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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption 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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .hDZsgu ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .hDZsgu ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .hDZsgu ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .hDZsgu ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .hDZsgu ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .hDZsgu ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .hDZsgu ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .hDZsgu .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .hDZsgu .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .hDZsgu .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.hDZsgu .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.hDZsgu{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.hDZsgu{margin-bottom:100px;}} .hDZsgu .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .hDZsgu 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height="24"><span class="text">提交据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-krDsej ewCAZX hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-itybZL kdvWPs journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-fzsDOv hAFFGk journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK lkWWFY hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-kUaPvJ ehYbwJ"> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> </div> <div class="sc-jVODtj epgILe"></div> <span class="sc-fONwsr kCfRMJ"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-nrwXf byflLi breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/" aria-label="Security and Communication Networks">安全及通讯网络据/一个>/据一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/contents/year/2021/" aria-label="2021">2021.据/一个>/据年代p一个nclass="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章据/年代p一个n></div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分据/button> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上据/p>据年代p一个nclass="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">摘要据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#related-works" aria-label="">相关作品据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#evaluation" aria-label="">评估据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conclusion" aria-label="">结论据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#data-availability" aria-label="">数据可用性据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conflicts-of-interest" aria-label="">利益冲突据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">致谢据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">参考据/一个>据/年代p一个n><年代p一个n class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权据/一个>据/年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <div class="sc-kxynE fgGykB"> <span class="sc-cooIXK gQxyld">特殊的问题据/年代p一个n><h2 class="sc-fcdeBU bVtmCk">认证和隐私保护新应用场景为5G据/h2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gmeYpB hSHJbi" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/si/289635/" aria-label="">查看此特殊问题据/一个><hr class="sc-clNaTc ktFfKO"> </div> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|据!-- -->开放访问据/p>据div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积据!-- --> 2021.据!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|据/年代p一个n>文章ID.据!-- --> 6688489据!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|据/年代p一个n><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688489" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688489.据/一个></div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>陶旺，洪昌陈据!-- -->，据!-- --> ＂据年代p一个nclass="adjust-article-svg-size">基于概率置乱和控制器动态调度策略的轻量级SDN指纹攻击防御机制据/年代p一个n>“，据!-- --><i>安全及通讯网络据/我>，据!-- --> 卷。据!-- -->2021.据!-- -->，据!-- --> 文章ID.据!-- -->6688489据!-- -->，据!-- --> 23.据!-- -->   页面据!-- -->，据!-- --> 2021.据!-- -->．据!-- --> https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688489.据/p>据/div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用据/button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN cTnPQL article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">基于概率置乱和控制器动态调度策略的轻量级SDN指纹攻击防御机制据/h1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>王涛据/b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-4294" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a><sup>1据!-- -->，据!-- -->2据/年代up>和据/年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="">宏昌陈据年代up>1据!-- -->，据!-- -->2据/年代up></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1据/年代up><span>解放军战略支持力量信息大学，郑州，中国据/年代p一个n>据/p><p>据年代up>2据/年代up><span>国家数字交换系统工程技术研究中心，郑州据/年代p一个n>据/p></div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">展示更多据/button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑：据/b>金卡奥据/div> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">已收到据/年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">09年10月2020年据/年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改据/年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2020年12月31日据/年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受据/年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2021年1月15日据/年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表据/年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2021年1月27日据/年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ hDZsgu article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">摘要据/h4> <p>SDN (software defined networking)将控制平面和数据平面解耦，提高了网络的灵活性和可编程性。但是，SDN的“三层两接口”架构带来了新的安全问题。攻击者通过分析测试报文的RTT (round-trip time)分布情况，收集指纹信息(网络类型、控制器类型、关键流规则等)。为了在有限的攻击时间内防御指纹攻击，首先设计了一种概率置乱策略。这种策略不仅干扰了探测报文在攻击流中的时延分布，而且减少了合法报文在正常流中的性能影响。但是，如果指纹攻击者的攻击时间是无限的，仅采用该策略是不够的。因此，我们进一步提出了一种主动改变SDN指纹信息的控制器动态调度策略。由于调度不同类型的控制器在不同时间段工作会产生成本，因此调度策略还负责确定最优切换时间点，以平衡安全效益和成本。最后，我们在不同类型的控制器上实现了该防御机制，并在实验场景中验证了其有效性。实验结果表明，该机制可以有效地隐藏SDN指纹信息，同时降低对网络性能的负面影响。</p><年代p一个nclass="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1.介绍</h4> <p>近年来，SDN [据一个href="#B1">1据/一个>]在新的网络架构中获得了广泛的关注，并在大规模的数据中心方案中部署，例如Google B4，Microsoft Azure和Amazon EC2。不同于传统的网络架构，SDN将控制平面与数据平面分开，从而显着提高了网络灵活性和可编程性。SDN控制平面的功能主要由逻辑上集中控制器实现。控制器通过安全双向通道与数据平面交互以维护状态信息并制定网络策略。SDN数据平面负责根据控制器生成的流规则来实现相应的网络功能。让我们以OpenFlow协议为例。特定的分组处理流程如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig1/" target="_blank">1据/一个>．当分组到达交换机，交换机首先解析报头空间，并检查在流表中是否存在相应的流规则。如果存在匹配的流规则，交换机将转发数据包（路径1）。否则，控制器产生一个流规则以指示转发分组（路径2）的开关。</p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.001.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 典型的OpenFlow包处理流。据/div> </div> </div> <p>通过分析上述openFlow分组处理流程，可以看出，控制平面和数据平面的去耦结构提供了攻击者启动SDN指纹攻击的可能性。当存在匹配交换机的流表中匹配分组的流程规则时，该分组通过开关直接以高速率转发。但是，当没有匹配交换机的流表中的数据包（或控制器需要在数据包上执行更高级策略）时没有流程规则，交换机触发了表失误事件以通知控制器安装相应的事件流量规则。然后，交换机基于流量规则转发数据包。由于交换机的分组转发速率比控制器的流量规则产生速率快几个数量级，因此两个分组转发过程（路径1和路径2）之间的转发延迟存在显着差异。</p>据p>这种延迟差可以用来作为攻击者发动攻击指纹的一个重要指标。通过分析专门构造的探测分组的延迟分布，攻击者可以知道是否该数据包在数据平面中只处理或触发数据平面和控制平面之间的相互作用。然后，重要的网络参数，诸如网络类型，控制器类型和临界流规则可以被识别。攻击者可以利用指纹信息推出更多有威胁的进攻[<一个href="#B2">2据/一个>，据一个href="#B3">3.据/一个>］．例如，（1）当攻击者成功识别网络类型是SDN时，攻击者可以有效地启动DDOS攻击以过载SDN控制器。（2）当攻击者成功识别控制器类型时，攻击者可以根据已知的控制器漏洞轻松启动穿透攻击。通过这种方式，攻击者可以控制控制器并接管整个网络。（3）当攻击者成功检测到数据平面中的临界流规则时，攻击者可以更好地掌握网络图（包括节点和链接信息）。这有助于攻击者准确地杀死网络中的关键节点或路径。因此，对SDN指纹攻击及其防御的研究具有重要意义。</p>据p>目前，SDN指纹攻击的研究还处于初步阶段。相关的攻防技术尚不成熟(具体分析详见本节)<一个href="#sec2">2据/一个>）.更重要的是，现有的研究主要集中在如何使用SDN指纹攻击我的更有效的信息，但对SDN指纹进攻几乎没有防御研究工作。为了解决这个问题，本文提出了一个SDN指纹攻击防御机制。该机制基于双时间维度的概率扰策策略和控制器动态调度策略，其可以使指纹识别参数偏离原始分布。在一个圆形的防御时间窗口中，SDN控制器可以添加随机扰动（根据流量属性）来混淆攻击者。通过随机扰乱不同的数据包，控制器可以干扰指纹信息并优化网络服务质量。在多脉冲时间窗口中，控制器动态调度策略可以主动改变系统的指纹信息。另外，通过选择最佳切换时间点，还可以减少隐藏SDN指纹信息的开销。总之，本文的主要研究贡献如下：<年代p一个nclass="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（一世）据/年代p一个n>据年代p一个nclass="list-content">构建全因素SDN指纹攻击链，详细讨论指纹信息的提取和利用过程。据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)据/年代p一个n>据年代p一个nclass="list-content">设计在双时间维度的协作混淆策略，有效地提高SDN指纹信息隐藏的程度。据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（iii）据/年代p一个n>据年代p一个nclass="list-content">在单轮防御时间窗口中提出一种梯度概率置乱策略，可以在有限时间限制下防止指纹攻击的同时，降低对正常报文性能的负面影响。