更换压缩气球爆炸的方法在有限元模型</t我tle> <link href="//www.newsama.com/static/themes/hindawi/base.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/1497632-style.css" rel="stylesheet" class="next-head"> <link href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/static/lib/basictable.css" rel="stylesheet" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/static/lib/owl.carousel.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/static/lib/owl.theme.default.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="preload" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.24/bib-related-content.min.css" as="style" class="next-head"> <link rel="preload" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.24/bib-related-content.min.css" as="style" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/css/common.835aedbf.chunk.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/css/static/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/pages/journal_article.js.6cbeea55.chunk.css"> <style data-styled="NQpXC gnduKR jzXSTA bNmdOy epRoim bUhGXt gjctdt jGJLow kAzjOl ivbKJD fopjOz hbVEoI khbeDd gvAGTV kNoiZu diutvq bqeMOy bMdQcY ldSkVQ cmzomn fJLQxX kuxTps prcY bJcSpM elhyhe fTkdCR jCfZqq EwsTm hYnXNL hGCBfz dfaOeH jOLhQl iiusBg TsaZF cqhPZs gaRePw dEfJbW eBepOs fSPaCp bVEEaH etauus ctePXh gCIfTO hHKuAX dIjoCg jUTgTa eujois cQgXqt ewCAZX kdvWPs hAFFGk lkWWFY ehYbwJ legory epgILe kCfRMJ bjwAQR byflLi jXeALb UVThf dDyxFF fkVFlF dzZrgS jLUVhb dVCLgr bBmZJZ ewHMLz bbzREB jknsZc eSvjPB jntdRu hAzjHP mBGSe fgGykB gQxyld bVtmCk hSHJbi ktFfKO bkiEfx ztvYg cUsFHx duuwge lcOiDF gsmOCv kPshFw kEVvRd jZOxOO eHMFfo XkrFe irNWJI iQSObO dMuGGA kfDwZY evMkvU fYrLtk fjviok hgKieC cIribm khHUcu gvEcCq dbAANp eyHfWh cBTaXT becpDt hFGNjP jzTMLK gbrQxi hRnXob hymroZ cbcyj hmDWcT isgRZA ihmyEq itFKcQ cGuwDn jrsDZP gWTCXQ jGPvPL etzuBr gWgCNb WHkfb ibWUzs kdRRST cHatnS kxdGAZ jHPgUP fXBKFa hNPrIr bnbfTS cYsVdk inBNwS dkutRV hlGpbO filPdg ecHxGW gCiATD eEFYIL dsXEHZ iXKuYd" data-styled-version="4.4.1"> /* sc-component-id: sc-bdVaJa */ .EwsTm{height:200vh;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:1;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.8);} .EwsTm.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){} @media (min-width:992px){.EwsTm{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-htpNat */ .bUhGXt{color:black;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;} .bUhGXt:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bxivhb */ .ivbKJD{display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-ifAKCX */ .fopjOz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0;} .fopjOz li{padding:0 10px;} .fopjOz li a{padding:0;} .fopjOz a{-webkit-transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;border-bottom:2px solid #fff;border-radius:0;} .fopjOz a:hover{border-bottom:2px solid #9b9b9b;padding-bottom:4px;} .fopjOz .active{border-bottom:2px solid #57a61e;} /* sc-component-id: sc-EHOje */ .jOLhQl{vertical-align:middle;height:24px;}.iiusBg{vertical-align:middle;height:16px;}.TsaZF{vertical-align:middle;height:40px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bZQynM */ .bNmdOy{max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;width:100%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-htoDjs */ .khbeDd{vertical-align:middle;font-size:24px;}.gvAGTV{vertical-align:middle;font-size:9px;}.kNoiZu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;}.diutvq{vertical-align:middle;font-size:22px;}.bqeMOy{vertical-align:middle;font-size:20px;}.bMdQcY{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjdhpX */ .jzXSTA{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:1000;background:#fff;height:70px;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;-webkit-transition:all 0.5s;transition:all 0.5s;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;}} @media (max-width:767px){.jzXSTA{margin-bottom:70px;height:60px;}} .jzXSTA .header__padding{padding:0 20px;box-sizing:border-box;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA .header__padding{padding:0 0 0 20px;}} .jzXSTA .menu{position:fixed;top:60px;right:0;width:100%;background:white;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA .menu{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu{width:500px;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jzXSTA .menu{display:none;}} .jzXSTA .menu ul{list-style-type:none;text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0;} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu ul{padding:0;border-left:1px solid #e3e3e3;}} .jzXSTA .menu ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;padding:10px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;} .jzXSTA .menu .button_wrap{width:90%;margin:10px auto;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu .button_wrap{display:none;}} .jzXSTA .menu .button__publishing{background-color:#6ba439;color:#fff;border-color:#6ba439;} .jzXSTA .menu .button__login{display:none;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#e3e3e3;} .jzXSTA.headerUp{-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);-ms-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-jzJRlG */ .jGJLow{-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .jGJLow a{padding:10px;} .jGJLow nav{-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} @media (max-width:991px){.jGJLow nav{display:none;}} .jGJLow nav ul{margin-right:16px;} .jGJLow nav ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;padding:10px 0px 4px;margin:0 6px;} @media (max-width:991px){.jGJLow .icon-themeable{border-left:1px solid #e3e3e3;padding:23px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767px){.jGJLow .icon-themeable{padding:18px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.jGJLow.mobileButtonFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 51%;-webkit-flex:0 0 51%;-ms-flex:0 0 51%;flex:0 0 51%;max-width:51%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cSHVUG */ .ldSkVQ{display:none;padding:0;background-color:#fff;border:none;height:59px;} @media (min-width:768px){.ldSkVQ{height:69px;}} .ldSkVQ img{box-sizing:content-box;width:28px;padding:17px 20px;} @media (min-width:768px){.ldSkVQ img{padding:22px 20px;}} @media (max-width:991px){.ldSkVQ{display:inline-block;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kAzzGY */ .epRoim a{display:inline-block;padding:15px 0;} @media (max-width:767px){.epRoim a{padding:10px 0;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.epRoim.mobileLogoFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 49%;-webkit-flex:0 0 49%;-ms-flex:0 0 49%;flex:0 0 49%;max-width:49%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-chPdSV */ .hbVEoI{border:none;height:50px;background-color:#fff;margin:10px 0 0 17px;position:relative;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.hbVEoI{margin:0 3px 0 16px;padding:0;height:69px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hbVEoI{height:59px;}} .hbVEoI img{box-sizing:content-box;} .hbVEoI .icon__cross{width:24px;height:24px;} @media (min-width:768px){.hbVEoI .icon__cross{padding:23px 20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hbVEoI .icon__cross{padding:0px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ckVGcZ */ .gjctdt{vertical-align:middle;height:39px;} @media (max-width:401px){.gjctdt{max-width:100%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jKJlTe */ .inBNwS{background-color:#0d2934;font-size:16px;position:relative;z-index:3;} @media (max-width:991px){.inBNwS{z-index:0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eNQAEJ */ .dkutRV{border-bottom :1px solid;border-color:#828282;padding:29px 40px 30px 40px;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV{padding:40px 40px 40px 35px;}} .dkutRV .primary__footer .mobile{display:block;} .dkutRV .primary__footer .desktop{display:none;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV .primary__footer{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;}.dkutRV .primary__footer .mobile{display:none;}.dkutRV .primary__footer .desktop{display:block;}} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV .col5{-webkit-flex:0 0 18%;-ms-flex:0 0 18%;flex:0 0 18%;max-width:18%;}} .dkutRV address{font-style:inherit;line-height:1.5;font-size:16px;display:none;border-right:1px solid #EBEBEB;} @media (max-width:767px){.dkutRV address{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-bottom:20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV address{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-right:50px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.dkutRV address{margin-right:70px;}} .dkutRV address p{margin:0;font-size:14px;} @media (max-width:767px){.dkutRV address p{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.dkutRV address p{font-size:16px;}} .dkutRV nav ul{list-style:none;padding:0;line-height:2;font-size:16px;margin:18px 0 0 0;} .dkutRV nav ul:first-child{margin:0;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV nav ul{margin:0;}} .dkutRV nav ul li{line-height:22px;padding:5px;} .dkutRV nav ul li a{color:#d8d8d8;font-weight:500;display:block;font-size:16px;} .dkutRV nav ul li img{padding:2.5px 0 0 10px;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-hMqMXs */ .hlGpbO{padding-top:6px;color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:500;margin-bottom:29px;} @media (min-width:992px){.hlGpbO{-webkit-flex:0 0 25%;-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:-webkit-fit-content;max-width:-moz-fit-content;max-width:fit-content;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kEYyzF */ .ecHxGW{margin-right:20px;} .ecHxGW:last-child{margin-right:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kkGfuU */ .filPdg{margin-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iAyFgw */ .gCiATD{line-height:30px;font-size:11px;padding:10px 20px;text-align:center;} .gCiATD .textright{text-align:right;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:767px){.gCiATD .textright{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gCiATD .textright{font-weight:100;}} .gCiATD a{font-size:13px;color:#fff;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hSdWYo */ .etauus{display:inline-block;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#E3E3E3;width:auto;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;} .etauus:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eHgmQL */ .fTkdCR{font-size:22px;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fTkdCR{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fTkdCR{font-size:25px;}} .fTkdCR:after{content:'';display:inline-block;margin-top:0.2em;margin-left:0.5em;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iRbamj */ .jZOxOO{font-size:30px;font-weight:500;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;-ms-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1;margin-top:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jZOxOO{font-size:40px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jZOxOO{font-size:40px;}} .jZOxOO sup,.jZOxOO sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:-10px;} .jZOxOO sub{top:10px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-Rmtcm */ .hNPrIr{font-size:20px;font-weight:500;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bRBYWo */ .fXBKFa{display:inline-block;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.fXBKFa{width:100%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fXBKFa.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hzDkRC */ .bnbfTS{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;width:100%;padding:0 !important;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .bnbfTS li{width:100%;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;padding:17px 0px;min-height:48px;} .bnbfTS li a{display:block;} .bnbfTS .iconBorder{border-right:1px solid #fff;} .bnbfTS img{width:23px;} .bnbfTS img.socialLinkedin{width:28px;} .bnbfTS .wechat-container{position:relative;} .bnbfTS .wechat-container .addthis_inline_share_toolbox{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:0 !important;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtRfpW */ .hHKuAX{background-color:#6BA439;color:#fff;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .hHKuAX img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .hHKuAX span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .hHKuAX span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.hHKuAX span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.hHKuAX span.text{padding-left:20px;}}.dIjoCg{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .dIjoCg img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .dIjoCg span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .dIjoCg span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.dIjoCg span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.dIjoCg span.text{padding-left:20px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kTUwUJ */ .eujois{width:20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dqBHgY */ .cQgXqt{width:20px;height:16px;color:#6ba439;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cbkKFq */ .kuxTps{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;position:fixed;top:60px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kuxTps{position:fixed;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.kuxTps{position:fixed;top:70px;}}.prcY{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;top:0px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.prcY{top:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.prcY{position:fixed;top:241px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hGoxap */ .dEfJbW{position:relative;background:#007d8d;} @media (max-width:991px){.dEfJbW{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW{width:50%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;border-top:1px solid white;}} .dEfJbW.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW.isHide{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .dEfJbW .submit__button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.5);padding:0 20px;min-height:45px;} .dEfJbW .submit__button span.text{font-size:16px;} .dEfJbW .submit__button img{width:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dEfJbW .submit__button{min-height:58px;}.dEfJbW .submit__button img{width:22px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW .submit__button{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjmCvl */ .fSPaCp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fSPaCp{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp{border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.fSPaCp{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} .fSPaCp .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(0);-ms-transform:rotateZ(0);transform:rotateZ(0);}} .fSPaCp.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .fSPaCp .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);}} .fSPaCp .icon__hidden{display:none;}.bVEEaH{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bVEEaH{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH{border-top:none;border-right:0;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.bVEEaH{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} .bVEEaH .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(0);-ms-transform:rotateZ(0);transform:rotateZ(0);}} .bVEEaH.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .bVEEaH .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);}} .bVEEaH .icon__hidden{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-TFwJa */ .gCIfTO{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gCIfTO{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gCIfTO{-webkit-transition:all 0.25s;transition:all 0.25s;border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;border-left:0;padding:14.5px 30px 14.5px 20px;width:calc(100% / 6);font-size:14px;}.gCIfTO:hover{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.gCIfTO{font-size:16px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bHwgHz */ .ctePXh{width:18px;margin-right:-4px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ctePXh{width:7px;font-size:7px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.ctePXh{width:18px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-krDsej */ .ewCAZX{position:absolute;top:0;width:calc(100% - 20px);right:0;bottom:0;background:#fff;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;min-height:290px;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);} .ewCAZX.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);-ms-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.ewCAZX.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(-200%);-ms-transform:translateX(-200%);transform:translateX(-200%);}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.ewCAZX{left:100%;width:100%;padding-top:20px;z-index:-1;min-height:375px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ewCAZX{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dTdPqK */ .lkWWFY{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.lkWWFY.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-300%);-ms-transform:translateY(-300%);transform:translateY(-300%);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.lkWWFY{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:186px;top:49px;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;background:#fff;z-index:-1;box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.21);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-itybZL */ .kdvWPs{font-weight:700;border:0;color:#4A4A4A;padding:10px 0;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;} .kdvWPs:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kdvWPs{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fzsDOv */ .hAFFGk{margin:0px 10px 2px 20px;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gPWkxV */ .legory{width:50%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jVODtj */ .epgILe{color:#007B8B;width:50%;font-size:16px;line-height:26px;margin:auto;padding:0 6%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kUaPvJ */ .ehYbwJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:50%;padding:24.5px 2% 0;-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;} @media (min-width:1024px){.ehYbwJ{padding:24.5px 3% 0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-giadOv */ .eBepOs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eBepOs{width:calc(100% / 6);}.eBepOs:first-child{border-left:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fONwsr */ .kCfRMJ{background-color:#D8D8D8;position:absolute;left:50%;display:inline-block;height:121px;width:2px;top:33px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-LKuAh */ .lcOiDF{padding:0;margin:10px 0 25px 0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iBEsjs */ .kPshFw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .kPshFw:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kPshFw{margin-top:10px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hzNEM */ .gsmOCv{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;background-color:#F2F2F2;padding:0 16px;} .gsmOCv.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .gsmOCv p{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .gsmOCv sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-chbbiW */ .mBGSe{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kxynE */ .fgGykB{margin-top:30px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fgGykB{margin-top:0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cooIXK */ .gQxyld{background:#FF9014;color:white;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;padding:5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fcdeBU */ .bVtmCk{font-size:14px;margin:15px 0 5px;} @media (min-width:768px){.bVtmCk{font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.bVtmCk{font-size:20px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gmeYpB */ .hSHJbi{font-size:12px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kZmsYB */ .bkiEfx{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:16px;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.58px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.58px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.58px;letter-spacing:0.58px;margin:23px 0 0px !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bkiEfx{margin:34px 0 0px !important;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bkiEfx{margin:-4px 0 0 !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-RcBXQ */ .ztvYg{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .ztvYg a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .ztvYg a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iSDuPN */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Bold.