最近的次阈值设计技术</T.itle> <link href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/static/lib/basictable.css" rel="stylesheet" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/static/lib/owl.carousel.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/static/lib/owl.theme.default.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.9/bib-related-content.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.9/bib-related-content.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/css/common.ba477f16.chunk.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/css/static/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/pages/journal_article.js.3690e20a.chunk.css"> <style data-styled="grtaJI gnduKR ewRJNT bNmdOy iePnMt bUhGXt bPvxKk fEOMwM cPuqxU jEoUSB ggEPYc dyvnNv jRIjVn gqNMKO kVSTZj ivbKJD fopjOz dKTpXq kQnvJl cbInhs bomGMi cYkyoQ gogxKe hwTmaF eywbjC hdSPnx fGHSnJ dvluaJ EwsTm bvMPcE ecRsKc jYfclp WmYxG gaRePw gtcNnc eeIixx iKFnpS dDIAoe gRIXYh cUsyiK dEQFGg hCNoKM dNPgJJ byuWaL isUmzT eBEQa gqVbba jGWESP gKBnvW gHJrTQ bLOcAi iuVChU iGNTxM izYUwv eztxCB fDPtHo inRqQX cxVvOc uVYyF fkVFlF knnahC hKBkaE eDANAO fTFtno cLQMJq bbzREB jknsZc eSvjPB jntdRu hAzjHP dDomlX hDKZCZ eZlme gusDuS iUDBGe lmNMHJ cxkaTM bpzNtR PHYWq jIaDFG flqdYJ eecoTM cFrLKZ evMkvU fYrLtk fjviok hgKieC cIribm khHUcu iukjRu bqUtxN eyHfWh cBTaXT kgAKHb dhicaS sZeeW xuPEv iKpUSJ deaPpH iLecBy jghqNV huyqUq dPWBKK gvAMNw bmCmNg bdNavy czMNsj gCiAsp hYjHxB bivFoZ qcTAH eqSlZb jwQjXi kZBKov buUPyq iSMweP fqZLRe ilZKno cWHNip fnXcho jouXcH gizesk kZcFWM kkOZmp gwWYzB gJlPsM kfkJUY cvvVPH" data-styled-version="4.4.1"> /* sc-component-id: sc-bdVaJa */ .EwsTm{height:200vh;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:1;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.8);} .EwsTm.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){} @media (min-width:992px){.EwsTm{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-htpNat */ .bUhGXt{color:black;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;} .bUhGXt:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bxivhb */ .ivbKJD{display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-ifAKCX */ .fopjOz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0;} .fopjOz li{padding:0 10px;} .fopjOz li a{padding:0;} .fopjOz a{-webkit-transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;border-bottom:2px solid #fff;border-radius:0;} .fopjOz a:hover{border-bottom:2px solid #9b9b9b;padding-bottom:4px;} .fopjOz .active{border-bottom:2px solid #57a61e;} /* sc-component-id: sc-EHOje */ .bPvxKk{vertical-align:middle;height:39px;}.fEOMwM{vertical-align:middle;height:24px;}.cPuqxU{vertical-align:middle;height:16px;}.jEoUSB{vertical-align:middle;height:6px;}.ggEPYc{vertical-align:middle;height:20px;}.dyvnNv{vertical-align:middle;height:40px;}.jRIjVn{vertical-align:middle;height:14px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bZQynM */ .bNmdOy{max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;width:100%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-VigVT */ .ewRJNT{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:1000;background:#fff;height:70px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} @media (max-width:991px){.ewRJNT{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;}} @media (max-width:767px){.ewRJNT{margin-bottom:70px;height:60px;}} .ewRJNT .header__padding{padding:0 20px;box-sizing:border-box;} @media (max-width:991px){.ewRJNT .header__padding{padding:0 0 0 20px;}} .ewRJNT .menu{position:fixed;top:60px;right:0;width:100%;background:white;} @media (max-width:991px){.ewRJNT .menu{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:768px){.ewRJNT .menu{width:500px;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ewRJNT .menu{display:none;}} .ewRJNT .menu ul{list-style-type:none;text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0;} @media (min-width:768px){.ewRJNT .menu ul{padding:0;border-left:1px solid #E3E3E3;}} .ewRJNT .menu ul li a{color:#4A4A4A;padding:10px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .ewRJNT .menu .button_wrap{width:90%;margin:10px auto;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;} @media (min-width:768px){.ewRJNT .menu .button_wrap{display:none;}} .ewRJNT .menu .button__publishing{background-color:#6BA439;color:#fff;border-color:#6BA439;} .ewRJNT .menu .button__login{display:none;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#E3E3E3;} .ewRJNT.headerUp{-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);-ms-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-jTzLTM */ .gqNMKO{-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .gqNMKO a{padding:10px;} .gqNMKO nav{-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} @media (max-width:991px){.gqNMKO nav{display:none;}} .gqNMKO nav ul{margin-right:16px;} .gqNMKO nav ul li a{color:#4A4A4A;padding:10px 0px 4px;margin:0 6px;} @media (max-width:991px){.gqNMKO img{border-left:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:23px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767px){.gqNMKO img{padding:18px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.gqNMKO.mobileButtonFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 51%;-webkit-flex:0 0 51%;-ms-flex:0 0 51%;flex:0 0 51%;max-width:51%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjdhpX */ .kQnvJl{display:none;padding:0;background-color:#fff;border:none;height:59px;} @media (min-width:768px){.kQnvJl{height:69px;}} .kQnvJl img{box-sizing:content-box;width:28px;padding:17px 20px;} @media (min-width:768px){.kQnvJl img{padding:22px 20px;}} @media (max-width:991px){.kQnvJl{display:inline-block;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jzJRlG */ .iePnMt a{display:inline-block;padding:15px 0;} @media (max-width:767px){.iePnMt a{padding:10px 0;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.iePnMt.mobileLogoFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 49%;-webkit-flex:0 0 49%;-ms-flex:0 0 49%;flex:0 0 49%;max-width:49%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cSHVUG */ .dKTpXq{border:none;height:50px;background-color:#fff;margin:10px 0 0 17px;position:relative;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.dKTpXq{margin:0 3px 0 16px;padding:0;height:69px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.dKTpXq{height:59px;}} .dKTpXq img{box-sizing:content-box;} .dKTpXq .icon__cross{width:24px;height:24px;} @media( min-width:768px){.dKTpXq .icon__cross{padding:23px 20px;}} @media( min-width:992px){.dKTpXq .icon__cross{padding:0px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kpOJdX */ .fnXcho{border-top:4px solid rgba(107,164,57,.25);background-color:#F9FBF6;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-size:16px;position:relative;z-index:3;} @media (max-width:991px){.fnXcho{z-index:0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dxgOiQ */ .jouXcH{border-bottom :1px solid;border-color:#E3E3E3;padding:29px 40px 30px 40px;} @media (min-width:992px){.jouXcH{padding:40px 40px 40px 35px;}} .jouXcH .primary__footer .mobile{display:block;} .jouXcH .primary__footer .desktop{display:none;} @media (min-width:992px){.jouXcH .primary__footer{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;}.jouXcH .primary__footer .mobile{display:none;}.jouXcH .primary__footer .desktop{display:block;}} @media (min-width:992px){.jouXcH .col5{-webkit-flex:0 0 18%;-ms-flex:0 0 18%;flex:0 0 18%;max-width:18%;}} .jouXcH address{font-style:inherit;line-height:1.5;font-size:16px;display:none;border-right:1px solid #EBEBEB;} @media (max-width:767px){.jouXcH address{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-bottom:20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.jouXcH address{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-right:50px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.jouXcH address{margin-right:70px;}} .jouXcH address p{margin:0;font-size:14px;} @media (max-width:767px){.jouXcH address p{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.jouXcH address p{font-size:16px;}} .jouXcH nav ul{list-style:none;padding:0;line-height:2;font-size:16px;margin:18px 0 0 0;} .jouXcH nav ul:first-child{margin:0;} @media (min-width:992px){.jouXcH nav ul{margin:0;}} .jouXcH nav ul li{line-height:22px;padding:5px;} .jouXcH nav ul li a{color:#4A4A4A;font-weight:500;display:block;font-size:16px;} .jouXcH nav ul li img{padding:2.5px 0 0 10px;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-ckVGcZ */ .gizesk{padding-top:6px;color:#4A4A4A;font-weight:500;margin-bottom:29px;} @media (min-width:992px){.gizesk{-webkit-flex:0 0 25%;-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:-webkit-fit-content;max-width:-moz-fit-content;max-width:fit-content;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jKJlTe */ .kkOZmp{margin-right:20px;} .kkOZmp:last-child{margin-right:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eNQAEJ */ .kZcFWM{margin-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hMqMXs */ .gwWYzB{line-height:30px;font-size:11px;padding:10px 20px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;} .gwWYzB .textright{text-align:right;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:767px){.gwWYzB .textright{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gwWYzB .textright{font-weight:100;}} .gwWYzB span a{font-size:13px;} @media (max-width:767px){.gwWYzB span{text-align:center;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kEYyzF */ .gRIXYh{display:inline-block;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#E3E3E3;width:auto;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;} .gRIXYh:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kkGfuU */ .fGHSnJ{font-size:22px;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fGHSnJ{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fGHSnJ{font-size:25px;}} .fGHSnJ:after{content:'';display:inline-block;margin-top:0.2em;margin-left:0.5em;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jAaTju */ .cxkaTM{font-size:30px;font-weight:500;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;-ms-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1;margin-top:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cxkaTM{font-size:40px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cxkaTM{font-size:40px;}} .cxkaTM sup,.cxkaTM sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:-10px;} .cxkaTM sub{top:10px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jlyJG */ .fqZLRe{font-size:20px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:500;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gipzik */ .iSMweP{display:inline-block;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.iSMweP{width:100%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iSMweP.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-csuQGl */ .ilZKno{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;width:100%;padding:0 !important;border-top:1px solid #FFF;} .ilZKno li{-ms-flex:0 0 25%;-webkit-flex:0 0 25%;-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;padding:17px;min-height:48px;} .ilZKno .iconBorder{border-right:1px solid #FFF;} .ilZKno img{width:23px;} .ilZKno img.socialLinkedin{width:28px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hZSUBg */ .cYkyoQ{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;position:fixed;top:60px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cYkyoQ{position:fixed;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cYkyoQ{position:fixed;top:70px;}}.gogxKe{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;top:0px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gogxKe{top:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gogxKe{position:fixed;top:241px;}}.hwTmaF{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;top:0px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hwTmaF{top:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hwTmaF{position:fixed;top:180px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cbkKFq */ .hCNoKM{background-color:#6BA439;color:#fff;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .hCNoKM img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .hCNoKM span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .hCNoKM span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.hCNoKM span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.hCNoKM span.text{padding-left:20px !important;}}.dNPgJJ{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .dNPgJJ img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .dNPgJJ span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .dNPgJJ span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.dNPgJJ span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.dNPgJJ span.text{padding-left:20px !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-krvtoX */ .isUmzT{width:20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fYiAbW */ .eBEQa{width:20px;height:16px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fOKMvo */ .gtcNnc{position:relative;background:#007d8d;} @media (max-width:991px){.gtcNnc{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.gtcNnc{width:50%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gtcNnc{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;border-top:1px solid white;}} .gtcNnc.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gtcNnc.isHide{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .gtcNnc .submit__button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.5);padding:0 20px;min-height:45px;} .gtcNnc .submit__button span.text{font-size:16px;} .gtcNnc .submit__button img{width:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gtcNnc .submit__button{min-height:58px;}.gtcNnc .submit__button img{width:22px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gtcNnc .submit__button{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dUjcNx */ .iKFnpS{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iKFnpS{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iKFnpS{border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.iKFnpS{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iKFnpS img{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(90deg);transform:rotateZ(90deg);margin-top:3px;}} .iKFnpS.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.iKFnpS.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .iKFnpS .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iKFnpS .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:rotate(270deg);transform:rotate(270deg);}} .iKFnpS .icon__hidden{display:none;}.dDIAoe{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dDIAoe{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dDIAoe{border-top:none;border-right:0;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.dDIAoe{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dDIAoe img{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(90deg);transform:rotateZ(90deg);margin-top:3px;}} .dDIAoe.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.dDIAoe.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .dDIAoe .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dDIAoe .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:rotate(270deg);transform:rotate(270deg);}} .dDIAoe .icon__hidden{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gHboQg */ .dEQFGg{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dEQFGg{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEQFGg{-webkit-transition:all 0.25s;transition:all 0.25s;border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;border-left:0;padding:14.5px 30px 14.5px 20px;width:calc(100% / 6);font-size:14px;}.dEQFGg:hover{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.dEQFGg{font-size:16px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eilVRo */ .cUsyiK{width:18px;margin-right:-4px;margin-top:2px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cUsyiK{width:7px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.cUsyiK{width:18px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eerKOB */ .gqVbba{position:absolute;top:0;width:calc(100% - 20px);right:0;bottom:0;background:#fff;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;min-height:290px;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);} .gqVbba.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);-ms-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gqVbba.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(-200%);-ms-transform:translateX(-200%);transform:translateX(-200%);}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gqVbba{left:100%;width:100%;padding-top:20px;z-index:-1;min-height:375px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gqVbba{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-emmjRN */ .gHJrTQ{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gHJrTQ.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-300%);-ms-transform:translateY(-300%);transform:translateY(-300%);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gHJrTQ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:186px;top:49px;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;background:#fff;z-index:-1;box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.21);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cpmLhU */ .jGWESP{font-weight:700;border:0;color:#4A4A4A;padding:10px 0;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;} .jGWESP:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jGWESP{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bnXvFD */ .gKBnvW{margin:0px 10px 2px 20px;width:11px;height:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gFaPwZ */ .iuVChU{width:50%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fhYwyz */ .iGNTxM{color:#007B8B;width:50%;font-size:16px;line-height:26px;margin:auto;padding:0 6%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jzgbtB */ .bLOcAi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:50%;padding:24.5px 2% 0;-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;} @media (min-width:1024px){.bLOcAi{padding:24.5px 3% 0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gJWqzi */ .eeIixx{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eeIixx{width:calc(100% / 6);}.eeIixx:first-child{border-left:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-rBLzX */ .izYUwv{background-color:#D8D8D8;position:absolute;left:50%;display:inline-block;height:121px;width:2px;top:33px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cqCuEk */ .dDomlX{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-ipZHIp */ .hDKZCZ{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:16px;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.58px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.58px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.58px;letter-spacing:0.58px;margin:23px 0 0px !