%,62%,66%,71%,74%,47%,48%,52%,56%,61%,63%,36%,37%,40%,43%,4和7%,100年服务期的桥,分别;至于3<年代up>#</年代up>轴承100年服务期的桥,轻微损坏的超越概率不小于97%,超过介质损伤和严重损伤的概率是39%,39%,41%,43%,44%,45%,26%,26%,28%,30%,31日和32%,分别和服务时间的彻底崩溃的概率超过10年,100年是13%和14%,分别;为4<年代up>#</年代up>轴承100年服务期的桥,超过轻微损坏的概率是83%,83%,86%,89%,93%,和97%的概率超过介质损坏,严重损害,和完整的服务时间崩溃的10年,100年是15%,17%,11%,14%,4%,5%。</p> <h5 id="sec5.3">5.3。时变桥平台的脆弱性</h5> <p>当上层建筑之间的位移和码头桥平台累积到一定程度,就会导致甲板之间的碰撞和地震作用下桥平台。在当下工作,服务期间的脆弱性曲线桥平台比较和分析来描述地震桥平台的脆弱性的变化在近海桥梁的寿命。以左桥平台为例,它会显示两个桥的地震脆弱面平台,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig21/" target="_blank">21</a>。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-e22dd055a665e35adb6add8dc83c6e6f"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0021a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0021b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0021c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0021d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-e22dd055a665e35adb6add8dc83c6e6f partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0021a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0021b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0021c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0021d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-e22dd055a665e35adb6add8dc83c6e6f partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图21</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig21/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 离开桥平台的脆弱性表面在不同损伤状态。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <p>如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig21/" target="_blank">21</a>地震脆弱,每个州两个桥平台的不断增加与地震强度和使用寿命的增加在100年服务期内。的超越概率两个桥平台经过100年的服务下的轻微损伤,介质损失,严重破坏,和彻底崩溃可以最大化了33%,25%,18%,13%,分别比完成状态。的超越概率两桥平台小,介质损失在100年的服务期不少于98%,超过桥下严重损害概率平台是70%,71%,78%,84%,87%,和87%,分别超过彻底崩溃的概率是31%,33%,38%,43%,44%,和45%,分别的时候<我>SA</我>是0.6克。</p> <h5 id="sec5.4">5.4。时变桥系统的脆弱性</h5> <p>利用地震脆弱的组件,桥的脆弱性评估系统将高估桥梁的抗震能力,因此有必要结合桥的组件和系统的脆弱性,作出准确的评价当近海桥梁的脆弱性评估在整个生命周期。服务期的脆弱性曲线桥直接比较和分析评估近海桥梁的地震脆弱在整个生命周期。一阶边界方法用于获得的上、下限表面地震下的系统脆弱性的四个损害轻微损坏、介质损伤,严重的损害,并根据计算结果完全崩溃脆弱的码头、轴承、和桥平台,如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig22/" target="_blank">22</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig23/" target="_blank">23</a>和下面的:<年代pan class="equation_break" id="EEq270"><span class="left_break" id="L24"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M24"> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 99.1 82.0384" width="99.1pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-1"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.6,11.881)"> <path d="M781 91L765 118C733 86 702 70 693 70C686 70 685 77 692 106L738 297C772 439 736 451 712 451S675 445 647 431C605 410 526 356 452 257H450L459 294C491 426 459 451 429 451C403 451 386 445 361 431C312 404 239 343 170 253H168L188 333C208 411 205 451 175 451C148 451 85 417 24 346L39 318C57 338 100 374 112 374C120 374 122 372 115 339C91 226 62 112 28 -6L37 -12C59 -4 87 3 114 6C125 68 142 127 154 168C184 227 316 383 372 383C397 383 396 366 381 289C362 192 338 92 312 -6L317 -12C339 -5 367 3 396 6L434 170C468 234 598 383 650 383C668 383 676 369 664 319L609 90C593 23 600 -12 629 -12C654 -12 722 23 781 91Z" id="g50-110"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.61,20.415)"> <path d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z" id="g121-95"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.31,20.415)"> <path d="M474 0V26C414 34 401 43 364 100L267 248C300 297 324 332 345 358C381 400 394 405 455 411V437H272V411C316 406 323 401 305 370C287 337 267 306 247 276L188 369C169 397 173 405 215 411V437H16V411C71 404 83 396 114 348L201 212C171 167 144 127 116 92C77 42 66 34 4 26V0H190V26C139 34 136 43 156 77C175 113 198 150 220 183L294 66C311 39 302 31 260 26V0H474Z" id="g121-118"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.98,28.76)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.53,28.76)"> <path d="M556 331V384H55V331H556ZM556 140V193H55V140H556Z" id="g54-34"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.09,28.76)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.74,20.415)"> <path d="M308 -259V-228H299C192 -219 190 -215 190 -109V616C190 755 193 759 299 768H308V799H127V-259H308Z" id="g119-1"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.59,20.415)"> <path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z" id="g113-81"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.25,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.3,20.415)"> <path d="M244 -259V799H63V768H72C178 759 181 755 181 616V-109C181 -215 179 -219 72 -228H63V-259H244Z" id="g119-2"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.81,20.415)"> <path d="M531 71V127L115 310L531 494V550L57 335V285L531 71ZM531 -40V10H57V-40H531Z" id="g117-93"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.08,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,65.73,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,68.62,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,73.96,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.6,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-93"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,92.86,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.586 82.0384" width="67.586pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.75,5.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,20.422)"> <path d="M1157 899V932H53V899C161 890 172 875 172 765V-254C172 -364 161 -380 58 -388V-421H402V-388C299 -380 288 -364 288 -254V839C288 867 291 871 322 871H887C914 871 920 868 920 841V-254C920 -364 909 -380 797 -388V-421H1153V-388C1047 -380 1036 -364 1036 -254V767C1036 875 1047 890 1157 899Z" id="g119-74"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.14,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.68,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.24,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.5,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-1"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.36,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.5,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.04,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.7,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.75,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-2"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.736 82.0384" width="76.736pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.15,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.13,51.92)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.56,51.92)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.68,66.692)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.29,80.334)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.83,80.334)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.39,80.334)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.65,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-1"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.51,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.65,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.19,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,68.84,69.