据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(iv)据/年代p一个n>据年代p一个nclass="list-content">提出了一种基于多轮防御时间窗的控制器动态调度策略，在不受攻击时间限制的情况下，在防范指纹攻击的同时兼顾安全效益和调度开销。据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（v）据/年代p一个n>据年代p一个nclass="list-content">在不同类型的控制器上实施防御机制，并在实际实验场景中验证其有效性。据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据/年代pan></p> <p>本文的其余部分安排如下。节<一个href="#sec2">2据/一个>，我们概述了相关的作品。节<一个href="#sec3">3.据/一个>，构建了SDN指纹攻击模型。节<一个href="#sec4">4据/一个>，我们设计基于概率加扰战略和控制器动态调度策略的轻量级SDN指纹攻击防御机制。防御机制的实施和评估在一节中<一个href="#sec5">5据/一个>．本节给出了结论<一个href="#sec6">6据/一个>．据/p>据h4 id="related-works">2.相关作品</h4> <p>在传统的网络攻击指纹[据一个href="#B4">4据/一个>，据一个href="#B5">5据/一个>]主要识别远程主机的操作系统类型或版本号等信息。然后，攻击者利用相应的系统漏洞发起更具威胁性的攻击。目前，对传统指纹攻击的研究相对成熟。许多有针对性的反指纹方案相继被提出[<一个href="#B6">6据/一个>- - - - - -据一个href="#B8">8据/一个>］．甚至一些传统的防御技术，如防火墙或入侵检测系统（IDS）都可以应用于传统的指纹攻击场景。随着SDN技术的发展，SDN指纹攻击逐渐引起了研究人员的广泛关注。由于SDN的解耦架构，SDN中的指纹攻击与传统网络中的指纹攻击完全不同。他们的防守思想也很有不同。此外，传统的防御方法不能直接移植并重复使用在SDN中。因此，迫切需要为SDN指纹攻击提出有效的防御解决方案。</p>据p>Shin等人。开发了SDN扫描仪工具[<一个href="#B9">9据/一个>]开始SDN指纹识别。在生成数据包标题字段并记录这些数据包的响应时间后，此工具可以将数据包连续发送到SDN网络。由于数据平面需要额外的流量规则安装时间，因为当相应的流量规则不匹配时，响应时间没有匹配的流规则（<我>T据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>)不同于有相应流规则时的响应时间(据我>T据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>）.SDN Scanner会收集数据包响应时间，并使用统计测试来比较它们的分布。这样，攻击者就可以清楚的分辨出来<我>T据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>和据我>T据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>并以此作为判断该网络是否为SDN网络的指标。Shin等定性分析了SDN指纹攻击的可能性，但没有量化具体指标，并在仿真环境中测试攻击过程。另外，由于影响数据包响应时间的因素很多，很难准确采集<我>T据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>和据我>T据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>值。因此，这种方法在广域网络中可能并不有效。文献[<一个href="#B10">10据/一个>]使用包对色散来识别给定的包是否触发控制器和交换机之间的交互。该指标可以减少网络抖动对指纹识别准确性的负面影响。在文献[<一个href="#B10">10据/一个>]也提出了一种可能的防御机制。它使所有接收的数据包都需要均匀延迟。据我们所知，这是唯一可用的指纹攻击防御方法。它有效地使指纹识别参数偏离原始分布。然而，均匀延迟所有数据包可能会显着降低网络性能。上述研究作品主要确定网络类型是否为SDN。获得的指纹信息相对粗略。</p>据p>随着SDN指纹攻击的发展，研究人员可以根据更多指标提取更细粒度的SDN指纹信息。Azzouni等。[据一个href="#B11">11据/一个>发现，由于不同的编程语言，功能库和框架结构，不同类型的控制器具有不同的处理速度。因此，可以通过记录平均处理时间并将其与构造的控制器响应时间数据库进行比较来识别控制器类型。Sonchack等人。[据一个href="#B12">12据/一个>]使用专门构造的探测包和测试包来识别流表中的关键流规则。Zhang等[<一个href="#B13">13.据/一个>[如何识别SDN交换机的流量匹配域信息的研究。Leng等人。[据一个href="#B14">14.据/一个>]确定SDN交换机的流表容量和流表使用情况。他们认为，当流表满时，控制器和交换机之间需要额外的交互来删除一些现有的流规则，为新的流规则腾出空间，这可能会导致网络性能下降。攻击者掌握流表的容量和使用情况后，可以准确估计每秒需要生成多少数据包才能使流表过载，以及使流表过载所需的时间。攻击者也可以根据上述信息正确配置攻击工具。Bilal和Nadeem [<一个href="#B15">15.据/一个>]专注于特定的数据平面攻击，称为流量表入口攻击（FTEA），以推断基于SDN的环境中的流量替换策略。侯等人。[据一个href="#B16">16.据/一个>]提出了一种细粒度指纹方法，通过区分不同报文的传输延迟来学习流规则的匹配字段。Cao等[<一个href="#B17">17.据/一个>]设计了一种基于深度学习的方法从混合控制流量指纹SDN应用。但是，这种方法要求攻击者能够窃听控制器和交换机之间的控制流量，限制了其应用范围。通过对上述相关工作的总结，我们可以发现很多类型的SDN指纹攻击都可以提取出细粒度的指纹信息。因此，我们不能忽视他们造成的威胁。</p>据p>目前，大多数SDN安全工作还集中在一些比较成熟的攻击上。例如Shin等人设计了Avant-Guard系统来防御SDN控制平面的DoS攻击[<一个href="#B18">18.据/一个>］．洪等人[<一个href="#B19">19.据/一个>]提出了一种网络拓扑中毒攻击防御方案，防止攻击者劫持网络连接。Shin等人提出了SDN安全框架FRESCO [<一个href="#B20">20.据/一个>，实现OpenFlow安全组件的模块化操作，有助于提高SDN网络的安全性。Dhawan等人开发了SPHINX框架[<一个href="#B21">21.据/一个>]，可以根据网络流程图检测恶意渗透攻击。Porras等人。[据一个href="#B22">22.据/一个>扩展了控制平面，用于检测和仲裁来自多个应用程序的流规则冲突。由于SDN指纹攻击与其他针对SDN的攻击有很大的不同，这些解决方案并不能阻止本文研究的SDN指纹攻击。因此，提出针对SDN指纹攻击的防御方案具有重要意义。</p>据h4 id="fingerprint-attack-model">3.指纹攻击模型</h4> <h5 id="sec3.1">3．1.动机</h5> <p>由于SDN指纹攻击的形式非常抽象，涉及SDN指纹攻击的研究量也有限，因此本节需要详细介绍指纹攻击模型，帮助读者对攻击过程有一个直观的了解。但是，由于现有的SDN指纹攻击研究比较散乱、碎片化，还没有一篇论文对SDN指纹攻击模型进行全面的介绍。因此，细化攻击过程，突出关键点，是非常有意义的。具体来说，本节将指纹信息的类型划分为网络类型、控制器类型和关键流规则，并根据指纹信息的类型对现有研究进行分类。然后，基于现有研究的分类结果构建全因子SDN指纹攻击链。值得注意的是，虽然SDN指纹攻击链中的具体技术是基于已有的研究[<一个href="#B9">9据/一个>，据一个href="#B11">11据/一个>，据一个href="#B12">12据/一个>]，指纹攻击链的概念，本文首先提出了我们，所以这也是我们论文的贡献之一。据/p>据h5 id="sec3.2">３．２．假设</h5> <p>SDN指纹攻击者主要利用专门构造的探测报文的时延分布来推断指纹信息。然而，时延分布也可能受到一些不可抗拒的因素的影响，如实时网络条件和硬件性能。虽然这些因素可能不会对指纹识别的结果产生决定性的影响，但它们或多或少会降低指纹识别的准确性。因此，为了更好地研究控制平面和数据平面的解耦结构对指纹攻击结果的影响(排除无关因素)，我们做以下假设:(1)攻击者发送的探测包的实时网络条件大致相同;(2)控制平面数据包处理时间的瓶颈主要取决于控制器的软件(而不是硬件);(3)数据平面内所有设备的转发性能大致相同。</p>据p>基于以上分析，我们将SDN指纹攻击链的具体内容介绍如下:据/p>据h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。网络类型指纹信息</h5> <p>准确识别网络类型是SDN指纹攻击链的第一步。如果攻击者知道网络类型是SDN，他可以利用SDN的独特特征来识别其他指纹信息。如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig2/" target="_blank">2据/一个>，以构建针对网络类型、攻击者之间路由链路序列的指纹信息识别模型据我>一个据/我>和服务器据我>年代据/我>在网络中定义为据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="15.535pt" id="M1" 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.311,-5.741)"> <path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z" id="g50-50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,45.941,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,50.62,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.614,0)"> <path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z" id="g113-45"></path> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="59.707183799999996 -11.5914 18.427 15.535" width="18.427pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.757,0)"> <path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 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153 174C205 258 328 382 376 382C395 382 399 369 384 305L330 93C312 25 323 -12 351 -12C378 -12 439 21 504 89Z" id="g50-111"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,87.019,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,91.698,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.324,0)"> <path d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230Z" id="g117-92"></path> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span></span>（据年代vg height="15.7176pt" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 15.4537 15.7176" width="15.4537pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.026,-5.741)"> <path d="M250 606C250 634 233 656 203 656C168 656 146 618 146 593C146 564 169 545 192 545C227 545 250 573 250 606ZM227 95L212 119C187 98 152 71 135 71C129 71 128 78 134 102L207 373C219 418 217 451 194 451C165 451 92 411 30 351L44 326C77 353 106 371 114 371C124 371 121 357 117 341L55 97C32 5 46 -12 70 -12C108 -12 191 51 227 95Z" id="g50-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.335,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </svg>代表据我>我据/我>据年代up>TH.据/年代up>路由链路序列中的节点据年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="11.927pt" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.8891 11.927" width="16.8891pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.086,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.765,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n>同样，其反向路径是据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="15.535pt" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 28.186 15.535" width="28.186pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.086,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.718,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.555,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="28.1361838 -11.5914 7.631 15.535" width="7.631pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.186,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="39.399183799999996 -11.5914 18.458 15.535" width="18.458pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.449,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.475,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.105,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,49.737,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.943,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="60.036183799999996 -11.5914 18.427 15.535" width="18.427pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.086,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.229,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.372,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.549,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="80.6421838 -11.5914 27.428 15.535" width="27.428pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.692,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,88.718,-5.741)"> <path d="M781 91L765 118C733 86 702 70 693 70C686 70 685 77 692 106L738 297C772 439 736 451 712 451S675 445 647 431C605 410 526 356 452 257H450L459 294C491 426 459 451 429 451C403 451 386 445 361 431C312 404 239 343 170 253H168L188 333C208 411 205 451 175 451C148 451 85 417 24 346L39 318C57 338 100 374 112 374C120 374 122 372 115 339C91 226 62 112 28 -6L37 -12C59 -4 87 3 114 6C125 68 142 127 154 168C184 227 316 383 372 383C397 383 396 366 381 289C362 192 338 92 312 -6L317 -12C339 -5 367 3 396 6L434 170C468 234 598 383 650 383C668 383 676 369 664 319L609 90C593 23 600 -12 629 -12C654 -12 722 23 781 91Z" id="g50-110"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,87.348,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,90.979,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.201,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-92"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span></span>．