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粉LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4阴极材料的表征和电化学性能由大型喷雾热解法使用火焰燃烧</gydF4y2Batitle>
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<h2 class="articleHeader__specialIssue_title">在材料微观结构演化热处理</gydF4y2Bah2>
<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/si/898603/" class="articleHeader__specialIssue_url" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">把这个特殊的问题</gydF4y2Baa>
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<span>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->768143年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->|</gydF4y2Baspan>
<span class="articleHeader__meta_doiLink"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/768143" aria-label="Doi-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/768143</gydF4y2Baa></span>
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<h1 class="articleHeader__title">粉利尼的表征和电化学性能<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>大型喷雾热解产生的阴极材料使用火焰燃烧</gydF4y2Bah1>
<div class="articleHeader__authors">
<span class="articleHeader__authors_author">Shinsuke Akao<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span>
<span class="articleHeader__authors_author">Motofumi山田<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span>
<span class="articleHeader__authors_author">孝Kodera<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span>
<span class="articleHeader__authors_author">Kenichi Myoujin<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span>
<span class="articleHeader__authors_author">和<gydF4y2Bastrong>隆注资</gydF4y2Bastrong><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" aria-label="Mail Option"><span role="img" class="anticon">
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<strong>学术编辑器:</gydF4y2Bastrong>
<span>约瑟夫·赖</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<div class="articleHeader__timeline">
<div class="articleHeader__timeline_item ">
<strong>收到了</gydF4y2Bastrong>
<span>2011年04月02</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<div class="articleHeader__timeline_item ">
<strong>接受</gydF4y2Bastrong>
<span>07年6月2011年</gydF4y2Baspan>
</div>
<div class="articleHeader__timeline_item articleHeader__timeline_item_sticky">
<strong>发表</gydF4y2Bastrong>
<span>2011年8月10</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<div class="articleBody">
<div class="xml-content">
<h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极材料产生的喷雾热解装置使用火焰燃烧。SEM表明好粉与多孔球形形貌微观结构的平均直径约为2<gydF4y2Bai>μ</gydF4y2Bai>米宽粒度分布。煅烧后,利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末与多边形形态和粒径分布窄。XRD表明利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>煅烧后的结晶在900°C。充电测量利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极表明长期观察高原在4.7 V利尼的放电曲线<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极,其放电容量是145 mAh / g (1 C。利尼的能力保留<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极是95%在1 C 100周期。利尼的放电容量和容量保留<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极是125 mAh / g和88%在20 C。利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极在50岁的时候也表现出稳定的循环性能<gydF4y2Basvg height="12.9375" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:5.1624999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.1624999 12.9375" width="5.1624999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,.062,4.712)">
<path d="M326 255q0 -56 -41 -96t-99 -40t-99 40t-41 96t41 96t99 40t99 -40t41 -96zM274 255q0 38 -25.5 65t-62.5 27t-62.5 -27t-25.5 -65t25.5 -65t62.5 -27t62.5 27t25.5 65z" id="x2218"></path>
</g>
</svg>C。</gydF4y2Bap>
<span class="end-abs"></span>
<h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>锂离子电池已广泛用作便携式电子设备能源存储设备。最近,这些都指出作为电动汽车等车辆的电源和戊肝病毒<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">1</gydF4y2Baa>]。分层类型LiCoO<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>和尖晶石型描写<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>是最重要的阴极材料由于其高工作电压4 V (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>]。LiCoO<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>一直主要用作商业锂离子电池阴极材料。然而,LiCoO<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>有问题相关的容量衰减由于充电周期的不稳定。钴也昂贵,它的资源是不够的。此外,充电过程中热稳定性很低。因此,LiCoO<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>阴极材料是不适合作为电动汽车和混合电动汽车的锂离子电池。另一方面,描写<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>合适的阴极材料由于其低成本等优点,丰富,无毒性,热稳定<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>]。这是知道Ni-substitute氧化锂锰尖晶石(利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>)展出约为5 V充电行为(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap>