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.9,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-2"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.51 82.0384" width="17.51pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-5"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.27,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.855 82.0384" width="51.855pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.56,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.71,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.24,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.9,69.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.85,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-7" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 2.964 82.0384" width="2.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-7"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-8" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.305 82.0384" width="41.305pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-8"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.02,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.17,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.7,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.36,69.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.3,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-9" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 2.964 82.0384" width="2.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-9"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-10" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 104.815 82.0384" width="104.815pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-10"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.03,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.17,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.71,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.37,69.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.31,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.59,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.74,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.88,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.06,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.08,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.22,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.76,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,90.42,69.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,94.85,69.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.81,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-11" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 2.964 82.0384" width="2.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-11"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="82.0384pt" id="M24-12" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.765 82.0384" width="45.765pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-12"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.03,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.17,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.71,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.36,69.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,35.8,69.817)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.76,66.685)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="161.878pt" id="I24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 171.69 161.878" width="171.69pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -6.23)" xlink:href="#B24-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 12.86 32.99)" xlink:href="#B24-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 32.99)" xlink:href="#B24-4"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 80.46 32.99)" xlink:href="#B24-5"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 100.87 32.99)" xlink:href="#B24-6"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 12.86 114.074)" xlink:href="#B24-7"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 18.73 67.8)" xlink:href="#B24-8"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 12.86 137.498)" xlink:href="#B24-9"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 18.73 91.23)" xlink:href="#B24-10"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 125.82 91.23)" xlink:href="#B24-12"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R24"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M24-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.298 11.44" width="21.298pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.62,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-152"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.8,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M24-13" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.388 11.44" width="21.388pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B24-13"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-193"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.89,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="161.878pt" id="IL24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.47 161.878" width="21.47pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 28.45)" xlink:href="#B24-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 