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hDKZCZ{margin:34px 0 0px !important;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hDKZCZ{margin:-4px 0 0 !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iGrrsa */ .eZlme{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .eZlme a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .eZlme a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bmyXtO */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Bold.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .lmNMHJ{font-weight:700;font-family:STIXGeneral-Bold;margin:19px 0 22px;font-size:25px;line-height:28px;-webkit-letter-spacing:normal;-moz-letter-spacing:normal;-ms-letter-spacing:normal;letter-spacing:normal;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.lmNMHJ{font-size:25px;margin:20px 0 23px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.lmNMHJ{font-size:30px;line-height:34px;margin:19px 0 22px;}} .lmNMHJ p{margin:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dEoRIm */ .gusDuS{padding:0 3px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtggT */ .iUDBGe{font-size:14px;} .iUDBGe:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kZmsYB */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .iukjRu{font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;text-align:justify;} .iukjRu h4:first-of-type{border-top:0px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:0;} .iukjRu h4{font-size:20px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:-3px;} .iukjRu h4#abstract{margin-top:-7px;margin-bottom:-3px;} @media (min-width:767.5){.iukjRu h4#abstract{margin-top:-6px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iukjRu h4#abstract{margin-top:34px;}} .iukjRu h4.references,.iukjRu h4.copyright{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;} .iukjRu h4.references{margin-bottom:-8px;} .iukjRu h5,.iukjRu h6{margin:22px 0;font-size:16px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;word-break:break-word;} .iukjRu h6{margin:25px 0;} .iukjRu p{font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:25px auto;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:359px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section{max-width:306px;overflow-x:hidden;}} @media (min-width:360px) and (max-width:419px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section{max-width:320px;overflow-x:hidden;}} @media (min-width:420px) and (max-width:567px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section{max-width:380px;overflow-x:hidden;}} @media (min-width:568px) and (max-width:667px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section{max-width:528px;overflow-x:hidden;}} @media (min-width:668px) and (max-width:767px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section{max-width:628px;overflow-x:hidden;}} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:19px 0px 19px 0px;height:254px;width:96%;overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;position:relative;cursor:pointer;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content table{margin:0 auto;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table object{z-index:-1;position:relative;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td{padding:4px 7px;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_left{text-align:left;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_center{text-align:center;} @media (min-width:768px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:22px 0px 0 0px;height:197px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:23px 0px 13px 0px;height:215px;}} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content:after{content:"";height:20%;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;background:-moz-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,color-stop(0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(100%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)));background:-webkit-linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.5) 30%,rgba(255,255,255,0.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,0.9) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);background:-o-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-ms-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);-webkit-filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer{background-color:#E3E3E3;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-bottom:1px solid #FFFFFF;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;min-width:55px;} @media (min-width:768px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{display:none;}} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 21px 0;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 20px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 21px 21px;}} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:21px 18px 17px 22px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;} @media (min-width:768px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:22px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:16px 18px 19px 21px;}} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .iukjRu ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .iukjRu ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .iukjRu ol li a{word-break:normal;} .iukjRu ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .iukjRu ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .iukjRu ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .iukjRu ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .iukjRu .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .iukjRu .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .iukjRu .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.iukjRu .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iukjRu .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.iukjRu .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.iukjRu{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iukjRu{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.iukjRu{margin-bottom:100px;}} .iukjRu .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .iukjRu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:357px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:417px;}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:16px;}} .iukjRu .owl-nav,.iukjRu .owl-dots{display:none;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{position:relative;height:auto;max-height:287px;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:477px;}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.iukjRu .owl-stage-outer,.iukjRu .owl-stage{max-height:287px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.iukjRu .owl-stage-outer,.iukjRu .owl-stage{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.iukjRu .owl-stage-outer,.iukjRu .owl-stage{max-height:477px;}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content::after,.iukjRu .owl-stage-outer::after,.iukjRu .owl-stage::after{background:transparent;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-align-items:self-start;-webkit-box-align:self-start;-ms-flex-align:self-start;align-items:self-start;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:calc(100% - 110px);}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:100%;position:relative;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:20%;}} .iukjRu .floats-partial-middle{position:relative;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 17.5px;height:50px;width:61px;display:inline-block;border:0;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background-position-y:54.35%;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:51px;background-position-x:8px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:59px;background-position-x:16px;}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 18.5px;height:52px;width:61px;display:inline-block;padding:0px;cursor:pointer;border:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:51px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:59px;}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:-50px;height:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{bottom:0;}} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content{padding:12px;} .iukjRu .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{border-left:none;} .iukjRu .owl-item{overflow-y:hidden;margin-bottom:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;} .iukjRu .supplementary--docs{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:2em;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu .supplementary--docs{padding-left:1em;}} .iukjRu .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;-webkit-flex:0 0 100%;-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iukjRu .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;-webkit-flex:0 0 50%;-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%;}} .iukjRu .supplementary--docs li a::after{content:'';background :url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) no-repeat 5px;padding-right:35px;background-size:14px;} .iukjRu .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc{padding-left:19px;} .iukjRu .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc p{margin:10px 0;} .iukjRu .table-group.fixed-width,.iukjRu .table-group.sidewaystable{min-width:auto;} .iukjRu .noliststyle{padding-left:1em;} .iukjRu .noliststyle li{padding-left:0;} .iukjRu .xml-content > hr{display:none;} .iukjRu sup,.iukjRu sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:5px;} .iukjRu sup{top:-5px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu a{position:relative;}} .iukjRu a div.tooltip{cursor:auto;position:absolute;width:280px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #adadad;padding:20px;margin:0;display:none;z-index:2;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu a div.tooltip{width:400px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iukjRu a div.tooltip{width:572px;}} .iukjRu a div.tooltip .cross{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;display:block;height:14px;width:14px;cursor:pointer;} .iukjRu a div.tooltip ol{margin:0;padding:0 0 10px 20px;} .iukjRu a div.tooltip ol li{text-align:left;margin:0;} .iukjRu a div.tooltip.left{left:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu a div.tooltip.left{left:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iukjRu a div.tooltip.left{left:-100px;}} .iukjRu a div.tooltip.right{right:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iukjRu a div.tooltip.right{right:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iukjRu a div.tooltip.right{right:-100px;}} .iukjRu a div.tooltip a.seeRef{padding-left:30px;} .iukjRu .gloss-abbr tr td:first-child{white-space:nowrap;} .iukjRu table.algorithm td{word-break:keep-all;} /* sc-component-id: sc-RcBXQ */ .eDANAO{width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eDANAO{width:19%;}} @media (min-width:1280px){.eDANAO{width:24%;max-width:350px;}} .eDANAO p{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iSDuPN */ .hKBkaE{-webkit-flex:1 0 30%;-ms-flex:1 0 30%;flex:1 0 30%;list-style:none;padding:0;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.hKBkaE{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:2;margin:0;margin-top:50px;top:169px;max-height:calc(100vh - 165px);overflow-y:auto;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.hKBkaE{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1200px){.hKBkaE{max-width:354px;-webkit-flex:1 0 20%;-ms-flex:1 0 20%;flex:1 0 20%;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.hKBkaE{-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;max-width:354px;}} .hKBkaE p{margin:0;padding:10px 0;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:24px;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hKBkaE p{display:block;padding:10px 20px;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}} .hKBkaE.links__hidden{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hKBkaE.links__hidden{display:block;}} .hKBkaE.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:768px){.hKBkaE.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hKBkaE.translate{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}.hKBkaE.translate #leftSectionMenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fZwumE */ .cLQMJq{color:#4A4A4A;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fQejPQ */ .fTFtno{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;color:#4A4A4A;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:list-item;} @media (min-width:991px){.fTFtno{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.fTFtno:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .fTFtno:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .fTFtno a{display:block;padding:10px 20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-clNaTc */ .knnahC{position:fixed;width:100%;height:50px;color:#4D8A17;background-color:#F2F2F2;border:none;font-size:16px;line-height:18px;font-weight:500;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;z-index:2;top:170px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;text-align:left;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.knnahC{padding-left:15px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.knnahC{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.knnahC{display:none;}} .knnahC .icon__dots{cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);} @media (min-width:991.5px){.knnahC .icon__dots{padding-right:20px;margin-bottom:2px;-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}} .knnahC.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);top:170px;} @media(min-width:991.5px){.knnahC.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);-ms-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jeCdPy */ .bpzNtR{padding:0;margin:20px 0;} .bpzNtR span{font-size:14px;} .bpzNtR span.isHide{display:none;} .bpzNtR span i{font-style:italic;} .bpzNtR span i.isHide{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtRlXQ */ .jIaDFG{width:16px;margin:0 2px 2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bGbJRg */ .flqdYJ{width:16px;margin-bottom:2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bEjcJn */ .cFrLKZ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .cFrLKZ:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cFrLKZ{margin-top:5px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ePZHVD */ .eecoTM{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .eecoTM.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .eecoTM p:first-child{margin-top:15px;} .eecoTM p{font-size:14px;line-height:23px;display:block;} .eecoTM sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-likbZx */ .PHYWq{border:none;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;height:2px;margin:15px 0;} .PHYWq.hr__author{margin-bottom:12px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jrIrqw */ @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.deaPpH{display:none;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.deaPpH{z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hjRWVT */ .iLecBy{font-size:14px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;padding:17px 0px 16px 16px;display:none;background:#fff;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iLecBy{padding:17px 0 24px 0px;height:60px;line-height:15px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iybRtq */ .jghqNV{background-color:#6BA339;color:#FFFFFF;display:none;} .jghqNV span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.jghqNV{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.jghqNV:hover{background-color :#5D9230;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iQtOjA */ .huyqUq{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;display:none;} .huyqUq span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.huyqUq{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.huyqUq{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.huyqUq:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.huyqUq.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fHxwqH */ .dPWBKK{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;display:none;} .dPWBKK span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.dPWBKK{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.dPWBKK{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.dPWBKK:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dPWBKK.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fyjhYU */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.bmCmNg{width:100%;z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ugnQR */ .bdNavy{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:991px){.bdNavy{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.bdNavy:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bdNavy.