让<年代vg height="9.14241pt" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 14.1041 9.14241" width="14.1041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M471 456L444 459C426 433 414 430 388 430C324 430 270 434 216 434C103 434 51 374 23 338L43 317C96 366 146 380 221 375L154 109C149 86 147 68 147 52C147 4 168 -12 197 -12C240 -12 291 25 334 71L320 96C295 75 268 58 252 58C238 58 227 79 238 138C251 211 272 296 292 372C310 372 332 368 350 368C391 368 421 369 434 371C444 388 455 413 471 456Z" id="g113-241"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.434,3.132)"> <path d="M622 479C622 589 545 650 400 650H146L140 618C229 609 230 602 215 527L135 132C117 43 112 41 27 32L18 0H305L313 32C213 40 205 44 222 132L251 284L324 262H365C484 269 622 333 622 479ZM528 477C528 356 420 305 344 305C300 305 276 314 259 321L303 554C311 597 313 600 331 606C345 611 361 614 379 614C463 614 528 580 528 477Z" id="g50-81"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,11.098,-.065)"> <path d="M256 606C256 635 239 657 207 657C171 657 147 619 147 593C147 563 173 543 194 543C234 543 256 573 256 606ZM233 98L216 125C191 101 156 75 139 75C133 75 132 82 139 107L214 377C226 420 224 454 198 454C169 454 98 415 31 351L46 323C81 353 110 372 116 372C129 372 126 356 121 338L57 101C31 5 47 -12 72 -12C115 -12 197 52 233 98Z" id="g176-106"></path> </g> </svg>是数据包的传输延迟据我>我据/我>据年代up>TH.据/年代up>跳和据年代vg height="18.4774pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-5.545899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.9315 15.8266 18.4774" width="15.8266pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M530 686C535 705 530 712 521 712C504 712 448 684 359 674L358 648H393C437 648 439 646 429 593L400 435C372 447 345 448 332 448C286 448 194 414 144 373C68 311 23 203 23 111C23 26 57 -12 91 -12C120 -12 147 3 188 29C227 54 290 102 341 170H343L322 71C308 6 320 -12 341 -12C373 -12 442 27 501 96L485 120C455 91 422 67 408 67C401 67 401 76 404 91C440 294 479 473 530 686ZM387 375L355 241C326 187 200 53 142 53C126 53 109 73 109 130C109 217 154 337 218 381C240 396 265 404 297 404S372 390 387 375Z" id="g113-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.215,-6.899)"> <path d="M400 606C400 634 383 656 353 656C316 656 294 620 294 593C294 564 317 545 343 545C375 545 400 573 400 606ZM366 351C379 413 381 451 356 451C323 451 251 408 183 341L199 313C223 335 267 365 277 365C285 365 284 354 277 312C245 132 222 27 193 -100C182 -148 160 -188 131 -188C113 -188 90 -178 75 -170C64 -164 55 -168 48 -175C38 -185 24 -203 24 -222S48 -257 71 -257C89 -257 131 -241 186 -192C243 -141 286 -46 310 74L366 351Z" id="g50-107"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.15,5.496)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,12.814,2.299)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-106"></use> </g> </svg>表示数据包所经历的额外延迟据我>j据/我>当它在路径上传输时据年代vg height="11.8239pt" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 11.2064 11.8239" width="11.2064pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g 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297 324 332 345 358C381 400 394 405 455 411V437H272V411C316 406 323 401 305 370C287 337 267 306 247 276L188 369C169 397 173 405 215 411V437H16V411C71 404 83 396 114 348L201 212C171 167 144 127 116 92C77 42 66 34 4 26V0H190V26C139 34 136 43 156 77C175 113 198 150 220 183L294 66C311 39 302 31 260 26V0H474Z" id="g121-118"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.84,29.244)"> <path d="M571 650H505L420 421H161L76 650H10L258 -15H323L571 650ZM401 368L291 73H290L180 368H401Z" id="g54-46"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.13,29.244)"> <path d="M485 418C485 434 469 451 441 451C389 451 312 387 255 335C221 304 194 278 159 242H157L259 678C264 698 264 710 255 710C242 710 183 681 96 673L90 643L128 642C165 641 171 640 162 602L24 -5L31 -12C51 -4 81 4 110 9L145 181C154 195 180 220 205 242C233 170 263 106 291 53C318 1 335 -12 360 -12C383 -12 425 0 483 82L463 105C437 79 411 57 400 57C388 57 378 68 355 110C329 156 288 244 268 298C299 333 355 376 405 376C426 376 440 373 448 368C453 365 465 368 468 373C477 386 485 405 485 418Z" id="g50-108"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.1,20.415)"> <path d="M494 514C482 587 419 712 303 712C238 712 174 667 174 603C174 561 205 514 249 449C219 438 187 422 162 407C93 366 23 283 23 177C23 69 87 -12 190 -12C244 -12 288 5 328 33C406 87 444 170 444 249C444 329 404 391 331 475C265 550 222 605 222 627C222 647 238 657 267 657C355 657 421 585 484 499L494 514ZM359 234C359 143 319 30 219 30C172 30 114 75 114 178C114 275 163 343 195 378C212 397 241 415 269 425C305 382 359 313 359 234Z" id="g113-226"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.82,14.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.49,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.64,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R8"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M8-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.398 11.44" width="13.398pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B8-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 611 70 451 70 272V271C70 90 136 -71 282 -169L300 -147Z" id="g190-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M311 0V25C221 32 216 41 216 113V635C162 613 103 594 39 583V559L88 556C131 552 135 546 135 500V113C135 41 131 32 40 25V0H311Z" id="g190-213"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.26)"> <path d="M275 271C275 451 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 269V271Z" id="g190-42"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里据年代vg height="15.7176pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 11.667 15.7176" width="11.667pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.722,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.396,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> </svg>表示SDN控制器与OpenFlow交换机可能通信造成的延迟据我>k据/我>交换机在攻击者之间的路由路径上据我>一个据/我>和服务器据我>年代据/我>）.由于SDN控制器同时在所有交换机上安装双向流量规则，故方程中只考虑最大流量规则安装延迟。交换机之间无通信<我>k据/我>然后是控制器(例如，存在匹配流规则)据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="15.7176pt" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 22.806 15.7176" width="22.806pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.722,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.396,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.175,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.7176pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="26.3881838 -11.7741 6.416 15.7176" width="6.416pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.438,0)"> <path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>考虑到数据包的RTT可能取决于主机的地理位置和实时网络条件等其他因素，我们测量攻击者发送的两个探测数据包之间的RTT差异，以消除这些外部因素。RTT差异如下所示:<年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq2"><span class="left_break" id="L11"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M11"> <svg height="37.8966pt" id="M11-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 174.422 37.8966" width="174.422pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <path d="M600 0V24L339 665L311 657L43 24V0H600ZM497 50H107L303 539L497 50Z" id="g113-133"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.32,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.98,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.35,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.09,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.36,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.97,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.67,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,53.66,29.244)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-46"></use> </g> <g 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.84,5.