<p>利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>吸引了大量的关注作为阴极材料具有高的能量密度。很重要,控制化学成分获得均匀利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末。到目前为止,利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉已经准备通过解决方案等技术共同沉淀(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">9</gydF4y2Baa>)、喷雾干燥(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B10">10</gydF4y2Baa>],溶胶-凝胶法[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B11">11</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B12">12</gydF4y2Baa>),聚合物凝胶(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>)和化学湿法(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B14">14</gydF4y2Baa>]。利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉也已经准备通过改进的固态反应(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B18">18</gydF4y2Baa>和熔盐反应<gydF4y2Baa href="#B19">19</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B20">20.</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap>
<p>我们注意到喷雾热解为了准备一个齐次利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉。众所周知,喷雾热解法是一种有效的快速合成过程均匀多组分氧化物粉末(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B21">21</gydF4y2Baa>]。我们试图合成各种类型为锂离子电池阴极材料的喷雾热解法(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B22">22</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">24</gydF4y2Baa>]。锂离子电池的充电容量和循环性能都提高了使用锂离子电池阴极材料来自喷雾热解法。公园和太阳<gydF4y2Baa href="#B25">25</gydF4y2Baa>)报道,齐次利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末可以通过超声喷雾热解法。然而,喷雾热解法没有被应用作为工业过程,因为很难均匀pyrolyze薄雾的无机盐电气炉的扩大。热解温度的差异的内部和外部电气炉电气炉的维数的增加而增加。到目前为止,我们还提供了两种类型的喷雾热解设备通过使用煤气灶生产阴极材料(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">26</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B27">27</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些设备的优点是它可以pyrolyze在短时间内大量的雾比电气炉。使用火焰燃烧的喷雾热解也高的节能效果与使用常规电炉加热。在这项工作中,我们修改了火焰燃烧式喷雾热解装置(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">26</gydF4y2Baa>]的雾流从底部到顶部然后试图产生利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末。摘要粉利尼的表征和电化学性能<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉生产的大型喷雾热解装置使用火焰燃烧。</gydF4y2Bap>
<h4 id="experimental">2。实验</gydF4y2Bah4>
<h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。粉制备</gydF4y2Bah5>
<p>利诺<gydF4y2Basub>3</gydF4y2Basub>、锰(不<gydF4y2Basub>3</gydF4y2Basub>)<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>h·6<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>O,倪(没有<gydF4y2Basub>3</gydF4y2Basub>)<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>h·6<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>O开始被用作试剂。他们加权实现金属组件的摩尔比率(李:Mn:倪)2:3:1,溶解在蒸馏水准备开始的解决方案。溶液的浓度开始是1摩尔/ dm<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup>。图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>显示原理图的火焰喷雾热解装置用于这项工作。设备是一个原型开发,以验证阴极材料的工业生产的喷雾热解法。这是一个双流体喷嘴雾化喷嘴的直径是10<gydF4y2Bai>μ</gydF4y2Bai>m)炉(1800毫米×580毫米)和六个煤气灶、冷却线,和一袋过滤器。相比,喷雾热解装置开发在过去的研究中(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">26</gydF4y2Baa>),炉的扩大。使用液化石油气火焰燃烧生成的温度维持在500°C。雾开始的解决方案是不断生成的双流体喷嘴雾化的流量10 dm<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup>/小时。薄雾被介绍给炉使用航空运输气体和正交炉在500°C。炉的温度监控的使用Pt热电偶温度计。温度计是在炉的中心。冷却线是使用空气自然冷却的辐射热量。粉生产的潜力增加了5公斤/天与喷雾热解装置(3公斤/天)在过去的发展。都好利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末和除气冷却小于100°C冷却线粉之前收集的袋式过滤器因为除气的温度超过200°C。利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末是不断产生的速度5 h 200 g / h。好利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末煅烧从700°C到1000°C下2 h空气气氛。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<span class="caption-text">图1</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<td>火焰喷雾热解装置的原理图。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。表征粉末</gydF4y2Bah5>
<p>利尼的水晶阶段<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末和粉末x射线衍射(xrd) - - - 6100年,日本岛津公司)。粒子的形态、微观结构和聚集态的利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末观察用扫描电子显微镜(SEM、地产- 6390,JEOL)。利尼的化学成分<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>分析粉末是由感应耦合等离子体(ICP,他们,sps - 7800)。利尼的比表面积<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末被赌测量方法(SSA,贝尔日本BELSORP-miniII)。利尼的粒子密度<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末决心用比重瓶(Pycnomatic热电子)使用天然气。</gydF4y2Bap>
<h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。电化学测试</gydF4y2Bah5>
<p>阴极制备使用80 wt %利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉,10 wt %作为导电剂乙炔黑,和10 wt %聚偏二氟乙烯树脂作为粘结剂。他们均匀混合<gydF4y2Bai>N</gydF4y2Bai>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone。他们在120°C干24 h在真空炉。金属锂片作为阳极。微孔聚丙烯膜作为分隔符。1摩尔/ dm<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup>LiPF<gydF4y2Basub>6</gydF4y2Basub>碳酸亚乙酯/碳酸二乙酯(EC: 12月= 1:1在体积比)是用作电解质。硬币类型细胞(CR2032)聚集在手套箱充满氩气。利尼的充电容量和循环稳定性<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极被充电测试仪测量(BTS2004H短袜)从3.5 V至4.9 V充电的速度从1到20 C。利尼的循环稳定性<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极也以50°C。</gydF4y2Bap>