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .kEVvRd{font-weight:700;font-family:STIXGeneral-Bold;margin:19px 0 22px;font-size:25px;line-height:28px;-webkit-letter-spacing:normal;-moz-letter-spacing:normal;-ms-letter-spacing:normal;letter-spacing:normal;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kEVvRd{font-size:25px;margin:20px 0 23px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.kEVvRd{font-size:30px;line-height:34px;margin:19px 0 22px;}} .kEVvRd p{margin:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fZwumE */ .cUsFHx{padding:0 3px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fQejPQ */ .duuwge{font-size:14px;} .duuwge:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-clNaTc */ .ktFfKO{border:none;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;height:2px;margin:15px 0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtRlXQ */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .gvEcCq{font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;text-align:justify;} .gvEcCq a{word-break:break-all;} .gvEcCq h4:first-of-type{border-top:0px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:0;} .gvEcCq h4{font-size:20px;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans",sans-serif;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:-3px;} .gvEcCq h4#abstract{margin-top:-7px;margin-bottom:-3px;} @media (min-width:767.5){.gvEcCq h4#abstract{margin-top:-6px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq h4#abstract{margin-top:34px;}} .gvEcCq h4.references,.gvEcCq h4.copyright{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;} .gvEcCq h4.references{margin-bottom:-8px;} .gvEcCq h5,.gvEcCq h6{margin:22px 0;font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .gvEcCq h6{margin:25px 0;text-align:left;} .gvEcCq p{font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:25px auto;} @media (max-width:767px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section{margin:0 auto;overflow-x:hidden;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:19px 0px 19px 0px;height:254px;width:96%;overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;position:relative;cursor:pointer;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content table{margin:0 auto;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table object{z-index:-1;position:relative;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td{padding:4px 7px;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_left{text-align:left;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_center{text-align:center;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:22px 0px 0 0px;height:197px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:23px 0px 13px 0px;height:215px;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content:after{content:"";height:20%;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;background:-moz-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,color-stop(0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(100%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)));background:-webkit-linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.5) 30%,rgba(255,255,255,0.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,0.9) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);background:-o-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-ms-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);-webkit-filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer{background-color:#F2F2F2;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{display:none;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .gvEcCq ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .gvEcCq ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .gvEcCq ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .gvEcCq ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .gvEcCq ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .gvEcCq ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .gvEcCq ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .gvEcCq .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .gvEcCq .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .gvEcCq .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.gvEcCq .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.gvEcCq{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.gvEcCq{margin-bottom:100px;}} .gvEcCq .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active svg{fill:#007B8B;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:357px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:417px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:16px;}} .gvEcCq .owl-nav,.gvEcCq .owl-dots{display:none;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{position:relative;height:auto;max-height:287px;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:477px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.gvEcCq .owl-stage-outer,.gvEcCq .owl-stage{max-height:287px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.gvEcCq .owl-stage-outer,.gvEcCq .owl-stage{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.gvEcCq .owl-stage-outer,.gvEcCq .owl-stage{max-height:477px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content::after,.gvEcCq .owl-stage-outer::after,.gvEcCq .owl-stage::after{background:transparent;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-align-items:self-start;-webkit-box-align:self-start;-ms-flex-align:self-start;align-items:self-start;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:calc(100% - 110px);}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:100%;position:relative;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:20%;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle{position:relative;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 17.5px;height:50px;width:61px;display:inline-block;border:0;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background-position-y:54.35%;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:51px;background-position-x:8px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:59px;background-position-x:16px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 18.5px;height:52px;width:61px;display:inline-block;padding:0px;cursor:pointer;border:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:51px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:59px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:-50px;height:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{bottom:0;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content{padding:12px;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{border-left:none;} .gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-content{display:none;} .gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer{background-image:url(https://w2o-xhtml-parsed-preprod.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/table_thumb.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:17px 17px;background-size:100px 70px;border-top:none;min-height:110px;position:relative;} .gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .table-thumb-overlay{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;left:17px;top:17px;height:70px;width:100px;} .gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text{padding-left:137px;padding-right:0px;position:relative;} .gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text .caption-text-overlay{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;top:20px;left:135px;height:20px;width:60px;} .gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{color:black;display:block !important;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:auto;margin-left:140px;margin-right:20px;padding:0px 0px 15px 0px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .minimize_btn{display:none !important;} .gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .expand_btn{display:none !important;} @media (max-width:567px){.gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer{background-size:60px 45px;}.gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .table-thumb-overlay{height:45px;width:60px;}.gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text{padding:30px 0px 15px 95px;}.gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text .caption-text-overlay{top:30px;left:95px;}.gvEcCq .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{margin:0px 20px;}} .gvEcCq .owl-item{overflow-y:hidden;margin-bottom:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;} .gvEcCq .supplementary--docs{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:2em;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .supplementary--docs{padding-left:1em;}} .gvEcCq .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;-webkit-flex:0 0 100%;-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;-webkit-flex:0 0 50%;-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%;}} .gvEcCq .supplementary--docs li a::after{content:'';background :url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjBweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMnB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjAgMjIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDUzLjIgKDcyNjQzKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5jaGV2cm9uLWRvd24gY29weSAzPC90aXRsZT4KICAgIDxkZXNjPkNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBTa2V0Y2guPC9kZXNjPgogICAgPGRlZnM+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTExLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgTDExLDIgQzExLDEuNDQ3NzE1MjUgMTEuNDQ3NzE1MywxIDEyLDEgQzEyLjU1MjI4NDcsMSAxMywxLjQ0NzcxNTI1IDEzLDIgTDEzLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgTDE1LjI5Mjg5MzIsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBDMTUuNjgzNDE3NSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDE2LjMxNjU4MjUsMTAuOTAyMzY4OSAxNi43MDcxMDY4LDExLjI5Mjg5MzIgQzE3LjA5NzYzMTEsMTEuNjgzNDE3NSAxNy4wOTc2MzExLDEyLjMxNjU4MjUgMTYuNzA3MTA2OCwxMi43MDcxMDY4IEwxMi43MDcxMDY4LDE2LjcwNzEwNjggQzEyLjMxNjU4MjUsMTcuMDk3NjMxMSAxMS42ODM0MTc1LDE3LjA5NzYzMTEgMTEuMjkyODkzMiwxNi43MDcxMDY4IEw3LjI5Mjg5MzIyLDEyLjcwNzEwNjggQzYuOTAyMzY4OTMsMTIuMzE2NTgyNSA2LjkwMjM2ODkzLDExLjY4MzQxNzUgNy4yOTI4OTMyMiwxMS4yOTI4OTMyIEM3LjY4MzQxNzUxLDEwLjkwMjM2ODkgOC4zMTY1ODI0OSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDguNzA3MTA2NzgsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBMMTEsMTMuNTg1Nzg2NCBaIE0yLDE3IEMyLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMi40NDc3MTUyNSwxNiAzLDE2IEMzLjU1MjI4NDc1LDE2IDQsMTYuNDQ3NzE1MyA0LDE3IEw0LDIwIEM0LDIwLjU1MjI4NDcgNC40NDc3MTUyNSwyMSA1LDIxIEwxOSwyMSBDMTkuNTUyMjg0NywyMSAyMCwyMC41NTIyODQ3IDIwLDIwIEwyMCwxNyBDMjAsMTYuNDQ3NzE1MyAyMC40NDc3MTUzLDE2IDIxLDE2IEMyMS41NTIyODQ3LDE2IDIyLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMjIsMTcgTDIyLDIwIEMyMiwyMS42NTY4NTQyIDIwLjY1Njg1NDIsMjMgMTksMjMgTDUsMjMgQzMuMzQzMTQ1NzUsMjMgMiwyMS42NTY4NTQyIDIsMjAgTDIsMTcgWiIgaWQ9InBhdGgtMSI+PC9wYXRoPgogICAgPC9kZWZzPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlN5bWJvbHMiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJTaWRlYmFycy9EZXNrdG9wL0FydGljbGUtU2lkZWJhciIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTI5MS4wMDAwMDAsIC0xMzQuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJEb3dubG9hZC1yZWZlcmVuY2UiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDAwMDAwLCAxMTIuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iVHlwZS1hbmQtaWNvbnMiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDIwLjAwMDAwMCwgMjEuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9Ikljb25zL0Rvd25sb2FkIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyNjkuMDAwMDAwLCAwLjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iZG93bmxvYWQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPG1hc2sgaWQ9Im1hc2stMiIgZmlsbD0id2hpdGUiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgeGxpbms6aHJlZj0iI3BhdGgtMSI+PC91c2U+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L21hc2s+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8dXNlIGlkPSJDb21iaW5lZC1TaGFwZSIgZmlsbD0iIzAwMDAwMCIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJub256ZXJvIiB4bGluazpocmVmPSIjcGF0aC0xIj48L3VzZT4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJDT0xPUi8tUHJpbWFyeS1HcmVlbiIgbWFzaz0idXJsKCNtYXNrLTIpIiBmaWxsPSIjOGVkMTU0IiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxyZWN0IGlkPSJSZWN0YW5nbGUiIHg9IjAiIHk9IjAiIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCI+PC9yZWN0PgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4=) no-repeat 5px;padding-right:35px;background-size:14px;} .gvEcCq .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc{padding-left:19px;} .gvEcCq .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc p{margin:10px 0;} .gvEcCq .table-group.fixed-width,.gvEcCq .table-group.sidewaystable{min-width:auto;} .gvEcCq .noliststyle{padding-left:1em;} .gvEcCq .noliststyle li{padding-left:0;} .gvEcCq .xml-content > hr{display:none;} .gvEcCq sup,.gvEcCq sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:5px;} .gvEcCq sup{top:-5px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq a{position:relative;}} .gvEcCq a div.tooltip{cursor:auto;position:absolute;width:280px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #adadad;padding:20px;margin:0;display:none;z-index:2;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq a div.tooltip{width:400px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq a div.tooltip{width:572px;}} .gvEcCq a div.tooltip .cross{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;display:block;height:14px;width:14px;cursor:pointer;} .gvEcCq a div.tooltip ol{margin:0;padding:0 0 10px 20px;} .gvEcCq a div.tooltip ol li{text-align:left;margin:0;} .gvEcCq a div.tooltip.left{left:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq a div.tooltip.left{left:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq a div.tooltip.left{left:-100px;}} .gvEcCq a div.tooltip.right{right:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq a div.tooltip.right{right:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq a div.tooltip.right{right:-100px;}} .gvEcCq a div.tooltip a.seeRef{padding-left:30px;} .gvEcCq .gloss-abbr tr td:first-child{white-space:nowrap;} .gvEcCq table.algorithm td{word-break:keep-all;} .gvEcCq h4#copyright + p a{word-break:break-word;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bGbJRg */ .dVCLgr{width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dVCLgr{width:19%;}} @media (min-width:1280px){.dVCLgr{width:24%;max-width:350px;}} .dVCLgr p{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bEjcJn */ .jLUVhb{-webkit-flex:1 0 30%;-ms-flex:1 0 30%;flex:1 0 30%;list-style:none;padding:0;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:2;margin:0;margin-top:50px;top:169px;max-height:calc(100vh - 165px);overflow-y:auto;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1200px){.jLUVhb{max-width:354px;-webkit-flex:1 0 20%;-ms-flex:1 0 20%;flex:1 0 20%;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.jLUVhb{-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;max-width:354px;}} .jLUVhb p{margin:0;padding:10px 0;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:24px;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb p{display:block;padding:10px 20px;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}} .jLUVhb.links__hidden{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb.links__hidden{display:block;}} .jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:768px){.jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}.jLUVhb.translate #leftSectionMenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ePZHVD */ .ewHMLz{color:#4A4A4A;} /* sc-component-id: sc-likbZx */ .bBmZJZ{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;color:#4A4A4A;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:list-item;} @media (min-width:991px){.bBmZJZ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.bBmZJZ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .bBmZJZ:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .bBmZJZ a{display:block;padding:10px 20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eKZiaR */ .dzZrgS{position:fixed;width:100%;height:50px;color:#4D8A17;background-color:#F2F2F2;border:none;font-size:16px;line-height:18px;font-weight:500;z-index:2;top:170px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;text-align:left;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS{padding-left:15px;border-bottom:4px solid #FFFFFF;}.dzZrgS.is-open{border-bottom:4px solid #F2F2F2;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dzZrgS{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS{display:none;}} .dzZrgS .icon__dots{cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);margin-right:15px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS .icon__dots{padding-right:20px;margin-bottom:2px;-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}} .dzZrgS.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);top:170px;} @media(min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);-ms-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jrIrqw */ .eHMFfo{padding:0;margin:20px 0;} .eHMFfo span{font-size:14px;} .eHMFfo span.isHide{display:none;} .eHMFfo span i{font-style:italic;} .eHMFfo span i.isHide{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hjRWVT */ .irNWJI{width:16px;margin:0 2px 2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iybRtq */ .iQSObO{width:16px;margin-bottom:2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iQtOjA */ .kfDwZY{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .kfDwZY:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kfDwZY{margin-top:5px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fHxwqH */ .dMuGGA{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .dMuGGA.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .dMuGGA p:first-child{margin-top:15px;} .dMuGGA p{font-size:14px;line-height:23px;display:block;} .dMuGGA sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cEvuZC */ .XkrFe{border:none;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;height:2px;margin:15px 0;} .XkrFe.hr__author{margin-bottom:12px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cBdUnI */ @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.hRnXob{display:none;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hRnXob{z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-exkUMo */ .hymroZ{background-color:#6ba339;color:#ffffff;display:none;} .hymroZ span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.hymroZ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.hymroZ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kcDeIU */ .cbcyj{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:none;} .cbcyj span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.cbcyj{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.cbcyj{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.cbcyj:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cbcyj.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-BngTV */ .hmDWcT{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:none;} .hmDWcT span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.hmDWcT{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.hmDWcT{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.hmDWcT:hover{background-color :#5D9230;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hmDWcT.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hBbWxd */ .kdRRST{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-top:1px solid #ffffff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:14px;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:20px 55px 20px 25px;} @media (max-width:1279.5px){.kdRRST{padding-right:20px;}} @media (max-width:991.5px){.kdRRST{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dyGzUR */ .cHatnS div{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} .cHatnS div:last-of-type{padding-top:20px;} .cHatnS span{color:#4F4F4F;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:26px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-drKuOJ */ .kxdGAZ{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse;height:100%;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .kxdGAZ span{padding-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cTjmhe */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.ihmyEq{width:100%;z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cugefK */ .itFKcQ{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:991px){.itFKcQ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.itFKcQ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.itFKcQ.hide{display:none !important;}} .itFKcQ.active .icon-themeable{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-fnwBNb */ .etzuBr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iNhVCk */ .gWgCNb{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;font-size:16px;color:#4a4a4a;font-weight:500;padding:11px 20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;} @media (min-width:991px){.gWgCNb{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.gWgCNb:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eAKXzc */ .WHkfb{-webkit-flex:1 0 90%;-ms-flex:1 0 90%;flex:1 0 90%;padding-left:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.WHkfb{padding-left:93px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.WHkfb{padding-left:50px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bfYoXt */ .cGuwDn{width:20px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gbOuXE */ .jGPvPL{width:22px;height:21px;padding:2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dRFtgE */ .jrsDZP{-webkit-flex:1 0 80%;-ms-flex:1 0 80%;flex:1 0 80%;padding-left:26px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jrsDZP{padding-left:69px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jrsDZP{padding-left:20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.jrsDZP{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gkFcWv */ .gWTCXQ{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gWTCXQ{padding-left:20px;max-width:100px;display:inline;}} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.gWTCXQ{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hUfwpO */ .jHPgUP{width:100%;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:none;cursor:pointer;} .jHPgUP li{background-color:#f2f2f2;} @media (min-width:991px){.jHPgUP li{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.jHPgUP li:hover{background-color :#ffffff;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .jHPgUP h3{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-imABML */ .ibWUzs{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:block;border-top:1px solid #ffffff;border-radius:0;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} .ibWUzs .right__icon{padding:0;height:16px;width:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.ibWUzs{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.ibWUzs:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ibWUzs.