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.93,20.422)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.54,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.45,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.01,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.5,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.71,14.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.65,25.944)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,37.31,21.112)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,36.35,27.694)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,38.98,27.694)"> <use 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130 568 198 568C274 568 316 519 316 436C316 347 251 264 191 192C142 134 85 76 30 21V0H403C415 45 425 89 438 131L411 139Z" id="g190-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="84.6599pt" id="IL11" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.1 84.6599" width="15.1pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 36.4)" xlink:href="#B11-3"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.002.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 针对网络类型的指纹攻击示意图。据/div> </div> </div> <p>从上述公式可以看出，该指示符主要与网络抖动和SDN控制器和开关之间交互的开销相关。值得注意的是，这个指标不依赖于攻击者的位置。在正常的网络条件下（没有极端情况，如DOS攻击），与交互开销相比，可以忽略网络抖动的影响[<一个href="#B23">23.据/一个>]，所以公式（据一个href="#EEq2">2据/一个>）可以简化如下：据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq3"><span class="left_break" id="L12"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M12"> <svg height="22.5369pt" id="M12-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 132.234 22.5369" width="132.234pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.33,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.98,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.36,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.1,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.36,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.97,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.68,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,53.67,20.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,58.95,20.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.92,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.65,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.32,15.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.5,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.04,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,105.64,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,111.35,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.34,20.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,106.62,20.942)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,117.6,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,124.32,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,123.99,15.898)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,129.27,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R12"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M12-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.868 11.44" width="14.868pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M269 381C298 400 325 421 340 436C360 455 370 476 370 504C370 579 313 635 223 635H222C170 635 123 610 95 579L52 516L72 497C95 533 136 577 193 577C245 577 286 546 286 482C286 408 218 369 127 339L133 314C149 319 174 325 197 325C254 325 324 285 324 192C325 83 266 39 201 39C143 39 103 68 78 91C70 98 62 97 54 91C45 84 33 71 32 58C30 46 34 35 48 22C61 10 102 -12 148 -12C216 -12 410 57 410 225C410 298 357 362 269 379V381Z" id="g190-232"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.37,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>如果没有数据包导致任何规则安装或网络类型是传统的网络，则据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="8.95973pt" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 43.73 8.95973" width="43.73pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.099,0)"> <path d="M537 353L508 390C487 357 455 333 417 333C389 333 344 353 309 370C265 391 212 414 172 414C122 414 79 382 50 340L81 307C101 339 134 364 172 364C198 364 245 343 280 326C324 305 375 283 417 283C466 283 507 314 537 353ZM537 168L508 205C487 172 455 148 417 148C389 148 344 168 309 185C265 206 212 229 172 229C122 229 79 197 50 155L81 122C101 154 134 179 172 179C198 179 245 158 280 141C324 120 375 98 417 98C466 98 507 129 537 168Z" id="g117-132"></path> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="8.95973pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="47.3121838 -8.75334 6.429 8.95973" width="6.429pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.362,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>如果任何一个数据包触发规则安装（据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="15.535pt" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 59.431 15.535" width="59.431pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.608,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.315,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.561,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.848,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.016,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.738,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.412,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.316,0)"> <path d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230ZM780 230V281L343 514V456L721 256V254L343 55V-3L780 230Z" id="g117-124"></path> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="63.0131838 -11.5914 6.429 15.535" width="6.429pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.063,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg></span>或据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="15.535pt" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 59.431 15.535" width="59.431pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-107"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.608,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-95"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.315,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.561,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.848,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.016,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-226"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.738,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.412,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.316,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-124"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.535pt" style="vertical-align:-3.9436pt" version="1.1" viewbox="63.0131838 -11.5914 6.429 15.535" width="6.429pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.063,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg>），据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>证明网络类型为SDN (据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="11.439pt" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 54.052 11.439" width="54.052pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M162 -163V703H101V-163H162Z" id="g113-9"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.419,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.746,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.401,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.775,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.886,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-9"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.937,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-124"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.439pt" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="57.634183799999995 -9.28833 6.468 11.439" width="6.