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eIHaNI */ .qcTAH{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eTpRJs */ .eqSlZb{background-color:#F2F2F2;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;font-size:16px;color:#4A4A4A;font-weight:500;padding:11px 20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;} @media (min-width:991px){.eqSlZb{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.eqSlZb:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dxZgTM */ .jwQjXi{-webkit-flex:1 0 90%;-ms-flex:1 0 90%;flex:1 0 90%;padding-left:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jwQjXi{padding-left:93px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jwQjXi{padding-left:50px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-iomxrj */ .czMNsj{width:20px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dvCyap */ .bivFoZ{width:22px;height:21px;padding:2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iFMziU */ .gCiAsp{-webkit-flex:1 0 80%;-ms-flex:1 0 80%;flex:1 0 80%;padding-left:26px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gCiAsp{padding-left:69px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gCiAsp{padding-left:20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.gCiAsp{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-keVrkP */ .hYjHxB{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hYjHxB{padding-left:20px;max-width:100px;display:inline;}} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.hYjHxB{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gVLVqr */ .buUPyq{width:100%;border-left:1px solid #F2F2F2;border-right:1px solid #F2F2F2;border-bottom:none;cursor:pointer;} .buUPyq li{padding:17px 0;background-color:#F2F2F2;} @media (min-width:991px){.buUPyq li{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.buUPyq li:hover{background-color :#ffffff;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .buUPyq h3{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cBdUnI */ .kZBKov{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;display:block;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;border-radius:0;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} .kZBKov .right__icon{padding:0;height:16px;width:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.kZBKov{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.kZBKov:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.kZBKov.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-exkUMo */ .bvMPcE{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:25%;float:right;margin-top:-49px;} @media (max-width:374px){.bvMPcE{width:26.5%;}} @media (min-width:992px){.bvMPcE{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kcDeIU */ .ecRsKc{background-color:#6BA339;color:white;-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;z-index:100;padding:14px 16px 10px 19px;border-radius:0px;border-bottom:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767px){.ecRsKc{border-bottom:none;padding:16px 16px 14px 16px;font-size:14px;}.ecRsKc .article_toolbar_icon{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-BngTV */ .jYfclp{margin-right:16px;width:24px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bFADNz */ .WmYxG{width:16px;height:auto;float:right;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.WmYxG{width:24px;height:24px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jxGEyO */ .fDPtHo{font-size:14px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;padding:16px 20px 24px;} @media (max-width:991px){.fDPtHo{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gacfCG */ .inRqQX{font-size:14px;} .inRqQX:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dEfkYy */ .cxVvOc{font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;} /* sc-component-id: sc-epGmkI */ .gJlPsM{width:100%;height:auto;background-color:#4A4A4A;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;padding:15px 20px;line-height:20px;position:fixed;bottom:0px;z-index:3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .25s;-webkit-transition:transform .25s;transition:transform .25s;} .gJlPsM a{color:#7ED321;} .gJlPsM p{display:inline;margin:0;} .gJlPsM.hideBanner{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);-ms-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-fCPvlr */ .kfkJUY{background:transparent;border:none;height:20px;width:20px;margin-left:20px;padding:0;cursor:pointer;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gAmQfK */ .cvvVPH{min-width:20px;height:20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-global-2075438767 */ body{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;line-height:1.4;font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} button{cursor:pointer;} *{box-sizing:border-box;} figure{margin-inline-start:0;margin-inline-end:0;} .no__focus__outline button:focus,.no__focus__outline a:focus{outline:none;} /* sc-component-id: baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 */ .cbInhs{margin-top:140px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cbInhs{margin-top:85px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cbInhs{margin-top:70px;min-height:calc(100vh - 373px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 */ .uVYyF{width:100%;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.uVYyF{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap;padding:0 20px;max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1100.5px){.uVYyF .partenership__collabText{font-size:12px;}} @media (min-width:1100.5px) and (max-width:1200.5px){.uVYyF .partenership__collabText{font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1071.5px){.uVYyF .partenership__logoWrapper img{margin-left:20px;margin-bottom:10px;}.uVYyF .partenership__logoWrapper img:last-child{margin-left:0;margin-bottom:0;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 */ @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.fkVFlF{width:20%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.fkVFlF{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 */ @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.sZeeW{width:20%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.sZeeW{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 */ .bbzREB{margin:0 20px;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.bbzREB{width:calc(60% - 40px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.bbzREB{width:calc(50% - 40px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 */ .jknsZc{margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:768px){.jknsZc{max-width:688px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jknsZc{max-width:100%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1075px){.jknsZc{max-width:572px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 */ .gnduKR{width:100%;margin-top:170px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:180px;min-height:840px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 */ .bomGMi{width:100%;max-width:1440px;z-index:3;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-120px);-ms-transform:translateY(-120px);transform:translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 */ .hdSPnx{background-color:#007B8B;opacity:0.8;color:#fff;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:17px 0 17px 20px;line-height:23px;height:60px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hdSPnx{line-height:26px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hdSPnx{line-height:50px;padding:5px 0 5px 20px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 */ .dvluaJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;height:50px;width:100%;background-color:#007B8B;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;padding-left:14px;padding-right:0;border:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .dvluaJ span{font-size:24px;padding-right:14px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dvluaJ{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 */ .eywbjC{background-color:#fff;display:block;} .eywbjC h1,.eywbjC h2{color:#fff;} .eywbjC h2{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.eywbjC h2{font-size:25px;}} .eywbjC h1{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.eywbjC h1{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eywbjC h1{font-size:40px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 */ .eSvjPB{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} .eSvjPB .author__editor--hr{display:block;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 */ .jntdRu{width:100%;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.jntdRu{margin-top:52px;}} .jntdRu p{margin:12px 0;line-height:20px;} .jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:100%;min-width:306px;padding-left:7px;padding-right:7px;} @media (min-width:346px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:543px;margin:auto;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{max-width:612px;width:75%;margin:inherit;margin-left:50px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:1100px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{margin-left:118px;}} .jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:15px;}} .jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:65px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:75px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu #vjs_video_3 button{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;left:40%;margin-top:0;}} .jntdRu .video-js .vjs-big-play-button{top:calc(50% - 22.5px);left:calc(50% - 50px);} .jntdRu .video-js{margin:20px 0;} .jntdRu a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .jntdRu a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 */ .hAzjHP{background-position:0px 0px;background-origin:content-box;background-size:99%;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 */ .evMkvU{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 */ .fjviok{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:15px 0 30px;border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fjviok{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:20px 0 30px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 */ .hgKieC{-webkit-flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:5px 0 15px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC{padding:5px 0;}} .hgKieC.notPublished{display:none;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.notPublished{display:block;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.isPublished{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.hgKieC.isPublished span:first-child::after{content:':';padding-right:3px;}} .hgKieC:last-child{border-right:none;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 */ .cIribm{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 */ .khHUcu{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 */ .fYrLtk{margin:-7px 0 -5px;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 */ .eyHfWh{position:relative;} .eyHfWh.hide{display:none;} .eyHfWh hr{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-30px;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}.cBTaXT.hide{display:none;} .cBTaXT hr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/_/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');} .dhicaS{padding:0 20px 20px;} .dhicaS .bib__image{display:none;} .dhicaS .bib__title{font-size:20px;} .dhicaS .bib__name{font-size:18px;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Bold",serif !important;color:rgb(74,74,74);font-weight:700;} .dhicaS .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.dhicaS .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info,.dhicaS [class*=bib--txt] .bib__link .bib__info,.dhicaS [class*=bib--txt] .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 0 !important;} .dhicaS .bib__author{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(132,132,132);margin-top:3px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:20px;opacity:1;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:500;} .dhicaS #biblio_sidebar .bib__link{border-top:1px solid rgb(227,227,227) !important;padding-top:5px !important;padding-bottom:5px !important;} .dhicaS #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child{border-top:0 !important;padding-top:0 !important;} .dhicaS #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child .bib__info{padding-top:0 !important;} .dhicaS #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.dhicaS #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 15px 10px 0 !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dhicaS{padding:0 40px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dhicaS{padding:0 20px;}} /* sc-component-id: biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 */ .kgAKHb{font-size:20px;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans";color:#000;font-weight:600;margin-top:34px;margin-bottom:18px;padding:0 20px;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__StickyRight-sc-12fk6zy-0 */ .xuPEv{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .5s;-webkit-transition:transform .5s;transition:transform .5s;z-index:1;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.xuPEv{width:19%;padding-bottom:40px;background:#fff;max-height:100%;}} @media (min-width:1280px){.xuPEv{width:24%;max-width:350px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.xuPEv.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 */ .iKpUSJ{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.iKpUSJ{display:block;}.iKpUSJ .article_top_toolbar{top:110px;z-index:-100;}.iKpUSJ .article_top_toolbar .pdf_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.iKpUSJ .article_top_toolbar .ref_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .iKpUSJ .article_toolbar_views{display:block;text-align:right;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-2 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvAMNw .article_bottom_toolbar{top:292px;z-index:-10;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.eztxCB{padding:16px 20px 24px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-4 */ .grtaJI .content,.grtaJI .contentWrapper{overflow:visible;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-5 */ .cWHNip{max-width:350px;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.cWHNip{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cWHNip{position:fixed;top:561.562px;width:19%;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .45s;-webkit-transition:transform .45s;transition:transform .45s;-webkit-transform:translateY(0);-ms-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0);}@media (min-width:1280px){.cWHNip{width:24%;}}.cWHNip.hidden{position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translateY(-227px);-ms-transform:translateY(-227px);transform:translateY(-227px);}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-6 */ .bqUtxN{background-color:#F5F5F5;padding:15px 20px 24px 20px;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bqUtxN{margin-top:-64px;margin-bottom:40px;}} .bqUtxN .hrTitleRef{padding:0;margin-top:0;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;} .bqUtxN #biblio_widget{padding:0;}</style> </head> <body style="margin:0;box-sizing:border-box"> <div id="__next"> <div class="static_page"> <div class="page no__focus__outline"> <header class="sc-VigVT ewRJNT"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd header__padding"> <div class="sc-jzJRlG iePnMt mobileLogoFlex zcLX0olDTtYQdNV7ZvAP _1QGj87dn1MEuB6Fi6FoW9I"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/" aria-label="Home"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje bPvxKk" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/logo.svg" height="39"></a> </div> <div class="sc-jTzLTM gqNMKO mobileButtonFlex _1pGcpJ5HafXatoLq8DevpB _1IgBDS1hz5rtMn03pU8bYI E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd"> <nav class="sc-bxivhb ivbKJD"> <ul class="sc-ifAKCX fopjOz sc-kgoBCf kVSTZj"> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</a></li> </ul> </nav> <button class="sc-cSHVUG dKTpXq icon__search" aria-label="Search"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM icon__search" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></button> <button aria-label="Hamburger Menu" class="sc-fjdhpX kQnvJl"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM hamburger" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"></div> <main class="baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 cbInhs article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 gnduKR DADtd11SJ4KyWZ2l6zAnr base_style journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-4 grtaJI"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy width_wrapper"> <div id="journal__navigation" class="sc-hZSUBg cYkyoQ article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 bomGMi"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 eywbjC" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/" aria-label=""><h2 class="sc-kkGfuU fGHSnJ article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 hdSPnx _1ZrXcsbATVL_kHOpFAan9k">主动和被动电子元件</H2></a> <button class="article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 dvluaJ journalNavCheck" id="journalMenuTitle"><span>+</span>杂志菜单</button> <div class="sc-bdVaJa EwsTm isHide" id="fadeOut"></div> <div class="sc-exkUMo bvMPcE"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kcDeIU ecRsKc" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/apec/2012/926753.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-BngTV jYfclp article_toolbar_icon" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24">PDF.