113.82)" xlink:href="#B24-13"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-c1d34ab4a694e865477e31dce17aee76"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0022a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0022b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0022c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0022d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-c1d34ab4a694e865477e31dce17aee76 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Slight damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0022a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Moderate damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)中度损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0022b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)中度损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Extensive damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)广泛的损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0022c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)广泛的损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0022d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-c1d34ab4a694e865477e31dce17aee76 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图22</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig22/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 桥在不同条件下系统的脆弱性的表面。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-ee23ba93e22f77c19998564406ec55dd"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损坏" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0023a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)轻微损坏</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)介质损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0023b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)介质损伤</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)严重损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0023c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)严重损害</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/figures/2739212.fig.0023d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-ee23ba93e22f77c19998564406ec55dd partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Minor damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)轻微损坏" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0023a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)轻微损坏</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Medium damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)介质损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0023b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)介质损伤</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Serious damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)严重损害" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0023c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)严重损害</年代trong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Complete damage" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)完整的损伤" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2019/2739212/thumbnails/2739212.fig.0023d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)完整的损伤</年代trong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-ee23ba93e22f77c19998564406ec55dd partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图23</年代pan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig23/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 桥系统的脆弱性曲线和所有组件在不同条件下。</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <p>的公式,<我>P</我><sub><i>sys</我></sub>是全桥系统的失效概率,<我>P</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>组件的失效概率和吗<我>米</我>是组件的总数;和情商。<a href="#EEq270">29日</a>)的公式计算的脆弱性曲线桥的上限价值系统。</p> <p>如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig22/" target="_blank">22</a>,上、下极限超过系统的概率在轻微损坏,介质损失,严重破坏和彻底崩溃可以最大化20%和11%分别经过100年的服务相比,完成国家时期;上下极限的概率超过介质下的系统可以最大化的损害20%和23%分别经过100年的服务相比,完成国家时期;上下极限的超越概率水平下系统可以最大化严重损害17%和22%分别经过100年的服务相比,完成国家时期;上、下极限的超越概率水平下系统彻底崩溃可以最大化分别为12%和15%相比,100年的服务后完成状态。可以看出,近海环境的影响桥梁的地震脆弱系统不容忽视在服务期间,此外,我们可以知道从图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212/fig23/" target="_blank">23</a>系统的脆弱性是低于任何组件,也就是说,桥的超越概率系统是高于任何组件。因此,超过系统的概率无法评估的任何组件的脆弱性曲线;否则,桥的抗震性能系统将被高估了。</p> <p>上限和下限的系统脆弱性曲线不断增加与地震强度和使用寿命的增加轻微损坏的四个损伤状态下,介质损失,严重破坏,彻底崩溃的100年服务期桥。实际的地震桥接成员的能力(码头、轴承和桥平台)将减少与桥的使用寿命的增加,这主要是受腐蚀钢筋的混凝土碳化的码头和桥梁结构的力学性能。</p> <h4 id="conclusions">6。结论</h4> <p>码头的概率超过各种破坏状态服务期间增加受氯离子侵蚀和混凝土碳化的近海环境;也就是码头的实际地震能力将继续下降,而地震的地震需求行动和失败的概率达到极限状态将持续增加。</p> <p>地震脆弱的码头更容易受到近海环境相比,高墩。松散的超越概率码头四种损伤状态下明显小于钢筋腐蚀之前,这表明钢筋力学性能的主要因素是影响桥墩的抗震性能。</p> <p>轴承的与时间有关的地震脆弱性曲线表明,五个轴承的概率超过了各种破坏状态服务期间正在增加。轴承在斯坦福桥平台地震脆弱的增加最和更容易受到近海环境比其他轴承。要注意提高轴承在斯坦福桥的抗震能力平台在未来海上桥梁的设计。</p> <p>上限和下限的脆弱性曲线桥系统的增加与地震强度和使用寿命的增加四个损害轻微损坏、介质损坏,严重的损害,并完成崩溃的100年服务期桥,和海洋环境的影响地震桥系统的脆弱性是不容忽视的。有必要做一个合理的评估地震脆弱的桥在整个寿命结合组件和系统的脆弱性。</p> <h4 id="data-availability">数据可用性</h4> <p>数据集用于支持本研究的结果包括在本文中。</p> <h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">的利益冲突</h4> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>这项工作得到了国家自然科学基金(批准号。51608488,51608488,51678534)。</p> </div> </div> <div class="ArticleReferences_xmlContent__p_40j"> <h4 class="ArticleReferences_references__GH2t_" id="references">引用</h4> <ol class="ArticleReferences_orderedReferences__mJr9M"> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B1"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">s . j . Wang周、>和d·尤尔琴科“高性能压电风能收割机与y形的附件,”<我>能量转换和管理</我>卷,181年,第652 - 645页,2019年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.034" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=High-performance%20piezoelectric%20wind%20energy%20harvester%20with%20Y-shaped%20attachments&author=J.%20Wang&author=S.%20Zhou&author=Z.%20Zhang&author=D.%20Yurchenko&publication_year=2019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B2"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">周和j·王,“双串行涡激能量收集系统增强能量收获,”<我>每年的进步</我>,8卷,不。7篇文章ID 075221 2018。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5049634" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dual%20serial%20vortex-induced%20energy%20harvesting%20system%20for%20enhanced%20energy%20harvesting&author=S.%20Zhou&author=J.%20Wang&publication_year=2018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B3"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">D.-E。d . Rosowsky崔承哲,p . Gardoni, t . Haukaas”地震脆弱估计钢筋混凝土桥梁受到腐蚀,”<我>结构安全</我>没有,卷。31日。