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.684,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>从以上分析可以看出，该指标据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>不同网络具有显着差异。让我们以SDN为例。如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig2/" target="_blank">2据/一个>，取得所有的概率密度函数（PDF）后据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>价值观，攻击者可以得出结论据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>触发控制器与交换机交互的数据包远远大于零。这<年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>不触发交互数据包分发可以被装配到一个正态分布，平均为零。一般来说，一个<我>t据/我>-对两类样本进行测试[据一个href="#B24">24.据/一个>]揭示了他们在1%水平上的显著差异。因此，可以有效地识别目标网络类型信息<年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>分配。据/p>据h5 id="sec3.4">3．4．SDN控制器类型指纹信息</h5> <p>攻击者在判断目标网络类型为SDN后，可以根据SDN网络的特点，进一步对目标网络进行高效、准确的攻击。SDN控制器是整个网络的“大脑”。当攻击者成功识别控制器类型后，可以根据已知的控制器漏洞，轻松获得控制器的实际控制权。这将对目标网络产生毁灭性的影响。接下来，我们将在本小节中系统地描述控制器类型的指纹攻击。</p>据p>为了准确识别SDN控制器类型，攻击者首先需要测量流规则的超时信息。流规则的超时主要包括空闲超时和硬超时。表示交换机删除没有报文匹配的流规则和强制删除流规则。攻击者可以通过调整探测报文之间的时间间隔来识别流规则的超时值。具体流程如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig3/" target="_blank">3.据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.003a.svgz"> <br> <strong>(一)据/年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.003b.svgz"> <br> <strong>(b)据/年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig3"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.003a.svgz"><br><strong>(一)据/年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.003b.svgz"><br><strong>(b)据/年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig3"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 流量规则超时检测过程。（a）闲置 - 超时。（b）硬超时。</div> </div> </div> <p>如图所示据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig3/" target="_blank">3(一个)据/一个>，为了检测空闲超时值，攻击者首先发送可以触发交换机与控制器交互的数据包（其RTT值是据我>T据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>)，然后在短时间间隔内再次发送相同的数据包据年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="12.1436pt" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-3.18148pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 20.6132 12.1436" width="20.6132pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.503,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>由于匹配流规则已经存在，所以第二个报文的RTT值为据我>T据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>．随后，攻击者逐渐增大报文间隔(<年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.3628pt" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-3.40068pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 39.851 12.3628" width="39.851pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.503,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.051,3.132)"> <path d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z" id="g54-33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.611,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.22,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.3628pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40068pt" version="1.1" viewbox="43.4321838 -8.96212 18.816 12.3628" width="18.816pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.482,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.809,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,58.985,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> </svg>）据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>使用“二进制搜索”或其他算法，直到RTT值据我>n据/我>据年代up>TH.据/年代up>数据包被观察到从据我>T据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>来据我>T据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>（由于空闲超时，删除了流量规则）。在这个时候,<年代vg height="12.2532pt" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-3.29108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 20.8416 12.2532" width="20.8416pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.503,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </svg>是空闲 - 超时值。如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig3/" target="_blank">3 (b)据/一个>中，为了检测硬超时值，攻击者也首先发送可触发与控制器相互作用的开关的分组（其RTT值是据我>T据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>)，然后每隔一段时间再发送一次相同的数据包据年代vg height="9.01194pt" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 16.7759 9.01194" width="16.7759pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> </svg>这远远低于空闲 - 超时值。此时，由于匹配的流程规则已经存在，所以第二数据包的RTT值是<我>T据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>．随后，攻击者继续按此时间间隔发送报文，直到观察到<我>n据/我>据年代up>TH.据/年代up>包的变化据我>T据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>来据我>T据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>(流规则因硬超时被删除)。在这个时候,<年代vg height="9.16851pt" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 27.7238 9.16851" width="27.7238pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M822 650H589L583 622C660 617 677 607 674 561C672 534 664 481 647 390L600 137H596L273 650H126L120 622C176 620 194 615 207 594C221 571 225 557 214 504L161 257C141 166 129 112 121 85C108 42 83 30 29 28L23 0H260L266 28C193 33 173 42 176 89C178 122 186 172 202 255L256 527H259L583 -8H612L690 390C708 481 720 535 728 558C744 603 756 619 816 622L822 650Z" id="g113-79"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.91,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.237,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> </svg>是硬超时值。当攻击者掌握流动规律的有效时间，他可以在一个圆形的，以避免因流动法则超时错误的有效时间推出针对控制器类型指纹的攻击。</p>据p>由于不同的SDN控制器使用不同的编程语言、函数库和框架，因此不同控制器的执行速度存在一定的差异。这个特性使攻击者有机会识别SDN控制器类型。通过测量目标控制器的响应时间，并将其与预先创建的不同控制器的处理时间数据库进行比较，攻击者可以得出结论。攻击者可以使用ping工具创建处理时间数据库。值得注意的是两者之间的间隔<我>平据/我>数据包应大于空闲 - 超时值。在上述步骤中，每个步骤<我>平据/我>会导致交换机向控制器发送一个Packet-In消息(控制器提取Packet-In消息字段值并将相应的流规则安装到交换机中)，然后攻击者计算这些ping包的平均响应时间据我>T据/我>据年代ub>PAVG据/年代ub>．在同一环境中，攻击者再次测量平均RTT值RTT<年代ub>Avg.据/年代ub>的据我>n据/我>数据包在存在流程规则。当前控制器的处理时间是<我>T据/我>据年代ub>PAVG据/年代ub> − RTT<年代ub>Avg.据/年代ub>．攻击者可以对所有类型的控制器重复上述过程，得到控制器处理时间数据库(控制器;处理时间(T<年代ub>p据/年代ub>))。最后，控制器类型可以通过比较测量延迟和数据库延迟比较(RTT '−RTT)之间的差异来推断<年代ub>Avg.据/年代ub>，处理时间（据我>T据/我>据年代ub><i>p据/我>据/年代ub>))，如算法所示据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/alg1/" target="_blank">1据/一个>．值得注意的是，该方法的结果只是一个概率结果，这不是绝对正确的。这是因为实时网络条件，应用程序，甚至硬件可能会影响控制器类型识别的准确性。因此，这种指纹攻击方法并不完美，需要通过相关的研究人员进一步研究，这些研究人员专注于如何使用SDN指纹攻击来挖掘更有效的信息。</p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="alg1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-alg1"> <table class="algorithm-group"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="algorithm" id="alg1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>（1）据/td> <td><b>计算据/b><i>闲置超时据/我>和RTT据年代ub>Avg.据/年代ub></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（2）据/td> <td><b>为了据/b><i>我据/我>=1来<我>米据/我>据b>做据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（3）据/td> <td> wait<我>期据/我>据我>>据/我>据我>闲置超时据/我>秒据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（4）据/td> <td>发送一个据我>平据/我>并保存据我>平据/我>时间据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（5）据/td> <td><b>结束对据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（6）据/td> <td><b>计算据/b>保存的ping-time值的平均值据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（7）据/td> <td><b>比较据/b>RTT的RTT据年代ub>Avg.据/年代ub>到处理时间的条目据/td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">算法1据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/alg1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 识别控制器类型指纹信息。据/div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.5">3.5。关键流量规则指纹信息</h5> <p>SDN流规则可以明确表示，如转发和安全的网络策略。如果攻击者可以检测临界流规则（成功启动为临界流规则指纹攻击），攻击者可以更好地理解该分组转发逻辑，准确地攻击的关键节点或路径网络。</p>据p>为了识别关键流规则，攻击者会同时向目标网络发送一个时间探测流和一个测试流。一个特殊构造的时间探针流可以触发控制器和开关之间的交互，其往返时间(RTT)取决于控制器。测试包也是一个特殊构造的包。攻击者根据目标流规则的属性不断调整测试报文的报头字段值。然后，攻击者观察时间探针流的往返时间，直到通过分布规律检测到目标流规则。测试流语法模板如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig4/" target="_blank">4据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.004.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 测试流法语法模板。据/div> </div> </div> <p>如果测试分组导致时间探针流的RTT增加，攻击者可以推断，控制平面是处理的测试分组（即，开关不匹配对应于所述测试流的流动规则）。否则，攻击者可以推断交换机匹配相应的流量规则。为了描述临界流量规则指纹攻击的具体过程，我们假设目标网络中有4个H1-H4，并且MAC地址为00：00：00：00：00：01至00：00：00 : 00 : 00 : 04. An example of the topology and the flow rule table is shown in Figure<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig5/" target="_blank">5据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.005.