<h4 id="results-and-discussion">3所示。结果与讨论</gydF4y2Bah4>
<h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。粒子表征利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末</gydF4y2Bah5>
<p>利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末不断产生在200 g / h。图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>显示了SEM利尼的形象<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉5 h后获得的。SEM照片显示,好利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>有球形粒子形态与广泛的粒度分布。粒子的平均尺寸和几何标准差(<gydF4y2Bai>σ</gydF4y2Bai><sub>g</gydF4y2Basub>)是1.68<gydF4y2Bai>μ</gydF4y2Bai>m和1.34,分别。下粒子或球状粒子也观察到在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>。这个结果表明,大型雾来自双流体喷嘴雾化喷嘴大小为10<gydF4y2Bai>μ</gydF4y2Bai>m导致大粒度和粒度分布广泛的利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末。比表面积和粒子的密度和利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末是24.6米<gydF4y2Basup>2</gydF4y2Basup>/ g和3.32 g / cm<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup>,分别。这些结果表明利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粒子获得的多孔微结构包括基本粒子。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<span class="caption-text">图2</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<td>扫描电镜的照片好利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<p>图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>显示了利尼的粒子形态<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>在900°C粉末煅烧2 h。在好利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末煅烧在900°C,主粒子烧结形成统一的多边形形态。平均粒径和<gydF4y2Basvg height="15.2875" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-5.76988pt;width:17.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.125 15.2875" width="17.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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t-20.5 85q0 74 32.5 145.5t84.5 117.5q40 35 100 58.5t117 23.5q21 0 65 -8q30 -6 44 -6zM456 386q-40 16 -81 16q-29 0 -64 -13q-42 -17 -85 -97q-19 -36 -31.5 -86t-12.5 -86q0 -64 30 -64q20 0 52.5 21t60.5 52q74 81 95 123q26 62 36 134z" id="x1D454"></path>
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</svg>都是1.01<gydF4y2Bai>μ</gydF4y2Bai>m和1.3,分别。发现粒度和粒度分布变得小而窄。利尼的比表面积<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末下降到1.03米<gydF4y2Basup>2</gydF4y2Basup>/ g。粒子密度的增加到4.17 g / m<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup>由于烧结的主要粒子。这导致了利尼可分散性的改善<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末在<gydF4y2Bai>N</gydF4y2Bai>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone溶剂,所以他们得到的均质浆阴极的制备。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<span class="caption-text">图3</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<td>利尼的扫描电镜照片<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>在800°C粉末煅烧。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<p>图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig4/" target="_blank">4</gydF4y2Baa>显示了XRD的模式和利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末和利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>在900°C粉末煅烧2 h。XRD显示和粉末的结晶度低,但这是由煅烧结晶在900°C。似乎,这些利尼的衍射模式<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末被确定与Fd3m立方尖晶石结构空间群。杂质除尖晶石相的衍射模式并没有观察到。从ICP分析利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>在900°C粉末煅烧,利尼的摩尔比率<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末为1.0:0.49:1.49,显示良好的协议与开始的解决方案。这表明李<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>离子、镍<gydF4y2Basup>2 +</gydF4y2Basup>离子和锰<gydF4y2Basup>4 +</gydF4y2Basup>每个雾离子均匀混合在分子水平上扮演了一个角色作为微反应器。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<span class="caption-text">图4</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<td>x射线衍射模式的利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉,(a)和(b)煅烧在800°C。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。利尼的电化学性质<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极</gydF4y2Bah5>
<p>图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig5/" target="_blank">5</gydF4y2Baa>显示了利尼的充电和放电曲线<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极放电率表示。青藏高原是观察到约4.7 V的放电曲线。这是归因于镍<gydF4y2Basup>2 +</gydF4y2Basup>/倪<gydF4y2Basup>4 +</gydF4y2Basup>氧化还原电对(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>]。利尼的放电容量<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极是145 mAh / g (1 C。另一个观察高原4 V左右利尼的放电曲线<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极在1 C。这是归因于锰<gydF4y2Basup>3 +</gydF4y2Basup>/锰<gydF4y2Basup>4 +</gydF4y2Basup>氧化还原电对的。放电容量随放电率增加而降低。青藏高原在4 V消失在超过10 C。利尼的放电容量<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极放电率时是125 mAh / g 20 C。利尼的电压<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极也降低约0.1 V 20 C。高原的消失和电压的降低可能导致的增加细胞的极化。