4、275 - 283年,2009页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.10.001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Seismic%20fragility%20estimates%20for%20reinforced%20concrete%20bridges%20subject%20to%20corrosion&author=D.-E.%20Choe&author=P.%20Gardoni&author=D.%20Rosowsky&author=T.%20Haukaas&publication_year=2009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B29"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j .张和y .霍”评估有效性和隔离设备的优化设计对公路桥梁使用功能脆弱性的方法,”<我>工程结构</我>没有,卷。31日。8,1648 - 1660年,2009页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluating%20effectiveness%20and%20optimum%20design%20of%20isolation%20devices%20for%20highway%20bridges%20using%20the%20fragility%20function%20method&author=J.%20Zhang&author=Y.%20Huo&publication_year=2009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B30"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">g . n .科比<我>分析脆弱性曲线公路桥梁在温和的地震带(博士。论文)</我>,乔治亚理工学院,2005。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B31"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">崔e . r . DesRoches b·尼尔森,“地震脆弱的典型桥梁温和的地震带,”<我>工程结构</我>,26卷,不。2、187 - 199年,2004页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.09.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Seismic%20fragility%20of%20typical%20bridges%20in%20moderate%20seismic%20zones&author=E.%20Choi&author=R.%20DesRoches&author=B.%20Nielson&publication_year=2004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B32"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">y, y, d . Dias-da-Costa, d . Dias-da-Costa”多跨连续梁桥的地震易损性与钢纤维钢筋混凝土柱”<我>工程结构</我>卷,150年,第464 - 451页,2017年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.053" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Seismic%20vulnerability%20of%20multi-span%20continuous%20girder%20bridges%20with%20steel%20fibre%20reinforced%20concrete%20columns&author=Y.%20Zhang&author=Y.%20Zhang&author=D.%20Dias-da-Costa&author=D.%20Dias-da-Costa&publication_year=2017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B33"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j . Murzewski”,概率可靠性和统计方法在工程设计中,”<我>结构安全</我>a .哈尔德和s·马哈Eds。,vol. 23, pp. 93–102, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 2001.</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Probability%2C%20Reliability%20and%20Statistical%20Methods%20in%20Engineering%20Design&author=J.%20Murzewski&publication_year=2001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B34"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m . Shinozuka m .问:冯·j·李,和t . Naganuma“脆弱性曲线的统计分析<我>《工程力学</我>,卷126,不。12日,第1231 - 1224页,2000年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:12(1224)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Statistical%20analysis%20of%20fragility%20curves&author=M.%20Shinozuka&author=M.%20Q.%20Feng&author=J.%20Lee&author=T.%20Naganuma&publication_year=2000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B4"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">D.-E。崔承哲,p . Gardoni d Rosowsky, t . Haukaas”概率能力模型和地震脆弱RC柱受腐蚀,估计”<我>可靠性工程和系统安全</我>,卷93,不。3、383 - 393年,2008页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2006.12.015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Probabilistic%20capacity%20models%20and%20seismic%20fragility%20estimates%20for%20RC%20columns%20subject%20to%20corrosion&author=D.-E.%20Choe&author=P.%20Gardoni&author=D.%20Rosowsky&author=T.%20Haukaas&publication_year=2008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B5"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m .到了f . Daneshjoo尼斯迪克和n,“小说熟练和足够的强度测量倾斜的公路桥梁的概率分析,“<我>结构工程与力学</我>,55卷,不。6,1177 - 1202年,2015页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.55.6.1177" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20novel%20proficient%20and%20sufficient%20intensity%20measure%20for%20probabilistic%20analysis%20of%20skewed%20highway%20bridges&author=M.%20Bayat&author=F.%20Daneshjoo&author=N.%20Nistic%C3%B3&publication_year=2015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B6"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m .到了f . Daneshjoo尼斯迪克和n,“概率敏感性分析载荷及公路桥梁,”<我>钢和复合结构</我>,19卷,不。1,第262 - 237页,2015。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.19.1.237" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Probabilistic%20sensitivity%20analysis%20of%20multi-span%20highway%20bridges&author=M.%20Bayat&author=F.%20Daneshjoo&author=N.%20Nistic%C3%B2&publication_year=2015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B7"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j .安德烈·r·比尔和a . m .巴普蒂斯塔,“新的结构鲁棒性和结构脆弱性指数”,<我>结构工程与力学</我>卷,56号6,1063 - 1093年,2015页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.56.6.1063" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=New%20indices%20of%20structural%20robustness%20and%20structural%20fragility&author=J.%20Andr%C3%A9&author=R.%20Beale&author=A.%20M.%20Baptista&publication_year=2015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B8"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m . r . Salimi和a . Yazdani”可靠性的脆弱性分析非线性结构随机地震荷载共同作用下的,”<我>结构工程与力学</我>,卷66,不。1,第84 - 75页,2018。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reliability-based%20fragility%20analysis%20of%20nonlinear%20structures%20under%20the%20actions%20of%20random%20earthquake%20loads&author=M.%20R.%20Salimi&author=A.%20Yazdani&publication_year=2018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B9"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m d p h . Ziehl恩格尔哈特,t·j·福勒f . v . Ulloa r·d·梅德洛克和e·席尔”设计和现场评价混合FRP /钢筋混凝土上层建筑系统,”<我>桥梁工程</我>,14卷,不。5,309 - 318年,2009页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Design%20and%20field%20evaluation%20of%20hybrid%20FRP%2FReinforced%20concrete%20superstructure%20system&author=P.%20H.%20Ziehl&author=M.%20D.%20Engelhardt&author=T.%20J.%20Fowler&author=F.%20V.%20Ulloa&author=R.%20D.%20Medlock&author=E.%20Schell&publication_year=2009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B10"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m . Khorami m . Khorami h . Motahar et al .,“特殊时刻框架的抗震性能评估使用增量非线性动态分析,“<我>结构工程与力学</我>,卷63,不。2、259 - 268年,2017页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation%20of%20the%20seismic%20performance%20of%20special%20moment%20frames%20using%20incremental%20nonlinear%20dynamic%20analysis&author=M.