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 基于MAC地址的拓扑和流量规则表的示例。据/div> </div> </div> <p>在上述条件下，攻击者根据测试报文语法模板构造不同目的MAC地址(从h1到h2、h3、h4)的测试报文。具体的例子如下:<年代p一个nclass="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content"><据我>米一个c_source据/我>=00:…:01,<我>米一个c_dest.据/我>=00:…:02>;</年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content"><据我>米一个c_source据/我>=00:…:01,<我>米一个c_dest.据/我>= 00:……:03 >;据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content"><据我>米一个c_source据/我>=00:…:01,<我>米一个c_dest.据/我>= 00:……:04 >;据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据/年代pan></p> <p>攻击者记录对应的时间探测流的RTT，并计算其统计分布（例如结果示于图据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig6/" target="_blank">6据/一个>）.目的MAC地址为h2的测试流的RTT与参考RTT分布没有明显的偏移，说明交换机有匹配的流规则，没有将测试报文转发给控制器。但目的MAC地址为h3和h4的测试流的rtt分布偏移量较大，说明测试报文不符合流规则，需要控制平面进一步处理。根据上面的分析，可以推断出在开关流表中存在一个流动规则(从h1到h2)。通过不断重复上述过程，攻击者可以完全获得关键流规则。</p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.006" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.006.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> RTT分布时间探针流。据/div> </div> </div> <h4 id="fingerprint-attack-defense-mechanism">4.指纹攻击防御原理</h4> <p>SDN指纹攻击者利用SDN架构引入的特殊延迟属性，获取网络类型、控制器类型、关键流规则等指纹信息。为了解决这一问题，我们提出了一种基于概率置乱和控制器动态调度策略的SDN指纹攻击防御机制。这种机制使得指纹识别参数在双时间维度上偏离了规律分布。下面，我们将详细介绍这一机制。</p>据h5 id="sec4.1">4．1.概率地战略</h5> <h6 id="sec4.1.1">以下4.4.1。动机</h6> <p>从第三节可以看出，时延差异可以作为攻击者进行指纹攻击的重要指标。通过分析特殊构造的探测包的时延分布，攻击者可以识别关键的网络参数信息(如网络类型、控制器类型、密钥流规则等)。据我们所知，只有一种防御方法[<一个href="#B10">10据/一个>]可以解决这个问题。防御方法使需要均匀延迟需要转发的所有接收分组，从而有效地使关键网络参数偏离原始分布。然而，将每个分组延迟标准化到最大交互延迟可能不可避免地导致许多正常数据包的性能下降。因此，如何降低对正常数据包性能的负面影响是本小节的动机。</p>据h6 id="sec4.1.2">4.1.2。理论基础</h6> <p>由于指纹攻击者依赖报文的延迟分布来识别指纹关键信息，因此改变延迟分布是解决SDN指纹攻击的一种很好的方法。如果延迟分布发生变化，攻击者推断的信息也会不准确。根据这个原理，我们可以通过改变延迟分布来防御这种攻击。至于具体如何改变时延分布，我们认为对数据包时延进行置乱是改变其分布的一种直接方式。但是，与将每个包时延标准化到最大交互时延(严重损害网络性能)的方法不同，我们需要根据攻击的特点，有选择地确定哪些包需要置乱(即概率置乱策略)。这样，与参考方法相比，我们的方法可以减少对正常数据包性能的负面影响。攻击者在进行攻击时，一般会比较两个探测报文的时延差异。因此，理论上我们只需要置乱第二个探测包就可以消除时延差异。但上述情况太理想化了。防御系统可能会面临各种特殊的攻击案例(如本节案例1-3)<一个href="#sec4.1">4．1据/一个>）.这样，仅对每个新流的第二个数据包进行置乱并不能完全隐藏指纹信息，需要对后续数据包进行一定概率的置乱。同时，考虑到特殊情况发生的概率低于正常情况，包延迟置乱的需求也随着包数的增加而减少。综上所述，基于上述原理的概率置乱策略可以有效地隐藏指纹信息，提高网络服务质量。</p>据h6 id="sec4.1.3">4.1.3。详细设计</h6> <p>如图所示据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig7/" target="_blank">7据/一个>，概率置乱策略主要由四个模块实现:监视器、哈希表、策略生成模块和概率置乱执行代理。监视器负责监听流事件，收集数据平面状态信息，并将这些信息存储到基于SDN可编程性的哈希表中。哈希表提取流的源MAC地址、目的MAC地址、源IP地址和目的IP地址作为索引。如果表中没有匹配的索引，则创建一个新表项并初始化它的值列表(流中的包数;高级标记的数量)为0。如果表中已经存在相关索引，则更新相应的值列表。策略生成模块是概率置乱策略的核心模块。它主要包括概率决策分量和随机延迟扰动分量。概率决策分量决定了流中特定包的延迟概率，即流中哪些包将被延迟<我>延迟据/我>（据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>）.随机延迟干扰分量负责确定需要延迟的数据包的干扰值<我>时间据/我>（据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>）.基于上述操作，策略生成模块发送<<我>延迟据/我>（据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>），据我>时间据/我>（据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>)>策略组合，以概率争夺代理执行。概率置乱执行代理负责将置乱策略转换为可以在数据平面上执行的指令。具体来说，该模块根据概率置乱策略对不同的数据包进行标记。然后，为了混淆延迟分布，模块通过为组表定义新的动作桶选择逻辑，对不同的数据包实现不同的延迟操作。该策略的具体过程见算法<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/alg2/" target="_blank">2据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.007" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.007.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 概率置乱策略工作流程。据/div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="alg2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-alg2"> <table class="algorithm-group"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="algorithm" id="alg2"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>输入据/b>:哈希表据我>H据/我>;平均RTT<我>RTT.据/我>据/td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>输出据/b>:用延迟时间打乱数据包据我>DT。据/我>（据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>）据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（1）据/td> <td><b>尽管据/b><i>真的据/我>据b>做据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（2）据/td> <td><i>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>←receive a packet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>（3）据/td> <td><i>指数据/我>=据b><i>哈希据/我>据/b>（据b><i>extractheader.据/我>据/b>（据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>）据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（4）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b>的据我>指数据/我>的据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>不在哈希表中据我>H，据/我>据b>然后据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（5）据/td> <td><i>H。据/我>据b><i>添加据/我>据/b>（据我>指数据/我>）据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（6）据/td> <td><i>H据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>柜台据/我>←0和<我>H据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>标签据/我>←0据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（7）据/td> <td><b>为了据/b><i>NumTag据/我>= 0据我>米据/我>据b>做据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（8）据/td> <td><b><i>setDelayTag据/我>据/b>（据我>流动据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>NumTag据/我>据/年代ub>，据b><i>genProbability据/我>据/b>（据我>NumTag据/我>）据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（9）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b>的标签据我>流动据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>NumTag据/我>据/年代ub>被延迟，据b>然后据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（10）据/td> <td><i>延迟据/我>（据我>流动据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>NumTag据/我>据/年代ub>，据我>随机的据/我>（0.5, 1)据年代vg height="10.1524pt" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 6.17869 10.1524" width="6.17869pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z"></path> </g> </svg><i>RTT.据/我>）代理据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（11）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（12）据/td> <td><b>结束对据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（13）据/td> <td><i>h（索引）.tag据/我>←据我>NumTag据/我>据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（14）据/td> <td><b>别的据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（15）据/td> <td><i>H据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>柜台据/我>←据我>H据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>柜台据/我>+1据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（16）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b><i>H据/我>（据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>）.据我>柜台据/我>=据我>H据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>标签，据/我>据b>然后据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（17）据/td> <td><b>为了据/b><i>NumTag据/我>=H（<我>指数据/我>）.据我>标签据/我>来据我>H据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>标签据/我>+据我>米据/我>据b>做据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（18）据/td> <td><b><i>setDelayTag据/我>据/b>（据我>流动据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>NumTag据/我>据/年代ub>，据b><i>engProbanility.据/我>据/b>（据我>NumTag据/我>）））据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>(19）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b>的标签据我>流动据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>NumTag据/我>据/年代ub>被延迟，据b>然后据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（20）据/td> <td><i>延迟据/我>（据我>流动据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>包据/我>据年代ub><i>NumTag据/我>据/年代ub>，据我>随机的据/我>（0.5, 1)据年代vg height="10.1524pt" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 6.17869 10.1524" width="6.17869pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z"></path> </g> </svg><i>RTT.据/我>）ro代理据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（21）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(22）据/td> <td><b>结束对据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（23)据/td> <td><i>H据/我>（据我>指数据/我>）.据我>标签据/我>←据我>NumTag据/我>据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（24）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（25)据/td> <td><b>如果据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（26）据/td> <td><b>结束而据/b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">算法2据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/alg2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 概率策略。