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cjHlYL */ .hYnXNL{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:25%;float:right;margin-top:-49px;} @media (max-width:374px){.hYnXNL{width:26.5%;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hYnXNL{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dRaagA */ .hGCBfz{background-color:#6BA339;color:white;-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;z-index:100;padding:14px 16px 10px 19px;border-radius:0px;border-bottom:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767px){.hGCBfz{border-bottom:none;padding:16px 16px 14px 16px;font-size:14px;}.hGCBfz .article_toolbar_icon{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fEUNkw */ .dfaOeH{margin-right:16px;width:24px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dREXXX */ .cqhPZs{width:16px;height:auto;float:right;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cqhPZs{width:24px;height:24px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-nrwXf */ .byflLi{font-size:14px;padding:16px 20px 24px;} @media (max-width:991px){.byflLi{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eitiEO */ .jXeALb{font-size:14px;} .jXeALb:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bhlBdH */ .UVThf{font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;} /* sc-component-id: sc-OxbzP */ .eEFYIL{width:100%;height:auto;background-color:#4A4A4A;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;padding:15px 20px;line-height:20px;position:fixed;bottom:0px;z-index:3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .25s;-webkit-transition:transform .25s;transition:transform .25s;} .eEFYIL a{color:#7ED321;} .eEFYIL p{display:inline;margin:0;} .eEFYIL.hideBanner{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);-ms-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-bYnzgO */ .dsXEHZ{background:transparent;border:none;height:20px;width:20px;margin-left:20px;padding:0;cursor:pointer;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cPuPxo */ .iXKuYd{min-width:20px;height:20px;} /* sc-component-id: baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 */ .cmzomn{margin-top:140px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cmzomn{margin-top:85px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cmzomn{margin-top:70px;min-height:calc(100vh - 334px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 */ .dDyxFF{width:100%;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.dDyxFF{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap;padding:0 20px;max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1100.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__collabText{font-size:12px;}} @media (min-width:1100.5px) and (max-width:1200.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__collabText{font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1071.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__logoWrapper img{margin-left:20px;margin-bottom:10px;}.dDyxFF .partenership__logoWrapper img:last-child{margin-left:0;margin-bottom:0;}} @media (max-width:1150px){.dDyxFF .journal-metrics-container{display:none;}.dDyxFF .journal_report_link-border-helper{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 */ @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.fkVFlF{width:20%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.fkVFlF{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 */ .jzTMLK{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jzTMLK{width:20%;margin-bottom:60px;}.jzTMLK.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.jzTMLK{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 */ .bbzREB{margin:0 20px;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.bbzREB{width:calc(60% - 40px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.bbzREB{width:calc(50% - 40px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 */ .jknsZc{margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:768px){.jknsZc{max-width:688px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jknsZc{max-width:100%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1075px){.jknsZc{max-width:572px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 */ .gnduKR{width:100%;margin-top:170px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:180px;min-height:840px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 */ .fJLQxX{width:100%;max-width:1440px;z-index:3;-webkit-transition:all 0.5s;transition:all 0.5s;} .fJLQxX.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-120px);-ms-transform:translateY(-120px);transform:translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fJLQxX.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fJLQxX.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 */ .elhyhe{background-color:#007b8b;opacity:0.8;color:#fff;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:17px 0 17px 20px;line-height:23px;height:60px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.elhyhe{line-height:26px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.elhyhe{line-height:50px;padding:5px 0 5px 20px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 */ .jCfZqq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;height:50px;width:100%;background-color:#007b8b;color:#fff;text-align:left;padding-left:14px;padding-right:0;border:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .jCfZqq span{font-size:24px;padding-right:14px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jCfZqq{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 */ .bJcSpM{background-color:#fff;display:block;position:relative;} .bJcSpM h1,.bJcSpM h2{color:#fff;} .bJcSpM h2{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bJcSpM h2{font-size:25px;}} .bJcSpM h1{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bJcSpM h1{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bJcSpM h1{font-size:40px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 */ .eSvjPB{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} .eSvjPB .author__editor--hr{display:block;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 */ .jntdRu{width:100%;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.jntdRu{margin-top:52px;}} .jntdRu p{margin:12px 0;line-height:20px;} .jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:100%;min-width:306px;padding-left:7px;padding-right:7px;} @media (min-width:346px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:543px;margin:auto;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{max-width:612px;width:75%;margin:inherit;margin-left:50px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:1100px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{margin-left:118px;}} .jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:15px;}} .jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:65px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:75px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu #vjs_video_3 button{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;left:40%;margin-top:0;}} .jntdRu .video-js .vjs-big-play-button{top:calc(50% - 22.5px);left:calc(50% - 50px);} .jntdRu .video-js{margin:20px 0;} .jntdRu a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .jntdRu a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 */ .hAzjHP{background-position:0px 0px;background-origin:content-box;background-size:99%;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 */ .evMkvU{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 */ .fjviok{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:15px 0 30px;border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fjviok{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:20px 0 30px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 */ .hgKieC{-webkit-flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:5px 0 15px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC{padding:5px 0;}} .hgKieC.notPublished{display:none;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.notPublished{display:block;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.isPublished{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.hgKieC.isPublished span:first-child::after{content:':';padding-right:3px;}} .hgKieC:last-child{border-right:none;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 */ .cIribm{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 */ .khHUcu{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 */ .fYrLtk{margin:-7px 0 -5px;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 */ .eyHfWh{position:relative;} .eyHfWh.hide{display:none;} .eyHfWh hr{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-30px;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}.cBTaXT.hide{display:none;} .cBTaXT hr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/_/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');} .hFGNjP{padding:0 20px 20px;} .hFGNjP .bib__image{display:none;} .hFGNjP .bib__title{font-size:20px;} .hFGNjP .bib__name{font-size:18px;font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold',serif !important;color:rgb(74,74,74);font-weight:700;} .hFGNjP .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.hFGNjP .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info,.hFGNjP [class*='bib--txt'] .bib__link .bib__info,.hFGNjP [class*='bib--txt'] .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 0 !important;} .hFGNjP .bib__author{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(132,132,132);margin-top:3px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:20px;opacity:1;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:500;} .hFGNjP #biblio_sidebar .bib__link{border-top:1px solid rgb(227,227,227) !important;padding-top:5px !important;padding-bottom:5px !important;} .hFGNjP #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child{border-top:0 !important;padding-top:0 !important;} .hFGNjP #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child .bib__info{padding-top:0 !important;} .hFGNjP #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.hFGNjP #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 15px 10px 0 !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hFGNjP{padding:0 40px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hFGNjP{padding:0 20px;}} /* sc-component-id: biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 */ .becpDt{font-size:20px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans';color:#000;font-weight:600;margin-top:34px;margin-bottom:18px;padding:0 20px;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 */ .gbrQxi{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gbrQxi{display:block;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar{top:110px;z-index:-100;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar .pdf_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar .ref_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .gbrQxi .article_toolbar_views{margin-top:-58px;display:block;text-align:right;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.isgRZA .article_bottom_toolbar{top:292px;z-index:-10;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.bjwAQR{padding:16px 20px 24px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 */ .NQpXC .content,.NQpXC .contentWrapper{overflow:visible;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-4 */ .cYsVdk{max-width:350px;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.cYsVdk{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 */ .dbAANp{background-color:#f5f5f5;padding:15px 20px 24px 20px;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dbAANp{margin-top:-64px;margin-bottom:40px;}} .dbAANp .hrTitleRef{padding:0;margin-top:0;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;} .dbAANp #biblio_widget{padding:0;}</style> </head> <body style="margin:0;box-sizing:border-box"> <div id="__next"> <div class="static_page"> <div class="page no__focus__outline"> <header class="sc-fjdhpX jzXSTA"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd header__padding"> <div class="sc-kAzzGY epRoim mobileLogoFlex _1fpqArXPCxgnlv2rXZC2sl _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/" aria-label="Home"><img alt="标志”src="https://preprod-admin.w2o.hindawi.com/themes/custom/hindawi_extended/logo.svg" class="sc-ckVGcZ gjctdt"></a> </div> <div class="sc-jzJRlG jGJLow mobileButtonFlex _2v1j-tLx3hx0tgKcpPzH6B _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd"> <nav class="sc-bxivhb ivbKJD"> <ul class="sc-ifAKCX fopjOz sc-kpOJdX kAzjOl"> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</a></li> </ul> </nav> <button class="sc-chPdSV hbVEoI icon__search" aria-label="Search"><span class="sc-htoDjs khbeDd icon__search icon-colored _3hSk3ArgsWMFh5QJIGblNr icon-themeable" title="" font-size="24"></span></button> <button aria-label="Hamburger Menu" class="sc-cSHVUG ldSkVQ"><span class="sc-htoDjs khbeDd hamburger icon-colored _20YUA8q5mREEBfJm8VsdXV icon-themeable" title="" font-size="24"></span></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"></div> <main class="baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 cmzomn article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 gnduKR DADtd11SJ4KyWZ2l6zAnr base_style journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 NQpXC"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy width_wrapper"> <div id="journal__navigation" class="sc-cbkKFq kuxTps article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 fJLQxX"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 bJcSpM" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/" aria-label=""><h2 class="sc-eHgmQL fTkdCR article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 elhyhe _1ZrXcsbATVL_kHOpFAan9k">土木工程的发展</h2></a> <button class="article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 jCfZqq journalNavCheck" id="journalMenuTitle"><span>+</span>杂志菜单</button> <div class="sc-bdVaJa EwsTm isHide" id="fadeOut"></div> <div class="sc-cjHlYL hYnXNL"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-dRaagA hGCBfz article-toolbar-link" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/ace/2020/1497632.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-fEUNkw dfaOeH article_toolbar_icon" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24">PDF<我米g alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-dREXXX cqhPZs" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjBweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMnB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjAgMjIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDUzLjIgKDcyNjQzKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5JY29ucy9BcnJvdyBSaWdodCBXaGl0ZTwvdGl0bGU+CiAgICA8ZGVzYz5DcmVhdGVkIHdpdGggU2tldGNoLjwvZGVzYz4KICAgIDxkZWZzPgogICAgICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xMSwxMy41ODU3ODY0IEwxMSwyIEMxMSwxLjQ0NzcxNTI1IDExLjQ0NzcxNTMsMSAxMiwxIEMxMi41NTIyODQ3LDEgMTMsMS40NDc3MTUyNSAxMywyIEwxMywxMy41ODU3ODY0IEwxNS4yOTI4OTMyLDExLjI5Mjg5MzIgQzE1LjY4MzQxNzUsMTAuOTAyMzY4OSAxNi4zMTY1ODI1LDEwLjkwMjM2ODkgMTYuNzA3MTA2OCwxMS4yOTI4OTMyIEMxNy4wOTc2MzExLDExLjY4MzQxNzUgMTcuMDk3NjMxMSwxMi4zMTY1ODI1IDE2LjcwNzEwNjgsMTIuNzA3MTA2OCBMMTIuNzA3MTA2OCwxNi43MDcxMDY4IEMxMi4zMTY1ODI1LDE3LjA5NzYzMTEgMTEuNjgzNDE3NSwxNy4wOTc2MzExIDExLjI5Mjg5MzIsMTYuNzA3MTA2OCBMNy4yOTI4OTMyMiwxMi43MDcxMDY4IEM2LjkwMjM2ODkzLDEyLjMxNjU4MjUgNi45MDIzNjg5MywxMS42ODM0MTc1IDcuMjkyODkzMjIsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBDNy42ODM0MTc1MSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDguMzE2NTgyNDksMTAuOTAyMzY4OSA4LjcwNzEwNjc4LDExLjI5Mjg5MzIgTDExLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgWiBNMiwxNyBDMiwxNi40NDc3MTUzIDIuNDQ3NzE1MjUsMTYgMywxNiBDMy41NTIyODQ3NSwxNiA0LDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgNCwxNyBMNCwyMCBDNCwyMC41NTIyODQ3IDQuNDQ3NzE1MjUsMjEgNSwyMSBMMTksMjEgQzE5LjU1MjI4NDcsMjEgMjAsMjAuNTUyMjg0NyAyMCwyMCBMMjAsMTcgQzIwLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMjAuNDQ3NzE1MywxNiAyMSwxNiBDMjEuNTUyMjg0NywxNiAyMiwxNi40NDc3MTUzIDIyLDE3IEwyMiwyMCBDMjIsMjEuNjU2ODU0MiAyMC42NTY4NTQyLDIzIDE5LDIzIEw1LDIzIEMzLjM0MzE0NTc1LDIzIDIsMjEuNjU2ODU0MiAyLDIwIEwyLDE3IFoiIGlkPSJwYXRoLTEiPjwvcGF0aD4KICAgIDwvZGVmcz4KICAgIDxnIGlkPSJTeW1ib2xzIiBzdHJva2U9Im5vbmUiIHN0cm9rZS13aWR0aD0iMSIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJldmVub2RkIj4KICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iU2lkZWJhcnMvRGVza3RvcC9BcnRpY2xlLVNpZGViYXIiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKC0yOTEuMDAwMDAwLCAtNzEuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJTdWJtaXQiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDAwMDAwLCA0OS4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJUeXBlLWFuZC1pY29ucyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMjAuMDAwMDAwLCAxOC4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iSWNvbnMvRG93bmxvYWQtV2hpdGUiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDI2Ni4wMDAwMDAsIDAuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJkb3dubG9hZCIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMy4wMDAwMDAsIDMuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8bWFzayBpZD0ibWFzay0yIiBmaWxsPSJ3aGl0ZSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPHVzZSB4bGluazpocmVmPSIjcGF0aC0xIj48L3VzZT4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvbWFzaz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgaWQ9IkNvbWJpbmVkLVNoYXBlIiBmaWxsPSIjMDAwMDAwIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9Im5vbnplcm8iIHhsaW5rOmhyZWY9IiNwYXRoLTEiPjwvdXNlPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9IkNPTE9SLy13aGl0ZSIgbWFzaz0idXJsKCNtYXNrLTIpIiBmaWxsPSIjRkZGRkZGIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxyZWN0IGlkPSJSZWN0YW5nbGUiIHg9IjAiIHk9IjAiIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCI+PC9yZWN0PgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4=" height="24"></a> </div> <nav id="journal__nav" class="sc-hGoxap dEfJbW article__JournalNavigationStyle-sc-10qhnp8-4 gaRePw isHide journalNavCheck"> <div class="sc-giadOv eBepOs journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-fjmCvl fSPaCp journalNavCheck" color="">日报》概述<span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__inactive icon-white _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__active icon-colored icon__hidden _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/guidelines/" aria-label="For authors">对于作者</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="For reviewers">对于审查员</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="For editors">的编辑器</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/contents/year/2022/" aria-label="Table of Contents">表的内容</a> <div class="sc-giadOv eBepOs journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-fjmCvl bVEEaH journalNavCheck" color="">特殊的问题<span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__inactive icon-white _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__active icon-colored icon__hidden _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW hHKuAX submit__button journalNavCheck" href="//www.newsama.com/review/submit?journal=ace" aria-label="" target="" id=""><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ jUTgTa" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">提交</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-krDsej ewCAZX hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-itybZL kdvWPs journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-fzsDOv hAFFGk journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK lkWWFY hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-kUaPvJ ehYbwJ"> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> </div> <div class="sc-jVODtj epgILe"></div> <span class="sc-fONwsr kCfRMJ"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-nrwXf byflLi breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/" aria-label="Advances in Civil Engineering">土木工程的发展</a>/<a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/contents/year/2020/" aria-label="2020">2020年</a>/<span class="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</span> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</button> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#results" aria-label="">结果</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#discussion" aria-label="">讨论</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conclusion" aria-label="">结论</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#data-availability" aria-label="">数据可用性</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conflicts-of-interest" aria-label="">的利益冲突</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">确认</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</a></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <div class="sc-kxynE fgGykB"> <span class="sc-cooIXK gQxyld">特殊的问题</span> <h2 class="sc-fcdeBU bVtmCk">进步在防护结构的分析和设计与极端载荷2020</h2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gmeYpB hSHJbi" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/si/673794/" aria-label="">把这个特殊的问题</a> <hr class="sc-clNaTc ktFfKO"> </div> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|开放获取</p> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积 2020年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</span>文章的ID 1497632 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</span> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1497632" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1497632</a> </div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>皮埃尔•罗格朗s Kerampran m . Arrigoni, ”<span class="adjust-article-svg-size">更换压缩气球爆炸的方法在有限元模型</span>”,<i>土木工程的发展</我>, 卷。2020年, 文章的ID1497632, 16   页面, 2020年。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1497632</p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN kEVvRd article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">更换压缩气球爆炸的方法在有限元模型</h1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class="">皮埃尔·罗格朗,<sup>1,2</sup></span> <span class="">美国Kerampran,<sup>2</sup> 和</span> <span class=""><b>m . Arrigoni</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7237-3303" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a><sup>2</sup></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</sup><span>显然nec 192街乌当鸡,92330 Sceaux,法国</span></p> <p><sup>2</sup><span>弗朗索瓦•Verny ENSTA-Bretagne 2街29200布雷斯特,法国</span></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>彼得亚雷Sielicki</d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2020年1月17日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2020年4月21日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2020年5月12日</span> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ gvEcCq article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>爆炸影响的评价从恶意或意外引爆爆炸装置是挑战尤其是在大型建筑物。