%20Khorami&author=M.%20Khorami&author=H.%20Motahar&publication_year=2017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B11"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j . Ghosh和j·e·帕吉特老化发展的考虑时间地震脆弱性曲线,“<我>结构工程杂志</我>,卷136,不。12日,第1511 - 1497页,2010年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000260" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Aging%20considerations%20in%20the%20development%20of%20time-dependent%20seismic%20fragility%20curves&author=J.%20Ghosh&author=J.%20E.%20Padgett&publication_year=2010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B12"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">js。全,大肠崔,M.-H。能剧,“脆弱性特征倾斜的混凝土桥梁占地面运动方向,”<我>结构工程与力学</我>,卷63,不。5,647 - 657年,2017页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fragility%20characteristics%20of%20skewed%20concrete%20bridges%20accounting%20for%20ground%20motion%20directionality&author=J.-S.%20Jeon&author=E.%20Choi&author=M.-H.%20Noh&publication_year=2017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B13"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m·瓦萨姆和大肠Spacone脆弱性曲线为典型的多跨简支桥梁在巴基斯坦北部,“<我>结构工程与力学</我>,卷64,不。2、213 - 223年,2017页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fragility%20curves%20for%20the%20typical%20multi-span%20simply%20supported%20bridges%20in%20northern%20Pakistan&author=M.%20Waseem&author=E.%20Spacone&publication_year=2017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B14"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j .西蒙·j·m·Bracci, p . Gardoni”恶化钢筋混凝土桥梁的地震响应和脆弱性,”<我>结构工程杂志</我>,卷136,不。10日,1273 - 1281年,2010页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000220" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Seismic%20response%20and%20fragility%20of%20deteriorated%20reinforced%20concrete%20bridges&author=J.%20Simon&author=J.%20M.%20Bracci&author=P.%20Gardoni&publication_year=2010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B15"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a . Alipour b Shafei, m . Shinozuka“绩效评估的恶化公路桥梁位于高地震地区,”<我>桥梁工程</我>,16卷,不。5,597 - 611年,2011页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000197" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Performance%20evaluation%20of%20deteriorating%20highway%20bridges%20located%20in%20high%20seismic%20areas&author=A.%20Alipour&author=B.%20Shafei&author=M.%20Shinozuka&publication_year=2011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B16"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">f·崔,h·张,m·戈恩,y,“恶化RC桥地震脆弱性分析子结构海洋chloride-induced腐蚀,”<我>工程结构</我>卷,155年,第72 - 61页,2018年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.067" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Seismic%20fragility%20analysis%20of%20deteriorating%20RC%20bridge%20substructures%20subject%20to%20marine%20chloride-induced%20corrosion&author=F.%20Cui&author=H.%20Zhang&author=M.%20Ghosn&author=Y.%20Xu&publication_year=2018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B17"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">p .邓c, s .贝聿铭,z,”建模的影响多跨简支梁桥抗震性能,腐蚀”<我>建筑和建筑材料</我>卷,185年,第205 - 193页,2018年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Modeling%20the%20impact%20of%20corrosion%20on%20seismic%20performance%20of%20multi-span%20simply-supported%20bridges&author=P.%20Deng&author=C.%20Zhang&author=S.%20Pei&author=Z.%20Jin&publication_year=2018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B18"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">y s涌,“地震脆弱性分析钢筋混凝土桥墩的抗震延性,”<我>韩国混凝土协会杂志》上</我>,19卷,不。1,第102 - 91页,2007。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.4334/JKCI.2007.19.1.091" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Seismic%20fragility%20analysis%20of%20RC%20bridge%20piers%20in%20terms%20of%20seismic%20ductility&author=Y.%20S.%20Chung&publication_year=2007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B19"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a . Toghroli m . Suhatril z易卜拉欣,m . Safa m . Shariati和s . Shamshirband“软计算方法的潜在影响因素评价核心筒复合梁的能力,”<我>《智能制造</我>,2016年,页1 - 9。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Potential%20of%20soft%20computing%20approach%20for%20evaluating%20the%20factors%20affecting%20the%20capacity%20of%20steel%E2%80%93concrete%20composite%20beam&author=A.%20Toghroli&author=M.%20Suhatril&author=Z.%20Ibrahim&author=M.%20Safa&author=M.%20Shariati&author=S.%20Shamshirband&publication_year=2016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B20"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m . Mohammadhassani m . Suhatril m . Shariati, f . Ghanbari”HSC梁的延性和强度评估抗拉钢筋比例不同,“<我>结构工程与力学</我>,48卷,不。6,833 - 848年,2013页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2013.48.6.833" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ductility%20and%20strength%20assessment%20of%20HSC%20beams%20with%20varying%20of%20tensile%20reinforcement%20ratios&author=M.%20Mohammadhassani&author=M.%20Suhatril&author=M.%20Shariati&author=F.%20Ghanbari&publication_year=2013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B21"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">H.-B。谢,Y.-F。王,j .龚M.-H。刘,X.-Y。杨:“全球变暖对氯离子侵蚀的影响风险在中国近海RC桥梁,”<我>KSCE土木工程杂志》上</我>卷。11日,1 - 7,2018页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect%20of%20global%20warming%20on%20chloride%20ion%20erosion%20risks%20for%20offshore%20RC%20bridges%20in%20China&author=H.-B.%20Xie&author=Y.-F.%20Wang&author=J.%20Gong&author=M.-H.%20Liu&author=X.-Y.%20Yang&publication_year=2018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B22"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m . Mohammadhassani s Akib m . Shariati m . Suhatril和m . m . Arabnejad Khanouki,”一个实验性研究高强混凝土梁的破坏模式与特定引用拉伸配筋率的变化,“<我>工程失效分析</我>41卷,第80 - 73页,2014年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.08.014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An%20experimental%20study%20on%20the%20failure%20modes%20of%20high%20strength%20concrete%20beams%20with%20particular%20references%20to%20variation%20of%20the%20tensile%20reinforcement%20ratio&author=M.%20Mohammadhassani&author=S.%20Akib&author=M.%20Shariati&author=M.%20Suhatril&author=M.%20M.%20Arabnejad%20Khanouki&publication_year=2014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B23"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m·m·a . Khanouki n . h . Ramli Sulong m . Shariati和m . m . Tahir”调查,通过梁连接到混凝土填充圆形钢管(CFCST)列,“<我>结构钢研究杂志》上</我>,卷121,不。