据/div> </div> </div> <p>当接收到数据包时，需要提取数据包的头部信息，并通过哈希算法映射为索引值。索引值是区分不同流和报文的重要标识(行1-3)。如果哈希表中没有包含索引值的表项，则创建一个以索引值为键的新表项，并将值列表中的包计数值和延迟标签计数值初始化为0(第4-6行)。如果哈希表中有包含索引值的条目，它将更新相应的值列表(第14-15行)。在完成上述步骤后，我们需要设计一个基于指纹攻击特征的概率决策模型。概率决策模型确定需要被干扰的数据包和干扰量。不同于将每个包时延标准化到最大交互时延(严重损害网络性能)的方法，我们需要根据攻击的特点有选择地确定哪些包需要置乱(即概率置乱策略)。更具体地说,在考虑SDN指纹攻击者通常发送少量的探测包在伪造流来提高效率的攻击,我们可以对初始执行干扰流的数据包数量高的概率和对后续执行干扰包有一个弹性梯度概率的。因此，本文设计了一个干扰概率随流中数据包数量而变化的概率决策模型。这样，与参考方法相比，概率置乱策略可以有效隐藏指纹信息，减少对正常报文性能的负面影响。 The model is shown in the following formula:<年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq4"><span class="left_break" id="L29"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M29"> <svg height="14.5707pt" id="M29-1" 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</svg>．据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>我们根据这个概率决策模型对延迟进行干扰。一方面可以对攻击流中的报文进行干扰(初始报文的干扰概率高)，从而混淆时延分布;另一方面也可以减少对正常流中报文性能的负面影响(与延迟所有报文的策略相比，该策略中受影响的报文主要集中在流中的初始报文)。</p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.008" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.008.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 梯度概率置乱模型。据/div> </div> </div> <p>在哈希表中没有包指数(42)行或在哈希表中有一个包指数(14-25行),我们需要确定数据包延迟基于概率决策模型并设置“需要爬”标签(8 - 18行)。随机延迟扰动分量收到概率决策分量加的标签后，决定该包的随机延迟值，并向概率置乱执行代理发送概率置乱策略(第7-11、16-22行)。为了避免在确定数据包是否需要延迟的过程中引入额外的交互开销，本文采用了一种高级的决策机制。当接收到流中的数据包时，预先制定延迟干扰策略<我>米据/我>随后的流程包。当接收到流中的第一个分组时，并且初始化散列表条目，概率判定组件首先设置元素计数器（指示流中的分组计数值）和标签（指示流中的流中的分组数量提前设置标记）在值列表中为0.然后，它循环设置后续的标记<我>米据/我>数据包（第7-8行）并更新该值据我>标签据/我>来据我>米据/我>（13.号线)。概率决策组件接收到流的后续数据包后，更新计数器值，并与标签值进行比较。一旦检测到这两个值相等，就会进行新一轮的分组提前决策(第16-18行)，并更新标记值(第23行)。先进的决策机制有效地避免了控制器实时对每个数据包进行细粒度的干扰决策(如果流中的每个数据包都需要控制器进行细粒度的决策，则意味着每个数据包都会受到干扰，从而降低网络性能)。一方面，降低了概率置乱策略的理论复杂度;另一方面，在提高指纹信息隐蔽性的同时，降低了对正常报文性能的负面影响。此外，在概率置乱策略中对干扰延迟进行随机化也有助于模糊攻击者计算的延迟分布(多峰随机分布)。与均匀干扰延时相比，随机干扰延时可以有效降低正常流量的整体干扰延时。</p>据h6 id="sec4.1.4">4.1.4。正常情况</h6> <p>SDN指纹攻击者通常在短时间内发送两个探测报文(“背靠背”攻击模式)。如果两个包之间的间隔时间过长，时延容易受到网络抖动的影响，影响检测效果。当攻击者以这种方式进行攻击时，第一个探测包通常会触发诸如创建新的流规则和初始化散列项等操作。然后，当接收到第二个探测包时，概率决策分量根据概率梯度曲线(<年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="11.8174pt" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 22.865 11.8174" width="22.865pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.234,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-132"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.8174pt" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="26.4471838 -8.6359 6.417 11.8174" width="6.417pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.497,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </svg>），据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>因此，延迟分布的差异将显著减小。从上述理论分析可知，在正常情况下，概率置乱机制可以提高SDN指纹信息的隐蔽性。但是，为了将概率置乱机制应用到更多的场景中，我们还需要讨论以下几种情况。<年代p一个nclass="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content">情况1:攻击者发送第一个探测报文，导致新的流规则操作。此时，如果其他正常用户碰巧触发数据包计数器值(<我>柜台据/我>），则攻击者发送的第2个探测报文对应的计数器值略大，降低了攻击报文干扰的概率。但是，由于攻击者通常发送随机伪造报文，因此正常报文的报头信息与伪造报文的报头信息发生冲突的概率仅在理论上存在(<年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="11.576pt" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-2.2681pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.3079 62.969 11.576" width="62.969pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.026,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.524,0)"> <path d="M390 111C344 68 312 56 269 56C212 56 118 102 118 241C118 346 175 401 241 401C277 401 312 388 342 360C350 352 355 349 361 349C372 349 394 371 394 392C394 403 391 411 378 422C362 436 329 449 288 449H287C250 449 190 432 138 392C71 341 37 274 37 197C37 90 112 -12 238 -12C297 -12 363 32 407 90L390 111Z" id="g190-100"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.023,0)"> <path d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z" id="g190-112"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.562,0)"> <path d="M238 0V26C174 32 166 38 166 104V712C132 700 70 683 18 677V653C81 647 87 645 87 577V104C87 38 78 32 15 26V0H238Z" id="g190-109"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.916,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.205,0)"> <path d="M135 536C164 536 186 560 186 587C186 617 164 639 136 639C109 639 85 617 85 587C85 560 109 536 135 536ZM252 0V26C188 32 181 38 181 106V451C138 433 90 420 39 412V388C99 379 102 374 102 312V106C102 38 95 32 32 26V0H252Z" id="g190-106"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.689,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.553,0)"> <path d="M380 106C343 72 306 56 265 56C195 56 116 112 115 248C235 252 361 262 377 265C396 269 400 277 400 297C400 374 333 449 250 449H249C198 449 144 421 103 376S37 269 37 201C37 88 109 -12 232 -12C263 -12 332 6 395 84L380 106ZM225 412C281 412 315 364 314 312C314 297 308 292 290 292C232 290 176 289 120 289C135 370 180 412 225 412Z" id="g190-102"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.208,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.338,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-132"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.576pt" style="vertical-align:-2.2681pt" version="1.1" viewbox="66.5501838 -9.3079 6.451 11.576" width="6.451pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.6,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>另外，攻击者发送两次探测报文的时间间隔非常短。即使普通用户与攻击者发生冲突，攻击报文的计数器值偏差(<年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="8.8162pt" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-0.1803007pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 38.2933 8.8162" width="38.2933pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.826,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.312,0)"> <path d="M518 50L491 51C452 54 444 60 444 110V444C429 441 405 437 377 434C348 430 314 427 287 426V403L323 397C356 392 365 386 365 333V99C331 66 293 51 257 51C212 51 169 75 169 164V299C169 366 169 413 172 444C156 441 128 437 101 433C75 430 50 427 29 426V403L57 397C82 391 90 386 90 333V137C90 29 147 -12 214 -12C241 -12 262 -4 291 13S342 48 365 65V-6L371 -12C390 -7 415 1 441 8C468 15 496 21 518 24V50Z" id="g190-118"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.215,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.078,0)"> <path d="M298 36L289 62C276 55 253 45 228 45C202 45 169 60 169 141V397H276C289 405 292 426 282 437H169V574L155 576L90 509V437H45L17 408L21 397H90V107C90 28 125 -12 188 -12C198 -12 213 -8 230 1L298 36Z" id="g190-117"></path> </g> </svg>）据/年代p一个n>关于干扰概率相对有限（据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.7086pt" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.4007pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.3079 57.575 12.7086" width="57.575pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.026,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.524,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.023,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.562,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.916,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.205,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.689,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.553,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.208,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.611,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ibiop"></span> <svg height="12.7086pt" style="vertical-align:-3.4007pt" version="1.1" viewbox="60.4311838 -9.3079 83.978 12.7086" width="83.978pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.481,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.979,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.124,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.661,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,91.317,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,95.748,3.132)"> <path d="M556 236V289H337V504H275V289H56V236H275V-4H337V236H556Z" id="g54-36"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.308,3.132)"> <path d="M610 0V27L347 666L316 657L46 26V0H610ZM504 54H116L310 537L504 54Z" id="g50-133"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,107.256,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,111.105,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,115.645,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,120.477,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,125.282,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,128.698,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,136.828,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-132"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.7086pt" style="vertical-align:-3.4007pt" version="1.1" viewbox="148.0411838 -9.3079 6.572 12.7086" width="6.572pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,148.091,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>此外，攻击者需要多次测试以获得延迟分配并推断指纹信息，因此理论上可能的单个故障不会影响全局防御效果。