事实上,爆炸的时间和空间尺度的化学反应和流体力学数值模型真的难以实现可接受的结构设计。然而,有限元方法,特别是任意拉格朗日欧拉(ALE)被广泛使用在过去的几十年里,一些简化。其中,爆炸事件的替代压缩气球爆炸的产品被证明是有用的在许多不同的情况。不幸的是,ALE算法不能实现正确的能量平衡通过离散的数值积分方案;这个重要的缺点是没有补偿的使用经典的压缩气球的方法。本文把重点放在增加等效半径的理想气体的气球以达到更好的能量平衡,从而更好的结果在冲击波传播的后期。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>爆炸影响的评价从恶意或意外引爆爆炸装置在结构上是一个多重物理量的问题涉及广泛不同的时间和空间尺度。事实上,烈性炸药的爆轰过程意味着化学反应固体中的传播爆炸性的几微秒。这个反应将创建爆炸的产品,换句话说高压力和温度气体将首先与自己创建二级反应的反应称为二次燃烧。这些气体然后将扩大,也与周围的空气,并创建一个反应冲击波向外传播在空中几毫秒,一个可能的火球,和高压力和温度梯度。一个广泛的描述爆轰过程可以发现在<a href="#B1">1</a>]。最后将影响结构组件的冲击波和可能崩溃超过几秒钟。所有这些现象有不同的空间尺度从cm炸药的来源的几十米的结构。</p> <p>在实际应用中,当需要更短的计算时间,降低成本,和结构优化,处理所有现象都是具有挑战性的,尤其是在一个常见的高性能计算机(HPC)。为了加快计算,取得了很多努力在过去的50年中,找到合适的方法来评估的行为结构加载爆炸波在合理的计算时间。其中,最有效的方法之一在于计算冲击波,没有考虑到实际爆轰过程。事实上,对于结构设计,pressure-time曲线特别是超压和脉冲传输是最重要的结构参数(<a href="#B2">2</a>,<a href="#B3">3</a>]。尽管忽略化学爆炸所以近战的影响(二次燃烧火球)该方法会导致适当的压力时程曲线,从而适当的结构设计。</p> <p>有几种方法可以用来评估一个冲击波从给定的属性爆炸性的指控。泰勒(<a href="#B4">4</a>),和一些作者在他(见,例如,<a href="#B5">5</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B7">7</a>]),设法获得足够的分析强大的爆炸冲击波模型通过两个主要假设:(1)所有炸药能量集中在一个中心源点。(2)爆炸超压应该比环境更大的压力。他们设法建立一个最大压力之间的关系<我>P</我><sub>马克斯</sub>和径向位置的冲击<我>R</我>给出的<span class="equation_break" id="EEq1"><span class="left_break" id="L1"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M1"> <svg height="21.1681pt" id="M1-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 102.842 21.1681" width="102.842pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,15.338)"> <path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z" id="g113-81"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.66,18.469)"> <path d="M810 0V30C751 35 744 40 744 106V296C744 396 694 451 614 451C583 451 558 438 537 425C512 409 485 391 454 368C434 420 390 451 342 451C309 451 285 439 260 424C228 405 206 387 185 372V453C141 434 90 421 43 413V386C102 378 105 373 105 309V106C105 41 96 35 29 30V0H243V30C194 35 185 41 185 106V335C216 360 256 389 297 389C357 389 384 348 384 275V106C384 41 374 35 312 30V0H530V30C475 35 465 41 465 104V294C465 313 464 324 463 336C502 367 539 389 576 389C637 389 663 346 663 274V109C663 41 653 35 593 30V0H810Z" id="g58-107"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.22,18.469)"> <path d="M442 39L431 68C420 63 406 57 394 57C377 57 359 71 359 118V301C359 353 349 393 314 424C291 443 261 451 230 451C171 438 107 401 79 381C59 366 46 355 46 340C46 316 72 295 91 295C106 295 117 303 122 319C131 350 139 371 152 384C163 397 178 404 197 404C246 404 281 365 281 293V278C260 262 186 232 124 213C69 194 41 161 41 112C41 47 92 -12 163 -12C195 -12 243 25 283 51C288 35 293 22 308 7C319 -4 339 -12 354 -12L442 39ZM281 87C262 68 226 51 199 51C169 51 129 74 129 126C129 162 151 181 190 198C211 208 259 229 281 240V87Z" id="g58-95"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.31,18.469)"> <path d="M482 0V30C420 38 407 48 370 103L273 248C308 299 331 332 352 357C387 397 401 404 463 409V439H277V409C318 405 324 400 307 369C290 337 270 307 251 279L194 367C175 396 180 402 220 409V439H18V409C74 401 87 395 117 349L204 213C173 168 147 130 119 95C78 46 67 38 5 30V0H195V30C144 38 143 47 162 79C181 112 202 149 225 181L297 70C314 43 307 35 264 30V0H482Z" id="g58-118"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.88,15.338)"> <path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.14,15.338)"> <path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.38,15.338)"> <path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" id="g113-47"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.35,15.338)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.59,15.338)"> <path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z" id="g113-54"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.83,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.07,15.338)"> <path d="M766 88L752 113C719 83 690 64 681 64C674 64 672 74 679 103L724 292C758 436 724 448 701 448C680 448 666 442 639 429C594 407 514 350 441 252H439L447 289C476 423 450 448 419 448C398 448 379 441 355 427C307 400 234 344 162 249H160L180 324C203 409 197 448 170 448C144 448 82 413 23 349L35 321C57 343 96 374 108 374C115 374 117 371 111 341C87 227 57 112 24 -6L32 -12C53 -4 81 4 108 6C119 68 134 128 149 171C177 229 309 383 364 383C387 383 388 355 373 282C354 190 330 92 303 -6L309 -12C332 -4 356 3 386 6C396 63 411 122 424 171C458 236 590 383 642 383C658 383 664 369 652 315L603 91C587 20 593 -12 619 -12C642 -12 708 23 766 88Z" id="g113-110"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.33,15.338)"> <path d="M391 364C391 409 353 448 295 448C249 448 198 426 152 393C65 331 23 225 23 139C23 14 96 -12 146 -12C198 -12 280 9 367 101L351 124C300 78 242 48 194 48C129 48 109 107 109 162V191C208 213 391 266 391 364ZM313 350C313 305 268 261 113 223C132 334 187 381 217 398C227 404 244 405 261 405C290 405 313 385 313 350Z" id="g113-102"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,81.64,18.469)"> <path d="M250 606C250 634 233 656 203 656C168 656 146 618 146 593C146 564 169 545 192 545C227 545 250 573 250 606ZM227 95L212 119C187 98 152 71 135 71C129 71 128 78 134 102L207 373C219 418 217 451 194 451C165 451 92 411 30 351L44 326C77 353 106 371 114 371C124 371 121 357 117 341L55 97C32 5 46 -12 70 -12C108 -12 191 51 227 95Z" id="g50-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.7,15.338)"> <path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z" id="g113-83"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.85,9.074)"> <path d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z" id="g54-33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,98.41,9.074)"> <path d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z" id="g50-52"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="21.1681pt" id="M1-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 121.144 21.1681" width="121.144pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.5,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.47,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.71,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.95,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.19,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,44.5,18.469)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.74,15.338)"> <path d="M378 -385C239 -253 158 0 158 271S238 795 378 927L356 953C165 798 79 550 79 272V271C79 -10 165 -259 356 -411L378 -385Z" id="g119-133"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.52,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.93,15.338)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,74.19,9.074)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,79.75,9.074)"> <path d="M309 -142C211 -61 151 99 151 271S210 601 309 683L288 710C141 611 75 451 75 272V271C75 90 141 -72 288 -169L309 -142Z" id="g50-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,83.01,9.074)"> <path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z" id="g50-50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,87.44,9.074)"> <path d="M381 704H317L48 -163H112L381 704Z" id="g50-48"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,91.35,9.074)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,95.78,9.074)"> <path d="M283 271C283 451 220 610 70 710L48 683C146 603 207 443 207 271S149 -59 48 -142L70 -169C220 -67 283 90 283 271Z" id="g50-42"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.62,15.338)"> <path d="M364 271V272C364 550 278 798 87 953L65 927C205 795 285 542 285 271S204 -253 65 -385L87 -411C278 -259 364 -10 364 271Z" id="g119-134"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,105.47,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,111.03,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,118.18,15.338)"> <path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z" id="g113-45"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R1"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M1-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.398 11.44" width="13.398pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 611 70 451 70 272V271C70 90 136 -71 282 -169L300 -147Z" id="g190-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M311 0V25C221 32 216 41 216 113V635C162 613 103 594 39 583V559L88 556C131 552 135 546 135 500V113C135 41 131 32 40 25V0H311Z" id="g190-213"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.26)"> <path d="M275 271C275 451 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 269V271Z" id="g190-42"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>e</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>内部能量释放在一个源点和每单位质量吗<我>米</我>的总质量炸药。的因素<我>R</我>·<我>米</我><sup>−1/3</sup>被称为比例距离和表示<我>Z</我>从今以后。不幸的是,这两种假设的模型是实现传统炸药爆炸的暗示。事实上,在深入研究TNT,条件都满足在一个相当狭窄的比例距离范围<我>Z</我>= 1 m·kg<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。在更大比例的距离,超压不超过十倍的环境压力,接近,扩展距离小于爆炸直径的十倍,所以点源的假设不再是合适的。另外,经验或半经验的方法被用来获得可靠的加载值(<a href="#B8">8</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B10">10</a>]。美国陆军的技术手册,终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2 (<a href="#B8">8</a>),主要是作为艺术的状态在结构设计的办公室,是使用最广泛的实验数据库对民用和军用基础设施设计,因为它提供了最完整的开放数据库的冲击波参数。这些经验解决方案依赖实验数据的好处,但有几个缺点。第一个是缺乏可靠的数据规模的距离小于0.5 m·kg<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。实际上,它不仅仅是可疑为近战的使用这些数据库结构(<a href="#B11">11</a>,<a href="#B12">12</a>]。这主要是由于爆炸之间的化学反应产品和周围的空气。其次,数据只提供事件的冲击波和可能的倒影不能轻易考虑。这可以防止这些解决方案被应用于密闭或城市空间。最后,只有简单的几何图形为电荷和结构可以被认为是(球形电荷和计划墙)。</p> <p>另一个普遍的解决方案是使用显式数值软件。然而,尽管努力提高解决有限元素和有限卷,物理建模的不同方面在不同的时间尺度仍然是一个相当大的挑战。特别是,一个时间步低于爆炸的特征时间从几个数量级的需要获得适当的爆轰过程的模型。此外,一个明确的数值方法使得每个时间步长计算;因此,一个小的时间步直接增加总计算时间。一些混合动力解决方案使用ufc - 3 - 340 - 2的数据添加到数值模拟,以获得一个快速加载对于一个给定的结构(<a href="#B13">13</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B15">15</a>]。这些方法都是基于经验数据和遭受同样的问题,也就是说,他们不考虑波浪反射和重组限制或市区和全爆轰过程的模拟是必要的。</p> <p>根据理想爆轰过程,反应前高爆炸药中传播的速度大约7000 m·s<sup>−1</sup>对TNT (<a href="#B16">16</a>,<a href="#B17">17</a>]。身后的这个反应,查普曼儒盖(<a href="#B18">18</a>模型预测的压力<我>P</我><sub><i>CJ</我></sub>= 21 GPa。查普曼儒盖波速度是表示<我>D</我><sub><i>CJ</我></sub>。事实上,时间步长将不到一微秒导致计算倍以上常见的HPC可接受的范围。而不是失去准确性和试图不代表爆轰过程,可以只模型爆炸产品的放松。最初在爆轰数值软件,产品可以建模为一个齐次体积高压力和温度的气体,称为一个气球。</p> <p>为简单起见,爆炸的化学成分的产品大部分时间被视为空气,他们不能与自己或周围的空气反应。多重物理量爆震的问题是减少流体力学问题,即高压力和温度气体的放松。需要选择一个状态方程描述的行为气球内的气体混合物的放松。有几种选择。最常用的状态方程在商业软件是约翰·威尔金斯李JWL状态方程(<a href="#EEq2">2</a>):<span class="equation_break" id="EEq2"><span class="left_break" id="L2"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M2"> <svg height="30.5685pt" id="M2-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 124.948 30.5685" width="124.948pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B2-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.66,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.93,18.161)"> <path d="M686 28C612 35 607 44 591 112C563 234 541 360 519 489L489 666L457 658L147 121C100 40 89 36 24 28L17 0H240L250 28C168 34 159 41 190 101L262 237H482C495 180 503 137 510 91C517 47 514 35 441 28L433 0H677L686 28ZM475 280H285L429 541H431L475 280Z" id="g113-66"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.24,18.161)"> <path d="M520 -816C310 -597 186 -177 186 271C186 720 307 1139 520 1358L491 1388C219 1134 96 727 96 272V271C96 -188 219 -597 491 -846L520 -816Z" id="g119-157"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.3,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.45,18.161)"> <path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.18,9.654)"> <path d="M615 290C615 392 563 448 529 448C511 448 491 441 484 434L483 425C518 400 546 349 546 273C546 158 504 46 417 46C381 46 356 77 356 142C356 184 380 293 392 334L387 340L307 323C305 288 296 228 287 188C265 94 221 52 180 52C144 52 112 89 112 171C112 278 164 372 241 430L226 454C106 394 23 288 23 155C23 40 79 -12 139 -12C184 -12 245 32 285 85C292 31 322 -12 376 -12C423 -12 470 18 501 45C570 104 615 184 615 290Z" id="g113-246"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="22.3143" x="63.18" y="14.508"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.18,27.387)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,71.27,30.519)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.21,27.387)"> <path d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z" id="g113-87"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,86.69,18.161)"> <path d="M522 271V272C522 727 399 1134 127 1388L98 1358C311 1139 432 720 432 271C432 -177 308 -597 98 -816L127 -846C399 -597 522 -188 522 271Z" id="g119-158"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.99,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,102.37,11.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,107.93,11.898)"> <path d="M636 22C611 29 589 38 560 74C536 104 518 134 495 173L430 300C518 328 592 392 592 492C592 555 563 594 528 618C491 643 435 650 377 650H140L131 618C222 610 223 601 208 518L137 136C121 43 116 40 27 32L18 0H295L300 32C212 40 206 42 223 138L248 279H296C334 279 350 272 369 230C393 174 413 140 441 94C482 24 523 1 626 -8L636 22ZM497 480C497 422 468 374 417 343C387 324 353 315 304 315H255L298 556C303 583 309 598 319 603C331 610 348 613 367 613C448 613 497 573 497 480Z" id="g50-83"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,113.72,11.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118.15,11.898)"> <path d="M735 650H491L482 618L516 614C568 608 571 595 541 535L299 115H297L196 559C187 600 195 608 238 614L265 618L275 650H26L18 618C79 611 98 605 115 527L234 -9H272C389 197 542 449 591 523C647 608 656 612 726 618L735 650Z" id="g50-87"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="30.5685pt" id="M2-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 111.238 30.5685" width="111.238pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B2-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.161)"> <path d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z" id="g117-36"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,18.161)"> <path d="M578 512C578 619 494 650 387 650H140L134 622C219 615 223 609 210 542L127 119C112 40 104 34 23 28L17 0H235C317 0 387 7 444 33C515 65 564 122 564 195C564 289 495 335 412 352V354C505 373 578 422 578 512ZM486 510C486 422 423 367 314 367H257L294 565C299 591 305 602 315 608C324 614 339 617 362 617C421 617 486 595 486 510ZM466 200C466 100 393 35 296 35C222 35 198 51 212 127L250 333H303C388 333 466 303 466 200Z" id="g113-67"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.53,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-157"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.59,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.74,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.46,9.654)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-246"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="22.3143" x="49.47" y="14.508"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.47,27.387)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,57.55,30.519)"> <path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.5,27.387)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-87"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.98,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-158"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.27,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,88.66,11.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,94.22,11.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,100,11.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.44,11.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-87"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="30.5685pt" id="M2-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.124 30.5685" width="32.124pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B2-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.73,9.654)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-246"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.89,9.654)"> <path d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z" id="g113-70"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="16.2326" x="11.73" y="14.508"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.22,27.387)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-87"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.16,18.161)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="70.0037pt" id="I2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 172.58 70.0037" width="172.58pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B2-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 25.88 39.44)" xlink:href="#B2-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 140.34 39.44)" xlink:href="#B2-3"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R2"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M2-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.038 11.44" width="15.038pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B2-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M411 139C381 76 368 73 314 73H129L267 224C351 317 400 380 400 469C400 574 322 635 233 635C176 635 128 610 98 576L40 495L63 476C89 515 130 568 198 568C274 568 316 519 316 436C316 347 251 264 191 192C142 134 85 76 30 21V0H403C415 45 425 89 438 131L411 139Z" id="g190-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="70.0037pt" id="IL2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.1 70.0037" width="15.1pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 29.07)" xlink:href="#B2-4"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>这个方程的参数是爆炸性的依赖、都已经被广泛地研究过了。给定的值,在密度1630公斤TNT·m<sup><i>−</我></sup>3,Dobratz [<a href="#B16">16</a>]和Souers [<a href="#B17">17</a>与ufc)产生结果相对较好协议- 3 - 340 - 2。然而,JWL状态方程诱发大量的计算工作,要求高爆内初始压力状态的产品。这些高压力梯度对小元素大小(小于1毫米)。</p> <p>事实上,对于当前的HPC,有限元素的数量不应超过500万,代表10厘米的卷<sup>3</sup>在网格元素的情况下1毫米大小,和模型全面基础设施显然是不够的。尽管non-representation爆炸的气球装满JWL气体不适合快速和准确的数值模型。当1950年代,Brode [<a href="#B19">19</a>)提出了简化模型和考虑理想气体定律模型的进化爆炸的产品。理想气体状态方程已经使用在过去的几十年里代表放松爆炸数值模拟产品的现实事件(<a href="#B20">20.</a>,<a href="#B21">21</a>)或实验室规模的实验(<a href="#B22">22</a>]。所有这些作者与不同的压力值使用理想气体,密度和能源为代表的物理状态爆炸的产品。</p> <p>在2010年代,布兰科(<a href="#B23">23</a>)表明,监测的关键参数balloon-induced冲击波是炸药的密度和特定的能量来源。Dobratz TNT的参数,这个收益率<我>ρ</我><sub><i>b</我></sub>=<我>ρ</我><sub><i>T</我></sub>·<sub><i>NT</我></sub>= 1630公斤·m<sup><i>−</我>3</sup>和<我>e</我>=<我>e</我><sub><i>T</我></sub>·<sub><i>NT</我></sub>= 4.3乔丹·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1</sup>。这些参数的最佳精度占所有相关冲击波参数(超压、冲动和到达时间)对理想爆轰模型。其他的参数可以用来描述的放松气球内的高压气体由于理想气体状态方程(查普曼儒盖参数:<a href="#B24">24</a>),等体积的压缩(<a href="#B19">19</a>),等温压缩,等等)。表中给出的主要方法<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/tab1/" target="_blank">1</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left"></td> <td class="align_center">查普曼儒盖参数</td> <td class="align_center">等体积的压缩</td> <td class="align_center">Density-energy方法</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">压力(GPa)</td> <td class="align_center">21</td> <td class="align_center">21</td> <td class="align_center">2。8</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">内部能量(乔丹·公斤<sup>−1</sup>)</td> <td class="align_center">32</td> <td class="align_center">4.3</td> <td class="align_center">4.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">密度(公斤·m<sup><i>−</我>3</sup>)</td> <td class="align_center">1630年</td> <td class="align_center">12209年</td> <td class="align_center">1630年</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 压缩的气球可能的参数集。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>在这部作品中,方法的<a href="#B23">23</a>)被选中,因为它给出了更好的协议对理想爆轰过程,和相对可接受的物理值气球的密度和压力气体的初始状态。因此,元素大小的要求更少的限制,但由此产生的冲击波属性可能被低估,尤其是在近场。的另一个好处减少高压和能量梯度在早期阶段的放松是一个不平衡的总能量的降低,这是一个遗留问题的有限元模型<a href="#B25">25</a>]。事实上,在压力处理不连续,密度,和能源,有限元软件需要添加人工粘度(<a href="#B26">26</a>)光滑不连续的压力,能源、材料的速度和质量,为了执行所需的压力函数的推导有限元分析。也称为数值阻尼,这将人为地减少总能量,特别是在早期阶段的冲击波传播,因为巨大的压力梯度。然后它会导致更高的错误由商业软件。</p> <p>这项工作从一个终端用户的角度来看,解决了这个问题通过增加压缩气球的半径10倍的初始半径炸药。这主要新奇是向以下:<span class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</span><span class="list-content">更好的能量平衡有限元算法。</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</span><span class="list-content">更好的精度与实验数据从ufc - 3 - 340 - 2 (<a href="#B8">8</a>在后期的冲击波传播。</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</span><span class="list-content">减少计算时间,工程应用。</span></span></span></p> <p>首先,给出了数值模型和理想气体状态方程的爆炸产品相比古典JWL状态方程。第二部分,气球半径的影响是所有模型评估调查和对实验数据的发现- 3 - 340 - 2。所有数值结果比较选择参考(ufc - 3 - 340 - 2),结构设计的实验数据库被当局接受。执行网格敏感性分析来验证结果,最后对能量平衡的影响评估。</p> <h4 id="the-compressed-balloon-model">2。压缩气球模型</h4> <p>牵牛星Hyperworks<sup><i>§</我>R</sup>套件是用于构建所有的数值模型和显式有限元代码。收音机<sup><i>§</我>R</sup>用于模拟。使用的解算器是调用的遗产,它是一个经典的任意拉格朗日欧拉(ALE)有限元/有限体积混合解算器。质量和能量守恒方程是解决的中心每个元素和动量守恒方程的每个节点。最常用,第一个模型需要JWL状态方程,提出了引入与TNT的选择参数(<a href="#B16">16</a>];以下称为“JWL模型。“所有其他气体由水动力建模流体材料使用多项式方程的状态(<a href="#EEq3">3</a>)。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq3"><span class="left_break" id="L3"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M3"> <svg height="16.0778pt" id="M3-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 148.442 16.0778" width="148.442pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.66,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.92,12.113)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z" id="g113-68"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.54,15.245)"> <path d="M452 282C452 397 389 451 302 451C268 451 227 441 188 422C95 377 24 281 24 154C24 65 70 -12 173 -12C240 -12 297 16 342 52C418 113 452 201 452 282ZM359 282C359 163 308 66 247 39C237 35 225 32 212 32C151 32 114 79 114 157C114 301 180 380 223 398C240 405 250 408 265 408C315 408 359 369 359 282Z" id="g50-112"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.29,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.83,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,58.45,15.