1,第162 - 144页,2016。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.01.002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Investigation%20of%20through%20beam%20connection%20to%20concrete%20filled%20circular%20steel%20tube%20(CFCST)%20column&author=M.%20M.%20A.%20Khanouki&author=N.%20H.%20Ramli%20Sulong&author=M.%20Shariati&author=M.%20M.%20Tahir&publication_year=2016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B24"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">c·d·Atiş“加速混凝土碳化和测试由粉煤灰、”<我>建筑和建筑材料</我>,17卷,不。3、147 - 152年,2003页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00116-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Accelerated%20carbonation%20and%20testing%20of%20concrete%20made%20with%20fly%20ash&author=C.%20D.%20Ati%C5%9F&publication_year=2003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B25"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j . Seo和l·p·罗杰斯,”人口曲线预应力混凝土桥梁响应区域之间的比较和脊柱的建模方法对有效的地震易损性分析,“<我>工程结构</我>卷,150年,第189 - 176页,2017年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.033" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparison%20of%20curved%20prestressed%20concrete%20bridge%20population%20response%20between%20area%20and%20spine%20modeling%20approaches%20toward%20efficient%20seismic%20vulnerability%20analysis&author=J.%20Seo&author=L.%20P.%20Rogers&publication_year=2017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B26"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">Duracrete”统计量化的变量极限状态函数,“<我>欧盟-闪亮EuRam III合同项目be95 BRPRCT95 - 0132 - 1347 / R9机型</我>,2000年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Statistical%20quantification%20of%20the%20variables%20in%20the%20limit%20state%20functions&author=Duracrete&publication_year=2000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B27"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">t . e . Maaddawy和k . Soudki时间预测模型从腐蚀起始到腐蚀开裂,”<我>水泥和混凝土复合材料</我>卷,29号3、168 - 175年,2007页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.11.004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20model%20for%20prediction%20of%20time%20from%20corrosion%20initiation%20to%20corrosion%20cracking&author=T.%20E.%20Maaddawy&author=K.%20Soudki&publication_year=2007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B28"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">r ., a·卡斯特尔,r·弗朗索瓦”与RC梁的钢筋腐蚀混凝土保护层开裂在chloride-induced腐蚀过程中,“<我>水泥和混凝土的研究</我>,40卷,不。3、415 - 425年,2010页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.09.026" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Concrete%20cover%20cracking%20with%20reinforcement%20corrosion%20of%20RC%20beam%20during%20chloride-induced%20corrosion%20process&author=R.%20Zhang&author=A.%20Castel&author=R.%20Fran%C3%A7ois&publication_year=2010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B35"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">g·r·富k . Liu男人,l .回族“承载力研究及影响因素与钢筋混凝土柱的核心,“<我>主要工程材料</我>卷,723年,第735 - 731页,2017年。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.723.731" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</a> <span class="sep">|</年代pan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Study%20on%20the%20bearing%20capacity%20and%20influence%20factors%20of%20concrete%20columns%20with%20reinforcing%20steel%20bars%20in%20core&author=R.%20Fu&author=K.%20Liu&author=G.%20Men&author=L.%20Hui&publication_year=2017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</a> </div></li> </ol> </div> <h4 class="copyright-title" id="copyright">版权</h4> <div class="copyright-body"> 版权©2019阎et al。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">知识共享归属许可</a>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</d我v> <div id="related-articles"></div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_rightColumn__b_MuL"> <div> <div> <div class="ArticleRightSection_articleRightSection__rG8Zh"> <div class="ArticleToolbar_articleToolbar__8fsAH"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/complexity/2019/2739212.pdf" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="primary" aria-label="PDF" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" target="_blank" data-testid="download-pdf"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 19 24"> <path d="M16.772,24H2.227A2.163,2.163,0,0,1,0,21.746V2.255A2.159,2.159,0,0,1,2.227,0H12.415L12.9.494h.03V.523L19,6.669V21.746A2.161,2.161,0,0,1,16.772,24ZM2.334,1A1.276,1.276,0,0,0,1,2.358V21.642A1.283,1.283,0,0,0,2.334,23H16.665A1.276,1.276,0,0,0,18,21.642V7.087l-.032-.033H14.215A2.131,2.131,0,0,1,12.02,4.832V1.005L12.015,1ZM13,2V4.745A1.192,1.192,0,0,0,14.261,6H17ZM4.012,20A1.032,1.032,0,0,1,3,18.923a2.505,2.505,0,0,1,.967-1.539,8.15,8.15,0,0,1,2.377-1.418c.344-.779.65-1.6.92-2.327l.008-.022.017-.046.009-.024c.2-.539.453-1.209.71-1.827a4.545,4.545,0,0,1-.372-3.862c.267-.569.6-.858.976-.858.556,0,.964.621,1.015,1.546a7.125,7.125,0,0,1-.681,3.143c.158.305.343.624.55.949a7.127,7.127,0,0,0,1.806,1.9,8.681,8.681,0,0,1,2.023-.279,4.23,4.23,0,0,1,1.468.238c.118.047,1.156.478,1.2,1.143a.688.688,0,0,1-.412.67,2.509,2.509,0,0,1-1.164.242,4.757,4.757,0,0,1-.671-.052,6.631,6.631,0,0,1-2.608-1.025c-.163.042-.323.086-.514.138l-.1.026-.15.041c-.235.067-.464.13-.679.185l-.292.076-.025.006-.019,0c-.794.205-1.615.418-2.4.705A14.033,14.033,0,0,1,6,18.437C5.832,18.7,4.941,20,4.012,20ZM6,17a6.865,6.865,0,0,0-1.287.871A1.927,1.927,0,0,0,4,18.831a.12.12,0,0,0,.041.1A.165.165,0,0,0,4.17,19c.327,0,.965-.631,1.356-1.219C5.671,17.564,5.83,17.3,6,17Zm7.044-2A4.632,4.632,0,0,0,12,15.131a4.76,4.76,0,0,0,1.675.792A2.906,2.906,0,0,0,14.32,16a1.629,1.629,0,0,0,.68-.13,2.672,2.672,0,0,0-.584-.528A2.752,2.752,0,0,0,13.045,15ZM8.166,13c-.177.449-.343.884-.481,1.25l-.01.025-.009.024-.007.02-.035.092-.032.085c-.156.409-.37.97-.59,1.5.6-.181,1.229-.341,1.733-.469l.031-.008.055-.014.028-.007.028-.007.307-.078c.191-.048.4-.105.674-.179l.03-.008.005,0,.036-.01.036-.01.01,0,.01,0,.016,0a8.291,8.291,0,0,1-1.566-1.767C8.341,13.285,8.264,13.16,8.166,13Zm.516-5a1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.34.365A2.425,2.425,0,0,0,8.437,11a4.012,4.012,0,0,0,.553-2.22A1.309,1.309,0,0,0,8.681,8Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>PDF</年代pan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/complexity/2019/2739212.ris" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="ghost" aria-label="Download