<img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-bFADNz WmYxG" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <nav id="journal__nav" class="sc-fOKMvo gtcNnc article__JournalNavigationStyle-sc-10qhnp8-4 gaRePw isHide journalNavCheck"> <div class="sc-gJWqzi eeIixx journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-kEYyzF gRIXYh sc-dUjcNx iKFnpS journalNavCheck" color="">日报》概述<img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-eilVRo cUsyiK journalNavCheck icon__inactive" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-eilVRo cUsyiK journalNavCheck icon__active icon__hidden" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gHboQg dEQFGg" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/guidelines/" aria-label="For authors">对于作者</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gHboQg dEQFGg" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="For reviewers">供评论员参考</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gHboQg dEQFGg" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="For editors">的编辑器</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gHboQg dEQFGg" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/contents/year/2020/" aria-label="Table of Contents">表的内容</a> <div class="sc-gJWqzi eeIixx journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-kEYyzF gRIXYh sc-dUjcNx dDIAoe journalNavCheck" color="">特殊问题<img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-eilVRo cUsyiK journalNavCheck icon__inactive" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-eilVRo cUsyiK journalNavCheck icon__active icon__hidden" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cbkKFq hCNoKM submit__button journalNavCheck" href="//www.newsama.com/mts/submit/journals/apec" aria-label="" target="" id=""><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-krvtoX byuWaL" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">提交</span></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-fYiAbW eBEQa fileArrow" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a> <div class="sc-eerKOB gqVbba hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-cpmLhU jGWESP journalSubmenuCheck"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-bnXvFD gKBnvW journalSubmenuCheck" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></button> </div> <div class="sc-emmjRN gHJrTQ hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-jzgbtB bLOcAi"> <div class="sc-gFaPwZ iuVChU"></div> <div class="sc-gFaPwZ iuVChU"></div> </div> <div class="sc-fhYwyz iGNTxM"></div> <span class="sc-rBLzX izYUwv"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-jxGEyO fDPtHo breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 eztxCB article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gacfCG inRqQX breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/" aria-label="Active and Passive Electronic Components">主动和被动电子元件</a>/<a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gacfCG inRqQX breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/contents/year/2012/" aria-label="2012">2012年</a>/<span class="sc-dEfkYy cxVvOc">文章</span> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 uVYyF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-clNaTc knnahC section__button " id="sectionButton"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jEoUSB icon__dots dots__detector" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="6">文章部分</button> <div class="sc-iSDuPN hKBkaE static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-hZSUBg gogxKe sc-RcBXQ eDANAO left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#abstract" aria-label="">摘要</a></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</a></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#discussion" aria-label="">讨论</a></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#conclusion" aria-label="">结论</a></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#references" aria-label="">参考文献</a></span> <span class="sc-fQejPQ fTFtno grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE cLQMJq" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-cqCuEk dDomlX article_header_class"> <p class="sc-ipZHIp hDKZCZ article_type">审查文章|开放存取</p> <div class="sc-iGrrsa eZlme article_citation"> 体积 2012年 <span class="sc-dEoRIm gusDuS">|</span>文章的ID 926753 <span class="sc-dEoRIm gusDuS">|</span> 11 页面 <span class="sc-dEoRIm gusDuS">|</span> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtggT iUDBGe" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/926753" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/926753</a> </div> <h1 class="sc-jAaTju cxkaTM sc-bmyXtO lmNMHJ article_title">最近的次阈值设计技术</H1></div> <div class="sc-jeCdPy bpzNtR article_authors"> <hr class="sc-likbZx PHYWq hr__author"> <span class=""><b>Mohsen拉德法</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail to Author Option"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-jtRlXQ jIaDFG" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-0271" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-bGbJRg flqdYJ" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>，<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="">Kriyang沙，<sup>1</sup> 和</span> <span class="">Jugdutt辛格<sup>1</sup></span> <div class="sc-ePZHVD eecoTM isHide"> <p><sup>1</sup><span>拉筹伯大学技术注入中心，墨尔本，维多利亚州3086，澳大利亚</span></p> </div> <button class="sc-kEYyzF gRIXYh sc-bEjcJn cFrLKZ" color="">展示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>Yu-Te廖</div> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年3月02</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年4月30日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年5月05</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年7月10</span> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-kZmsYB iukjRu article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">摘要</H4><p>考虑到低功耗设计时代所报道的各种研究，超大规模集成电路(VLSI)的亚阈值设计趋势近年来有了重大发展。对最低功耗的日益增长的需求一直是这一领域研究增加的主要动力，尽管通过阈下设计也实现了其他目标，如最低能源延迟生产。然而，很少有广泛的研究提供全面的设计洞察力，以赶上快速步伐和大规模实施的次阈值数字设计方法。本文综述了这一领域的最新研究成果，并对阈下设计方法的各个方面进行了探讨。此外，近阈值设计和低功耗流水线也被考虑，以提供一个亚阈值应用的一般回顾。最后，对未来超低功耗设计的发展方向进行了讨论。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1.介绍</H4><p>亚阈值数字电路现已为超低功耗设计人员所熟知，并已频繁且成功地用于植入传感器和移动外围处理器等应用。然而，性能下降和对过程/电压/温度(PVT)变化的高灵敏度是限制亚阈值电路实现到低活动应用的主要挑战。</p> <p>最近有许多评论论文涵盖了亚/近阈值数字设计的主题及其挑战。然而，这篇综述的目的是涵盖更广泛的设计，展示低功耗数字设计的不同解决方案的相互关系，并回顾超低功耗时代的最新更新和新进展。</p> <p>以下是一些有用和全面的评论。作者在<a href="#B1">1</a>提出了详细的回顾，讨论了亚阈值设计的优点/缺点，以及亚阈值电路所需的数学方程。本文还简要介绍了变型问题，并介绍了静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)的阈下设计技术和多处理设计技术。这些讨论使[<a href="#B1">1</a>]最具包容性的早期论文之一。</p> <p>在 [<a href="#B2">2</a>]作者已经集中在变化和泄漏减少，在更大程度上，和除了DC-DC转换器也被讨论。</p> <p>在最近的一篇评论中，作者(见[<a href="#B3">3.</a>[])通过探讨阈下建模方法、一些减少泄漏的技术、对流水线/并行化的简短讨论以及对SRAM的良好回顾，对阈下设计进行了详细的回顾。另外，还讨论了双金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(d- mosfet)等其他器件技术。</p> <p>低功耗设计人员不断需要更多的证据来考虑阈下/近阈值设计作为克服所有挑战的可靠技术。本综述收集了该领域最近所有重要的著作，并考虑了以前的综述。鉴于以上综述，对阈下定义和公式的进一步深入解释不在本文的讨论范围之内。因此，本文从上述综述以来出现的挑战开始，并将解释最近的进展。随后，本研究将比较他们的结果，以找出这些解决方案的有效性，并最终提请注意仍然存在的挑战。</p> <p>阈下挑战将在本节中讨论<a href="#sec2">2</a>．讨论了最近用于应对PVT变化的解决方案<a href="#sec2.1">2．1</a>在逻辑和SRAM设计两个领域。部分<a href="#sec2.2">2．2</a>介绍处理性能下降问题的最新解决方案。部分<a href="#sec3">3.</a>对所复习的论文进行讨论。部分<a href="#sec4">4</a>提出了一些未来的方向，从这一回顾，和部分<a href="#sec5">5</a>总结了纸。</p> <h4 id="subthreshold-challenges">2.阈下的挑战</H4><p>由于超级电压，亚阈值设计通常必须处理两个主要挑战，即亚阈值PVT变化和性能下降。借助最近的研究，以下小节将解决每个挑战。</p> <h5 id="sec2.1">２.１.挑战1:PVT变异</H5><H6id="sec2.1.1">2．1．1．逻辑设计</H6><p>本小节将讨论使变异恶化或消除变异的技术。这些技术在减少变异的同时可能产生的副作用也被考虑。此外，由于PVT变化的延迟/性能变化将在本小节中讨论。</p> <p>堆叠已被广泛用于增加阈值，因此降低亚阈值泄漏[<a href="#B4">4</a>]．然而，这种技术中一些导致变化的缺点是很重要的，下面将对此进行讨论。</p> <p>首先，虽然堆叠器件表现出较低的电流变异性，但由于输出摆动不足，特别是在较低的电源电压下，它们有较高的逻辑故障概率[<a href="#B5">5</a>]．</p> <p>众所周知通过大型化的堆叠设备和作者在该不足的输出摆幅能够被补偿[<a href="#B5">5</a>]利用它的优势来弥补堆叠设备中降低的输出电平。故障率为0.13%是目标，建议的32位加法器具有恒定产量大小，适用于低电压，直到300伏 mV[<a href="#B5">5</a>]．除了弥补PVT的变化，大尺寸还可以降低漏损诱导屏障降低(DIBL)效应，从而降低功耗[<a href="#B6">6</a>]．事实上，在Fan Out of 4 (FO4)逆变器中，在32 nm节点上的放大数纳米可以在0.3 V的10mhz下降低65%的每次操作能量，在小于0.2 V的10khz下降低两个数量级[<a href="#B6">6</a>]．</p> <p>堆叠过程中的第二个问题是由于设备堆叠导致的电流降低，导致亚阈值区域的速度损失。然而，这可以被身体偏置所抵消[<a href="#B7">7</a>]．例如，在[<a href="#B7">7</a>作者提出了用于超低功率应用的互补混合锁存触发器(CHLFF)，并使用前向体偏置(FBB)来提高PMOS (p沟道MOSFET)堆叠网络的速度。研究发现，在NMOS (n沟道MOSFET)堆叠触发器(FF)中，将电源电压降至0.3 V会导致一些角落故障。将FBB应用于PMOS网络后，电源电压降低到0.23 V，速度提高了3倍(5 MHz)，功耗为0.159<i>μ</i>W.同样的想法也适用于在[基于感测放大器触发器（SAFF）<a href="#B7">7</a>]和改进的互补SAFF (CSAFF)工作正常供电电压甚至小于0.3 V和消耗0.144<i>μ</i>w速度加倍（5 MHz）。</p> <p>在较低的频率（~100 然而，由于阈值电压降低，前向自适应机体偏置（ABB）增加了最小能量[<a href="#B8">8</a>]．相反，反向ABB中使用[<a href="#B8">8</a>]对于8位倍增器和具有0.2 V电源的低频。此外，证明比自适应电源电压缩放（AVS）更有效（能量开销70％较小）。还发现全球PT变化可能表明最小能点的错误频率估计。这可能导致设备/<svg height="14.35" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:18.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 14.35" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> T.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>针对低功率(LP)或通用(GP)设计的选择，并导致能源的最坏情况角落的能源开销高于200% [<a href="#B8">8</a>]．</p> <p>到目前为止，这些论文已经检查了使用特殊电路的不同技术，如触发器(FF)、加法器或乘法器。然而，接下来的论文考虑了更广泛的电路，如处理器。表中比较了他们的表现<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab1/" target="_blank">1</a>．例如，上述关于身体偏差(BB)的说法可以通过查看[<a href="#B9">9</a>它使用三种BB电压:正向、零和反向BB电压，由BB发电机和一个光伏监控器产生，该监控器是一个逆变器(不研究温度变化)。BB还被用来防止NMOS/PMOS不匹配导致的故障，这在实践中调制<i>β</i>-比自适应子<svg height="14.35" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:18.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 14.35" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> T.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>区域，使开关阈值(<svg height="14.2375" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:21.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.7125 14.2375" width="21.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>）将接近1/2<svg height="14.2375" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>．逆变器<svg height="14.2375" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:21.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.7125 14.2375" width="21.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>与两个参考电压比较。如果<svg height="14.2375" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:76.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.25 14.2375" width="76.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.21,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-31.98,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> R</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> E</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.185056" y="0"> F</T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.93,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>，表示NMOS比PMOS强，转发BB将应用到PMOS网络。相反,如果<svg height="14.2375" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:76.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.25 14.2375" width="76.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.21,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-31.98,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> R</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> E</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.185056" y="0"> F</T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.93,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>，NMOS网络是前向体偏置的。还指出，BB的应用可以成功地改变<i>β</i>- 降低分布<svg height="14.2375" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:21.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.7125 14.2375" width="21.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>，导致亚阈值电路的鲁棒性增加[<a href="#B9">9</a>]．</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left" rowspan="2">标准</T.d> <td align="center" colspan="4">参考文献</T.d> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">[<a href="#B9">9</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B10">10</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B11">11</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B12">12</a>]</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">技术</T.d> <td align="left">ABB</T.d> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.35" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 14.35" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> T.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>BB的平衡</T.d> <td align="left">频率扩展</T.d> <td align="left">ABB和<svg height="10.975" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.162498 10.975" width="43.162498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.228414" y="0"> +</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.568636" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分级</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">技术</T.d> <td align="left">0.13<i>μ</i>m</T.d> <td align="left">65海里</T.d> <td align="left">0.13<i>μ</i>m</T.d> <td align="left">0.13<i>μ</i>m</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">环行</T.d> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.075" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.700001 11.075" width="32.700001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> ×</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.804752" y="0"> 8</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>冷杉过滤器</T.d> <td align="left">JPEG协处理器</T.d> <td align="left">通用传感器处理器</T.d> <td align="left">8位处理器</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">频率</T.d> <td align="left">98千赫，280 mV<br>在85 mV时，240赫兹</T.d> <td align="left">在400 mV下2.5 MHz</T.d> <td align="left">833千赫，200 mV</T.d> <td align="left">77–354 KHz</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">性能的影响</T.d> <td align="left">2.6x faster at 200 mV<br>以1.2的速度提高1.25倍 v</T.d> <td align="left">从14 ns到10 ns的延迟改善</T.d> <td align="left">由于库的选择，速度提高了1.09倍</T.d> <td align="left">在300 mV时改进3.6倍</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">能量/功率的影响</T.d> <td align="left">西北40度，85毫伏</T.d> <td align="left">在400 mV时每周期0.75 pJ<br>1 450时每循环pJ mV</T.d> <td align="left">2.6 pJ/360时的指令 mV</T.d> <td align="left">3.5 pJ/安装在350 mV在354 KHz<br>515 fJ/inst在290 mV在77千赫</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">闵压（MV）</T.d> <td align="left">85年(<a href="#B13">13</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">350</T.d> <td align="left">200</T.d> <td align="left">140(减少24%至零BB)</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">最小能量电压(mV)</T.d> <td align="left">85</T.d> <td align="left">350</T.d> <td align="left">360</T.d> <td align="left">350(总)<br>290(核心)</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">优点</T.d> <td align="left">预防不匹配</T.d> <td align="left">不匹配的预防、快速</T.d> <td align="left">频率优化</T.d> <td align="left">防止PT变化,<svg height="10.325" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1875 10.325" width="11.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分级</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">缺点</T.d> <td align="left">临时变化未解决</T.d> <td align="left">不是能量守恒，VT变化没有解决</T.d> <td align="left">温度变化和不匹配没有被充分调查</T.d> <td align="left">一个复杂的芯片外BB系统</T.d> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 的进一步功率性能的改进不同的技术效果的比较。</div> </div> </div> <p>作者在<a href="#B10">10</a>]采用了同样的想法，并提出了一个可配置的<svg height="14.35" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:18.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 14.35" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> T.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>用BB降低平衡器<svg height="14.35" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:18.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 14.35" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> T.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在NMOS和PMOS晶体管之间不匹配，从而增加了功能和定时/速度产量。这种速度改进是因为当平衡器打开时，PMOS和NMOS晶体管都被正向偏置。这<svg height="14.35" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:18.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 14.35" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> T.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>然而，平衡器在典型-典型、快-快和慢-慢的弯角应用FBB，这是一个更快的设计，但FBB可以在这样的弯角取消，特别是快-快的一个，以节省更多的能源，并能够缩放电压甚至更多。电压和温度变化的结果也没有。从单元库中丢弃具有四个以上并联晶体管或四个堆叠晶体管的逻辑门，以减少泄漏电流变异性，并将比率逻辑替换为非比率逻辑[<a href="#B10">10</a>]．</p> <p>尽管上述研究降低了特定电路的电压，但在GP设计中使用动态电压缩放(DVS)还需要更多的讨论。当能源效率是关键性能标准时，在面对阈下电压的可变性时，DVS被认为不如动态频率缩放(DFS) [<a href="#B11">11</a>]．事实上，它不仅仅局限于DVS和DFS的选择。在[<a href="#B11">11</a>]澄清了许多区域最优和性能最优的设计，在超阈值电压下，不适合亚阈值电压(因此他们的库被重新描述为亚阈值操作，并最大限度地提高鲁棒性，一些细胞被从它中删除)。</p> <p>[<a href="#B12">12</a>]T.Hat DVS is more energy-efficient for high target frequencies (i.e., GP designs) while ABB is more energy efficient for low target frequencies (low-power designs) over the frequency range of 30–300 kHz. In fact, [<a href="#B12">12</a>]验证[<a href="#B11">11</a>为了使用DFS并批准DVS应以更节能的技术在亚阈值设计中替代。作者在<a href="#B12">12</a>]再次使用ABB来消除性能变化。还证实，通过施加反向BB（RBB）并用FBB增加亚阈值电路，能量降低。</p> <p>最近的研究表明，除了BB和堆叠之外，还应该考虑尺寸的影响。体偏置技术通常是芯片级的，而施胶可以在芯片或块级上应用，也可以沿栅极宽度或长度应用。选择最合适的芯片（芯片/块，宽度/长度），<a href="#B12">12</a>，<a href="#B14">14</a>在…进行一些实验<svg height="14.6" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:68.362503px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 68.362503 14.6" width="68.362503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.15,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 3.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>mV。它显示了一个处理器<svg height="10.575" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:17.9625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.9625 10.575" width="17.9625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>上浆（PROC B）和另一个与两个<svg height="10.975" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:43.162498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.162498 10.975" width="43.162498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.228414" y="0"> +</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.568636" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在关键路径上，大小调整(Proc C)比最小大小的处理器(Proc a)分别快22%和85%。但是对于Proc C来说，这种改进带来了与Proc a相比%14的能量损失，而随着时间的增加，可能会有7%的能量损失<svg height="14.2375" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>这表明，尽管<svg height="10.325" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1875 10.325" width="11.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>尺寸优于<svg height="10.575" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:17.9625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.9625 10.575" width="17.9625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>调整大小时，它仅适用于块级性能调整，而不是作为整个芯片性能变化解决方案。</p> <p>除了调整大小之外，还必须指出，在0.18中实现的处理器 <i>μ</i>mT.echnology is 7.7 times larger than a similar processor in a 65 nm technology, but analysis discloses that total energy is reduced by 647 times [<a href="#B4">4</a>]．这是一个非常理想的平衡，特别是当产品的大小是由电池大小决定的时候。此外,在[<a href="#B8">8</a>]authors verified the same idea by stating that minimum energy level is 30% higher in 45 nm technology (at 30 MHz) than in 130 nm technology (at 0.7 MHz).</p> <h6 id="sec2.1.2">2.1.2。SRAM的设计</H6><p>尽管上述技术通常会将处理器的功耗降低20%左右，但SRAM仍然保持了芯片中很大比例的功耗，从运行时的30%到待机时间的90% [<a href="#B4">4</a>]．这是因为在每次新处理器生成时，通常会有更多的区域(超过50%)分配给片上缓存。而且，这是由于sram具有低活度和高晶体管密度等吸引人的特性[<a href="#B19">15</a>]此外，由于将内存尽可能靠近处理器，从而实现了电源和性能优化。</p> <p>低功耗应用程序，如无线手机或传感器处理器通常需要两种工作模式，即高性能和低功耗/待机。后一种模式通常是泄漏功耗的来源，这主要发生在sram中(特别是在待机时间)。众所周知，在低功耗设计中，当活动和电压降低时，泄漏和PVT变化将像以前一样成为最重要的因素。该规则也适用于sram，本节将继续回顾处理这些问题的最新技术。值得指出的是，泄漏减少技术总是有助于解决SRAM中的PVT变化，因为它们通常使SRAM更健壮和无错误;因此，也对一些减少泄漏的技术进行了综述。表格<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab2/" target="_blank">2</a>比较了SRAM设计的最重要的标准。