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.4,12.113)"> <path d="M538 96L524 119C492 88 454 63 446 63C439 63 434 70 440 101C463 223 491 341 518 448H508L433 422L401 276C355 192 240 56 188 56C163 56 154 89 163 133C184 233 207 338 235 443L230 448L152 424L58 17C40 -60 23 -143 23 -185C23 -241 42 -261 63 -261C92 -261 117 -241 125 -227L124 -221C109 -209 89 -165 89 -103C89 -55 96 -13 105 26H107C121 -3 134 -12 151 -12C172 -12 194 -5 221 16C279 61 330 124 384 194H386C381 159 377 141 368 105C343 3 363 -12 383 -12C416 -12 486 35 538 96Z" id="g113-234"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.52,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.05,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.67,15.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,97.62,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-234"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.84,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,112.69,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,123.22,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,131.84,15.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,136.79,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-234"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,144.01,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="16.0778pt" id="M3-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 79.014 16.0778" width="79.014pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,12.113)"> <path d="M332 -241C217 -138 149 60 149 271C149 483 216 680 332 783L312 808C148 686 74 491 74 272V271C74 50 148 -146 312 -266L332 -241Z" id="g119-5"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.56,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.18,15.245)"> <path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z" id="g50-53"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.03,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.57,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.18,15.245)"> <path d="M158 548H390L417 615L410 623H122L83 318C105 326 143 337 185 337C296 337 350 275 350 188C350 116 308 42 225 42C164 42 122 74 100 93C90 101 82 99 72 92C60 82 51 68 50 59C48 46 52 38 66 24C82 9 125 -12 172 -12C225 -11 292 15 346 59C408 108 437 166 437 226C437 309 371 397 242 397C214 397 170 382 133 369L158 548Z" id="g50-54"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.13,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-234"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.35,12.113)"> <path d="M311 271V272C311 491 237 686 73 808L53 783C169 680 236 483 236 271C236 60 168 -138 53 -241L73 -266C237 -146 311 50 311 271Z" id="g119-6"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.67,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.05,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R3"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M3-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.868 11.44" width="14.868pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B3-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M269 381C298 400 325 421 340 436C360 455 370 476 370 504C370 579 313 635 223 635H222C170 635 123 610 95 579L52 516L72 497C95 533 136 577 193 577C245 577 286 546 286 482C286 408 218 369 127 339L133 314C149 319 174 325 197 325C254 325 324 285 324 192C325 83 266 39 201 39C143 39 103 68 78 91C70 98 62 97 54 91C45 84 33 71 32 58C30 46 34 35 48 22C61 10 102 -12 148 -12C216 -12 410 57 410 225C410 298 357 362 269 379V381Z" id="g190-232"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.37,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>e</我>单位体积的能量,<我>µ</我>膨胀系数=<我>ρ/ρ</我><sub>0</sub><i>−</我>1,<我>P</我>是压力。</p> <p>通过选择<我>C</我><sub>0</sub>=<我>C</我><sub>1</sub>=<我>C</我><sub>2</sub>=<我>C</我><sub>3</sub>= 0和<我>C</我><sub>4</sub>=<我>C</我><sub>5</sub>= 0<我>。</我>4、水动力多项式法描述了一个理想的双原子气体的比热容比<我>γ</我>= 1<我>。</我>4所示。为了模型周围的空气,密度和单位体积的能量,分别设置<我>ρ</我><sub><i>空气</我></sub>= 1.225公斤·m<sup><i>−</我>3</sup>和<我>e</我><sub><i>空气</我></sub>= 0.25乔丹·m<sup><i>−</我>3</sup>对(<a href="#EEq3">3</a>)。气球的详细介绍,对压缩方法,内部能量的密度和单位体积的气球将TNT值:<我>e</我><sub><i>气球</我></sub>= 7000乔丹·m<sup><i>−</我>3</sup>和<我>ρ</我><sub><i>气球</我></sub>= 1630公斤·m<sup><i>−</我>3</sup>。参数β是由方程(<a href="#EEq4">4</a>)。这是气球半径的比值对梯恩梯当量球的半径。这个比例将在本研究不同一至十:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq4"><span class="left_break" id="L4"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M4"> <svg height="29.9682pt" id="M4-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.374 29.9682" width="59.374pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,17.47)"> <path d="M558 587C558 666 497 712 432 712C379 712 330 691 284 650C212 586 178 508 148 348L71 -65C49 -185 35 -229 23 -235L27 -261C49 -259 101 -251 124 -224C131 -216 138 -178 159 -24C171 66 197 200 227 356C264 550 295 668 393 668C443 668 479 632 479 575C479 516 446 458 383 418C361 404 344 398 318 397L296 350C395 338 460 281 460 192C460 110 411 40 300 40C258 40 215 55 192 69L181 51C191 18 222 -16 266 -16C308 -16 351 1 397 26C471 67 545 142 545 221C545 315 486 365 401 395C469 437 558 498 558 587Z" id="g113-224"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.19,17.47)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.65,8.636)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.73,11.768)"> <path d="M152 404V712C115 698 54 683 7 677V654C71 648 73 642 73 579V24C128 -2 179 -12 220 -12C353 -12 471 92 471 238C471 357 381 449 274 449C262 449 249 446 233 439L152 404ZM152 374C170 384 202 393 230 393C313 393 382 326 382 213C382 97 330 26 246 26C194 26 165 62 158 81C154 91 152 101 152 116V374Z" id="g190-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.4,11.768)"> <path d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z" id="g190-98"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,40.44,11.768)"> <path d="M238 0V26C174 32 166 38 166 104V712C132 700 70 683 18 677V653C81 647 87 645 87 577V104C87 38 78 32 15 26V0H238Z" id="g190-109"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.79,11.768)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.09,11.768)"> <path d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z" id="g190-112"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,49.62,11.768)"> <path d="M524 0V26C466 32 460 36 460 104V297C460 393 411 449 331 449C302 449 276 437 248 419C223 402 201 387 181 372V451C137 432 90 420 42 411V388C96 378 102 374 102 310V104C102 38 97 33 29 26V0H246V26C187 32 181 36 181 104V339C211 365 250 390 290 390C357 390 381 345 381 276V109C381 40 374 32 315 26V0H524Z" id="g190-111"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="31.5684" x="23.65" y="13.816"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.42,26.695)"> <path d="M631 18C609 24 585 35 559 65C534 91 514 117 478 169C448 214 406 281 389 313C462 346 516 399 516 485C516 545 490 590 449 616C412 641 363 650 290 650H42V622C120 615 128 612 128 527V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H300V28C221 34 212 40 212 125V284H244C295 284 312 272 329 244C359 195 395 133 430 84C475 19 516 -3 592 -7C603 -8 615 -8 627 -8L631 18ZM212 316V563C212 591 215 602 223 607C231 613 248 617 277 617C352 617 423 577 423 469C423 415 407 375 368 345C343 324 310 316 260 316H212Z" id="g190-83"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.52,29.827)"> <path d="M592 498C586 556 582 629 581 675H560C545 656 537 650 510 650H115C87 650 74 652 60 675H40C38 620 33 555 28 495H57C69 539 77 568 89 585C102 607 122 616 205 616H267V123C267 44 259 34 168 28V0H454V28C360 34 352 44 352 123V616H422C498 616 514 608 531 584C542 568 552 543 562 495L592 498Z" id="g190-85"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.14,29.827)"> <path d="M729 650H468V622C546 615 554 610 554 527V365H213V527C213 610 221 616 297 622V650H38V622C120 616 128 611 128 527V123C128 39 120 34 40 28V0H303V28C221 34 213 40 213 123V322H554V123C554 39 546 34 460 28V0H728V28C647 34 639 39 639 123V527C639 610 647 615 729 622V650Z" id="g190-73"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.11,29.827)"> <path d="M719 650H483V622C553 619 576 606 581 560C585 532 588 487 588 394V148H585L167 650H20V622C67 618 88 610 109 585C127 562 129 557 129 484V264C129 173 126 124 123 93C118 44 92 31 35 28V0H272V28C204 32 181 44 176 95C173 124 170 172 170 264V515H172L598 -9H629V394C629 487 631 532 635 563C639 606 663 619 719 622V650Z" id="g190-79"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.41,17.47)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R4"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M4-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.458 11.44" width="15.458pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B4-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M465 179V225H369V632H330C227 497 124 346 29 205V179H289V107C289 37 284 33 198 26V0H454V26C374 33 369 37 369 107V179H465ZM289 225H92C156 335 222 430 287 520H289V225Z" id="g190-166"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.96,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>的总质量和能量爆炸源不应该修改气球半径的增加。因此,密度<我>ρ</我><sub><i>β</我></sub>和特定的能源<我>E</我><sub><i>β</我></sub>降低系数吗<我>β</我><sup>3</sup>:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq5"><span class="left_break" id="L5"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M5"> <svg height="69.1528pt" id="M5-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.984 69.1528" width="59.984pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,17.488)"> <path d="M516 277C516 378 460 448 376 448C335 448 288 434 240 401C158 345 127 277 107 159C53 -161 38 -221 23 -247L28 -261C43 -260 95 -250 114 -226C122 -216 129 -199 146 -75C152 -29 157 0 164 31C182 9 206 -12 237 -12C267 -12 325 8 376 46C451 102 516 179 516 277ZM432 259C432 134 366 40 259 40C236 40 204 48 171 76L195 203C219 327 253 400 326 400C398 400 432 336 432 259Z" id="g113-239"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.16,20.62)"> <path d="M563 583C563 664 501 710 433 710C381 710 334 692 285 648C212 582 178 506 149 350L74 -56C49 -190 36 -222 24 -226L30 -257C52 -256 95 -247 121 -229C131 -222 134 -206 165 -21L219 303C254 510 296 665 397 665C447 665 481 626 481 572C481 512 446 457 390 420C367 405 351 400 323 397L302 349C398 338 466 285 466 197C466 117 419 45 306 45C268 45 224 59 198 74L186 50C197 20 228 -14 274 -14C318 -14 359 3 401 26C478 68 554 144 554 225C554 322 493 367 412 396C490 446 563 500 563 583Z" id="g50-224"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.65,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.11,8.636)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.06,11.768)"> <path d="M655 676H628C608 656 600 650 571 650H156C118 650 114 651 102 676H77C63 615 45 548 24 485L60 486C81 531 97 562 114 580C134 603 148 611 252 611H308L217 127C201 41 196 38 105 32L98 0H384L393 32C300 38 288 41 304 127L393 611H466C553 611 571 604 582 580C592 559 597 530 595 485L630 489C636 548 645 624 655 676Z" id="g50-85"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.6,11.768)"> <path d="M870 650H622L613 619C694 615 708 606 708 559C708 531 702 477 686 396L636 136H633L281 650H127L120 619C180 616 198 611 212 592C227 572 232 558 220 503L166 254C148 169 139 131 126 89C112 43 85 35 33 32L24 0H280L286 32C208 37 189 44 189 93C189 124 198 179 212 250L267 526H271L622 -8H655L732 396C747 477 762 532 770 556C785 600 798 616 862 619L870 650Z" id="g50-79"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,49.36,11.768)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-85"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="27.7073" x="28.11" y="13.834"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.7,26.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.26,22.538)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.02,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="69.1528pt" id="M5-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 61.754 69.1528" width="61.754pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,56.498)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.94,59.63)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.43,56.498)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.89,47.646)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.83,50.777)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.38,50.777)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-79"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.13,50.777)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-85"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="27.7073" x="29.89" y="52.844"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.48,65.723)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-224"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.03,61.548)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.79,56.498)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R5"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M5-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.898 11.44" width="14.898pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M130 550H367L393 615L386 623H101L63 323C82 331 123 342 165 342C275 342 328 277 328 188C328 107 283 40 201 40C141 40 99 72 78 91C69 99 59 98 51 91C39 81 30 67 29 58C28 48 33 37 46 24C60 10 104 -12 149 -12C203 -11 269 14 323 59C384 109 412 165 412 225C412 308 347 399 219 399C193 399 146 382 104 367L130 550Z" id="g190-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.4,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M5-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.428 11.44" width="15.428pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <path d="M143 344C173 483 265 547 326 576C363 593 402 605 434 611L429 641C389 634 343 623 301 608C195 570 43 456 43 236C43 81 135 -12 245 -12C368 -12 453 88 453 208C453 310 380 393 273 393C253 393 232 386 211 376L143 344ZM234 338C325 338 367 255 367 172C367 102 346 21 264 21C184 21 132 113 132 239C132 267 133 291 138 312C164 327 197 338 234 338Z" id="g190-227"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.93,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>两种类型的网格进行了研究,与等效元素的大小。第一个是笛卡尔网格,这是结构设计更方便使用的办公室,因为它更容易创建和更好的符合大多数流固界面。第二个是一个径向结构化网格。即使很难获得,径向网格是更准确的<a href="#B27">27</a>),更适应浸流固界面。径向和笛卡尔网格用于气球模型呈现在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.001.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 笛卡尔(a)和径向(b)网状结构的数值模拟。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>笛卡尔网格很简单;每个元素是一个常规的广场和网是没有影响的<我>β</我>。相反,径向网格在两个部分:第一个是笛卡尔的中心向三分之二的爆炸半径,其余的是径向网格。这个径向网格适用于每个β为了减少网格畸变之间的过渡笛卡尔和径向部分。这对冲击波传播没有结果,因为网格大小在传播方向上保持一致<我>β</我>模型。</p> <p>一个轴对称的边界条件实施纵斧确保球形冲击波的传播。同样,一个对称条件应用于水平轴,以减少计算域四分之一的空间。</p> <p>缩放网格大小定义为实际的网格的质量相当于在隔间根高爆炸药:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq7"><span class="left_break" id="L6"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M6"> <svg height="27.4641pt" id="M6-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 82.414 27.4641" width="82.414pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B6-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,17.816)"> <path d="M517 51L485 54C448 58 441 63 441 115V712C404 700 337 684 285 678V653C357 648 362 645 362 580V437C339 446 309 449 295 449C159 449 38 340 38 201C38 61 143 -12 223 -12C234 -12 261 -6 301 17L362 53V-12C420 9 495 22 517 26V51ZM362 85C338 67 301 51 266 51C201 51 128 109 128 228C128 373 212 411 259 411C296 411 338 395 362 360V85Z" id="g190-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.89,17.816)"> <path d="M536 404C536 423 520 448 491 448C445 448 398 404 308 283L286 338C255 416 242 448 217 448C182 448 138 402 92 341L111 321C149 368 169 378 178 378C188 378 198 363 214 320L254 212C185 117 138 65 107 65C98 65 85 69 82 75C79 82 73 86 65 86C44 86 23 60 23 39C23 7 44 -12 71 -12C119 -12 168 33 265 177L306 61C321 17 347 -12 373 -12C413 -12 465 33 507 96L491 119C459 84 432 60 413 60C395 60 378 92 358 148L321 250C341 279 369 310 389 332C417 363 439 382 456 382C466 382 475 376 481 368C486 361 492 358 496 358C513 358 536 381 536 404Z" id="g113-121"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.09,20.947)"> <path d="M357 391C357 416 325 451 270 451C241 451 179 431 146 400C109 365 97 334 97 307C97 248 143 213 196 180C250 146 261 123 261 101C261 75 237 40 190 40C153 40 110 72 86 109C81 116 68 119 55 112C37 102 24 87 24 66C24 30 85 -12 137 -12C229 -12 331 62 331 140C331 189 304 218 236 260C197 284 164 309 164 346C164 381 194 400 220 400C259 400 282 380 304 350C310 342 321 339 330 344C347 353 357 372 357 391Z" id="g50-116"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.72,20.947)"> <path d="M387 400C387 425 348 451 303 451C247 451 176 414 132 376C69 322 24 228 24 148C24 43 74 -12 147 -12C211 -12 301 33 363 103L346 128C319 99 249 51 193 51C148 51 112 84 112 165C112 230 130 287 154 330C170 359 199 400 243 400C277 400 304 383 326 354C333 345 343 343 354 348C378 360 387 382 387 400Z" id="g50-100"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.47,20.947)"> <path d="M490 97L476 124C442 96 405 70 398 70C392 70 390 78 396 114C419 243 448 379 463 432L457 436C446 436 431 439 418 442C393 447 368 451 343 451C281 451 204 418 155 381C74 320 24 206 24 107C24 23 59 -12 88 -12C118 -12 155 5 191 34C236 70 290 122 328 177H330L312 84C296 0 311 -12 331 -12C355 -12 425 24 490 97ZM374 387C371 367 360 299 347 264C323 202 187 53 142 53C128 53 113 73 113 120C113 224 157 332 221 380C241 395 274 403 303 403C330 403 360 395 374 387Z" id="g50-98"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.15,20.947)"> <path d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z" id="g50-109"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.61,20.947)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z" id="g50-102"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.45,20.947)"> <path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z" id="g50-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.8,17.816)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.16,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.05,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="24.0002" x="54.26" y="14.162"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.26,27.414)"> <path d="M797 0V26C739 32 732 36 732 103V296C732 394 682 449 605 449C576 449 550 437 529 423C504 407 475 389 446 366C425 418 382 449 334 449C303 449 279 437 253 421C222 403 201 385 180 371V452C135 432 85 419 41 411V388C99 379 102 374 102 310V103C102 38 93 32 27 26V0H238V26C189 32 180 38 180 103V338C210 363 250 390 289 390C351 390 377 348 377 275V103C377 37 368 32 306 26V0H520V26C465 32 456 38 456 101V296C456 314 455 326 453 338C491 369 529 390 565 390C628 390 653 345 653 274V107C653 36 642 32 583 26V0H797Z" id="g190-110"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,64.94,23.239)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,69.38,23.239)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-48"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,73.28,23.239)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.45,17.816)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R6"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M6-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.028 11.44" width="15.028pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B6-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M430 623H48C43 580 39 534 30 478H57C80 544 84 550 152 550H369C286 366 187 178 74 -1L81 -12L156 -2C249 201 343 408 438 611L430 623Z" id="g190-223"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>压力作为时间的函数的结果高度依赖于网格大小(规模<a href="#B25">25</a>]。在实际运用中,5毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>是最小的可能的扩展网格尺寸可以接受土木工程应用程序的CPU时间(约500万个元素)。然后在本节中使用的元素的大小。</p> <p>为了评估的简化方法<我>β</我>气球,两个参数被认为是,最大超压和积极的冲动。事实上,既发挥重要作用的结构性行为加载结构,一个是通常比另一个更重要的取决于结构的固有频率。超压的定义是最大的压力历史和积极的冲动是集成的积极的部分更精确地定义的压力历史曲线<span class="equation_break" id="EEq8"><span class="left_break" id="L7"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M7"> <svg height="30.1575pt" id="M7-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81.344 30.1575" width="81.344pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,19.388)"> <path d="M405 650H141L135 622C222 616 230 610 215 535L133 116C118 41 113 33 29 28L23 0H289L295 28C209 33 205 40 219 116L298 535C312 609 317 616 399 622L405 650Z" id="g113-74"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.2,19.388)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.46,19.401)"> <path d="M570 1230C570 1262 541 1287 502 1287C357 1287 278 1119 280 794L288 -503C289 -666 275 -701 243 -701C218 -701 198 -654 157 -654C127 -654 101 -678 101 -710C101 -743 131 -775 179 -775C326 -775 401 -601 399 -187L392 1014C391 1190 408 1219 438 1219C469 1219 469 1176 513 1176C546 1176 570 1198 570 1230Z" id="g119-89"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.22,5.85)"> <path d="M329 433H203L239 587L230 596L147 534L123 433H57L30 395L34 388H115L61 129C37 16 59 -12 85 -12C147 -12 222 58 260 98L241 125C212 95 160 62 144 62C132 62 127 71 138 126L192 386L305 394L329 433Z" id="g50-117"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.37,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.22,29.998)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.37,29.998)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.33,19.388)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.54,19.571)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z" id="g113-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.05,19.388)"> <path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.34,19.571)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z" id="g113-42"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.06,19.388)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.95,19.388)"> <path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.38,19.388)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R7"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M7-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.168 11.44" width="15.168pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B7-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M246 635C138 635 67 554 67 471C67 401 116 348 178 315C143 296 103 268 87 252C65 231 42 203 42 157C42 50 128 -12 234 -12C319 -12 432 52 432 169C432 256 370 303 299 344C347 376 373 399 381 408C399 430 408 459 408 487C408 569 341 635 246 635ZM235 603C284 603 334 567 334 483C334 420 306 383 273 358C202 393 142 427 142 503C142 552 173 603 235 603ZM245 21C179 21 122 70 122 163C122 219 155 270 204 300C279 263 352 219 352 144C352 66 308 21 245 21Z" id="g190-152"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.67,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>与<我>t</我><sub>1</sub>和<我>t</我><sub>2</sub>任意选择如下为了避免数值噪声:<我>t</我><sub>1</sub>的时间<svg height="11.9316pt" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.2957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 68.1127 11.9316" width="68.1127pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)"> <path d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230Z" id="g117-92"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.261,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,58.823,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,62.909,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-118"></use> </g> </svg>和<我>t</我><sub>2</sub>的时间<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.9316pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.2957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 75.7723 11.9316" width="75.7723pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)"> <path d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z" id="g117-91"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.552,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.792,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.756,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.996,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.236,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,58.892,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,66.454,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,70.54,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-118"></use> </g> </svg>。