Citation" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" data-testid="download-citation"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M16 12H8C7.44772 12 7 12.4477 7 13C7 13.5523 7.44772 14 8 14H16C16.5523 14 17 13.5523 17 13C17 12.4477 16.5523 12 16 12Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M16 16H8C7.44772 16 7 16.4477 7 17C7 17.5523 7.44772 18 8 18H16C16.5523 18 17 17.5523 17 17C17 16.4477 16.5523 16 16 16Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M10 8H8C7.44772 8 7 8.44772 7 9C7 9.55228 7.44772 10 8 10H10C10.5523 10 11 9.55228 11 9C11 8.44772 10.5523 8 10 8Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M15 2C15 1.44772 14.5523 1 14 1C13.4477 1 13 1.44772 13 2V8C13 8.55228 13.4477 9 14 9H20C20.5523 9 21 8.55228 21 8C21 7.44772 20.5523 7 20 7H15V2Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.7071 1.29289C14.5196 1.10536 14.2652 1 14 1H6C4.34315 1 3 2.34315 3 4V20C3 21.6569 4.34315 23 6 23H18C19.6569 23 21 21.6569 21 20V8C21 7.73478 20.8946 7.48043 20.7071 7.29289L14.7071 1.29289ZM6 3H13.5858L19 8.41421V20C19 20.5523 18.5523 21 18 21H6C5.44772 21 5 20.5523 5 20V4C5 3.44772 5.44772 3 6 3Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>下载引用</年代pan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <div class="ant-collapse ant-collapse-icon-position-end articleToolbarOtherFormats_otherFormatsCollapse__VHaOL"> <div class="ant-collapse-item"> <div class="ant-collapse-header" aria-expanded="false" aria-disabled="false" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="ant-collapse-expand-icon"> <span role="img" class="anticon ant-collapse-arrow"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span> </div> <span class="ant-collapse-header-text"><span><span role="img" class="anticon articleToolbarOtherFormats_atofDownloadIcon__YRM5T"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span><span>下载其他格式</年代pan></span></span> </div> </div> </div> <a href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/2739212/confirm" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="ghost" aria-label="Order printed copies" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" target="_blank"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.41667 1H18.6667C19.1269 1 19.5 1.44772 19.5 2V22C19.5 22.5523 19.1269 23 18.6667 23H7.41667C5.80584 23 4.5 21.433 4.5 19.5V4.5C4.5 2.567 5.80584 1 7.41667 1ZM6.16667 16.3368V4.5C6.16667 3.67157 6.72631 3 7.41667 3H17.8333V16H7.41667C6.96933 16 6.54552 16.1208 6.16667 16.3368ZM17.8333 18H7.41667C6.72631 18 6.16667 18.6716 6.16667 19.5C6.16667 20.3284 6.72631 21 7.41667 21H17.8333V18Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>订单打印副本</年代pan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 18 14"> <defs> <clippath id="a"> <path d="M10.293,13.707a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.414L14.586,8H1A1,1,0,0,1,1,6H14.586L10.293,1.707A1,1,0,0,1,11.707.293l6,6a1,1,0,0,1,.172.231h0l.01.019,0,.005.007.014.006.012,0,.008.008.018v0a1,1,0,0,1-.009.817l0,0L17.9,7.44l0,.009-.005.011-.007.013,0,.008-.008.015,0,.005-.01.016,0,0-.011.017,0,0-.012.018,0,0-.012.017,0,0L17.8,7.6l0,0-.011.014,0,.006-.01.012-.009.011-.006.007-.015.017h0l-.04.042-6,6a1,1,0,0,1-1.414,0Z" transform="translate(3 5)"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g transform="translate(-3 -5)"> <path d="M10.293,13.707a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.414L14.586,8H1A1,1,0,0,1,1,6H14.586L10.293,1.707A1,1,0,0,1,11.707.293l6,6a1,1,0,0,1,.172.231h0l.01.019,0,.005.007.014.006.012,0,.008.008.018v0a1,1,0,0,1-.009.817l0,0L17.9,7.44l0,.009-.005.011-.007.013,0,.008-.008.015,0,.005-.01.016,0,0-.011.017,0,0-.012.018,0,0-.012.017,0,0L17.8,7.6l0,0-.011.014,0,.006-.01.012-.009.011-.006.007-.015.017h0l-.04.042-6,6a1,1,0,0,1-1.414,0Z" transform="translate(3 5)" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_articleToolbarStatistics__8_woN"> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_column__R2GqD"> <div> <div> <span>的观点</年代pan> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_amount__vJIDp"> 1186年</d我v> </div> <div> <span>下载</年代pan> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_amount__vJIDp"> 1005年</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_column__R2GqD articleToolbarStatistics_dimensions__pe7pO"> <div> 引用</d我v> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ articleToolbarStatistics_circle__p2dSc" data-doi="10.1155/2019/2739212" data-style="small_circle"></span> </div> </div> <ul class="articleToolbarSocials_articleToolbarSocials__g02HH"> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2739212&via=Hindawi" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="126.444 2.281 589 589"> <circle cx="420.944" cy="296.781" r="294.5" fill="#2daae1"></circle> <path d="M609.773 179.634c-13.891 6.164-28.811 10.331-44.498 12.204 16.01-9.587 28.275-24.779 34.066-42.86a154.78 154.78 0 0 1-49.209 18.801c-14.125-15.056-34.267-24.456-56.551-24.456-42.773 0-77.462 34.675-77.462 77.473 0 6.064.683 11.98 1.996 17.66-64.389-3.236-121.474-34.079-159.684-80.945-6.672 11.446-10.491 24.754-10.491 38.953 0 26.875 13.679 50.587 34.464 64.477a77.122 77.122 0 0 1-35.097-9.686v.979c0 37.54 26.701 68.842 62.145 75.961-6.511 1.784-13.344 2.716-20.413 2.716-4.998 0-9.847-.473-14.584-1.364 9.859 30.769 38.471 53.166 72.363 53.799-26.515 20.785-59.925 33.175-96.212 33.175-6.25 0-12.427-.373-18.491-1.104 34.291 21.988 75.006 34.824 118.759 34.824 142.496 0 220.428-118.052 220.428-220.428 0-3.361-.074-6.697-.236-10.021a157.855 157.855 0 0 0 38.707-40.158z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2739212" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve"> <g transform="translate(-373.642 -318.344)"> <path fill="#1D8CB5" d="M583.659 328.849H419.625c-19.599 0-35.487 15.888-35.487 35.487v164.015c0 19.599 15.888 35.486 35.487 35.486h164.033c19.599 0 35.487-15.888 35.487-35.486V364.337c.001-19.599-15.888-35.488-35.486-35.488z"></path> <lineargradient id="a" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="-808.873" y1="199.892" x2="-860.569" y2="49.203" gradienttransform="rotate(180 -17.27 206.273) scale(.5915)"> <stop