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="8"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left" rowspan="2">标准</T.d> <td align="center" colspan="7">参考文献</T.d> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">[<a href="#B4">4</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B15">16</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B16">17</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B17">18</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B18">19</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B19">15</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B9">9</a>]</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="8"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">技术</T.d> <td align="left">堆叠和长度尺寸，备用功率门和压缩</T.d> <td align="left">缓冲读取和可重新配置的UDVS支持</T.d> <td align="left">缓冲读取、电源控制、缓冲电压和SA</T.d> <td align="left">单端，2％比特 - 冗余，体，页眉和页脚偏见</T.d> <td align="left">分段虚拟接地</T.d> <td align="left">逐列写，读DCVSL控制</T.d> <td align="left">施密特触发器基于</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">主要新奇</T.d> <td align="left">采用ROM和新电池设计</T.d> <td align="left">重构性</T.d> <td align="left">在SAs冗余</T.d> <td align="left">新电池设计</T.d> <td align="left">Super-threshold读</T.d> <td align="left">软件出错处理</T.d> <td align="left">使用圣设计</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">技术</T.d> <td align="left">0.18<i>μ</i>m</T.d> <td align="left">65海里</T.d> <td align="left">65海里</T.d> <td align="left">0.13<i>μ</i>m</T.d> <td align="left">0.13<i>μ</i>m</T.d> <td align="left">90海里</T.d> <td align="left">0.13<i>μ</i>m</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">大小(位)</T.d> <td align="left">64</T.d> <td align="left">64 K</T.d> <td align="left">256 K</T.d> <td align="left">2 K</T.d> <td align="left">40 K</T.d> <td align="left">32 k和49 k</T.d> <td align="left">4 K.</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">频率(赫兹)</T.d> <td align="left">〜35在450 mV下<br>500 mV时121</T.d> <td align="left">200，000at 1.2 V<br>500at 250 mV</T.d> <td align="left">25at 350 mV</T.d> <td align="left">300 mV时205<br>21.5在210 mV下</T.d> <td align="left">400mv时100,000</T.d> <td align="left">581.4 at 300 mV<br>0.5在160 mV时</T.d> <td align="left">620.at 400 mV</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">面积开销</T.d> <td align="left">910%至6吨</T.d> <td align="left">没有报告</T.d> <td align="left">30%至6吨</T.d> <td align="left">42％至6 t [<a href="#B20">20.</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">8%至6吨</T.d> <td align="left">61%至8 T</T.d> <td align="left">~200% to 6 T</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">总泄漏/尺寸(pA)</T.d> <td align="left">没有报告</T.d> <td align="left">~700在1.2 V<br>~30.5在250 mV</T.d> <td align="left">~24在350毫伏<br>在300毫伏时~21</T.d> <td align="left">300毫伏时~122</T.d> <td align="left">400 mV时27</T.d> <td align="left">~24.11在300毫伏</T.d> <td align="left">在400毫伏时~90</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">能源/访问/尺寸(fJ)</T.d> <td align="left">~0.000058在500 mV</T.d> <td align="left">0.167在400 mV下</T.d> <td align="left">~0.396在350 mV</T.d> <td align="left">在340 mV时，0.488<br>0.38达300 mV</T.d> <td align="left">0.17 400 mV</T.d> <td align="left">300时为0.056 mV<br>（写）<br>300 mV(读出)0.094</T.d> <td align="left">在175 mV时，将动态功率和泄漏功率降低50%和18%至6t</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">闵压（MV）</T.d> <td align="left">450</T.d> <td align="left">250</T.d> <td align="left">350</T.d> <td align="left">193</T.d> <td align="left">360</T.d> <td align="left">160</T.d> <td align="left">160</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">晶体管</T.d> <td align="left">14 T</T.d> <td align="left">8 T</T.d> <td align="left">8 T</T.d> <td align="left">6 T</T.d> <td align="left">6 T</T.d> <td align="left">10 T</T.d> <td align="left">10 T</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">误比特率</T.d> <td align="left">没有报告</T.d> <td align="left">消除读取静态噪声裕度(SNM)</T.d> <td align="left">读核材料消除</T.d> <td align="left">120 mV时2%</T.d> <td align="left">330 mV时3.5%</T.d> <td align="left">60.3 mV平均读数和~91 mV平均持有SNM为300 mV</T.d> <td align="left">~56.5 mV mean Read and ~ 118mv mean Hold SNM at 400mv [<a href="#B21">21</a>]</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">最小能量电压(mV)</T.d> <td align="left">450</T.d> <td align="left">400.</T.d> <td align="left">350</T.d> <td align="left">340</T.d> <td align="left">没有报告</T.d> <td align="left">160</T.d> <td align="left">160</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">优点</T.d> <td align="left">低能量</T.d> <td align="left">高性能</T.d> <td align="left">低读取错误率</T.d> <td align="left">可变性意识到设计</T.d> <td align="left">非常高的性能</T.d> <td align="left">低能量，高读取SNM</T.d> <td align="left">低电压，高读SNM</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">缺点</T.d> <td align="left">大面积的开销，SNM不讨论</T.d> <td align="left">未讨论PVT变化</T.d> <td align="left">低频率的</T.d> <td align="left">漏电流仍然很大</T.d> <td align="left">不是德国焊接学会使</T.d> <td align="left">典型温度下的泄漏增加</T.d> <td align="left">大面积的开销</T.d> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="8"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> SRAM设计中不同技术的效果比较。</div> </div> </div> <p>同样，从堆叠开始，作者在[<a href="#B4">4</a>]，通过叠加SRAM的交叉耦合逆变器以及其他保留门，进一步减少比特单元的泄漏。结果表明，当堆叠器件数目超过两个时，泄漏灵敏度与堆叠器件数目成线性关系。因此，堆栈高度为2。此外，交叉耦合逆变器中器件长度的增加可以更有效地减少泄漏。还观察到IMEM(指令内存)和DMEM(数据内存)消耗89%的备用电源，而CPU在电源门控时只消耗7%的电源。提出了一种特殊的体系结构，用于在IMEM中存储应用程序特定指令的同时，在IROM中存储频繁使用的过程。因为ROM可以在待机模式下进行电源门控，所以在IROM中放置尽可能多的指令是有益的。为进一步减少泄漏，请参阅[<a href="#B4">4</a>， DMEM中的特定条目只有在特殊的自由列表表明该条目是空闲的时候才被功率门控。</p> <p>除了门控、大小调整和堆叠之外，通常还会使用各种写/读辅助来防止sram中的阈下区域故障，这将在下面的文章中看到。</p> <p>然而，为亚阈值区域设计的写/读辅助可能会严重影响高压性能[<a href="#B15">16</a>]．为了解决这个问题，[<a href="#B15">16</a>]提出了一种具有可重构的三种不同的写辅助体系结构的SRAM。通过结合针对亚阈值和超阈值电压进行优化的不同电路，并利用可重构性在它们之间进行切换，他们的SRAM的工作电压从1.2 V降至250 mV。Ultra DVS的有效性在[<a href="#B15">16</a>]．考虑在低功耗模式下(0.4 V)的内存，每2次访问一次<i>μ</i>每一个通道都造成有效能源消耗。观察到，泄漏功率从1.2 V(无UDVS)缩小到0.4 V(有UDVS)，减少了40倍。但是UDVS电路也消耗能量，在低功耗模式下，有和没有UDVS的能量消耗在5次访问(或10次)后变得相等<i>μ</i>s）。因此，仅当系统在低功率模式下停留的时间超过10分钟时 <i>μ</i>那么利用UDVS会更有益，否则会消耗更多的能量。</p> <p>在[<a href="#B16">17</a>]（已经在审查文件中进行了审查）[<a href="#B2">2</a>，<a href="#B3">3.</a>)与[相似<a href="#B15">16</a>]．采用缓冲读来保证读的稳定性，为了实现阈下写和读，在不降低比特单元密度的情况下，对位单元电压和读缓冲脚电压进行外围控制。作者还修改了感知放大器(SAs)，通过冗余，SAs中的面积偏移权衡问题得到了缓解，与放大相比，这反过来减少了5倍的读错误。</p> <p>而不是使用传统的差分结构，作者在[<a href="#B17">18</a>]采用单端电池，在一侧有一个完整的传输门。通过消除第二个位行，增加一个字行的成本得到了平衡。这种设计的一个明显的好处是位线从一个轨道驱动到另一个轨道的能力，消除了检测放大器的必要性(这通常会导致差分设计中的密度和可变性问题)。此外，在读操作期间，噪声被隔离到单位行，这使得这种设计基本上比差分设计更鲁棒地处理读故障。在写操作期间，在反馈逆变器上对电源电压进行门控，以弥补降级的写余量。扩大规模也被用来处理工艺变化。</p> <p>在中继续关于阅读帮助的讨论[<a href="#B18">19</a>为SRAM单元定义了四种操作模式:保留模式、读模式、写模式和一种新的模式，称为访问保留模式(ar模式)。当这些SRAM单元格位于一个被访问的行，但是它们没有被选择去读或写时，这种新的模式表示这些SRAM单元格，这种方法类似于[<a href="#B15">16</a>，<a href="#B16">17</a>]．这些细胞不释放它们的位线，因此节省了能量。它还增加了被访问单元的读噪声裕度。此外，在亚阈值区域使用RBB的设计使所有非选择单元的漏电流都很低。此外，由于对所选电池(用于读取操作)设置了超阈值电压，因此在保持ar模式电池稳定性的同时，电池访问时间大大缩短。</p> <p>移动到写辅助，在[<a href="#B19">15</a>[作者提供了一种差分10T位，可有效分开读写操作，结果实现了高电池稳定性。细胞中的写辅助晶体管被提升以弥补弱写性。每个四列连接到具有动态阈值MOS的公共接地电压驱动器，以减少工艺变化。读取驾驶员的下拉设备在读取期间正向偏置，以增加驱动电流。</p> <p>在之前看过，在一些SRAM中，在编写小区时，在某些SRAM中共享字线的其他单元格可能会保持稳定性问题[<a href="#B19">15</a>]．一些解决方案，实现相邻比特为相同的逻辑字，使暴露于多比特的软错误（这是更关键的亚阈值的SRAM）所述SRAMs。在所提供的列逐列写控制[<a href="#B19">15</a>使相邻单元格的保持稳定性在写入期间不受影响。动态差分级联电压开关逻辑(DCVSL)方案也用于读访问。在这种方案中，位线泄漏噪声被一个保持器的驱动电流所抵消，提供了大的位线摆动。保持位线时，位线泄漏亚阈值电流由于堆叠位线泄漏通路而显著降低。</p> <p>在 [<a href="#B9">9</a>]，然而，代替使用读/写辅助，基于一个施密特TRIGGER-（ST-）10晶体管SRAM单元，提出了与使反相器对理想逆变器附近的位单元中的哪一个基本的特性的想法用于鲁棒细胞操作。从额外的晶体管的正反馈自适应地改变了<svg height="14.2375" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:21.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.7125 14.2375" width="21.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>根据输入转换的方向（0→ 1输入转换，反之亦然）。建议的ST位单元利用了差分运算，并提供了更好的抗噪性。</p> <p>虽然小区设计在降低延迟和能量方面起着重要的作用，但SRAM架构也是另一个有效的部分。在片上系统(SOC)设计中，多层sram是防止昂贵的片外内存访问和提高性能的常用技术。</p> <p>另外，亚阈值的SRAM的低速限制阈下芯是其速度通常超过阈值下的SRAM的能力[<a href="#B22">22</a>]．因此，有必要讨论最优的次阈值SRAM体系结构。</p> <p>作者在<a href="#B22">22</a>]观察到，由于L2开始相对消耗更多的能量，因此最佳L1尺寸从64kb增加到128kb的目标。即使较大的L1导致每个接入的能量更多，即使从降低L2访问（在较低频率和较大的L1中）的能量也超过了L1的任何增加。此外，观察到，在接近阈值区域（400-500mV）和频率为约15MHz-50MHz的频率下获得最佳能耗。</p> <p>另一个例子是[<a href="#B23">23</a>通过多层SRAM，高性能设计成为可能。建议的设计支持ultra<svg height="14.2375" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>从标称电压到sub/near阈值电压的缩放。为了减少片外流量，提高性能和能源效率，嵌入了10Mbit的大片内帧存储器(FM)，允许保留视频图形阵列(VGA)帧。然而，如前所述，当处理<svg height="14.2375" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>缩放，通常的SRAM不能可靠地在700 mV以下工作。因此，提出了一种混合内存架构（HMA）来通过在刮擦存储器（SM）中采用数据局部度来将来自处理器的访问率降低到FM。在提议的HMA内，存在三个特征记忆来保存数据：（1）ACCU寄存器：短期数据;（2）SM：中期数据;（3）FM：长期数据。</p> <p>另一方面，逻辑上的近阈值运算比超阈值运算降低频率。然而，这种速度下降表明了一些关于内存系统选择的新的和有趣的设计机会[<a href="#B24">24</a>]．首先，存储器技术（如逻辑设计部分中讨论的130nm或180nm设备）<a href="#sec2.1.1">２.１.1</a>）和更慢的设计可以替代时序临界记忆设计。这将有助于降低芯片的总能量，同时存储器在近阈值中以超级阈值电压和逻辑工作。此外，可以在逻辑的一个近阈值时钟周期中执行对存储器的多次访问。这意味着可以在一个周期中获取更多并行数据并进行处理。最后，较慢的内存可能性允许缓存，寄存器文件和最初旨在补偿长内存延迟的其他元素，关闭或删除。因此，实现了一种管道，使得在单个指令多个数据（SIMD）管道的单个周期中，可以进行多个存储器访问。还显示，由于额外的硬件和临界路径延迟的增加，更广泛的SIMD宽度并不总是提供更少的能耗。</p> <h5 id="sec2.2">２.２.挑战2:性能下降</H5><p>如引言所述，性能下降是亚阈值电路的另一个挑战，通常是通过并行或流水线来解决。正如稍后将看到的，管道在超阈值设计中很流行，因为它通常需要许多电路来控制管道，当在亚阈值电压下操作时，将导致系统泄漏。因此，许多研究人员都考虑在流水线电路中进行近阈值电压运算。在超阈值区域，能量对<svg height="14.2375" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>由于有功能的二次依赖性<svg height="14.2375" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:27.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.1875 14.2375" width="27.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.9140801" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>．因此，电压缩小到近阈值电压产生10倍的节能减排在近10倍的性能下降为代价[<a href="#B25">25</a>]．有趣的是，当<svg height="14.2375" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>从近阈值区域缩小到亚阈值区域，但在相同的时间延迟升高到50-100x。结果，作者在[<a href="#B25">25</a>]的结论是，只要后退一点，在接近阈值的区域工作，就可以恢复大量的性能。</p> <p>关于近阈值设计的更多信息:[<a href="#B26">26</a>，还发现延迟率随电源电压变化而变化<svg height="14.725" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-3.24037pt;width:51.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.575001 14.725" width="51.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.440005" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.58,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.9,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> </T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7523403" y="0"> </T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.941565" y="0"> ）</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在近阈值范围内是非常大的。电源电压从0.3 V到0.5 V的200毫伏变化导致大约30倍的性能变化。这个概念通过提供一个2来证明<svg height="14.2375" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>设计，只有50毫伏的间隔和建议的小电压电源上升，造成非常可观的加速。双核<svg height="14.2375" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>为了限制双电压配电的剩余成本，在布局中的整行水平上应用了分配，并且没有使用水平移位器，因为这些双电压不超过100 结果表明，最大加速比（与<svg height="14.6" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:71.137497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.137497 14.6" width="71.137497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> l</T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.8,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> ．</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 4</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>V和<svg height="14.7875" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:82.775002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 82.775002 14.7875" width="82.775002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.83,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> ．</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 4</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 5</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>V)为~45%，相当于所有电池通电后得到的<svg height="14.2375" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:33.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.424999 14.2375" width="33.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p> <p>以上研究表明，近阈值电压对于更高的速度要求是必要的。记住这一事实，本节将继续介绍一些文章，这些文章试图通过子/近阈值区域内的并行和流水线来提高性能。</p> <h6 id="sec2.2.1">2.2.1。并行化</H6><p>一个很好的并行性的例子已经在JPEG核中得到了说明。<a href="#B10">10</a>]．逻辑设计部分中解释的子/近阈值技术<a href="#sec2.1.1">２.１.1</a>它最适合低耗能和中频应用，如移动图像处理。</p> <p>并行的综合研究可在中找到。<a href="#B22">22</a>，研究了影响系统能量的所有主要因素，如L1缓存的大小和集群的大小、集群的数量和<svg height="14.2375" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<svg height="14.35" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:18.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 14.35" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> T.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>集群内的选择。首先，内存在亚阈值区域的运行速度往往快于核心，因此提出了使用多个集群共享一个内存的想法。结果表明，能量最佳点是每个集群2个核心，共2个集群。这一点使能源效率提高了53%与传统的多处理器设计相比。用于150以上的目标 MHz时，最佳簇数从2增加到3。有趣的是，簇数增加的设计，因此总芯数增加的设计，所需的能量比标度电压为较少芯数且具有相同约束的设计要少。</p> <h6 id="sec2.2.2">2.２.２.流水线</H6><p>如前所述，亚阈值区域的流水线会导致漏电路，因此，如果仍然需要亚阈值管道，那么它必须非常简单。例如在[<a href="#B27">32</a>考虑到亚阈值操作困难，如PVT变型，它被得出结论，变化分布在路径的长度上，使得每个阶段具有高FO4延迟的浅管道更有利。因此，在[<a href="#B11">11</a>为处理器选择了一个2阶段的管道实现。</p> <p>由于上述研究以及对不同文献的回顾表明，在近阈值时代讨论低功耗流水线比在阈值时代讨论低功耗流水线更符合逻辑，本小节的其余部分将重点放在近阈值区域。</p> <p>通常，管道中有三种主要的能量消耗来源:指令、电路(包括数据路径、寄存器和控制)和同步计划。正如将详细解释的那样，每条指令都有其特定的能源使用情况。根据不同阶段之间运行的同步策略，活化能也不同。虽然部分<a href="#sec2.1.1">２.１.1</a>涵盖数据路径和控制电路，在本小节中讨论了一些具体问题。此外，由于一些可用于近阈值流水线的技术（例如如何应对管道的PVT变化），位于低功率超级阈值研究中，因此还包括这些研究（见表<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab3/" target="_blank">3.</a>）。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left" rowspan="2">标准</T.d> <td align="center" colspan="5">参考文献</T.d> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">[<a href="#B28">27</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B29">28</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B30">29</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B31">30.</a>]</T.d> <td align="left">[<a href="#B32">31</a>]</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">技术</T.d> <td align="left">指令隔离</T.d> <td align="left">下的温度变化和DVFS关键路径隔离</T.d> <td align="left">可变时钟在时间的进程变化</T.d> <td align="left">软边缘触发器</T.d> <td align="left">在级和不同电压的选择之间流过闩锁</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">技术</T.d> <td align="left">45 纳米</T.d> <td align="left">BPTM 70海里</T.d> <td align="left">90海里</T.d> <td align="left">天车65海里</T.d> <td align="left">天车32纳米</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">环行</T.d> <td align="left">32位顺序5级双流水线处理器与IA32</T.d> <td align="left">Alpha ISA的顺序超标量管道</T.d> <td align="left">32位微处理器</T.d> <td align="left">34-bit管线式加法器</T.d> <td align="left">6级流水线FPU</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">频率</T.d> <td align="left">1.25 GHz</T.d> <td align="left">1.5-3 GHZ.</T.d> <td align="left">1 ~ 0.1 GHz</T.d> <td align="left">2 - 2.5 GHz</T.d> <td align="left">提高BIPS/W 47%(实际频率未报告)</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">面积和/或频率影响</T.d> <td align="left">由于指令隔离导致性能降低28%</T.d> <td align="left">〜4.5％面积开销/ 3.4-11％频率开销</T.d> <td align="left">2.6%的区域开销/13%–50%的性能改进</T.d> <td align="left">5 - 20%的性能提升</T.d> <td align="left">性能提高40%</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">能源/温度的影响</T.d> <td align="left">功率降低13%</T.d> <td align="left">降低温度6.6-9%</T.d> <td align="left">3%的能源开销</T.d> <td align="left">节电19% (4.9 mW)</T.d> <td align="left">没有报告</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">最小电压</T.d> <td align="left">740 mV用于ADD 680 mV用于异或和与</T.d> <td align="left">700 mV</T.d> <td align="left">从1.2 V缩放到1v</T.d> <td align="left">从1.2 v扩展到1.05 v（5-20％<svg height="14.2375" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>减少）</T.d> <td align="left">从1.4 V缩放到0.95 V</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">优点</T.d> <td align="left">德国焊接学会使</T.d> <td align="left">温度变化容差，使能DVFS</T.d> <td align="left">低能耗和区域开销</T.d> <td align="left">相当大的功率降低</T.d> <td align="left">相当大的性能改进</T.d> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">缺点</T.d> <td align="left">性能降低</T.d> <td align="left">未讨论PV变化</T.d> <td align="left">不支持非常低的电压</T.d> <td align="left">不支持非常低的电压，PVT变化没有讨论</T.d> <td align="left">不支持非常低的电压</T.d> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="6"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 流水线策略的比较。</div> </div> </div> <p>从教学开始，第一个讨论将是关于隔离。已于[<a href="#B28">27</a>]当电源电压降低时，ADD指令正确运行，直到0.74 五、而逻辑指令（XOR和and）允许<svg height="14.2375" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>缩小到0.68 V。因此，有人提出，隔离ADD操作使ALU在0.68 V下运行，ADD操作提供2个周期，其他指令提供1个周期，从而节省更多的电能。对于ADD, ALU在降低频率时又节省了23%的电量<svg height="14.2375" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.5375 14.2375" width="25.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>同样降低了性能下降成本的功耗。</p> <p>作者在<a href="#B29">28</a>已经同时考虑了指令和数据路径。通过自适应地将时钟周期延长到两个周期，而所有标准操作都是单周期，从而防止了特定指令(如ADD(在过程变化和电压缩放下))中任何可能的延迟故障。执行数据路径被更改，以便每当操作可能出错时，这些操作可以在两个周期内执行。这个预测是利用一个小的前置逻辑完成的。此外，如果温度超过阈值，则降低电源电压(<svg height="14.2375" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:32.212502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.212502 14.2375" width="32.212502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> l</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)应用于执行单元。一旦温度降至阈值以下，额定供应(<svg height="14.2375" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:33.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.424999 14.2375" width="33.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>重新应用。同样有趣的是，在执行期间，只有EX阶段收到<svg height="14.2375" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:32.212502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.212502 14.2375" width="32.212502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> l</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>虽然收到的所有其他管道阶段<svg height="14.2375" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:33.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.424999 14.2375" width="33.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p> <p>在同步中，经常试图修改时钟，以便数据路径中的松弛时间用于补偿变化或电压缩放。例如在[<a href="#B30">29</a>通过考虑指令、数据路径和时钟，作者将可变延迟与每个管道阶段关联，并对延迟表进行调整，以满足每个特定指令的延迟。当所有阶段的延迟过去时，就会创建一个新的时钟，因此，一些时钟会缩短，整体速度会增加。该可变延迟单元位于对应的数据路径附近，以满足类似的PVT条件。延迟选择器读取管道的输入，从操作选择表中选择适当的延迟值。</p> <p>在 [<a href="#B31">30.</a>[通过专注于同步计划，提出了一种新的软边触发器（SEFF），以推迟主锁存器的时钟以产生主锁的窗口，主机和从锁存器都处于活动状态。此窗口称为透明度窗口，允许定时松弛在相邻管道阶段之间传递。通过采用逆变器链来创建延迟时钟并施加它们以保持所需的延迟。阶段的可用休闲裤通过了之前的阶段，提供了以前的阶段，借来的盈余时间。由于在管道的所有阶段都有正缝隙，因此由于此时间借用，因此可以增加时钟或电路电压可以降低以降低功耗。</p> <p>在 [<a href="#B32">31</a>，提出了一种设计，在两级之间有一个流动插销，这样插销的时钟给管道增加了额外的半个周期。这个半周期提供了额外的时间借出，以吸收由于前几个阶段的过程变化而造成的延迟。门闩门控和模式之间的切换，有或没有额外的延迟，允许制作后的调谐。电压插值也被用来有意地选择不同的有效电压所需的每一级运行在一个单一的标称频率。因此，如果管道由于工艺变化而运行缓慢，有两种方法可以获得标称运行频率。一个选择是连接更多的阶段<svg height="14.2375" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:33.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.424999 14.2375" width="33.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>这样有效电压增加。之前讨论的另一种选择是在单个阶段与锁存器延伸两个阶段，以便通过切换更多阶段来减少能量的同时提供额外的时间。