</span></p> <p>此外,定义了两个相对差异率对ufc - 3 - 340 - 2<span class="equation_break" id="EEq9"><span class="left_break" id="L10"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M10"> <svg height="70.4603pt" id="M10-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.224 70.4603" width="12.224pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.298)"> <path d="M494 514C482 587 419 712 303 712C238 712 174 667 174 603C174 561 205 514 249 449C219 438 187 422 162 407C93 366 23 283 23 177C23 69 87 -12 190 -12C244 -12 288 5 328 33C406 87 444 170 444 249C444 329 404 391 331 475C265 550 222 605 222 627C222 647 238 657 267 657C355 657 421 585 484 499L494 514ZM359 234C359 143 319 30 219 30C172 30 114 75 114 178C114 275 163 343 195 378C212 397 241 415 269 425C305 382 359 313 359 234Z" id="g113-226"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.4,21.43)"> <path d="M622 479C622 589 545 650 400 650H146L140 618C229 609 230 602 215 527L135 132C117 43 112 41 27 32L18 0H305L313 32C213 40 205 44 222 132L251 284L324 262H365C484 269 622 333 622 479ZM528 477C528 356 420 305 344 305C300 305 276 314 259 321L303 554C311 597 313 600 331 606C345 611 361 614 379 614C463 614 528 580 528 477Z" id="g50-81"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="70.4603pt" id="M10-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 158.944 70.4603" width="158.944pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.298)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.46,9.308)"> <path d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" id="g113-113"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.84,12.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.4,12.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.49,12.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.61,9.49)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.13,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.72,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.47,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.34,9.308)"> <path d="M380 106C343 72 306 56 265 56C195 56 116 112 115 248C235 252 361 262 377 265C396 269 400 277 400 297C400 374 333 449 250 449H249C198 449 144 421 103 376S37 269 37 201C37 88 109 -12 232 -12C263 -12 332 6 395 84L380 106ZM225 412C281 412 315 364 314 312C314 297 308 292 290 292C232 290 176 289 120 289C135 370 180 412 225 412Z" id="g190-102"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.81,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.22,9.49)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.64,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,94.18,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.56,12.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,109.12,12.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,113.21,12.439)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,120.33,9.49)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,124.85,9.308)"> <path d="M715 650H476L470 622C550 619 562 610 562 570C562 536 553 481 535 384L523 321C485 121 408 37 283 37C178 37 99 109 134 297L178 532C193 612 199 616 278 622L284 650H29L23 622C105 616 109 609 94 532L48 291C23 160 51 83 98 40C143 -1 202 -16 260 -16C321 -16 387 3 439 49C509 111 542 204 563 312L577 384C595 479 608 533 619 569C629 603 637 620 709 622L715 650Z" id="g113-86"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,133.52,9.308)"> <path d="M584 650H137L131 622C214 614 217 612 200 521L125 127C109 41 101 35 23 28L17 0H288L294 28C201 35 193 42 209 128L242 309H348C440 309 442 300 443 226H471L510 422H482C452 354 449 348 357 348H251L295 575C302 609 304 615 338 615H426C502 615 517 604 526 581C534 560 536 524 537 492L565 494C574 554 583 631 584 650Z" id="g113-71"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,141.41,9.308)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,150.1,9.49)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="142.329" x="12.46" y="14.645"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.35,27.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,60.73,30.656)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,68.29,30.656)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,72.38,30.656)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.5,27.707)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.02,27.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-86"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,92.69,27.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.58,27.524)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,109.27,27.707)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,155.98,18.298)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="70.4603pt" id="M10-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.412 70.4603" width="10.412pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,57.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.39,61.094)"> <path d="M418 650H141L133 618C225 611 232 604 218 531L141 120C126 45 119 37 33 32L24 0H301L308 32C220 37 214 44 227 120L305 531C319 605 325 611 411 618L418 650Z" id="g50-74"></path> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="70.4603pt" id="M10-5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 152.954 70.4603" width="152.954pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-5"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,57.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.46,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.17,52.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.6,52.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.59,52.26)"> <path d="M474 0V26C414 34 401 43 364 100L267 248C300 297 324 332 345 358C381 400 394 405 455 411V437H272V411C316 406 323 401 305 370C287 337 267 306 247 276L188 369C169 397 173 405 215 411V437H16V411C71 404 83 396 114 348L201 212C171 167 144 127 116 92C77 42 66 34 4 26V0H190V26C139 34 136 43 156 77C175 113 198 150 220 183L294 66C311 39 302 31 260 26V0H474Z" id="g190-121"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.63,49.311)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.14,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.74,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.48,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.35,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.82,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.23,49.311)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.65,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.19,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,95.91,52.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,103.33,52.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,107.33,52.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,114.36,49.311)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,118.87,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-86"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,127.55,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,135.44,49.128)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,144.13,49.311)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="136.339" x="12.46" y="54.308"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.85,67.187)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.56,70.319)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.99,70.319)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,67.98,70.319)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.02,67.37)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.53,67.187)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-86"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.2,67.187)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.1,67.187)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,104.78,67.37)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,149.99,57.962)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="114.699pt" id="I10" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 165.26 114.699" width="165.26pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -9.01)" xlink:href="#B10-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 6.27 22.12)" xlink:href="#B10-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 13.27)" xlink:href="#B10-4"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 6.27 44.24)" xlink:href="#B10-5"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R10"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M10-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.338 11.44" width="15.338pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <path d="M247 635C117 635 41 518 41 422C41 317 114 239 220 239C239 239 256 244 278 255L348 290C315 139 207 37 63 13L67 -15C93 -15 155 -5 207 17C343 71 443 203 443 385C443 520 371 635 247 635ZM231 602C331 602 355 476 355 390C355 371 354 349 351 325C334 310 298 294 261 294C177 294 128 369 128 457C128 516 155 602 231 602Z" id="g190-193"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.84,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M10-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.728 11.44" width="19.728pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B10-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.82,9.26)"> <path d="M248 635C97 635 43 457 43 311C43 153 97 -12 247 -12S450 166 450 312C450 466 397 635 248 635ZM246 603C337 603 361 452 361 312S337 20 248 20S132 172 132 313C132 452 156 603 246 603Z" id="g190-254"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.23,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="114.699pt" id="IL10" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.81 114.699" width="19.81pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 20.61)" xlink:href="#B10-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 82.39)" xlink:href="#B10-6"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig2/" target="_blank">2</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>分别显示的进化<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>和<我>δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>功能的扩展距离。仪表已经放置在数值模拟记录的压力历史中心的费用每20厘米,提取并与相关参数值由ufc - 3 - 340 - 2。此外,有限体积法计算的python模块clawpack由华盛顿大学(<a href="#B28">28</a>也与有限元计算。所有<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>曲线显示的高梯度比例距离低于1米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>,这可能是由于实验数据的困难所以接近炸药<a href="#B29">29日</a>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.002.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 相对偏差与终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2的冲动<我>δ</我> <sub><i>我</我></sub>,模型比例距离Z的函数。</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.003.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 相对差异与终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2超压,所有模型的扩展距离的函数。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>按比例缩小的距离超过1.5 m·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>,<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>曲线趋于稳定,表现出一个明确的依赖网格类型(笛卡尔或径向)。正如所料,径向网格给出更好的结果<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>对于径向网格规模较小的比笛卡尔网格。同样的趋势是见过的<我>δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>图但所有模型之间的差异更小。</p> <p>压力和冲动,有限体积给出更好的结果。不幸的是,blast-structure互动拉格朗日有限元代表表示空气域的结构部分和有限体积仍然具有挑战性的商业软件。结构设计是几乎不可能的涉及有限体积的空气模型,特别是考虑到材料非线性和位移。</p> <h4 id="results">3所示。结果</h4> <p>为了评估<我>β</我>方法可用于土木工程应用程序中,所有数据都从径向中提取结构化网格的网格大小比例5毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。中央处理单元(CPU)时间的计算模型是合理的参数研究(30分钟10 ms的冲击波传播16日CPU)和径向网格通常用于3 d工业应用。</p> <p>首先,数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig2/" target="_blank">2</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>将扩展到所有β值从1到10之间的相对差异测试模型和终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2 (<我>δ</我>看到方程(<a href="#EEq9">9</a>)和(<a href="#EEq9">10</a>)将研究,导致临界距离d (<我>β</我>)β模型更准确比模型使用JWL状态方程的描述爆炸产品的放松,对于一个给定的网格。第二次的平均值<我>δ</我>所有扩展距离绘制的网格类型来得到更多的全球观点的影响<我>β</我>在感兴趣的扩展距离范围。</p> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。气球半径的影响</h5> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig4/" target="_blank">4(一)</a>表明,靠近爆炸中心,<我>δ</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>迅速增加而增加的值<我>β</我>。这是可以预料到的由于缺少适当的压力和密度的分布。对于一个爆炸性的指控,一旦创建了冲击波的质量和能量都集中在几厘米在激波间断的后面。相反的,气球模型,质量和能量爆轰气体产品的均匀分布在整个气球体积和需要few-balloon半径集中激震前沿。在大比例的距离,<我>δ</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>是小于<我>δ</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>使用JWL的模型的模型。在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig4/" target="_blank">4 (b)</a>iso值相对误差的终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2外推网格大小和β的中间值。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="1497632.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.004a.svgz"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="1497632.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.004b.svgz"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig4"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="1497632.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.004a.svgz"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="1497632.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.004b.svgz"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig4"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 压力相对偏差<我>δ</我> <sub><i>P</我></sub>生- 3 - 340 - 2为所有β模型(a)或距离和距离的函数<我>β</我>(b)。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>从<我>β</我>= 3<我>β</我>= 10,<我>δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>曲线交叉<我>δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>(JWL)曲线。这意味着有一个距离的测试模型更加准确的预测比JWL峰值超压,认为网格大小。这个距离是以后表示<我>d</我>并绘制在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.005.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 标距<我>d</我> <sub><i>P</我></sub>的函数<我>β。</我> </div> </div> </div> <p>按比例缩小的距离大于1.5公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>,β气球模型提出了研究给出一个超压接近于一个给定的- 3 - 340 - 2。这意味着如果一个混凝土墙从爆炸中心足够远,β气球模型会给更好的结果比模型使用JWL状态方程的放松爆产品。没有点之前<我>β</我>= 3在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>因为<我>β</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>3β气球模型比JWL模型甚至接近爆炸中心。</p> <p>关于图的冲动<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig6/" target="_blank">6</a>积极、高<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>观察到附近的高爆炸药,这意味着冲动之前严重高估了约0.8 m·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。此外,冲动的结果是更复杂的分析由于冲击波数值阻尼变化形状。参见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>,pressure-time曲线和impulse-time(计算2)中定义的<我>β</我>= 5,JWL模型绘制两个距离1.4米·kg<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>和2.6 m·kg<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。事实上,上升时间(定义为从环境压力、最大压力)增加两国测量1.4和2.6米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。模型考虑JWL状态方程的展品更大比的增加<我>β</我>= 5模型。因此pressure-time曲线下的面积(脉冲)是更大的和接近值给出的参考生- 3 - 340 - 2 JWL状态方程。这个精度是人工因为概要文件的形状改变,所以是加载的结构。为了获得一个有意义的价值<我>d</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>的结构行为,增加之间的关系上升时间和结构设计还需要进一步研究。材料或自然频率等因素不考虑在目前的工作,因此爆炸剖面的变化由作者在本研究中并没有涉及。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.006" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.006.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 脉冲的相对差异<我>δ</我> <sub><i>我</我></sub>生- 3 - 340 - 2<我>β</我>模型。</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.007" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.007.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 超压和演化为JWL和冲动<我>β</我>= 5模型两个比例距离:1.4和2.6 m·kg<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>在一些实际应用中,特别是在爆炸,没有特殊的兴趣和距离应该准确的在整个空气冲击波域。例如,在一屋子的设备,超压峰值和脉冲应该尽可能准确的在每一个按比例缩小的每个对峙点的距离。这就是为什么相对的均值差异<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>和<我>δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>在下一节中进行了研究。</p> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。平均差异</h5> <p>对于一个给定的网格大小的5毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>,数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig8/" target="_blank">8</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig9/" target="_blank">9</a>显示所有气球模型的平均表现,分别脉冲和超压。性能被定义为平均值的相对差异<我>δ</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>或<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>对所有扩展距离从0.5到5 m·公斤<sup>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。的值<我>β</我>= 0对应JWL状态方程模型。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.008" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.008.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 脉冲平均误差与终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2的函数气球的大小<我>β。</我> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.009" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.009.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 压力平均误差与终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2的函数气球的大小<我>β。</我> </div> </div> </div> <p>网格的行为是不同的对于冲击波脉冲;参见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig8/" target="_blank">8</a>。事实上,径向网格显示增加相对差异对终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2β,另增加,笛卡尔,显示减少相对差异与终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2。</p> <p>相反,超压曲线类似;参见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig9/" target="_blank">9</a>。显示值的极值<我>β</我>根据网格的考虑:<我>β</我>笛卡儿网格和= 2<我>β</我>= 5的径向。这之间的权衡的结果在早期阶段的模拟精度和准确性差的大气球更大的距离。在结论这一节中,有一个最优的<我>β</我>值对于一个给定的网格(元素大小和网格类型)。在讨论,这些结果将扩展到其他元素的大小。</p> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。计算时间</h5> <p>执政的主要参数计算时间步的时间。在收音机<sup>R</sup>在大多数的有限元软件,需要条件必须满足,以确保数值稳定性。这个条件建立了报,弗里德里希·利维(节能灯)<a href="#B30">30.</a>]。不幸的是,CFL条件需要确保稳定的数值方案但它是不够的,有可能是时间步应该进一步减少,以便计算运行直到最后。根据收音机<sup>R</sup>文档,每个元素的计算稳定性条件后,节能灯在方程(<a href="#EEq11">11</a>)。那么小的时间步∆<我>t</我>用于整个计算。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq11"><span class="left_break" id="L11"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M11"> <svg height="27.3715pt" id="M11-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 86.964 27.3715" width="86.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,17.796)"> <path d="M600 0V24L339 665L311 657L43 24V0H600ZM497 50H107L303 539L497 50Z" id="g113-133"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.33,17.796)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.39,17.796)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.66,17.796)"> <path d="M480 416C480 431 465 448 438 448C388 448 312 383 252 330C217 299 188 273 155 237H153L257 680C262 700 263 712 253 712C240 712 183 684 97 674L92 648L126 647C166 646 172 645 163 606L23 -6L29 -12C51 -5 77 2 107 8C115 62 130 128 142 180C153 193 179 220 204 241C231 170 259 106 288 54C317 0 336 -12 358 -12C381 -12 423 2 477 80L460 100C434 74 408 54 398 54C385 54 374 65 351 107C326 154 282 241 263 299C296 332 351 377 403 377C424 377 436 372 445 368C449 366 456 368 462 375C472 386 480 402 480 416Z" id="g113-108"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.16,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.49,9.288)"> <path d="M238 681C243 705 239 712 230 712C217 712 156 682 75 674L70 648H105C148 648 153 641 144 598L39 110C18 11 35 -12 55 -12C90 -12 166 36 221 103L205 125C174 93 130 65 118 65C112 65 108 68 114 96L238 681Z" id="g113-109"></path> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="47.4146" x="35.39" y="14.142"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.39,27.022)"> <path d="M383 397C383 424 344 448 299 448C244 448 172 409 132 375C66 319 23 227 23 146C23 42 74 -12 146 -12C208 -12 298 30 359 103L343 124C315 95 248 48 192 48C145 48 111 85 111 163C111 228 129 294 151 330C171 363 201 401 241 401C275 401 302 384 325 356C332 347 339 344 348 348C373 360 383 381 383 397Z" id="g113-100"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.58,27.022)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.12,27.022)"> <path d="M219 86C216 168 211 250 206 337C201 410 189 448 163 448C131 448 79 396 43 344L60 322C91 359 110 375 118 375S132 358 136 298C141 238 152 81 155 -12H182C242 62 331 177 390 258C435 321 451 360 451 391C450 424 432 448 408 448C390 448 372 435 366 419C362 410 362 401 366 394C373 383 376 367 376 350C376 283 262 138 221 86H219Z" id="g185-40"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.88,27.022)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.42,27.022)"> <path d="M689 332C689 394 670 448 646 448C620 448 597 421 597 396C597 386 600 381 608 372C619 359 620 334 620 315C620 150 538 45 454 45C414 45 386 67 386 122C386 138 388 158 394 180L457 426L452 432L377 416L315 156C302 100 259 45 216 45C176 45 148 67 148 122C148 133 152 158 156 180C162 212 173 259 194 332C201 357 206 384 206 405C206 430 198 448 174 448C125 448 66 406 23 342L43 319C84 368 110 383 121 383C126 383 128 382 128 377C128 370 127 359 122 343C99 268 84 204 77 156C74 137 70 111 70 104C70 25 125 -12 180 -12C228 -12 276 12 319 50C338 8 378 -12 418 -12C549 -12 689 166 689 332Z" id="g113-120"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84,17.796)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R11"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M11-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.788 11.44" width="17.788pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.29,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>与∆<我>t</我>时间步,∆<我>l</我>元素的大小,<svg height="6.04987pt" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.2325001pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.81737 5.98461 6.04987" width="5.98461pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g185-40"></use> </g> </svg>材料的速度,<svg height="6.1673pt" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 9.39034 6.1673" width="9.39034pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-120"></use> </g> </svg>ALE网格速度和<我>k</我>节能灯系数1。