这是发表在文献[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B29">29日</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<span class="caption-text">图5</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<td>利尼的放电曲线<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极率表示。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<p>图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig6/" target="_blank">6</gydF4y2Baa>显示利尼的放电效率<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极率表示。利尼的放电效率<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极是95%在1 C。尽管如此,利尼的放电效率<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极与增加放电率下降,甚至一直在85%以上20 C。认为利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>颗粒均匀多边形形态和高结晶度负责这些杰出的充电性能。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<span class="caption-text">图6</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<td>利尼的放电效率<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极率表示。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<p>图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig7/" target="_blank">7</gydF4y2Baa>显示了放电容量和循环利尼的数量之间的关系<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极放电率表示。充电测试进行了在室温下100周期。利尼的容量衰减略观察<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>100次后阴极在1 C。利尼的能力保留<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极是95%在1 C。利尼的<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极获得减少产能增加放电率,然后逐渐增加。利尼的循环保留<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极是88%后20 C 100周期。这是发现利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极有极好的循环稳定性。认为统一充电反应发生在粒子之间的接口和电解质,因为窄粒度分布。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<td>放电容量和循环数率之间的关系。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<p>图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig8/" target="_blank">8</gydF4y2Baa>显示了循环利尼的性能<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>循环测试时交替进行10周期在1 C和C。140 mAh / g的放电容量保持在1 C。利尼的放电容量<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极下降到130 mAh / g 10 C。利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极还好稳定的交替循环测试速度更高和更低的可卸的。这表明利尼的尖晶石结构<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>李也稳定夹层<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>在高、低离子充电率。这表明利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>尖晶石结构可能导致高循环稳定性的体积变化在锂离子的快速设置。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<span class="caption-text">图8</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<td>放电容量的变化交替重复充电在C 1 C和10至20倍。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<p>图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/amse/2011/768143/fig9/" target="_blank">9</gydF4y2Baa>显示了循环利尼的性能<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极在30°C和50°C。循环测试检查在1 C 200周期。利尼的放电容量<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极在30°C后135 mAh / g 200周期。保留95%的能力。利尼的放电容量<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极在50°C后115 mAh / g 200周期。保留91%的能力。发现循环性能在50°C也稳定,在室温下。</gydF4y2Bap>
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<span class="caption-text">图9</gydF4y2Baspan>
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<td>放电容量和循环的关系数量在30°C和50°C。</gydF4y2Batd>
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<h4 id="conclusions">4所示。结论</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极材料被成功所产生的喷雾热解装置使用火焰燃烧。好利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末与多孔球形形貌微观结构平均直径为1.68<gydF4y2Bai>μ</gydF4y2Bai>米宽粒度分布。煅烧后,利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末与多边形形态和粒径分布窄。利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>粉末煅烧后的结晶在900°C和化学成分是在良好的协议与解决方案。充电测量利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极观察表明,青藏高原在4.7 V利尼的放电曲线<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极,其放电容量是146 mAh / g (1 C。利尼的能力保留<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极是95%在1 C 100周期。利尼的放电容量和容量保留<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极是125 mAh在20 C / g和88%。利尼<gydF4y2Basub>0.5</gydF4y2Basub>锰<gydF4y2Basub>1.5</gydF4y2Basub>O<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>阴极表现出稳定的循环性能在50°C。</gydF4y2Bap>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ArticleReferences_xmlContent__TZqgx">
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(</gydF4y2Bamo>
<mn>
0</gydF4y2Bamn>
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<</gydF4y2Bamo>
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x</gydF4y2Bami>
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≤</gydF4y2Bamo>
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1</gydF4y2Bamn>
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</mrow>
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