<svg height="14.2375" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:32.212502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.212502 14.2375" width="32.212502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> D</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> l</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p> <p>考虑到时钟对功耗的影响，作为另一种同步方案，需要指出的是，异步管道在最近的设计中起着至关重要的作用。虽然它们超出了本综述的范围，但以同步世界中消除时钟的想法为例，可以发现[<a href="#B33">33</a>莫比乌斯管道的提议。在这个管道中，当计算完成时，一个阶段向前一阶段发送一个COMPLETE信号，同时保存结果，直到下一阶段的COMPLETE信号到来。这种方法除了节省时钟功率外，还能非常有效地利用路径中的可用冗余，并且以更好的方式处理变化。</p> <p>本次委员会在流水线上进行了调查结束了[<a href="#B34">34</a>]．这项调查表明，单问题顺序架构，和上述研究的情况一样，适用于非常低能耗的设计点，而四问题顺序架构只适用于非常高性能的应用[<a href="#B34">34</a>]．还发现，双问题有序和无订单处理器对于许多不同类型的设计性能有效。</p> <h4 id="discussion">3.讨论</H4><p>节<a href="#sec2.1.1">２.１.1</a>，通过加大尺寸解决了用于减少泄漏的堆叠技术的主要问题[<a href="#B5">5</a>]及BB [<a href="#B7">7</a>]．BB也被[<a href="#B9">9</a>，<a href="#B10">10</a>，<a href="#B12">12</a>用来处理各种变化。在 [<a href="#B12">12</a>]也被BB优于DVS对于较低频率。DVS也差到DFS通过报道[<a href="#B11">11</a>]．此外，在[<a href="#B14">14</a>比…更高效的电源/性能<svg height="10.575" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:17.9625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.9625 10.575" width="17.9625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>但不像BB只在整个芯片层面使用，<svg height="10.975" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:46.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.674999 10.975" width="46.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.62779" y="0"> +</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.968012" y="0"> </T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>上浆是仅在块级别是有用的。最后，使用亚阈值设计较老的技术是由[鼓舞<a href="#B4">4</a>，<a href="#B8">8</a>]这就大大节约了能源。</p> <p>在SRAM设计部分<a href="#sec2.1.2">２.１.2</a>， [<a href="#B4">4</a>研究了大尺寸和门控对降低泄漏的效果。</p> <p>不同的读/写辅助方法如[<a href="#B15">16</a>可重构的写辅助，支持从超阈值到亚阈值电压的UDVS。为了提高读稳定性，在[<a href="#B15">16</a>，<a href="#B16">17</a>，<a href="#B18">19</a>]．读取问题是通过[中的新型单端单元格设计<a href="#B17">18</a>]此外，还消除了具有密度和可变性等常见问题的SA。</p> <p>弱可写性在[<a href="#B19">15</a>，并考虑了亚阈值电压下的多位软误差。在 [<a href="#B9">9</a>，基于ST的设计去掉了读/写辅助的必要性。</p> <p>功率/性能最佳缓存大小和分层SRAM设计在[<a href="#B22">22</a>，<a href="#B23">23</a>),分别。最后，在[<a href="#B24">24</a>]．</p> <p>移动到性能降低部分<a href="#sec2.2">2．2</a>， [<a href="#B25">25</a>]提出的近阈值电压为更好的性能结果，而从它的低功耗优势中获益。避免了昂贵的电平转换器，在[<a href="#B26">26</a>]近阈值电压获得了与超阈值电压相同的加速。为寻求更高的性能，作者在[<a href="#B10">10</a>]使用具有子/近阈值电压的平行核心。寻找电力/性能最佳核心数，在[<a href="#B22">22</a>建议使用2个簇的2个核心，用于2个目标低于150 MHz的目标。</p> <p>然而，在处理器世界中，流水线是至关重要的，但在[<a href="#B27">32</a>]有人指出，当考虑到变化时，亚阈值设计将管道限制为两个阶段。因此，近阈值设计再次受到重视。</p> <p>一些对接近阈值电压有用的低功耗流水线技术是必要的。在 [<a href="#B28">27</a>更多的耗电指令被分离出来，这有助于节省更多的能源。在[<a href="#B29">28</a>]其中防止变化的时间从故障被执行的指令。</p> <p>利用分段的时间松弛是处理管道变化的最重要技术。在 [<a href="#B30">29</a>，例如，由于指令之间的差异而产生的不同延迟，正如我们将看到的，许多类型的FFs被设计来从时间松弛中获益。在 [<a href="#B32">31</a>此外，时间借用是使用插入舞台内部的锁存器来完成的，这也有助于制作后的调谐。</p> <p>最后在<a href="#B34">34</a>人们承认，单问题有序架构适用于非常低功耗的设计目标。</p> <p>这表明，复杂的指令和架构不适合于低功耗的管道，因为它们会导致漏水和容易出错的结构。</p> <p>从表中可以得出<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab1/" target="_blank">1</a>通过使用体偏置来补偿之间的变化和不匹配，可以降低功耗<svg height="14.35" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:18.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 14.35" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </T.span> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> T.</T.span> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> H</T.span> </text> </g> </g> </svg>上拉和下拉网络。在SRAM设计中，使用可重构性和使用不同的读/写辅助来隔离非访问单元是与Table一致的速度和功率的重要因素<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab2/" target="_blank">2</a>桌子<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/tab3/" target="_blank">3.</a>还表明，为了优化功率和速度，使用同步策略与指令隔离一样重要。</p> <p>本综述也在下一节中提出了未来的方向，但在进行之前有必要讨论时间借用(读者参考[<a href="#B25">25</a>，<a href="#B35">35</a>，以全面了解管道中的错误检测技术)。首先应该注意的是，在过程变化的情况下，SEFF延迟应该改变。这意味着一种技术应该评估变化，并应用不同的后硅SEFF延迟，以补偿变化。设计和集成一个能够计算变化的系统。剃须刀(<a href="#B36">36</a>是一种已经被使用过的技术。然而，Razor方法可能会拾取错误的频率。例如，如果AND后面跟着ADD，因为ADD更容易发生变化并导致错误，Razor检测到这个错误并增加时钟周期。然而，后面的指令是AND，不需要这种频率降低。</p> <p>判断FF是否像Razor一样捕获了真实数据的一种方法是，将数据与延迟的时钟数据进行比较。然而，另一种方法是计算传入数据是否违反FF的设置和保持时间，并在此基础上锁定错误数据，如[<a href="#B37">37</a>]．这个想法实际上与Razor II相似[<a href="#B38">38</a>和雷泽有同样的问题。此外,剃须刀也需要至少短路径延迟,因为当一个时钟触发,影子门闩在剃刀将等待迟来的信号,通过延迟时钟,但在同一时间短路径结果可能改变影子门闩的数据,之前以前时钟透露其数据的关键路径。此外，有一种可能性，亚稳态通过错误检测逻辑传播，并导致恢复信号本身的亚稳态，这已经在下一个版本中通过添加更多的电路来解决，如[<a href="#B39">39</a>]．在 [<a href="#B35">35</a>]（这是一种先进的形式[<a href="#B37">37</a>]）的新FF提出了可以处理短期和关键路径错误，而且FF可以恢复关键路径的错误，像剃刀，并且还可以预测短路径错误。但是，这种技术会带来大面积，适用于超阈值电压，它仍然有同样的问题，因为之前的讨论。</p> <p>这些现场监测仪的另一个问题是它们的活动、面积和能量开销[<a href="#B40">40</a>]使用高时钟相位作为短路径问题的错误检测窗口，其中最小延迟路径不得在时钟下降沿之前到达。还利用了闩锁透明度特性，并根据上述假设，消除了FF的额外主闩锁，降低了能量，并利用透明度解决了亚稳态问题。</p> <p>然而，使用指令隔离和由于指令特定的延迟，由不同指令延迟导致的违例率将被取消，只会出现由温度引起的违例。作者在<a href="#B28">27</a>]通过将所有这些想法以及使用纠错（然而，为其管道和LUT提供纠错纠正的所有这些想法以及纠错方案的细节，以保持不同的指令。下一节将呈现近阈值和亚阈值设计技术的未来方向。</p> <h4 id="future-directions">4.未来发展方向</H4><p>不同指令对延迟的要求不同，这意味着需要一个透明窗口，其大小可以由不同指令改变。为此目的使用SEFFs是一种独特的技术，据我们所知，迄今为止还从未使用过。通过设计这种新的FF，过渡检测器可以检测透明窗口期间的长路径延迟，从而设置一个错误信号来调整窗口的大小。此外，不同的指令也会导致应用不同的延迟，从而降低错误率。</p> <p>就像[<a href="#B28">27</a>]，可以使用查找表(LUT)预测指令延迟，并应用于SEFF，如果由于错误检测而违反了时间，则LUT条目应该以增加的延迟更新。这个LUT可以在ROM中实现，因为一旦填满，它将永久保存数据。在另一种技术中，如果只考虑过程变化，错误检测可以通过后硅评估来消除，这样错误检测电路可以被时钟门控或完全被芯片外错误检测方案抛弃。</p> <p>性能改进的另一个机会，可以通过使用流水线的EX级的额外透明的FF（TFF）采用指令隔离中创建，使长延迟指令可以使用两个阶段，短延时使用一个阶段（见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>)，甚至更多的阶段是适用的。根据具体情况，这些TFFs可以是透明的，也可以是功能性的。这样就没有必要为了两个周期(或更多)完成消耗能量的指令而停止管道。此外，短指令可以快速完成，根据管道上的其他指令，它们可以在没有时钟的情况下通过透明的FFs(这再次节省了能源)。我们应该改变EX阶段的设计，将长指令分割成两个(或更多)部分，以便在管道的一个阶段中以几乎相同的延迟执行每个部分。此外，为了利用DVS, FFs可以是具有纠错和借用时间功能的之一[<a href="#B40">40</a>]．当管道需要更高的速度，可以处理更高的电压时，TFF变得透明，管道可以工作更高的频率。一旦管道需要消耗更少的电力和更低的频率可以被容忍，通过激活TFF，分布式交换机帮助管道以最低的电压工作。当施加最优电压时，错误检测方案有助于DFS管道处理PVT变化。LUT还可以用来记录不同指令的适当延迟。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="926753.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/apec/volume-2012/926753/figures/926753.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 带有示例指令流的建议架构。当反式。= 1，流水线工作在LP模式，否则采用高速模式。</T.able> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="conclusion">5.结论</H4><p>看着低功耗设计的不同方面，可以立即发现，除了出现新的设备技术外，不可能维护这种设计而不接近接近阈值/亚阈值区域。然而，这些地区带来了近年来研究人员从事研究人员的许多问题。这些问题包括泄漏增加，PVT漏洞和性能下降。本文试图完全审查最近解决这些问题的尝试，并比较了它们，了解哪些更有效。这项工作还根据审查结果提出了未来的指示，目前纸质作者参与了这些提出的指示。</p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">参考文献</H4><ol> <li id="B1">王志强，王志强，王志强等，"超低电压最小能量CMOS， "<i>IBM研究与发展杂志</i>，卷。50，不。4-5，pp。469-490，2006。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.504.0469">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ultralow-voltage%20minimum-energy%20CMOS&author=S. Hanson&author=B. Zhai&author=K. Bernstein et al.&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B2">J. Kwong和A. P. Chandrakasan，“超低电压设计的进步”，<i>IEEE固态电路通讯</i>，第13卷，第20-27页，2008。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Advances%20in%20ultra-low-voltage%20design&author=J. Kwong &author=A. P. Chandrakasan&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B3">S. K. Gupta, a . Raychowdhury，和K. Roy，“超低功耗操作的亚阈值区域的数字计算:设备-电路体系结构协同设计视角”<i>IEEE的诉讼程序</i>第98卷第1期2，页160-190,2010。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2009.2035060">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Digital%20computation%20in%20subthreshold%20region%20for%20ultralow-power%20operation:%20a%20device-circuit-architecture%20codesign%20perspective&author=S. K. Gupta&author=A. Raychowdhury&author=&author=K. Roy&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B4">S. Hanson, M. Seok, Y. S. Lin et al，“一种用于皮瓦待机模式的传感应用的低电压处理器，”<i>IEEE固态电路杂志</i>，第44卷，第4期，第1145-1155页，2009年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2009.2014205">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20low-voltage%20processor%20for%20sensing%20applications%20with%20picowatt%20standby%20mode&author=S. Hanson&author=M. Seok&author=Y. S. Lin et al.&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B5">J. Kwong和A. P. Chandrakasan，“最小能量亚阈值电路的变差驱动装置尺寸”，刊于<i>2006年低功耗电子产品和设计研讨会的诉讼程序（ISLPED '06）</i>，pp.8-13，纽约，纽约，美国，2006年10月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1165573.1165578">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Variation-driven%20device%20sizing%20for%20minimum%20energy%20sub-threshold%20circuits&author=J. Kwong &author=A. P. Chandrakasan" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B6">D. Bol, R. Ambroise, D. Flandre，和J. D. Legat，“阈下逻辑的技术扩展的兴趣和限制”，<i>IEEE交易在超大规模集成电路（VLSI）系统</i>，第十七卷，第二期10, pp. 1508-1519, 2009。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2008.2005413">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Interests%20and%20limitations%20of%20technology%20scaling%20for%20subthreshold%20logic&author=D. Bol&author=R. Ambroise&author=D. Flandre&author=&author=J. D. Legat&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B7">F. Moradi, D. T. Wisland, H. Mahmoodi, A. Peiravi, S. Aunet，和T. V. Cao，“65纳米CMOS技术的新亚阈值概念”，在<i>在质量电子设计的第10届国际研讨会论文集（ISQED '09）</i>，第162-166，圣迭戈，加利福尼亚州，美国，2009年3月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ISQED.2009.4810287">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=New%20subthreshold%20concepts%20in%2065 nm%20CMOS%20technology&author=F. Moradi&author=D. T. Wisland&author=H. Mahmoodi&author=A. Peiravi&author=S. Aunet&author=&author=T. V. Cao" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B8">D.Bol，D.Flandre和J.D.Legat，“时序约束的技术风格选择和自适应技术45 纳米亚阈值电路<i>第十四届ACM/IEEE低功耗电子与设计国际研讨会论文集</i>，页21-26，纽约，纽约，美国，2009年8月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1594233.1594240">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Technology%20flavor%20selection%20and%20adaptive%20techniques%20for%20timing-constrained%2045 nm%20subthreshold%20circuits&author=D. Bol&author=D. Flandre&author=&author=J. D. Legat" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B9">K. Roy, J. P. Kulkarni, M. E. Hwang，“过程容忍的超低电压数字亚阈值设计”，刊于<i>RF系统中硅片集成电路IEEE局部会议的诉讼程序（SIRF '08）</i>，第42-45页，美国佛罗里达州奥兰多，2008年1月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/SMIC.2008.17">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Process-tolerant%20ultralow%20voltage%20digital%20subthreshold%20design&author=K. Roy&author=J. P. Kulkarni&author=&author=M. E. Hwang" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B10">Y. Pu, J. P. De Gyvez, H. Corporaal，和Y. Ha，“超低能量多标准JPEG协同处理器在65 nm CMOS的亚/近阈值电源电压，”<i>IEEE固态电路杂志</i>第45卷第5期3，页668 - 680,2010。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2009.2039684">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An%20ultra-low-energy%20multi-standard%20JPEG%20Co-processor%20in%2065 nm%20CMOS%20with%20sub/near%20threshold%20upply%20voltage&author=Y. Pu&author=J. P. De Gyvez&author=H. Corporaal&author=&author=Y. Ha&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B11">B. Zhai, S. Pant, L. Nazhandali等，“节能亚阈值处理器设计”，<i>IEEE交易在超大规模集成电路（VLSI）系统</i>，第17卷，第8期，第1127-1137页，2009年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2008.2007564">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Energy-efficient%20subthreshold%20processor%20design&author=B. Zhai&author=S. Pant&author=L. Nazhandali et al.&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B12">S. Hanson，B. Zhai，M. Seok等，“探讨了Sub-200-MV处理器中的变异性和性能，”<i>IEEE固态电路杂志</i>，第43卷，第4期，第881-890页，2008年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2008.917505">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Exploring%20variability%20and%20performance%20in%20a%20sub-200-mV%20processor&author=S. Hanson&author=B. Zhai&author=M. Seok et al.&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B13">M.E.Hwang和K.Roy，“ABRM：自适应<i>β</i>-用于过程容忍超动态电压缩放的比率调制，”<i>IEEE交易在超大规模集成电路（VLSI）系统</i>，卷。18，不。2，pp。281-290,2010。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2008.2010767">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=ABRM:%20adaptive%20β-ratio%20modulation%20for%20process-tolerant%20ultradynamic%20voltage%20scaling&author=M. E. Hwang &author=K. Roy&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B14">王志强，王志强，王志强等，“一种sub- 200mv, 3.5 pJ/inst, 11 nW亚阈值处理器的性能和可变性优化策略”，电子学报<i>IEEE超大规模集成电路研讨会论文集</i>，pp.252-153，日本京都，2007年6月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIC.2007.4342694">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Performance%20and%20variability%20optimization%20strategies%20in%20a%20sub-200 mV,%203.5 pJ/inst,%2011 nW%20subthreshold%20processor&author=S. Hanson&author=B. Zhai&author=M. Seok et al." target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B19">“90纳米CMOS中具有位交错和差分读取方案的32kb 10T次阈值sram阵列，”<i>IEEE固态电路杂志</i>，第44卷，第5期。2期，第650-658，2009。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2008.2011972">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%2032 kb%2010T%20sub-threshold%20sram%20array%20with%20bit-interleaving%20and%20differential%20read%20scheme%20in%2090 nm%20CMOS&author=I. J. Chang&author=J. J. Kim&author=S. P. Park&author=&author=K. Roy&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B15">M. E. Sinangil, N. Verma, and A. P. Chandrakasan，“一种65 nm CMOS的可重构8T超动态电压可扩展(U-DVS) SRAM，”<i>IEEE固态电路杂志</i>，第44卷，第5期。11，PP。3163-3173，2009。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2009.2032493">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20reconfigurable%208T%20ultra-dynamic%20voltage%20scalable%20(U-DVS)%20SRAM%20in%2065 nm%20CMOS&author=M. E. Sinangil&author=N. Verma&author=&author=A. P. Chandrakasan&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B16">N. Verma和A. P. Chandrakasan，“采用感觉放大器冗余的256kb 65 nm 8T亚阈值SRAM”，<i>IEEE固态电路杂志</i>，卷。43，pp。141-149,2008。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20256 kb%2065 nm%208T%20subthreshold%20SRAM%20employing%20sense-amplifier%20redundancy&author=N. Verma &author=A. P. Chandrakasan&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B17">B. Zhai, S. Hanson, D. Blaauw, D. Sylvester，“一个变异耐受低于200mv 6-T阈值SRAM”，<i>IEEE固态电路杂志</i>号，第43卷。10，第2338-2348页，2008。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2008.2001903">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20variation-tolerant%20sub-200 mV%206-T%20subthreshold%20SRAM&author=B. Zhai&author=S. Hanson&author=D. Blaauw&author=&author=D. Sylvester&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B18">M. Sharifkhani和M. Sachdev，“一个节能的40 Kb SRAM模块，扩展读/写噪音边际在0.13<i>μ</i>m CMOS。”<i>IEEE固态电路杂志</i>，第44卷，第5期。2, pp. 620 - 630,2009。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2008.2010815">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An%20energy%20efficient%2040 Kb%20SRAM%20module%20with%20extended%20read/write%20noise%20margin%20in%200.13 μm%20CMOS&author=M. Sharifkhani &author=M. Sachdev&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B20">B. Zhai，D.Blaauw，D.Sylvester和S. Hanson，“200 MV 6T SRAM在0.13中 <i>μ</i>在m CMOS。<i>第54届IEEE国际固态电路会议论文集(ISSCC’07)</i>，页332-606，旧金山，加利福尼亚，美国，2007年2月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC.2007.373429">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20sub-200 mV%206T%20SRAM%20in%200.13 μm%20CMOS&author=B. Zhai&author=D. Blaauw&author=D. Sylvester&author=&author=S. Hanson" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B21">J. P. Kulkarni, K. Kim，和K. Roy，“一个160 mV，完全差分，鲁棒施密特触发器基于亚阈值SRAM，”在<i>低功耗电子学与设计国际研讨会论文集(ISLPED’07)</i>，页171-176，纽约，纽约，美国，2007年8月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1283780.1283818">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20160 mV,%20fully%20differential,%20robust%20schmitt%20trigger%20based%20sub-threshold%20SRAM&author=J. P. Kulkarni&author=K. Kim&author=&author=K. Roy" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B22">B. Zhai, R. G. Dreslinski, D. Blaauw, T. Mudge, D. Sylvester，“Energy efficient near-threshold chip multi-processing”，in<i>低功耗电子学与设计国际研讨会论文集(ISLPED’07)</i>，页32-37，波特兰，俄勒冈州，美国，2007年8月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1283780.1283789">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Energy%20efficient%20near-threshold%20chip%20multi-processing&author=B. Zhai&author=R. G. Dreslinski&author=D. Blaauw&author=T. Mudge&author=&author=D. Sylvester" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B23">何勇，濮阳，叶振宇等，“Xetal-pro:一种低功耗、高吞吐量的SIMD处理器”，计算机工程与应用，vol . 18, no . 2, pp . 454 - 454<i>第47届设计自动化会议(DAC’10)论文集</i>，第543-548页，美国加利福尼亚州阿纳海姆，2010年6月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1837274.1837409">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Xetal-pro:%20an%20ultra-low%20energy%20and%20high%20throughput%20SIMD%20processor&author=Y. He&author=Y. Pu&author=Z. Ye et al." target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B24">S. Seo, R. G. Dreslinski, M. Who, C. Chakrabarti, S. Mahlke, T. Mudge，“无糖苏打:数码相机的节能处理器”，in<i>第16届ACM论文集/ IEEE国际研讨会低功耗设计和设计（年会14 '10）</i>，第79-84页，美国加利福尼亚州雷东多海滩，2010年8月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1840845.1840862">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Diet%20SODA:%20a%20power-efficient%20processor%20for%20digital%20cameras&author=S. Seo&author=R. G. Dreslinski&author=M. Who&author=C. Chakrabarti&author=S. Mahlke&author=&author=T. Mudge" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B25">R. G. Dreslinski, M. Wieckowski, D. Blaauw, D. Sylvester，和T. Mudge，“近阈值计算:通过节能集成电路回收摩尔定律”，<i>IEEE的诉讼程序</i>第98卷第1期2，第253-266，2010。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2009.2034764">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Near-threshold%20computing:%20reclaiming%20moore's%20law%20through%20energy%20efficient%20integrated%20circuits&author=R. G. Dreslinski&author=M. Wieckowski&author=D. Blaauw&author=D. Sylvester&author=&author=T. Mudge&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B26">M. R. Kakoee, A. Sathanur, A. Pullini, J. Huisken，和L. Benini，“具有细粒度性能可调的近阈值电路的自动合成”，在<i>第16届ACM论文集/ IEEE国际研讨会低功耗设计和设计（年会14 '10）</i>，第401-406页，美国德克萨斯州奥斯汀，2010年8月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1840845.1840934">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Automatic%20synthesis%20of%20near-threshold%20circuits%20with%20fine-grained%20performance%20tunability&author=M. R. Kakoee&author=A. Sathanur&author=A. Pullini&author=J. Huisken&author=&author=L. Benini" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B28">S. E. Lee, C. Wilkerson, M. Zhang, R. Yavatkar, S. L. Lu, N. Bagherzadeh，“基于指令隔离的低功耗自适应管道”，在<i>在质量电子设计的第10届国际研讨会论文集（ISQED '09）</i>，第788-793页，2009年3月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ISQED.2009.4810393">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Low%20power%20adaptive%20pipeline%20based%20on%20instruction%20isolation&author=S. E. Lee&author=C. Wilkerson&author=M. Zhang&author=R. Yavatkar&author=S. L. Lu&author=&author=N. Bagherzadeh" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B29">S. Ghosh, J. H. Choi, P. Ndai，和K. Roy，“O2C:在高性能顺序微处理器中的动态热管理的偶尔两循环操作”，在<i>第十三届ACM/IEEE低功耗电子与设计国际研讨会论文集(ISLPED’08)</i>，页189-192，班加罗尔，印度，2008年8月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393971">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=O2C:%20occasional%20two-cycle%20operations%20for%20dynamic%20thermal%20management%20in%20high%20performance%20in-order%20microprocessors&author=S. Ghosh&author=J. H. Choi&author=P. Ndai&author=&author=K. Roy" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B30">N. Toosizadeh，S. G.