</p> <p><i>c</我>是声音的速度,计算(<a href="#EEq12">12</a>)。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq12"><span class="left_break" id="L14"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M14"> <svg height="30.451pt" id="M14-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.764 30.451" width="39.764pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B14-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,17.796)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.91,17.796)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.37,9.288)"> <path d="M471 379C471 433 467 511 427 578C379 658 305 712 208 712C154 712 98 699 70 684C70 668 95 634 111 634C141 651 180 665 234 665C306 665 350 627 372 575C391 530 393 480 393 442V415C371 436 344 448 313 448C280 448 227 437 176 411C100 372 23 279 23 148C23 67 64 -12 180 -12C293 -12 360 46 407 129C450 205 471 310 471 379ZM382 335C382 142 289 50 238 35C226 31 213 28 200 28C139 28 110 91 110 164C110 310 191 382 223 395C245 404 259 409 280 409C305 409 332 404 359 388C379 376 382 362 382 335Z" id="g113-222"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.54,9.288)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="14.2362" x="21.37" y="14.142"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.99,27.022)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-222"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.24,27.022)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.8,17.796)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R14"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M14-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.468 11.44" width="19.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B14-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.93,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>与<我>ρ</我>的密度和<我>P</我>压力。</p> <p>在冲击波传播的早期阶段,结果小<我>β</我>模型,以及该模型考虑到JWL状态方程(<我>β</我>= 0),表现出更大的超压比大<我>β</我>模型。这导致较小的时间步长。图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig10/" target="_blank">10</a>显示了两个径向气球模型的具体的例子<我>β</我>= 1,<我>β</我>= 10。之前的百分之几毫秒,一步是更小的时间<我>β</我>= 1。然而,在后期的冲击波传播,这种趋势逆转,<我>β</我>= 10模型时间步减少由于更高的最大超压比小<我>β</我>气球在同一时间。腐烂的曲线显示的时间步的平均值计算的两个部分。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig10"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig10"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.0010" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0010.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 时间步长时间进化的<我>β</我>= 1,<我>β</我>= 10气球模型。径向模型。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>后期(后4 ms)取代早期的意思是时间步(虚线)β= 10小;因此计算持续到两次只要计算与β= 1。中给出的k-parameter方程(<a href="#EEq11">11</a>)应减少到0.1确保数值稳定由于径向网格的网格畸变。然而,大型β气球模型减少压力梯度,从而允许更大的使用<我>k</我>比模型JWL状态方程或小测试气球模型。在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig11/" target="_blank">11</a>,增加<我>k</我>考虑到计算的平均时间一步径向网格。相反,笛卡尔网格展品数值稳定性问题防止计算到最后。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig11"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig11"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.0011" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0011.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图11</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig11/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 进化的时间步笛卡尔的气球大小的函数和径向网格。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>平均时间的进化步骤,因此网格的CPU时间是不同的。事实上,一般来说,增加CFL条件的参数<我>k</我>提出只有径向网格之前的好处。然后,气球,越大越高时间步长,从而降低计算时间。相反,这个参数是保持尽可能高(<我>k</我>= 0.9)的笛卡尔网格,因此这一趋势逆转,气球越大,时间步长越低。最后这部分,振幅的变化<我>δ</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>和<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>真的是在最初的几大几十厘米·公斤吗<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。尽管如此,<我>β</我>气球模型提供更好的超压对ufc - 3 - 340 - 2后按比例缩小的距离<我>d</我>0.8和1.5 m·公斤之间<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。的平均值<我>δ</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>和<我>δ</我><sub><i>我</我></sub>给所有β值结果在10%以内,不能用于评估<我>β</我>模型。使用这些方法的首要目标是简化,因此系,计算。这是通过增加径向网格的数值稳定性。的最优值<我>β</我>可以找到基于最大超压。在这方面,<我>δ</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>是最小的β= 5,β= 6之间的笛卡尔网格和β= 2径向网格。这个结果很重要,从实用的角度来看,当试图系或增加计算的准确性。不幸的是,按比例缩小的网格大小的关键参数计算处理冲击波影响大型结构和β气球的解决方案必须是更大范围的减少网格大小进行验证。</p> <h4 id="discussion">4所示。讨论</h4> <h5 id="sec4.1">4.1。网格敏感性分析</h5> <p>所有冲击波结果高度依赖于元素的大小。所有提出的方法试图使一个更大的网格大小对于一个给定的准确性和/或更好的准确性对于一个给定的网格尺寸。因此网格敏感性分析是需要评估拟议中的β气球模型的性能与降低元素大小从1毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>15毫米·k<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。</p> <p>首先,的平均值<我>δ</我><sub><i>P</我></sub>是策划,见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig12/" target="_blank">12</a>,以下按比例缩小的元素大小:1毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>;2毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>;5毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>;10毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>;和15毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig12/" target="_blank">12</a>(b), iso值相对误差的终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2外推网格大小和β的中间值。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig12"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig12"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="1497632.fig.0012a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0012a.svgz"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="1497632.fig.0012b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0012b.svgz"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig12"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="1497632.fig.0012a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0012a.svgz"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="1497632.fig.0012b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0012b.svgz"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig12"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图12</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig12/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 相对的峰值超压差与终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2所有β参数并研究了网格大小。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>一方面,最小的网格大小,数值阻尼是有限的和小的<我>β</我>模型更准确的约20%。另一方面,对于较大的元素大小,数值阻尼和获得大更重要<我>β</我>明显是一个理想的大小<我>β</我>= 5。作为一个例子,从点(<我>β</我>d = 1,<我>x</我>= 7毫米<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>),iso值的平均相对偏差与ufc - 3 - 340 - 2显示了极值在缩放网格大小14毫米<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。作为一个粗略的估计,是按比例缩小的筛孔尺寸的两倍意味着两次长时间步骤,所以减少了计算时间。在这个模型中,计算的总运行时间减少了80%,快而不丢失任何平均精度。1 m·公斤之间的区别<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>和15 m·kg<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>减少近30%<我>β</我>= 1为不到10%<我>β</我>= 10这表明模型与大的值<我>β</我>不太敏感的元素的大小。事实上,一方面,需要至少5元素内的爆炸波长为了代表正确的冲击波。另一方面,气球的小值<我>β</我>创建冲击波与波长小于气球大的值<我>β</我>由于增加波长与比例距离(<a href="#B8">8</a>,<a href="#B9">9</a>]。因此,小<我>β</我>模型需要较小的元素代表比大爆炸概要文件<我>β</我>模型元素的大小,所以他们更敏感。</p> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig13/" target="_blank">13</a>显示了所有的压力作为时间的函数在给定网格大小比例距离的3 m·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>。人工粘性更可见较大的网格尺寸。因此,尽管大的网格大小,脉冲将增加和相对差异对终极格斗冠军赛- 3 - 340 - 2将减少。然而,这仅仅是由于数值的工件不应该导致草率的结论。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig13"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig13"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.0013" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0013.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图13</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig13/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 超压在3 m·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>β= 3,获得各种减少网格大小。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig14/" target="_blank">14</a>是图的扩展<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>并显示的距离<我>d</我>气球模型的地方变得更准确比JWL模型相同的网格大小。所有iso值使用线性外推法计算。“永远不要更好”意味着距离大于3.7公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>,因此比每个JWL模型更准确<我>β</我>模型,或者<我>δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>(<我>JWL</我>)<我><δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>(<我>β</我>= [1…10])。另一方面,“最好”的意思<我>δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>(<我>β</我>= [1…10])<我><</我><i>δ</我><sub><i>p</我></sub>(<我>JWL</我>)。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig14"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig14"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="1497632.fig.0014a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0014a.svgz"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="1497632.fig.0014b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0014b.svgz"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig14"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="1497632.fig.0014a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0014a.svgz"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="1497632.fig.0014b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0014b.svgz"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig14"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图14</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig14/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 按比例缩小的距离dβ参数的函数和减少网格大小d<我>x</我>。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>蓝域图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig14/" target="_blank">14</a>显示了参数导致更准确的超压气球获得的评估模型对JWL之一。为维<我>x</我>= 1毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>,只有β= 1的气球比JWL模型更准确的曲线在图上的只有一个点<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig11/" target="_blank">11</a>。对于所有其他网格大小、距离<我>d</我>增加网格大小。然而,对于网格尺寸大于5毫米·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>,距离<我>d</我>小于1.5 m·公斤<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>,这是一个可能的对峙了第一目标距离墙。</p> <p>β气球模型性能更好,当网格不够好所以它接管大元素大小或网格畸变,以确保更好的准确性和更短的计算时间。</p> <h5 id="sec4.2">4.2。能量平衡</h5> <p>ALE算法用于模拟呈现的是感兴趣的,因为它允许直接流体和结构之间的耦合。动量方程的网格节点的材料速度也在计算节点,因为它是与拉格朗日算法。是那么容易界面的流体和结构等同的材料速度两个部分的方向正常接口。不幸的是,这是non-conversation所对应的总能量的流体部分与离散积分守恒方程由有限元法(<a href="#B31">31日</a>]。图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig15/" target="_blank">15</a>显示了总能量作为时间的函数<我>β</我>模型一起JWL模型。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig15"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig15"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="1497632.fig.0015" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/ace/volume-2020/1497632/figures/1497632.fig.0015.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图15</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig15/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 总能量变化作为时间的函数。笛卡尔网格。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>笛卡尔网格上的计算初始能量因为网是恒定的<我>β</我>值到另一个地方。不过,没有关系给特定(或单位体积)能量吸收中设置条件(ABS)所提到的被发现,因此提取的价值<我>β</我>气球模型。事实上一个元素模型已经只有一个吸收细胞的1 m×1米;因此,总能量很容易单位体积中直接提取。<我>e</我><sub><i>腹肌</我></sub>=−0.25乔丹·m<sup><i>−</我>3</sup>。在方程(<a href="#EEq13">13</a>)和(<a href="#EEq14">14</a>),所有的资本<我>E</我>代表总能量和所有小<我>e</我>单位体积。<span class="equation_break" id="EEq13"><span class="left_break" id="L15"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M15"> <svg height="25.6308pt" id="M15-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.789 25.6308" width="59.789pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B15-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.94,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.1,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.43,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.76,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.02,12.211)"> <path d="M956 -188L922 -180C881 -295 847 -317 759 -317H196L640 311L259 873H678C777 873 812 865 833 838C853 816 869 781 885 721L918 727L902 932H77V907L514 253L53 -396V-421H902L956 -188Z" id="g119-73"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,38.27,24.036)"> <path d="M504 89L488 119C453 85 428 69 416 69C408 69 405 75 412 102L462 304C492 438 460 451 436 451S388 441 356 423C311 397 229 336 170 256H168L189 340C208 418 200 451 177 451C144 451 82 413 24 352L40 322C65 345 98 369 108 369C114 369 119 363 112 335L28 -3L36 -12C54 -3 83 4 112 10C125 73 138 122 153 174C205 258 328 382 376 382C395 382 399 369 384 305L330 93C312 25 323 -12 351 -12C378 -12 439 21 504 89Z" id="g50-111"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.19,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,55.13,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="25.6308pt" id="M15-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 118.154 25.6308" width="118.154pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B15-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.2,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.52,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.18,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.79,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.32,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,49.64,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,54.56,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,57.11,15.336)"> <path d="M397 380C406 395 404 411 396 425S369 451 350 451C302 451 239 372 192 294H189L199 338C214 407 207 451 180 451C152 451 83 405 30 345L48 318C87 354 117 372 125 372S135 362 127 324L55 -5L61 -12C87 -5 117 3 139 5C154 87 168 162 179 207C198 250 240 310 260 332C281 355 297 366 307 366C321 366 333 360 347 346C351 342 360 342 369 348C379 355 389 366 397 380Z" id="g50-115"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.54,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-87"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,68.87,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,73.79,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.34,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.67,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,94.21,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,102.15,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,106.83,15.336)"> <path d="M460 334C460 396 434 451 378 451C330 451 241 408 148 300H146L237 679C241 697 241 710 232 710C213 710 153 684 67 675L66 646H95C141 646 145 642 134 595L39 170C23 97 31 54 46 33C64 8 100 -12 137 -12C178 -12 234 3 298 43C391 101 460 222 460 334ZM371 320C371 204 316 89 248 51C230 41 208 37 192 37C143 37 102 72 119 166C124 194 129 215 135 235C202 323 298 392 335 392C353 392 371 372 371 320Z" id="g50-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,111.18,15.336)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,115.19,12.205)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R15"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M15-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.258 11.44" width="19.258pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B15-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.89,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.76,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>与<我>E</我><sub><i>三硝基甲苯</我></sub>= 4.3 MJ 1公斤TNT炸药的能量,<我>e</我><sub><i>空气</我></sub>= 0.25乔丹·公斤<sup><i>−</我>3</sup>单位体积空气的能量<我>E</我><sub><i>腹肌</我></sub>= 0.589 MJ的能量吸收的元素。</p> <p>此外,能源每弧度值给出了轴对称模型,只有一个空间域建模的一半。因此,对于<我>β</我>= 1,<span class="equation_break" id="EEq14"><span class="left_break" id="L16"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M16"> <svg height="26.92pt" id="M16-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 155.964 26.92" width="155.964pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B16-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.95,20.62)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.63,20.62)"> <path d="M545 403C545 425 527 451 498 451C448 451 400 404 312 286L290 341C262 412 246 451 219 451C182 451 138 404 92 345L112 323C152 368 169 378 181 378C192 378 201 359 216 321L257 214C184 115 142 69 113 69C102 69 93 73 88 79S78 89 68 89C47 89 24 61 24 40C24 8 49 -12 75 -12C125 -12 175 31 271 175L312 64C330 15 357 -12 382 -12C421 -12 475 35 515 98L496 121C466 88 439 62 420 62C402 62 384 92 363 147L325 247C349 280 374 309 397 333C422 361 446 381 462 381C471 381 481 374 488 366C493 360 499 357 505 357C521 357 545 380 545 403Z" id="g50-121"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.97,20.62)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.69,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.15,8.636)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.09,11.768)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,48.25,11.768)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,52.58,11.768)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="19.1578" x="37.15" y="13.834"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.74,26.714)"> <path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z" id="g113-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.98,26.714)"> <path d="M574 449L545 460C526 432 516 430 487 430C404 430 311 435 226 435C104 435 56 379 25 341L43 318C81 354 121 372 181 372C161 246 87 53 23 3L30 -12C48 -12 88 -4 113 11C157 75 207 248 232 371L386 367L326 109C321 86 318 66 318 50C318 4 339 -12 366 -12C410 -12 461 21 505 69L492 96C467 79 434 60 418 60C406 60 400 78 411 147C422 217 439 300 457 366C487 366 524 367 536 370C547 385 558 408 574 449Z" id="g113-238"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.13,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.4,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.64,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-54"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.88,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.84,17.488)"> <path d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z" id="g113-58"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,94.08,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.32,17.488)"> <path d="M861 0V28C774 35 771 41 768 147L759 509C756 612 762 614 851 622V650H681L449 149L221 650H57V622C148 613 153 609 144 479L130 271C123 166 117 123 111 88C104 46 85 34 26 28V0H259V28C192 35 169 42 167 90C166 130 166 173 170 256L185 541H187L411 7H431L675 555H679L683 147C683 41 680 35 598 28V0H861Z" id="g190-78"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,111.91,17.488)"> <path d="M303 650H44V622C125 616 133 609 133 525V185C133 100 131 42 123 -6C112 -63 83 -109 27 -136L39 -165C65 -157 98 -138 132 -107C198 -46 218 23 218 152V525C218 609 226 616 303 622V650Z" id="g190-75"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,119.15,17.488)"> <path d="M170 255C170 288 146 313 114 313S58 288 58 255C58 221 82 198 114 198S170 221 170 255Z" id="g113-46"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,125.02,17.488)"> <path d="M181 342V451C133 431 89 419 40 411V388C98 381 102 377 102 311V104C102 38 95 32 33 26V0H263V26C186 32 181 38 181 104V287C203 343 235 372 261 372C277 372 289 366 304 352C310 346 318 345 330 350C349 359 362 379 362 399C362 422 338 449 304 449C256 449 213 393 183 342H181Z" id="g190-115"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,129.84,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,135.55,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,142.48,11.225)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,148.04,11.225)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,153,17.488)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="26.92pt" id="I16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 155.97 26.92" width="155.97pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B16-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R16"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M16-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.638 11.44" width="19.638pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B16-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.68,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-166"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.14,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="26.92pt" id="IL16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.72 26.92" width="19.72pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 7.53)" xlink:href="#B16-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>最初的能量平衡的差异应该很小。事实上,强烈的假设之一<我>β</我>气球是高爆炸药的总能量是常数和传播在更大的体积。此外,数字域的总量也不断在所有模拟。因此,空气的总量是较大的测试模型,从而也降低了最初的总能量。这个小内的空气量的变化模拟解释了小差异<我>t</我>在图女士= 0<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632/fig15/" target="_blank">15</a>。</p> <p>能量损失由于ALE算法在第一毫秒为模型是更重要的对小气球和考虑到JWL状态方程。直接相关的实际损失能量,压力,密度在一个特定的元素。因此,大<我>β</我>气球传播更多的能量和压力梯度,每个元素损失是不那么重要,因此这些模型提供一个更好的能量平衡。超压衰减从2女士也不那么重要了,对应的最大超压约0.14 MPa。这就解释了数值阻尼减少和能量平衡的稳定。的提出<我>β</我>气球模型管理减轻最初传播的数值阻尼高压和能量在一个更大的体积。通过降低单位体积的能量在一个元素,两个元素之间的梯度也减少了,因此这个梯度的能量损失比例也降低。能量平衡的增加导致更小<我>δ</我>提出了在部分<a href="#sec3">3</a>,尤其是在更大的距离。</p> <h4 id="conclusion">5。结论</h4> <p>基于初始Brode和最新的论文,一个压缩的气球研究取代烈性炸药的爆轰过程的数值模拟爆炸波影响结构。