offset="0" style="stop-color:#fff"></stop> <stop offset="1" style="stop-color:#fff;stop-opacity:0"></stop> </lineargradient> <path opacity=".781" fill="url(#a)" d="M557.056 338.895H446.227c-29.337 0-52.955 23.81-52.955 53.385v108.127c.95 23.087 4.603 8.491 11.555-17.075 8.081-29.713 34.396-55.682 66.445-75.145 24.461-14.855 51.84-24.341 101.679-25.244 28.265-.511 25.77-36.683-15.895-44.048z"></path> </g> <g fill="#FFF"> <path d="M81.604 207.76V101.49h-35.32v106.27h35.32zM63.951 86.98c12.308 0 19.981-8.161 19.981-18.36-.228-10.426-7.673-18.36-19.75-18.36-12.087 0-19.984 7.934-19.984 18.36 0 10.199 7.662 18.36 19.52 18.36h.233zM101.151 207.76h35.326v-59.345c0-3.178.23-6.352 1.165-8.621 2.547-6.35 8.363-12.92 18.118-12.92 12.784 0 17.893 9.748 17.893 24.032v56.855h35.319v-60.936c0-32.643-17.422-47.83-40.665-47.83-19.053 0-27.421 10.647-32.068 17.902h.238V101.49h-35.326c.469 9.97 0 106.27 0 106.27z"></path> </g> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2739212" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 14222 14222"> <circle cx="7111" cy="7112" r="7111" fill="#1977f3"></circle> <path d="M9879 9168l315-2056H8222V5778c0-562 275-1111 1159-1111h897V2917s-814-139-1592-139c-1624 0-2686 984-2686 2767v1567H4194v2056h1806v4969c362 57 733 86 1111 86s749-30 1111-86V9168z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div> <footer class="ant-layout-footer"> <div class="footer-main-nav-section"> <div class="footer-main-nav"> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About Us">关于我们</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us">联系我们</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</a></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges">文章处理费用</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/print-editions/" aria-label="Print editions">印刷版</a></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors">作者</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors">编辑器</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers">评论家</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</a></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus">雷电竞APP</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative">开放档案计划</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/preventing-and-protecting-against-fraud/" aria-label="Fraud prevention">欺诈防范</a></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> </div> <div class="social-links"> 遵循我们:<d我v class="social-links__icons"> <a aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM29.1449 16.1871C29.1449 15.9885 29.1406 15.7907 29.1318 15.5939C30.0281 14.946 30.8072 14.1373 31.4215 13.2166C30.5991 13.5822 29.7141 13.8284 28.7854 13.9395C29.7333 13.371 30.4608 12.4719 30.8041 11.4005C29.917 11.9263 28.9349 12.3083 27.8891 12.5146C27.0514 11.6223 25.8588 11.0641 24.5383 11.0641C22.0032 11.0641 19.9472 13.1201 19.9472 15.6543C19.9472 16.0144 19.9878 16.3647 20.0665 16.701C16.2512 16.5091 12.868 14.6823 10.6042 11.9046C10.21 12.583 9.9826 13.371 9.9826 14.212C9.9826 15.8047 10.7928 17.2107 12.0255 18.0331C11.2723 18.0099 10.5649 17.803 9.94629 17.4591C9.94568 17.4783 9.94568 17.4969 9.94568 17.5177C9.94568 19.7406 11.528 21.597 13.6285 22.0175C13.2428 22.1228 12.8369 22.1793 12.4179 22.1793C12.1228 22.1793 11.835 22.15 11.5552 22.0963C12.1399 23.9203 13.8342 25.2475 15.8438 25.2847C14.2725 26.5161 12.2931 27.2498 10.1422 27.2498C9.77203 27.2498 9.40643 27.2287 9.04724 27.1863C11.0788 28.4885 13.4912 29.2484 16.0837 29.2484C24.5276 29.248 29.1449 22.2531 29.1449 16.1871Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM9.31732 30.2344H14.1882V15.5801H9.31732V30.2344ZM11.7529 13.5791H11.7212C10.0867 13.5791 9.02954 12.4539 9.02954 11.0477C9.02954 9.60968 10.119 8.51562 11.7853 8.51562C13.4515 8.51562 14.4769 9.60968 14.5087 11.0477C14.5087 12.4539 13.4515 13.5791 11.7529 13.5791ZM26.8814 30.2344H31.7517V21.8317C31.7517 17.3306 29.3488 15.2362 26.1441 15.2362C23.5599 15.2362 22.4017 16.6565 21.7545 17.655V15.5801H16.8839C16.9476 16.955 16.8839 30.2344 16.8839 30.2344H21.7545V22.0508C21.7545 21.6129 21.7859 21.1752 21.9147 20.8621C22.2668 19.9872 23.0682 19.0808 24.4138 19.0808C26.1761 19.0808 26.8814 20.4245 26.8814 22.3947V30.2344Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M17.2973 23.7838L23.7838 20L17.2973 16.2162V23.7838Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM31.9824 26.0324C32.4969 24.0765 32.4969 20.0204 32.4969 20.0204C32.4969 20.0204 32.5177 15.9442 31.9824 13.9883C31.694 12.9178 30.8499 12.0734 29.7794 11.7853C27.8235 11.25 20 11.25 20 11.25C20 11.25 12.1765 11.25 10.2206 11.7648C9.17053 12.0529 8.30566 12.9178 8.01758 13.9883C7.50275 15.9442 7.50275 20 7.50275 20C7.50275 20 7.50275 24.0765 8.01758 26.0117C8.30597 27.0822 9.15009 27.9266 10.2206 28.2147C12.197 28.75 20 28.75 20 28.75C20 28.75 27.8235 28.75 29.7794 28.2352C30.8499 27.9471 31.694 27.103 31.9824 26.0324Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="39" viewbox="0 0 40 39" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M40 19.4595C40 8.71394 31.044 0 20 0C8.95599 0 0 8.71394 0 19.4595C0 30.205 8.95599 38.9189 20 38.9189C20.1175 38.9189 20.2344 38.9165 20.3516 38.9145V23.7661H16.0547V18.8938H20.3516V15.3084C20.3516 11.1502 22.9605 8.88705 26.7728 8.88705C28.5983 8.88705 30.1675 9.01948 30.625 9.07857V13.4244H27.9962C25.9222 13.4244 25.5206 14.3835 25.5206 15.7906V18.8938H30.4797L29.8334 23.7661H25.5206V38.1671C33.8803 35.8353 40 28.3418 40 19.4595Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-minor-nav"> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策</a> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款</a> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Responsible Disclosure Policy">负责信息披露政策</a> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策</a> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Copyright">版权</a> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/modern-slavery-statement/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Modern slavery statement">现代奴隶制的声明</a> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Cookie Preferences">饼干的偏好</a></span> </div> </footer> </div> </section> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>

(一)桥的立面布局

(一)混凝土的碳化速度(米)

(一)峰值应力

(一)峰值应力

(一)直径

(一)直径

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损伤

(一)轻微损坏