扎基，和J.诸“Varipipe：低开销可变时钟同步管道，”在<i>计算机工程学报，2009</i>，第117-124，2009年10月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2009.5413167">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Varipipe:%20low-overhead%20variable-clock%20synchronous%20pipelines&author=N. Toosizadeh&author=S. G. Zaky&author=&author=J. Zhu" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B31">M. Ghasemazar, B. Amelifard，和M. Pedram，“利用软边触发器优化管道设计的数学解决方案”<i>第十三届ACM/IEEE低功耗电子与设计国际研讨会论文集(ISLPED’08)</i>，页33-38，班加罗尔，印度，2008年8月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393935">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20mathematical%20solution%20to%20power%20optimal%20pipeline%20design%20by%20utilizing%20soft%20edge%20flip-flops&author=M. Ghasemazar&author=B. Amelifard&author=&author=M. Pedram" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B32">梁新民，魏国勇，“基于电压插值和可变延迟的容变架构”，发表于<i>第35届国际研讨会计算机体系结构的程序（ISCA '08）</i>，页191-202,2008年6月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCA.2008.27">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=ReVIVaL:%20a%20variation-tolerant%20architecture%20using%20voltage%20interpolation%20and%20variable%20latency&author=X. Liang&author=G. Y. Wei&author=&author=D. Brooks" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B27">翟志强，李志强，“一种基于微处理器的低阈值传感器系统”，电子学报<i>IEEE超大规模集成电路研讨会论文集，技术论文摘要(VLSIC '06)</i>，pp.154-155，2006年6月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%202.60 pJ/inst%20subthreshold%20sensor%20processor%20for%20optimal%20energy%20efficiency&author=B. Zhai&author=L. Nazhandali&author=J. Olson et al." target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B33">M. G. Jeong, T. Nakura, M. Ikeda，和K. Asada，“Moebius电路:具有错误门搜索功能的逻辑门级管道的双轨动态逻辑”，刊于<i>第十九届ACM超大规模集成电路大湖专题讨论会论文集(GLSVLSI’09)</i>，第177-180页，美国波士顿，美国，2009年5月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1531542.1531588">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Moebius%20circuit:%20dual-rail%20dynamic%20logic%20for%20logic%20gate%20level%20pipeline%20with%20error%20gate%20search%20feature&author=M. G. Jeong&author=T. Nakura&author=M. Ikeda&author=&author=K. Asada" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B34">O.Azizi、A.Mahesri、B.C.Lee、S.J.Patel和M.Horowitz，“处理器体系结构和电路设计中的能源性能权衡：边际成本分析”，年<i>第37届计算机体系结构国际研讨会论文集(ISCA’10)</i>，第26-36页，圣马洛，法国，2010年6月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1815961.1815967">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Energy-performance%20tradeoffs%20in%20processor%20architecture%20and%20circuit%20design:%20a%20marginal%20cost%20analysis&author=O. Azizi&author=A. Mahesri&author=B. C. Lee&author=S. J. Patel&author=&author=M. Horowitz" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B35">K. Hirose, Y. Manzawa, M. Goshima, S. Sakai，“用于低功耗和时间容错电路设计的现场误差监测的延迟补偿触发器”，<i>日本应用物理学杂志</i>，第47卷，第47期。4, pp. 2779 - 2787,2008。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.47.2779">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Delay-compensation%20flip-flop%20with%20in-situ%20error%20monitoring%20for%20low-power%20and%20timing-error-tolerant%20circuit%20design&author=K. Hirose&author=Y. Manzawa&author=M. Goshima&author=&author=S. Sakai&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B36">D. Ernst, K. Nam Sung, S. Das等人，“剃刀:基于电路级时序推测的低功率管道”，刊于<i>第36届IEEE/ACM微架构国际研讨会论文集，MICRO-36</i>，页7-18,2003。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Razor:%20a%20low-power%20pipeline%20based%20on%20circuit-level%20timing%20speculation&author=D. Ernst&author=K. Nam Sung&author=S. Das et al." target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B37">M. J. Turnquist和L. Koskinen，“定时错误检测锁存器的亚阈值操作”，出版<i>电子学报，2009。' 2009。博士学位。</i>，第124-127页，2009年7月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/RME.2009.5201304">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sub-threshold%20operation%20of%20a%20timing%20error%20detection%20latch&author=M. J. Turnquist &author=L. Koskinen" target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B38">D. Blaauw, S. Kalaiselvan, K. Lai et al.，“剃刀II: PVT和SER公差的原位误差检测和校正”<i>IEEE国际固态电路会议论文集(ISSCC '08)</i>， 399-622页，2008年2月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC.2008.4523226">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Razor%20II:%20in%20situ%20error%20detection%20and%20correction%20for%20PVT%20and%20SER%20tolerance&author=D. Blaauw&author=S. Kalaiselvan&author=K. Lai et al." target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B39">S. Das, S. Pant, D. Roberts等人，“使用延迟错误检测和校正的自调优分布式处理器”<i>超大规模集成电路学术研讨会论文集，2005，技术论文摘要</i>，第258-261页，2005年6月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIC.2005.1469380">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20self-tuning%20DVS%20processor%20using%20delay-error%20detection%20and%20correction&author=S. Das&author=S. Pant&author=D. Roberts et al." target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> <li id="B40">K. A. Bowman，J.W. Tschanz，N.S.Kim等，“节能和衡量性 - 免疫定时 - 错误检测和用于动态变化公差的基于指令重播的恢复电路”<i>IEEE国际固态电路会议论文集(ISSCC '08)。技术论文摘要</i>，页402-623,2008年2月。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC.2008.4523227">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Energy-efficient%20and%20metastability-immune%20timing-error%20detection%20and%20instruction-replay-based%20recovery%20circuits%20for%20dynamic-variation%20tolerance&author=K. A. Bowman&author=J. W. Tschanz&author=N. S. Kim et al." target="_blank">谷歌学者</a></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</H4><p>版权所有©2012 Mohsen Radfar等。这是一篇发布在<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享署名许可协议</a>如果正确引用了原始工作，则允许在任何媒体中的不受限制使用，分发和再现。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-6 bqUtxN article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</H4><div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 dhicaS"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 sZeeW rightWrapper"> <div id="rightSectionMenu" class="sc-hZSUBg hwTmaF journal_article__StickyRight-sc-12fk6zy-0 xuPEv"> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 iKpUSJ article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-jrIrqw deaPpH article_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-hjRWVT iLecBy article_toolbar_views"> 3943 的观点 | 4185 下载 | 11 引用</div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cbkKFq dNPgJJ sc-iybRtq jghqNV pdf_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/apec/2012/926753.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id=""><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-krvtoX isUmzT" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF.</span></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje ggEPYc sc-fYiAbW eBEQa fileArrow" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="20"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cbkKFq dNPgJJ sc-iQtOjA huyqUq ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavLarge"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-krvtoX isUmzT" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</span></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje ggEPYc sc-fYiAbW eBEQa fileArrow" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="20"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cbkKFq dNPgJJ sc-fHxwqH dPWBKK ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/apec/2012/926753.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-krvtoX isUmzT" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iMTgiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxOCAyMiI+PGRlZnM+PGNsaXBQYXRoIGlkPSJhIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMmEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjNBMywzLDAsMCwxLDMsMGg4YS45OTEuOTkxLDAsMCwxLC41NzMuMTgxbDAsMCwuMDA4LjAwNmEuOTU1Ljk1NSwwLDAsMSwuMTIyLjFsNiw2YTEuMDI1LDEuMDI1LDAsMCwxLC4xLjEyMmwuMDA2LjAxLDAsMEExLDEsMCwwLDEsMTgsNi45NzVWMTlhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMsM1pNMiwzVjE5YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLDFIMTVhMSwxLDAsMCwwLDEtMVY4SDExYTEsMSwwLDAsMS0xLTFWMkgzQTEsMSwwLDAsMCwyLDNaTTEyLDZoMi41ODdMMTIsMy40MTRaTTUsMTdhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAtMmg4YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLDJabTAtNGExLDEsMCwxLDEsMC0yaDhhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAsMlpNNSw5QTEsMSwwLDEsMSw1LDdIN0ExLDEsMCwwLDEsNyw5WiIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMyAxKSIvPjwvY2xpcFBhdGg+PC9kZWZzPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKC0zIC0xKSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTMsMjJhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMtM1YzQTMsMywwLDAsMSwzLDBoOGEuOTkxLjk5MSwwLDAsMSwuNTczLjE4MWwwLDAsLjAwOC4wMDZhLjk1NS45NTUsMCwwLDEsLjEyMi4xbDYsNmExLjAyNSwxLjAyNSwwLDAsMSwuMS4xMjJsLjAwNi4wMSwwLDBBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDE4LDYuOTc1VjE5YTMsMywwLDAsMS0zLDNaTTIsM1YxOWExLDEsMCwwLDAsMSwxSDE1YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLTFWOEgxMWExLDEsMCwwLDEtMS0xVjJIM0ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMiwzWk0xMiw2aDIuNTg3TDEyLDMuNDE0Wk01LDE3YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLTJoOGExLDEsMCwxLDEsMCwyWm0wLTRhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAtMmg4YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLDJaTTUsOUExLDEsMCwxLDEsNSw3SDdBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDcsOVoiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDMgMSkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="24"><span class="text">引用</span></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje ggEPYc sc-fYiAbW eBEQa fileArrow" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="20"></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-2 gvAMNw article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-fyjhYU bmCmNg article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-ugnQR bdNavy accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-iomxrj czMNsj" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-iFMziU gCiAsp">下载其他格式</span><span class="sc-keVrkP hYjHxB">更多的</span></span> <img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-dvCyap bivFoZ" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"> </div> <div class="sc-eIHaNI qcTAH"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eTpRJs eqSlZb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/apec/2012/926753.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-dxZgTM jwQjXi"> epub.</div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-iomxrj czMNsj" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjBweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMnB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjAgMjIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDUzLjIgKDcyNjQzKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5jaGV2cm9uLWRvd24gY29weSAzPC90aXRsZT4KICAgIDxkZXNjPkNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBTa2V0Y2guPC9kZXNjPgogICAgPGRlZnM+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTExLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgTDExLDIgQzExLDEuNDQ3NzE1MjUgMTEuNDQ3NzE1MywxIDEyLDEgQzEyLjU1MjI4NDcsMSAxMywxLjQ0NzcxNTI1IDEzLDIgTDEzLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgTDE1LjI5Mjg5MzIsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBDMTUuNjgzNDE3NSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDE2LjMxNjU4MjUsMTAuOTAyMzY4OSAxNi43MDcxMDY4LDExLjI5Mjg5MzIgQzE3LjA5NzYzMTEsMTEuNjgzNDE3NSAxNy4wOTc2MzExLDEyLjMxNjU4MjUgMTYuNzA3MTA2OCwxMi43MDcxMDY4IEwxMi43MDcxMDY4LDE2LjcwNzEwNjggQzEyLjMxNjU4MjUsMTcuMDk3NjMxMSAxMS42ODM0MTc1LDE3LjA5NzYzMTEgMTEuMjkyODkzMiwxNi43MDcxMDY4IEw3LjI5Mjg5MzIyLDEyLjcwNzEwNjggQzYuOTAyMzY4OTMsMTIuMzE2NTgyNSA2LjkwMjM2ODkzLDExLjY4MzQxNzUgNy4yOTI4OTMyMiwxMS4yOTI4OTMyIEM3LjY4MzQxNzUxLDEwLjkwMjM2ODkgOC4zMTY1ODI0OSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDguNzA3MTA2NzgsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBMMTEsMTMuNTg1Nzg2NCBaIE0yLDE3IEMyLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMi40NDc3MTUyNSwxNiAzLDE2IEMzLjU1MjI4NDc1LDE2IDQsMTYuNDQ3NzE1MyA0LDE3IEw0LDIwIEM0LDIwLjU1MjI4NDcgNC40NDc3MTUyNSwyMSA1LDIxIEwxOSwyMSBDMTkuNTUyMjg0NywyMSAyMCwyMC41NTIyODQ3IDIwLDIwIEwyMCwxNyBDMjAsMTYuNDQ3NzE1MyAyMC40NDc3MTUzLDE2IDIxLDE2IEMyMS41NTIyODQ3LDE2IDIyLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMjIsMTcgTDIyLDIwIEMyMiwyMS42NTY4NTQyIDIwLjY1Njg1NDIsMjMgMTksMjMgTDUsMjMgQzMuMzQzMTQ1NzUsMjMgMiwyMS42NTY4NTQyIDIsMjAgTDIsMTcgWiIgaWQ9InBhdGgtMSI+PC9wYXRoPgogICAgPC9kZWZzPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlN5bWJvbHMiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJTaWRlYmFycy9EZXNrdG9wL0FydGljbGUtU2lkZWJhciIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTI5MS4wMDAwMDAsIC0xMzQuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJEb3dubG9hZC1yZWZlcmVuY2UiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDAwMDAwLCAxMTIuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iVHlwZS1hbmQtaWNvbnMiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDIwLjAwMDAwMCwgMjEuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9Ikljb25zL0Rvd25sb2FkIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyNjkuMDAwMDAwLCAwLjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iZG93bmxvYWQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPG1hc2sgaWQ9Im1hc2stMiIgZmlsbD0id2hpdGUiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgeGxpbms6aHJlZj0iI3BhdGgtMSI+PC91c2U+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L21hc2s+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8dXNlIGlkPSJDb21iaW5lZC1TaGFwZSIgZmlsbD0iIzAwMDAwMCIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJub256ZXJvIiB4bGluazpocmVmPSIjcGF0aC0xIj48L3VzZT4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJDT0xPUi8tUHJpbWFyeS1HcmVlbiIgbWFzaz0idXJsKCNtYXNrLTIpIiBmaWxsPSIjNkJBNDM5IiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxyZWN0IGlkPSJSZWN0YW5nbGUiIHg9IjAiIHk9IjAiIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCI+PC9yZWN0PgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4=" height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eTpRJs eqSlZb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/apec/2012/926753.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-dxZgTM jwQjXi"> XML</div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-iomxrj czMNsj" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cBdUnI kZBKov" href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/926753/confirm" aria-label="Order Printed Copies" target="_blank" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__opcNav"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM sc-iomxrj czMNsj" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTZweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMnB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMTYgMjIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDU0LjEgKDc2NDkwKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5hbGlnbi1sZWZ0PC90aXRsZT4KICAgIDxkZXNjPkNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBTa2V0Y2guPC9kZXNjPgogICAgPGRlZnM+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTE1LjgzMzMzMzMsMTYgTDE1LjgzMzMzMzMsMyBMNS40MTY2NjY2NywzIEM0LjcyNjMxMDczLDMgNC4xNjY2NjY2NywzLjY3MTU3Mjg4IDQuMTY2NjY2NjcsNC41IEw0LjE2NjY2NjY3LDE2LjMzNjgxNTYgQzQuNTQ1NTIzMDgsMTYuMTIwODQ1NSA0Ljk2OTMzNDQ2LDE2IDUuNDE2NjY2NjcsMTYgTDE1LjgzMzMzMzMsMTYgWiBNMTUuODMzMzMzMywxOCBMNS40MTY2NjY2NywxOCBDNC43MjYzMTA3MywxOCA0LjE2NjY2NjY3LDE4LjY3MTU3MjkgNC4xNjY2NjY2NywxOS41IEM0LjE2NjY2NjY3LDIwLjMyODQyNzEgNC43MjYzMTA3MywyMSA1LjQxNjY2NjY3LDIxIEwxNS44MzMzMzMzLDIxIEwxNS44MzMzMzMzLDE4IFogTTUuNDE2NjY2NjcsMSBMMTYuNjY2NjY2NywxIEMxNy4xMjY5MDQsMSAxNy41LDEuNDQ3NzE1MjUgMTcuNSwyIEwxNy41LDIyIEMxNy41LDIyLjU1MjI4NDcgMTcuMTI2OTA0LDIzIDE2LjY2NjY2NjcsMjMgTDUuNDE2NjY2NjcsMjMgQzMuODA1ODM2MTUsMjMgMi41LDIxLjQzMjk5NjYgMi41LDE5LjUgTDIuNSw0LjUgQzIuNSwyLjU2NzAwMzM4IDMuODA1ODM2MTUsMSA1LjQxNjY2NjY3LDEgWiIgaWQ9InBhdGgtMSI+PC9wYXRoPgogICAgPC9kZWZzPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlN5bWJvbHMiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJTaWRlYmFycy9EZXNrdG9wL0FydGljbGUtU2lkZWJhciIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTI0LjAwMDAwMCwgLTI2Mi4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9Ik9yZGVyLXByaW50ZWQtY29waWVzIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtMS4wMDAwMDAsIDI0MC4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJUeXBlLWFuZC1pY29ucyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMjEuMDAwMDAwLCAyMS4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iSWNvbnMvUHJpbnRlZC1Db3BpZXMiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iYm9vayIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMi4wMDAwMDAsIDAuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8bWFzayBpZD0ibWFzay0yIiBmaWxsPSJ3aGl0ZSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPHVzZSB4bGluazpocmVmPSIjcGF0aC0xIj48L3VzZT4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvbWFzaz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgaWQ9IkNvbWJpbmVkLVNoYXBlIiBmaWxsPSIjMDAwMDAwIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9Im5vbnplcm8iIHhsaW5rOmhyZWY9IiNwYXRoLTEiPjwvdXNlPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9IkNPTE9SLy1ibGFjayIgbWFzaz0idXJsKCNtYXNrLTIpIiBmaWxsPSIjMDAwMDAwIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxyZWN0IGlkPSJSZWN0YW5nbGUiIHg9IjAiIHk9IjAiIHdpZHRoPSIyMCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCI+PC9yZWN0PgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4=" height="24"><span class="sc-iFMziU gCiAsp">订单印刷副本</span><span class="sc-keVrkP hYjHxB">订单</span></span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-dvCyap bivFoZ right__icon" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a> <nav class="sc-gipzik iSMweP sc-gVLVqr buUPyq" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-jlyJG fqZLRe">分享文章</H3.。