前面的模型没有考虑到数值阻尼作用在每一个有限元显式方案。本文的主要目的是解决这一问题。为此,理想气体的半径气球已经增加了十倍初始爆炸半径。两个结构化网格被认为:笛卡儿和径向。增加压缩气球的大小减少压力和能量梯度在冲击波传播的早期阶段。梯度下降导致减少人工粘性和数值阻尼,从而更准确的冲击波减少距离。的确,有一个特定的扩展距离,缺乏适当的状态方程和体积的爆炸产品超过总能量守恒。后约m.kg<sup><i>−</我>1<我>/</我>3</sup>、大压缩气球开始更好的按照尊重ufc - 3 - 340 - 2。所有爆炸波数值模拟是高度依赖于网格大小,尊重趋势规模越小,更准确的结果。提出工作使更大的网格大小相同的准确性和/或更好的精度相同的网格大小如果<我>β</我>参数是增加。更具体地说,可以双重网格大小,而不会损失任何精度的最大超压。在实际应用中,一个最优<我>β</我>被发现在吗<我>β</我>= 5,可以减少大约80%的计算机时间等效精度对ufc - 3 - 340 - 2。此外,对于一个等价的网格大小,大型测试模型减少计算时间特别是径向网格,为实现数值稳定面临挑战。半径大于或等于6倍初始(Brode)半径,计算时间是六到七倍的初始计算JWL状态方程用于放松的爆轰气体参与建模的高爆炸药。此外,提供更快的计算时间,气球模型不需要任何特定的知识,设置的参数,除了其梯恩梯当量爆炸性的指控。</p> <p>这种气球压缩方法可以应用于有限体积算法,从理论上讲,保守的总能量,不需要人工粘度。正在调查一些算法,但有限volume-finite元素之间的耦合,分别欧拉和拉格朗日部分是具有挑战性的,专门为工业和商业软件。另一种方法可以增加初始能量以达到想要爆炸时能量冲击波面前是影响结构,但在其他距离会导致不准确的结果。</p> <h4 id="data-availability">数据可用性</h4> <p>我们的文章将会发表在ResearchGate和学术界一个哈尔(<a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" target="_blank">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/</a>)。</p> <h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">的利益冲突</h4> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突有关这项研究的出版物。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>作者要感谢无线电发展团队,尤其是丹尼尔Chauveheid答案的质量与有限元软件中遇到的问题。作者感谢也DGA(法国军备采购)共同出资博士的工作。</p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4> <ol> <li id="B1">w . Fickett和w·c·戴维斯<我>爆:理论和实验</我>,快递公司,柏林,德国,2000年。<span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B2">m . Aleyaasin”预测模型评估和防爆墙的变形造成的损害油气爆炸,”<我>土木工程的发展</我>卷,2019篇文章ID 5129274, 2019。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20predictive%20model%20for%20damage%20assessment%20and%20deformation%20in%20blast%20walls%20resulted%20by%20hydrocarbon%20explosions&author=M. Aleyaasin&publication_year=2019" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B3">j .严y刘,f .黄”改进应用方法将轴向载荷的影响在钢柱受爆炸载荷的动态响应,“<我>土木工程的发展</我>卷,2019篇文章ID 7810542, 2019。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Improved%20SDOF%20approach%20to%20incorporate%20the%20effects%20of%20axial%20loads%20on%20the%20dynamic%20responses%20of%20steel%20columns%20subjected%20to%20blast%20loads&author=J. Yan&author=Y. Liu&author=&author=F. Huang&publication_year=2019" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B4">g·泰勒,“非常强烈的冲击波的形成爆炸理论讨论,”<我>英国伦敦皇家学会学报》上。答:数学和物理科学</我>卷,201年,第174 - 159页,1950年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20formation%20of%20a%20blast%20wave%20by%20a%20very%20intense%20explosion%20I.%20Theoretical%20discussion&author=G. I. Taylor&publication_year=1950" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B5">答:樱井”,在冲击波的传播和结构,我,”<我>日本物理学会杂志》上</我>,8卷,不。5,662 - 669年,1953页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.8.662">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=On%20the%20propagation%20and%20structure%20of%20the%20blast%20wave,%20I&author=A. Sakurai&publication_year=1953" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B6">j·m·杜威“从TNT爆炸,爆炸波的气流速度”<我>英国伦敦皇家学会学报》上:数学,物理和工程科学</我>卷,279年,第385 - 366页,1964年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20air%20velocity%20in%20blast%20waves%20from%20TNT%20explosions&author=J. M. Dewey&publication_year=1964" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B7">g·g·巴赫和j·h·s·李,“爆炸波的解析解,”<我>张仁杂志</我>,8卷,不。2、271 - 275年,1970页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2514/3.5655">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An%20analytical%20solution%20for%20blast%20waves&author=G. G. Bach &author=J. H. S. Lee&publication_year=1970" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B8">国家建筑科学研究所”,统一设备标准(生):结构抵抗意外爆炸的影响,“<我>技术报告生</我>,卷340,2页,2014。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Unified%20Facilities%20Criteria%20(UFC):%20strctures%20to%20resist%20the%20effects%20of%20accidental%20explosions&author=National Institute of Building Science&publication_year=2014" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B9">g . f . Kinney和k·j·格雷厄姆,<我>在空气中爆炸的冲击</我>海德堡,激飞柏林,柏林,海德堡,1985年。<span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B10">c . n . Kingery和g . Bulmash<我>从TNT球形空气鼓风参数破裂,Hemi-Spherical表面破裂</我>美国陆军装备发展中心,弹道研究实验室,柏林,海德堡,1984年。<span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B11">p·d·史密斯和j·g·海瑟林顿<我>爆炸和弹道加载结构</我>巴特沃斯- Heinemann,柏林,海德堡,1994年。<span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B12">t .玫瑰和p·史密斯,”问题的一种方法冲击波清算有限结构使用实证过程数值模拟的基础上,”<我>第16届国际研讨会上军事方面的诉讼爆炸和冲击</我>英国,牛津,2000年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An%20approach%20to%20the%20problem%20of%20blast%20wave%20clearing%20on%20finite%20structures%20using%20empirical%20procedures%20based%20on%20numerical%20simulations&author=T. Rose &author=P. Smith" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B13">p . Sielicki和m . Stachowski sapper-blast-module的实现快速预测软件冲击波属性,“<我>中欧精力充沛的材料》杂志上</我>,12卷,不。3、473 - 486年,2015页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Implementation%20of%20sapper-blast-module,%20a%20rapid%20prediction%20software%20for%20blast%20wave%20properties&author=P. Sielicki &author=M. Stachowski&publication_year=2015" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B14">p . w . Sielicki t .Łodygowski h . Al-Rifaie和w·Sumelka“防爆轻量级的设计高程system-numerical研究中,“<我>Procedia工程</我>卷,172年,第998 - 991页,2017年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.126">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Designing%20of%20blast%20resistant%20lightweight%20elevation%20system-numerical%20study&author=P. W. Sielicki&author=T. Łodygowski&author=H. Al-Rifaie&author=&author=W. Sumelka&publication_year=2017" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B15">a . Neuberger s·贝利,d . Rittel”扩展圆形盘子的反应受到大尺度球形爆炸。第一部分:鼓风荷载,”<我>影响工程的国际期刊</我>,34卷,不。5,859 - 873年,2007页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.04.001">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Scaling%20the%20response%20of%20circular%20plates%20subjected%20to%20large%20and%20close-range%20spherical%20explosions.%20part%20i:%20air-blast%20loading&author=A. Neuberger&author=S. Peles&author=&author=D. Rittel&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B16">p·克劳福德和b . Dobratz<我>LNL炸药手册:化学炸药和爆炸模拟的属性</我>劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室,利弗莫尔、钙、美国,1985年。<span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B17">p c Souers和j·w·Kury缸的比较数据和代码计算均匀炸药,“<我>推进剂、炸药、烟火</我>,18卷,不。4、175 - 183年,1993页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.199300002">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparison%20of%20cylinder%20data%20and%20code%20calculations%20for%20homogeneous%20explosives&author=P. C. Souers &author=J. W. Kury&publication_year=1993" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B18">e .儒盖,”苏尔la传播des r´晚间chimiques在gaz,”<我>数学杂志德纯等我们</我>,7卷,p。347年,1905年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sur%20la%20propagation%20des%20r´eactions%20chimiques%20dans%20les%20gaz&author=E. Jouguet&publication_year=1905" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B19">h·l . Brode“从球形冲击波,”<我>物理的流体</我>,卷2,不。2,p。217年,1959年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1705911">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Blast%20wave%20from%20a%20spherical%20charge&author=H. L. Brode&publication_year=1959" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B20">m .落叶松和f . Casadei爆炸geometries-a比较复杂的几种方法,”<我>国际期刊的防护结构</我>,1卷,不。2、169 - 195年,2010页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1260/2041-4196.1.2.169">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Explosions%20in%20complex%20geometries-a%20comparison%20of%20several%20approaches&author=M. Larcher &author=F. Casadei&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B21">c·卡特林m .起居m . s .迈亚特·d·英格拉姆,d . Causon和l .钱<我>爆炸危险评价:一项研究的可行性和优势扩展当前的HSE方法考虑爆炸保护技术报告</我>,34卷,2001年。<span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B22">s . Trelat Sochet, b . Autrusson k .马和o . Loiseau”影响结构在爆炸冲击波的高度,“<我>流程工业的损失预防》杂志上</我>,20卷,不。4 - 6,509 - 516年,2007页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2007.05.004">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Impact%20of%20a%20shock%20wave%20on%20a%20structure%20on%20explosion%20at%20altitude&author=S. Trelat&author=I. Sochet&author=B. Autrusson&author=K. Cheval&author=&author=O. Loiseau&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B23">l·布兰科·桑塔纳Herrera, j·l·Hanus”模拟爆炸的冲击波收费使用压缩空气的气球,“<我>冲击波</我>,28卷,不。4、641 - 652年,2018页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-017-0774-0">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Simulating%20the%20blast%20wave%20from%20detonation%20of%20a%20charge%20using%20a%20balloon%20of%20compressed%20air&author=L. Blanc&author=S. Santana Herrera&author=&author=J. L. Hanus&publication_year=2018" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B24">a . m . Benselama m . j。William-Louis, f . Monnoyer“1 d-3d混合爆炸波的数值模拟方法在几何图形,“<我>计算物理学杂志</我>,卷228,不。18日,第6810 - 6796页,2009年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2009.06.010">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%201D-3D%20mixed%20method%20for%20the%20numerical%20simulation%20of%20blast%20waves%20in%20confined%20geometries&author=A. M. Benselama&author=M. J.-P. William-Louis&author=&author=F. Monnoyer&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B25">y汉和h . Liu”使用LS-DYNA中程爆炸荷载的有限元模拟,”<我>冲击和振动</我>卷,2015 - 2015页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/631493">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Finite%20element%20simulation%20of%20medium-range%20blast%20loading%20using%20LS-DYNA&author=Y. Han &author=H. Liu&publication_year=2015" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B26">h·h·Goldstine和j . v .纽曼“冲击波的计算,”<我>通信在纯粹和应用数学</我>,8卷,不。2、327 - 353年,1955页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160080207">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Blast%20wave%20calculation&author=H. H. Goldstine &author=J. V. Neumann&publication_year=1955" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B27">j .唐“声波测井爆炸参数错误从笛卡尔破裂的细胞表示sphere-type指控,”<我>冲击波</我>,18卷,不。1、11日至20日,2008页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-008-0133-2">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Free-field%20blast%20parameter%20errors%20from%20Cartesian%20cell%20representations%20of%20bursting%20sphere-type%20charges&author=J. Tang&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B28">r . j .桑德琳。<我>有限体积方法双曲问题</我>英国剑桥,剑桥大学出版社,2002年。<span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B29">诉lkarlo、g . Solomos和m .落叶松,”欧洲委员会联合研究中心,<我>分析近场爆炸参数的球形自由爆炸</我>办公室、出版物、卢森堡、2016。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=European%20commission,%20and%20joint%20research%20centre&author=V. Karlos&author=G. Solomos&author=&author=M. Larcher&publication_year=2016" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B30">r .报、e·艾萨克森和m·里斯”解决方案的非线性双曲微分方程通过有限的差异,“<我>通信在纯粹和应用数学</我>,5卷,不。3、243 - 255年,1952页。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160050303">出版商的网站</a><span class="sep">|</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=On%20the%20solution%20of%20nonlinear%20hyperbolic%20differential%20equations%20by%20finite%20differences&author=R. Courant&author=E. Isaacson&author=&author=M. Rees&publication_year=1952" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> <li id="B31">r . Loubere”贡献拉格朗日和Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian数值计划”,2013年。<span class="reflinks">视图:<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Contribution%20to%20Lagrangian%20and%20Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian%20numerical%20schemes&author=R. Loubere&publication_year=2013" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</a></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4> <p>版权©2020年皮埃尔·罗格朗等。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">知识共享归属许可</a>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 hFGNjP"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/ace/2020/1497632.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-kcDeIU cbcyj ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavLarge"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/ace/2020/1497632.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</span></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/ace/2020/1497632.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</d我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/ace/2020/1497632.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML</d我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-imABML ibWUzs" href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/1497632/confirm" aria-label="Order Printed Copies" target="_blank" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__opcNav"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<span>612年</span> </div> <div> 下载<span>475年</span> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2020/1497632" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</d我v> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1497632&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1497632" aria-label="Sharing on Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialLinkedin" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialLinkedin.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1497632" aria-label="Sharing on Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialFacebook" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/wyT4heYybLmt1UEJexPE9/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialFacebook-HINDAWI.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"> <div class="wechat-container"> <img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialWechat" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMy45NjYiIGhlaWdodD0iMTguOTU4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjMuOTY2IDE4Ljk1OCI+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTAuMDA3IC0wLjAzNikiPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0zLjA1NiwxNWEuMzQ4LjM0OCwwLDAsMS0uMi0uMDU5LjM2My4zNjMsMCwwLDEtLjEzMS0uNDIyLDUuNDM1LDUuNDM1LDAsMCwxLC4yMS0uNzM5LDUuNjQ2LDUuNjQ2LDAsMCwwLC4yMDYtLjcxNy41NDMuNTQzLDAsMCwwLS4yNjctLjY4M0E2LjY0Niw2LjY0NiwwLDAsMSwuMzQ4LDkuMTQ0LDYuMzkzLDYuMzkzLDAsMCwxLC4wMDYsNy4xNTVhNS40NjQsNS40NjQsMCwwLDEsLjc0LTIuOTc2LDcuNDMyLDcuNDMyLDAsMCwxLC44NzctMS4yMjFBOC45NDIsOC45NDIsMCwwLDEsNC4xNDEsMS4wMTEsNy4wMTMsNy4wMTMsMCwwLDEsNS40ODUuNDc5bC4xNC0uMDQ1QTYuOTMxLDYuOTMxLDAsMCwxLDcuMjk0LjA4TDcuNjQyLjA1bC4wMzMsMEM3Ljk0LjAyNCw4LjIxNCwwLDguNDg1LDBhMy42MTUsMy42MTUsMCwwLDEsLjU2OS4wNDFjLjIxMy4wMzMuNDMzLjA0Ni42NDYuMDU5aC4wMTZjLjE5Mi4wMTIuNDEuMDI1LjYyMi4wNTVhMTAuMjE4LDEwLjIxOCwwLDAsMSwxLjMzNy4zMmwuMDA3LDBMMTEuNzQxLjVsLjIuMDU4YTcuNzEzLDcuNzEzLDAsMCwxLDIuNzA2LDEuMzgzQTYuNTYzLDYuNTYzLDAsMCwxLDE3LjIsNS44MTRjLjAxNy4wODQuMDEzLjEzNi0uMDEzLjE2OHMtLjA3Mi4wNDctLjE1OC4wNDloLS4wNzFjLS4wOTQsMC0uMTg5LS4wMDUtLjI4Mi0uMDFsLS4wMzIsMGMtLjA4OSwwLS4yLS4wMTEtLjMwNS0uMDExLS4wNDksMC0uMSwwLS4xNTEsMGExMC42MzEsMTAuNjMxLDAsMCwwLTIuMDE1LjM0Niw3LjMzMiw3LjMzMiwwLDAsMC0yLjQ0MywxLjA3MkE2Ljc0OSw2Ljc0OSwwLDAsMCw5LjQxLDEwLjEwNWE1LjMyOSw1LjMyOSwwLDAsMC0uNTQ0LDIuNDIxQTQuOTEsNC45MSwwLDAsMCw5LjEsMTMuOTE4Yy4wMzQuMTA3LjAzNi4xNzIuMDA3LjIxMnMtLjEyMS4wNTMtLjIyMS4wNTNhMS42NTEsMS42NTEsMCwwLDAtLjItLjAwOUg4LjUzN2ExMC4yLDEwLjIsMCwwLDEtMi43NTUtLjQuNzA2LjcwNiwwLDAsMC0uMi0uMDMxLjg2Ljg2LDAsMCwwLS40MjEuMTI1Yy0uMzg1LjIxMi0uNzcuNDM3LTEuMTQzLjY1NWwtLjA2Mi4wMzYtLjE5Mi4xMTJjLS4xNDYuMDg1LS4yOS4xNjktLjQzNC4yNTJBLjU1Mi41NTIsMCwwLDEsMy4wNTYsMTVabTguNDYtMTEuMzEzYTEuMTgsMS4xOCwwLDAsMC0uODIuMzksMS4wNzMsMS4wNzMsMCwwLDAtLjMxLjc2MywxLjEzOCwxLjEzOCwwLDAsMCwxLjA1NSwxLjA4MS44MTYuODE2LDAsMCwwLC4wOTMsMGguMDE1YTEuMTE5LDEuMTE5LDAsMCwwLDEuMTA1LTEuMDY0LDEuMDUzLDEuMDUzLDAsMCwwLS4zMTktLjc2LDEuMTgsMS4xOCwwLDAsMC0uOC0uNDA2Wm0tNS43MjguMDUxYTEuMSwxLjEsMCwwLDAtLjc3Mi4zMTEsMS4wNSwxLjA1LDAsMCwwLS4zMTkuNzU3QTEuMDc0LDEuMDc0LDAsMCwwLDUuNzQ3LDUuOWguMDE0YTEuMDkzLDEuMDkzLDAsMCwwLDEuMS0xLjA0NywxLjA0MiwxLjA0MiwwLDAsMC0uMjgxLS43NzJBMS4wOSwxLjA5LDAsMCwwLDUuOCwzLjc0M1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDA3IDAuMDM2KSIgZmlsbD0iIzdlZDMyMSIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xMS44ODIsMTIuNDUxYS40NjEuNDYxLDAsMCwxLS4yMjQtLjA2N2wtLjA4NS0uMDQ3LS4yMzgtLjEzMWMtLjMyOC0uMTc5LS43LS4zODItMS4wMzktLjZhLjk2My45NjMsMCwwLDAtLjUzNS0uMTcxLDEuMDg2LDEuMDg2LDAsMCwwLS4zMTEuMDQ4LDguMTEyLDguMTEyLDAsMCwxLTEuNzUxLjI2NWMtLjE5NC4wMTMtLjQuMDItLjYuMDJhOC4wNzQsOC4wNzQsMCwwLDEtMi42LS40MjEsNi43NjksNi43NjksMCwwLDEtMy4yMzMtMi4xMUE1LjM4Miw1LjM4MiwwLDAsMSwuMTQsNy4wNDRhNS4wMiw1LjAyLDAsMCwxLC41NzgtMy43N0E2LjE2MSw2LjE2MSwwLDAsMSwzLjI2Ni45NTksNy44Niw3Ljg2LDAsMCwxLDUuNC4xMzEsNy4xODMsNy4xODMsMCwwLDEsNi43NTEsMGMuMTcyLDAsLjM0Mi4wMDYuNS4wMTdDNy40MjUuMDA3LDcuNTk0LDAsNy43NTgsMGE3LjM0OCw3LjM0OCwwLDAsMSwzLjIyOS44MDZBNi4wMTcsNi4wMTcsMCwwLDEsMTQuMyw0LjUxNiw0LjksNC45LDAsMCwxLDE0LjA4OSw3LjhhNS41NDcsNS41NDcsMCwwLDEtMS45MSwyLjRjLS4zODIuMjg5LS40MjcuMzQ0LS4zMDcuODEyLjA4OC4zMzMuMTc1LjY2Ni4yNjMsMSwuMDMzLjEyOC4wNzEuMjczLS4wNjYuMzcyQS4zMTYuMzE2LDAsMCwxLDExLjg4MiwxMi40NTFaTTkuNTg4LDMuMWEuODY3Ljg2NywwLDAsMC0uODc4Ljg4NS45MzIuOTMyLDAsMCwwLC4yNjcuNjUxQS45MjcuOTI3LDAsMCwwLDEwLjU1LDQsLjg5NC44OTQsMCwwLDAsOS42OCwzLjFIOS41ODhaTTQuNzU3LDMuMDkzYS45LjksMCwwLDAtLjYwOC4zMDkuNzkyLjc5MiwwLDAsMC0uMjM5LjU3Mi44OTIuODkyLDAsMCwwLC44ODUuOTIyLjk5NC45OTQsMCwwLDAsLjcxNi0uMjc4Ljg2Ni44NjYsMCwwLDAsLjI0Ny0uNjI2Ljk5Mi45OTIsMCwwLDAtLjk3Ny0uOUg0Ljc1N1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDkuNDc4IDYuNTQyKSIgZmlsbD0iIzdlZDMyMSIvPjwvZz48L3N2Zz4=" height="24"> <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"></div> </div></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:?subject=Replacing Detonation by Compressed Balloon Approaches in Finite Element Models&body=https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1497632" aria-label="Sharing on Mail" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialMail" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 cBTaXT journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-4 cYsVdk biblioWrapperRight biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">相关文章</h4> <div id="biblio_sidebar" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 hFGNjP"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="sc-jKJlTe inBNwS"> <section class="sc-eNQAEJ dkutRV"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd primary__footer footer__bodypadding"> <div class="sc-hMqMXs hlGpbO mobile"> 遵循我们:<nav role="navigation" class="sc-kkGfuU filPdg"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMzkiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA0MCAzOSIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNNDAgMTkuNDU5NUM0MCA4LjcxMzk0IDMxLjA0NCAwIDIwIDBDOC45NTU5OSAwIDAgOC43MTM5NCAwIDE5LjQ1OTVDMCAzMC4yMDUgOC45NTU5OSAzOC45MTg5IDIwIDM4LjkxODlDMjAuMTE3NSAzOC45MTg5IDIwLjIzNDQgMzguOTE2NSAyMC4zNTE2IDM4LjkxNDVWMjMuNzY2MUgxNi4wNTQ3VjE4Ljg5MzhIMjAuMzUxNlYxNS4zMDg0QzIwLjM1MTYgMTEuMTUwMiAyMi45NjA1IDguODg3MDUgMjYuNzcyOCA4Ljg4NzA1QzI4LjU5ODMgOC44ODcwNSAzMC4xNjc1IDkuMDE5NDggMzAuNjI1IDkuMDc4NTdWMTMuNDI0NEgyNy45OTYyQzI1LjkyMjIgMTMuNDI0NCAyNS41MjA2IDE0LjM4MzUgMjUuNTIwNiAxNS43OTA2VjE4Ljg5MzhIMzAuNDc5N0wyOS44MzM0IDIzLjc2NjFIMjUuNTIwNlYzOC4xNjcxQzMzLjg4MDMgMzUuODM1MyA0MCAyOC4zNDE4IDQwIDE5LjQ1OTVaIiBmaWxsPSIjRjJGMkYyIj48L3BhdGg+PC9zdmc+" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> <nav class="E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx" role="navigation"> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link about_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link contact_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us">联系我们</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link partnerships" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link blog" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</a></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link journals" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article_processing_charges" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges">文章处理费用</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link print_editions" href="//www.newsama.com/print-editions/" aria-label="Print editions">印刷版</a></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link authors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors">作者</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link editors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors">编辑器</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link reviewers" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers">评论家</a></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link hindawi_xml_corpus" href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus">雷电竞APP</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link open_archives_initiative" href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative">开放档案计划</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link fraud_prevention" href="//www.newsama.com/preventing-and-protecting-against-fraud/" aria-label="Fraud prevention">欺诈防范</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="sc-hMqMXs hlGpbO desktop"> 遵循我们:<nav role="navigation" class="sc-kkGfuU filPdg"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"> <section class="sc-iAyFgw gCiATD"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策 |</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款 |</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/" aria-label="Responsible Disclosure Policy">负责信息披露政策 |</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策 |</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" aria-label="Copyright">版权 |</a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/modern-slavery-statement/" aria-label="Modern slavery statement">现代奴隶制的声明</a> </section> </div> </footer> <div class="sc-OxbzP eEFYIL advWrapper hideBanner"> <span><p>文章奖:2020年杰出的研究贡献,选择由我们的首席编辑。<a href="//www.newsama.com/article-year-award/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">获奖的文章阅读</a>。</p></span> <button class="sc-bYnzgO dsXEHZ"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-cPuPxo iXKuYd" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></button> </div> </div> </div> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>