><ul class="sc-csuQGl ilZKno"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/926753&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMzFweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMXB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzEgMzEiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDU3LjEgKDgzMDg4KSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5Ud2l0dGVyX1NvY2lhbF9JY29uX0NpcmNsZV9Db2xvcjwvdGl0bGU+CiAgICA8ZGVzYz5DcmVhdGVkIHdpdGggU2tldGNoLjwvZGVzYz4KICAgIDxnIGlkPSJQYWdlLTEiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJUd2l0dGVyX1NvY2lhbF9JY29uX0NpcmNsZV9Db2xvciIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJub256ZXJvIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9IkRhcmtfQmx1ZSIgZmlsbD0iIzFEQTFGMiI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8Y2lyY2xlIGlkPSJPdmFsIiBjeD0iMTUuNSIgY3k9IjE1LjUiIHI9IjE1LjUiPjwvY2lyY2xlPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJMb2dvX194MjAxNF9fRklYRUQiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDcuMDAwMDAwLCA5LjAwMDAwMCkiIGZpbGw9IiNGRkZGRkYiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTUuNjc0NTc2MjcsMTQuOTYwOTM3NSBDMTIuNDM5ODMwNSwxNC45NjA5Mzc1IDE2LjEzODk4MzEsOS4yMTg3NSAxNi4xMzg5ODMxLDQuMjQyMTg3NSBDMTYuMTM4OTgzMSw0LjA3ODEyNSAxNi4xMzg5ODMxLDMuOTE0MDYyNSAxNi4xMzEzNTU5LDMuNzU3ODEyNSBDMTYuODQ4MzA1MSwzLjIyNjU2MjUgMTcuNDczNzI4OCwyLjU2MjUgMTcuOTY5NDkxNSwxLjgwNDY4NzUgQzE3LjMxMzU1OTMsMi4xMDE1NjI1IDE2LjYwNDIzNzMsMi4zMDQ2ODc1IDE1Ljg1Njc3OTcsMi4zOTg0Mzc1IEMxNi42MTk0OTE1LDEuOTI5Njg3NSAxNy4xOTkxNTI1LDEuMTk1MzEyNSAxNy40NzM3Mjg4LDAuMzEyNSBDMTYuNzY0NDA2OCwwLjc0MjE4NzUgMTUuOTc4ODEzNiwxLjA1NDY4NzUgMTUuMTM5ODMwNSwxLjIyNjU2MjUgQzE0LjQ2ODY0NDEsMC40OTIxODc1IDEzLjUxNTI1NDIsMC4wMzkwNjI1IDEyLjQ1NTA4NDcsMC4wMzkwNjI1IEMxMC40MjYyNzEyLDAuMDM5MDYyNSA4Ljc3ODgxMzU2LDEuNzI2NTYyNSA4Ljc3ODgxMzU2LDMuODA0Njg3NSBDOC43Nzg4MTM1Niw0LjEwMTU2MjUgOC44MDkzMjIwMyw0LjM5MDYyNSA4Ljg3Nzk2NjEsNC42NjQwNjI1IEM1LjgxOTQ5MTUzLDQuNTA3ODEyNSAzLjExMTg2NDQxLDMuMDA3ODEyNSAxLjI5NjYxMDE3LDAuNzI2NTYyNSBDMC45ODM4OTgzMDUsMS4yODEyNSAwLjgwMDg0NzQ1OCwxLjkyOTY4NzUgMC44MDA4NDc0NTgsMi42MTcxODc1IEMwLjgwMDg0NzQ1OCwzLjkyMTg3NSAxLjQ0OTE1MjU0LDUuMDc4MTI1IDIuNDQwNjc3OTcsNS43NSBDMS44MzgxMzU1OSw1LjczNDM3NSAxLjI3MzcyODgxLDUuNTYyNSAwLjc3Nzk2NjEwMiw1LjI4MTI1IEMwLjc3Nzk2NjEwMiw1LjI5Njg3NSAwLjc3Nzk2NjEwMiw1LjMxMjUgMC43Nzc5NjYxMDIsNS4zMjgxMjUgQzAuNzc3OTY2MTAyLDcuMTU2MjUgMi4wNDQwNjc4LDguNjcxODc1IDMuNzI5NjYxMDIsOS4wMjM0Mzc1IEMzLjQyNDU3NjI3LDkuMTA5Mzc1IDMuMDk2NjEwMTcsOS4xNTYyNSAyLjc2MTAxNjk1LDkuMTU2MjUgQzIuNTI0NTc2MjcsOS4xNTYyNSAyLjI5NTc2MjcxLDkuMTMyODEyNSAyLjA2Njk0OTE1LDkuMDg1OTM3NSBDMi41MzIyMDMzOSwxMC41ODU5Mzc1IDMuODg5ODMwNTEsMTEuNjcxODc1IDUuNDk5MTUyNTQsMTEuNzAzMTI1IEM0LjI0MDY3Nzk3LDEyLjcxMDkzNzUgMi42NTQyMzcyOSwxMy4zMTI1IDAuOTMwNTA4NDc1LDEzLjMxMjUgQzAuNjMzMDUwODQ3LDEzLjMxMjUgMC4zNDMyMjAzMzksMTMuMjk2ODc1IDAuMDUzMzg5ODMwNSwxMy4yNTc4MTI1IEMxLjY2MjcxMTg2LDE0LjMzNTkzNzUgMy42LDE0Ljk2MDkzNzUgNS42NzQ1NzYyNywxNC45NjA5Mzc1IiBpZD0iUGF0aCI+PC9wYXRoPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4=" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/926753" aria-label="Sharing on Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM socialLinkedin" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialLinkedin.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/926753" aria-label="Sharing on Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM socialFacebook" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialFacebook.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:?subject=Recent Subthreshold Design Techniques&body=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/926753" aria-label="Sharing on Mail"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje fEOMwM socialMail" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 cBTaXT journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-5 cWHNip biblioWrapperRight biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">相关文章</H4><div id="biblio_sidebar" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 dhicaS"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="sc-kpOJdX fnXcho"> <section class="sc-dxgOiQ jouXcH"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd primary__footer footer__bodypadding"> <div class="sc-ckVGcZ gizesk mobile"> 遵循我们:<nav role="navigation" class="sc-eNQAEJ kZcFWM"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jKJlTe kkOZmp" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje dyvnNv" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jKJlTe kkOZmp" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje dyvnNv" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iNDBweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MHB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAgNDAiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDU0LjEgKDc2NDkwKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5saW5rZWRpbjwvdGl0bGU+CiAgICA8ZGVzYz5DcmVhdGVkIHdpdGggU2tldGNoLjwvZGVzYz4KICAgIDxnIGlkPSJQYWdlLTEiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJIb21lLS0tRGVza3RvcC0iIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKC0xMjM5LjAwMDAwMCwgLTgyMC4wMDAwMDApIiBmaWxsPSIjNEE0QTRBIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9Im5vbnplcm8iPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iR3JvdXAtMyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMTE3OS4wMDAwMDAsIDc4MS4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJsaW5rZWRpbiIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoNjAuMDAwMDAwLCAzOS4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMjAsMCBDOC45NTU5OTM2NywwIDAsOC45NTU5OTM2NyAwLDIwIEMwLDMxLjA0NDAwNjMgOC45NTU5OTM2Nyw0MCAyMCw0MCBDMzEuMDQ0MDA2Myw0MCA0MCwzMS4wNDQwMDYzIDQwLDIwIEM0MCw4Ljk1NTk5MzY3IDMxLjA0NDAwNjMsMCAyMCwwIFogTTE0LjE4ODIzMjQsMzAuMjM0Mzc1IEw5LjMxNzMyMTgsMzAuMjM0Mzc1IEw5LjMxNzMyMTgsMTUuNTgwMTM5MSBMMTQuMTg4MjMyNCwxNS41ODAxMzkxIEwxNC4xODgyMzI0LDMwLjIzNDM3NSBaIE0xMS43NTI5Mjk3LDEzLjU3OTEwMTYgTDExLjcyMTE5MTQsMTMuNTc5MTAxNiBDMTAuMDg2NjY5OSwxMy41NzkxMDE2IDkuMDI5NTQxMDIsMTIuNDUzOTE4NCA5LjAyOTU0MTAyLDExLjA0NzY2ODQgQzkuMDI5NTQxMDIsOS42MDk2ODAxNiAxMC4xMTkwMTg2LDguNTE1NjI1IDExLjc4NTI3ODMsOC41MTU2MjUgQzEzLjQ1MTUzODEsOC41MTU2MjUgMTQuNDc2OTI4OCw5LjYwOTY4MDE2IDE0LjUwODY2NywxMS4wNDc2Njg0IEMxNC41MDg2NjcsMTIuNDUzOTE4NCAxMy40NTE1MzgxLDEzLjU3OTEwMTYgMTEuNzUyOTI5NywxMy41NzkxMDE2IFogTTMxLjc1MTcwOSwzMC4yMzQzNzUgTDI2Ljg4MTQwODcsMzAuMjM0Mzc1IEwyNi44ODE0MDg3LDIyLjM5NDcxNDQgQzI2Ljg4MTQwODcsMjAuNDI0NDk5NSAyNi4xNzYxNDc1LDE5LjA4MDgxMDUgMjQuNDEzNzU3MywxOS4wODA4MTA1IEMyMy4wNjgyMzczLDE5LjA4MDgxMDUgMjIuMjY2ODQ1NywxOS45ODcxODI3IDIxLjkxNDY3MjgsMjAuODYyMTIxNiBDMjEuNzg1ODg4NywyMS4xNzUyMzIgMjEuNzU0NDU1NSwyMS42MTI4NTQgMjEuNzU0NDU1NSwyMi4wNTA3ODEzIEwyMS43NTQ0NTU1LDMwLjIzNDM3NSBMMTYuODgzODUwMSwzMC4yMzQzNzUgQzE2Ljg4Mzg1MDEsMzAuMjM0Mzc1IDE2Ljk0NzYzMTksMTYuOTU0OTU2MSAxNi44ODM4NTAxLDE1LjU4MDEzOTEgTDIxLjc1NDQ1NTUsMTUuNTgwMTM5MSBMMjEuNzU0NDU1NSwxNy42NTUwMjkzIEMyMi40MDE3MzM0LDE2LjY1NjQ5NDEgMjMuNTU5ODc1NSwxNS4yMzYyMDYxIDI2LjE0NDEwNCwxNS4yMzYyMDYxIEMyOS4zNDg3NTQ4LDE1LjIzNjIwNjEgMzEuNzUxNzA5LDE3LjMzMDYyNzQgMzEuNzUxNzA5LDIxLjgzMTY2NSBMMzEuNzUxNzA5LDMwLjIzNDM3NSBaIiBpZD0iU2hhcGUiPjwvcGF0aD4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgIDwvZz4KPC9zdmc+" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jKJlTe kkOZmp" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje dyvnNv" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jKJlTe kkOZmp" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje dyvnNv" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/facebookDark.svg" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> <nav class="E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx" role="navigation"> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link about_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">关于我们</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link contact_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">联系我们</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link partnerships" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">合作伙伴关系</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link blog" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">博客</a></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link journals" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">期刊</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article_processing_charges" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">文章处理费用</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link subscriptions" href="//www.newsama.com/subscriptions/" aria-label="Subscriptions"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">订阅</a></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link authors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">作者</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link editors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">编辑</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link reviewers" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iOCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxNCIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDggMTQiPjxkZWZzPjxjbGlwUGF0aCBpZD0iYSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTcsMi40MTRsNS4yOTMsNS4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMSwwLDEuNDE0LTEuNDE0bC02LTZhMSwxLDAsMCwwLTEuNDE0LDBsLTYsNkExLDEsMCwwLDAsMS43MDcsNy43MDdaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSg1IDgpIi8+PC9jbGlwUGF0aD48L2RlZnM+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTggMTkpIHJvdGF0ZSgtOTApIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNNywyLjQxNGw1LjI5Myw1LjI5M2ExLDEsMCwxLDAsMS40MTQtMS40MTRsLTYtNmExLDEsMCwwLDAtMS40MTQsMGwtNiw2QTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLjcwNyw3LjcwN1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDUgOCkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0iIzZiYTQzOSIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="14">评论员</a></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link hindawi_xml_corpus" href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">雷电竞APP</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link open_archives_initiative" href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jRIjVn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="14">开放档案倡议</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="sc-ckVGcZ gizesk desktop"> 遵循我们:<nav role="navigation" class="sc-eNQAEJ kZcFWM"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jKJlTe kkOZmp" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje dyvnNv" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iNDBweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MHB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAgNDAiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDU0LjEgKDc2NDkwKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT50d2l0dGVyPC90aXRsZT4KICAgIDxkZXNjPkNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBTa2V0Y2guPC9kZXNjPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlBhZ2UtMSIgc3Ryb2tlPSJub25lIiBzdHJva2Utd2lkdGg9IjEiIGZpbGw9Im5vbmUiIGZpbGwtcnVsZT0iZXZlbm9kZCI+CiAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9IkhvbWUtLS1EZXNrdG9wLSIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTExNzkuMDAwMDAwLCAtODIwLjAwMDAwMCkiIGZpbGw9IiM0QTRBNEEiIGZpbGwtcnVsZT0ibm9uemVybyI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJHcm91cC0zIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMTc5LjAwMDAwMCwgNzgxLjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9InR3aXR0ZXIiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDAwMDAwLCAzOS4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMjAsMCBDOC45NTU5OTM2NywwIDAsOC45NTU5OTM2NyAwLDIwIEMwLDMxLjA0NDAwNjMgOC45NTU5OTM2Nyw0MCAyMCw0MCBDMzEuMDQ0MDA2Myw0MCA0MCwzMS4wNDQwMDYzIDQwLDIwIEM0MCw4Ljk1NTk5MzY3IDMxLjA0NDAwNjMsMCAyMCwwIFogTTI5LjEzMTc3NDksMTUuNTkzODcyIEMyOS4xNDA2MjUsMTUuNzkwNzEwNSAyOS4xNDQ4OTc1LDE1Ljk4ODQ2NDQgMjkuMTQ0ODk3NSwxNi4xODcxMzM4IEMyOS4xNDQ4OTc1LDIyLjI1MzExMjggMjQuNTI3NTg3OSwyOS4yNDgwNDY5IDE2LjA4MzY3OTIsMjkuMjQ4MzUyIEwxNi4wODM5ODQ0LDI5LjI0ODM1MiBMMTYuMDgzNjc5MiwyOS4yNDgzNTIgQzEzLjQ5MTIxMDksMjkuMjQ4MzUyIDExLjA3ODc5NjQsMjguNDg4NDY0NCA5LjA0NzI0MTI1LDI3LjE4NjI3OTMgQzkuNDA2NDMzMTMsMjcuMjI4Njk4OCA5Ljc3MjAzMzY3LDI3LjI0OTc1NTkgMTAuMTQyMjExOSwyNy4yNDk3NTU5IEMxMi4yOTMwOTA4LDI3LjI0OTc1NTkgMTQuMjcyNDYwOSwyNi41MTYxMTMzIDE1Ljg0MzgxMSwyNS4yODQ3MjkgQzEzLjgzNDIyODUsMjUuMjQ3NDk3NiAxMi4xMzk4OTI2LDIzLjkyMDI4ODEgMTEuNTU1MTc1OCwyMi4wOTYyNTI0IEMxMS44MzUwMjIsMjIuMTQ5OTYzNCAxMi4xMjI4MDI3LDIyLjE3OTI2MDIgMTIuNDE3OTA3NywyMi4xNzkyNjAyIEMxMi44MzY5MTQxLDIyLjE3OTI2MDIgMTMuMjQyNzk3OCwyMi4xMjI4MDI3IDEzLjYyODU0LDIyLjAxNzUxNzEgQzExLjUyODAxNTIsMjEuNTk2OTg0OCA5Ljk0NTY3ODc1LDE5Ljc0MDYwMDYgOS45NDU2Nzg3NSwxNy41MTc3MDAyIEM5Ljk0NTY3ODc1LDE3LjQ5Njk0ODMgOS45NDU2Nzg3NSwxNy40NzgzMzI1IDkuOTQ2Mjg5MDYsMTcuNDU5MTA2NCBDMTAuNTY0ODgwNCwxNy44MDMwMzk1IDExLjI3MjI3NzgsMTguMDA5OTQ4OCAxMi4wMjU0NTE2LDE4LjAzMzE0MjEgQzEwLjc5Mjg0NjcsMTcuMjEwNjkzNCA5Ljk4MjYwNSwxNS44MDQ3NDg1IDkuOTgyNjA1LDE0LjIxMjAzNjEgQzkuOTgyNjA1LDEzLjM3MDk3MTcgMTAuMjA5OTYwOSwxMi41ODMwMDc4IDEwLjYwNDI0OCwxMS45MDQ2MDIgQzEyLjg2ODA0MiwxNC42ODIzMTIgMTYuMjUxMjIwNywxNi41MDkwOTQyIDIwLjA2NjUyODMsMTYuNzAxMDQ5OCBDMTkuOTg3NzkzLDE2LjM2NDc0NjEgMTkuOTQ3MjA0NiwxNi4wMTQ0MDQzIDE5Ljk0NzIwNDYsMTUuNjU0Mjk2OSBDMTkuOTQ3MjA0NiwxMy4xMjAxMTcyIDIyLjAwMzE3MzgsMTEuMDY0MTQ4IDI0LjUzODI2OTEsMTEuMDY0MTQ4IEMyNS44NTg3NjQ3LDExLjA2NDE0OCAyNy4wNTEzOTE2LDExLjYyMjMxNDUgMjcuODg5MDk5MSwxMi41MTQ2NDg0IEMyOC45MzQ5MzY2LDEyLjMwODM0OTYgMjkuOTE2OTkyMiwxMS45MjYyNjk1IDMwLjgwNDEzODIsMTEuNDAwNDUxNiBDMzAuNDYwODE1NSwxMi40NzE5MjM4IDI5LjczMzI3NjQsMTMuMzcwOTcxNyAyOC43ODU0MDA0LDEzLjkzOTUxNDEgQzI5LjcxNDA1MDMsMTMuODI4NDMwMiAzMC41OTkwNjAxLDEzLjU4MjE1MzMgMzEuNDIxNTA4OCwxMy4yMTY1NTI3IEMzMC44MDcxODk5LDE0LjEzNzI2OCAzMC4wMjgwNzYyLDE0Ljk0NTk4MzkgMjkuMTMxNzc0OSwxNS41OTM4NzIgWiIgaWQ9IlNoYXBlIj48L3BhdGg+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPg==" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jKJlTe kkOZmp" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje dyvnNv" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jKJlTe kkOZmp" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje dyvnNv" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iNDBweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MHB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAgNDAiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDU0LjEgKDc2NDkwKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT55b3V0dWJlPC90aXRsZT4KICAgIDxkZXNjPkNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBTa2V0Y2guPC9kZXNjPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlBhZ2UtMSIgc3Ryb2tlPSJub25lIiBzdHJva2Utd2lkdGg9IjEiIGZpbGw9Im5vbmUiIGZpbGwtcnVsZT0iZXZlbm9kZCI+CiAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9IkhvbWUtLS1EZXNrdG9wLSIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTEyOTkuMDAwMDAwLCAtODIwLjAwMDAwMCkiIGZpbGw9IiM0QTRBNEEiIGZpbGwtcnVsZT0ibm9uemVybyI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJHcm91cC0zIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMTc5LjAwMDAwMCwgNzgxLjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9InlvdXR1YmUiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDEyMC4wMDAwMDAsIDM5LjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxwb2x5Z29uIGlkPSJQYXRoIiBwb2ludHM9IjE3LjI5NzI5NzMgMjMuNzgzNzgzOCAyMy43ODM3ODM4IDIwIDE3LjI5NzI5NzMgMTYuMjE2MjE2MiI+PC9wb2x5Z29uPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0yMCwwIEM4Ljk1NTk5MzY3LDAgMCw4Ljk1NTk5MzY3IDAsMjAgQzAsMzEuMDQ0MDA2MyA4Ljk1NTk5MzY3LDQwIDIwLDQwIEMzMS4wNDQwMDYzLDQwIDQwLDMxLjA0NDAwNjMgNDAsMjAgQzQwLDguOTU1OTkzNjcgMzEuMDQ0MDA2MywwIDIwLDAgWiBNMzIuNDk2OTQ4MywyMC4wMjA0NDY4IEMzMi40OTY5NDgzLDIwLjAyMDQ0NjggMzIuNDk2OTQ4MywyNC4wNzY1MzgxIDMxLjk4MjQyMTksMjYuMDMyNDA5NyBDMzEuNjk0MDMwOCwyNy4xMDI5NjYzIDMwLjg0OTkxNDUsMjcuOTQ3MDgyNSAyOS43NzkzNTc5LDI4LjIzNTE2ODQgQzI3LjgyMzQ4NjMsMjguNzUgMjAsMjguNzUgMjAsMjguNzUgQzIwLDI4Ljc1IDEyLjE5Njk2MDUsMjguNzUgMTAuMjIwNjQyMSwyOC4yMTQ3MjE3IEM5LjE1MDA4NTQ3LDI3LjkyNjYzNTggOC4zMDU5NjkyMiwyNy4wODIyMTQ0IDguMDE3NTc4MTMsMjYuMDExNjU3NyBDNy41MDI3NDY1NiwyNC4wNzY1MzgxIDcuNTAyNzQ2NTYsMjAgNy41MDI3NDY1NiwyMCBDNy41MDI3NDY1NiwyMCA3LjUwMjc0NjU2LDE1Ljk0NDIxMzkgOC4wMTc1NzgxMywxMy45ODgzNDIzIEM4LjMwNTY2NDA2LDEyLjkxNzc4NTYgOS4xNzA1MzIxOSwxMi4wNTI5MTc1IDEwLjIyMDY0MjEsMTEuNzY0ODMxNiBDMTIuMTc2NTEzNywxMS4yNSAyMCwxMS4yNSAyMCwxMS4yNSBDMjAsMTEuMjUgMjcuODIzNDg2MywxMS4yNSAyOS43NzkzNTc5LDExLjc4NTI3ODMgQzMwLjg0OTkxNDUsMTIuMDczMzY0MiAzMS42OTQwMzA4LDEyLjkxNzc4NTYgMzEuOTgyNDIxOSwxMy45ODgzNDIzIEMzMi41MTc3MDAyLDE1Ljk0NDIxMzkgMzIuNDk2OTQ4MywyMC4wMjA0NDY4IDMyLjQ5Njk0ODMsMjAuMDIwNDQ2OCBMMzIuNDk2OTQ4MywyMC4wMjA0NDY4IFoiIGlkPSJTaGFwZSI+PC9wYXRoPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4=" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jKJlTe kkOZmp" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje dyvnNv" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Lvhw1J_a6cWVqaLmZO6Im/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/facebookDark.svg" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"> <section class="sc-hMqMXs gwWYzB E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd"> <span class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _3YBvMs82CMJ-uNoH7JwwWl"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策 |</a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款 |</a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策 |</a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" aria-label="Copyright">版权</a></span> </section> </div> </footer> <div class="sc-epGmkI gJlPsM advWrapper hideBanner"> <span><p>我们致力于尽快、安全地分享与COVID-19有关的调查结果。任何提交COVID-19论文的作者应通过以下方式通知我们<a href="mailto:help@hindawi.com">help@hindawi.com</a>以确保他们的研究是快速跟踪和尽快预印本服务器上公布。我们将针对与COVID-19接受的文章中提供的出版费用减免无限。<a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf7MILluJtO9xV2QXznWVd66UQU4puow4wSk7iwLz7iYcykfA/viewform">注册在这里</a>作为评论员，帮助快速跟踪新的提交。</p></span> <button class="sc-fCPvlr kfkJUY"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje cPuqxU sc-gAmQfK cvvVPH" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></button> </div> </div> </div> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>