据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content">情况2：假设一个正常的用户发送的流，以触发一个新的流规则之后，攻击者使用的流信息来构建探测分组并在很短的时间周期发送两个探测包。有四个子情况在这种情况下：（1）当两个探测包不受到干扰，他们的往返时间差约等于0（<年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="8.95973pt" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 43.73 8.95973" width="43.73pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.099,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-132"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="8.95973pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="47.3121838 -8.75334 6.429 8.95973" width="6.429pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.362,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>此时无法检测到指纹信息。(2)当两个探测包都受到扰动时，它们的往返时间差小于<我>RTT.据/我>（据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="9.39034pt" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-0.6370001pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 47.214 9.39034" width="47.214pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.099,0)"> <path d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3ZM780 -3V55L402 254V256L780 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125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.028,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>因此，时间分布差异不能在此时检测到的。（3）当第一探测分组不被干扰和第二探针包被打乱，往返时间<年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="11.9348pt" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-3.18146pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 40.349 11.9348" width="40.349pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.655,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.029,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.14,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.718,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="11.9348pt" style="vertical-align:-3.18146pt" version="1.1" viewbox="43.9311838 -8.75334 29.215 11.9348" width="29.215pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.981,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.637,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.01,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,68.122,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>攻击者可能认为检测过程中有网络抖动，并将结果分类为异常情况。它还没有帮助指纹识别。（4）当第一探测包受到干扰并且第二探针包没有受到干扰时，攻击者可以推断出正确的指纹信息一次。但是，干扰将多漏攻击者获得的延迟分布。它偏离了截面中引入的单峰值分布<一个href="#sec3">3.据/一个>．此外，一个成功的检测并不意味着指纹信息被成功识别。只有当成功测试的数量（在一定的电平）达到特定阈值，攻击者能够识别指纹的参数。例如，成功的次数的阈值是<年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="8.98582pt" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-0.6370001pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 21.273 8.98582" width="21.273pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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</svg>，据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>指纹识别成功率据年代vg height="17.9007pt" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-6.126599pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 135.39 17.9007" width="135.39pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,.007)"> <path d="M851 711V739H53V711C135 704 143 693 143 610V-99C143 -182 135 -194 57 -200V-228H325V-200C247 -194 239 -182 239 -99V660C239 688 242 692 273 692H631C658 692 664 689 664 662V-99C664 -182 656 -194 571 -200V-228H848V-200C768 -194 760 -182 760 -99V611C760 693 768 704 851 711Z" id="g119-66"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.796,-6.394)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.796,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.344,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.904,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g 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xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,126.337,5.885)"> <path d="M452 139L416 148C386 81 373 77 319 77H141L282 220C372 312 414 373 414 464C414 569 332 635 240 635C181 635 132 609 101 574L42 493L70 467C98 506 143 562 209 562C280 562 324 515 324 435C324 347 261 272 197 197C148 139 89 84 34 29V0H417L452 139Z" id="g176-51"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,130.646,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>很低(据年代vg height="17.9007pt" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-6.126599pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 37.0776 17.9007" width="37.0776pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.026,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.09,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.768,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.511,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.144,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.984,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,32.096,5.885)"> <path d="M553 402C553 427 533 454 505 454C451 454 403 404 315 288L294 345C271 408 247 454 221 454C183 454 139 406 91 350L112 324C156 369 170 379 185 379C194 379 201 363 218 321L260 216C184 114 147 72 118 72C105 72 100 76 93 82S82 91 71 91C50 91 25 61 25 41C25 9 54 -12 79 -12C130 -12 183 29 277 173L317 66C336 15 366 -12 392 -12C429 -12 485 37 523 99L501 124C473 91 446 63 427 63C410 63 393 91 369 147L328 244C351 275 380 307 404 333S453 381 468 381C476 381 487 373 495 365C500 360 506 357 514 357C529 357 553 380 553 402Z" id="g176-121"></path> </g> </svg>表示据我>x据/我>据年代ub><i>TH.据/我>据/年代ub>探测报文在传输过程中受到干扰据我>我据/我>据年代up>TH.据/年代up>成功检测）。据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content">案例3：假设有一个具有强大学习能力的创新攻击者，网络中具有很强的学习能力，或者概率争吵战略的原理被泄露到外人（这种情况也是理论上可能的）。攻击者可以调整传统的“背靠背”攻击模式（即，发送两个相邻的探测包）。例如，攻击者可以发送第一探测数据包以触发新的流量规则的安装，然后以适当的间隔连续地将探测报文发送到目标网络（应避免触发ID）并记录每个数据包的往返时间。随着分组计数值的增加，干扰的概率逐渐降低。当计数值从小到一定级别时，不间断数据包的数量将逐渐增加。尽管不能通过两个相邻的分组有效地识别指纹信息（存在概率争吵），但是可以通过测量流动中大量探针分组的往返时间来清楚地获得分布。未受干扰的包集中在短延迟范围内，而受干扰的分组在长延迟范围内散射。通过提取最长和最短延迟值，攻击者还可以识别SDN网络类型甚至控制器类型。</年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据/年代pan></p> <h6 id="sec4.1.5">4.1.5。安全证明</h6> <p>虽然SDN指纹攻击过程很复杂，但其理论基础很简单。也就是说，当攻击者启动攻击时，攻击者通常比较两个探测包之间的延迟差。因此，理论上，如果我们想证明相关策略是否可以隐藏指纹信息，我们只需要导出两个探测包的延迟等于的概率。两个探测分组的延迟相等的概率越高，指纹信息隐藏效果越好，反之亦然。因此，安全证明的核心思想是讨论两个探测包的延迟在不同策略中等于的概率的变化规则。为了证明概率争吵策略的有效性，我们首先定义相关符号。假设攻击数据包的序列号<我>探针据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>和据我>探针据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>由攻击者在据我>我据/我>据年代ub><i>TH.据/我>据/年代ub>攻击(例如，伪造流据我>流据/我>据年代ub><i>我据/我>据/年代ub>）由据年代vg height="15.608pt" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-3.833899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 62.056 15.608" width="62.056pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z" id="g190-116"></path> </g> <g 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.317,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>，表达式如下:据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq5"><span class="left_break" id="L45"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M45"> <svg height="40.43pt" id="M45-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 151.144 40.43" width="151.144pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B45-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.542)"> <path d="M575 -1135V-1097C446 -1080 430 -1007 430 -926L446 62C446 159 411 244 325 269V273C412 296 446 381 446 476C446 805 430 1149 430 1473C430 1551 446 1620 575 1637V1675C482 1675 346 1650 346 1441L354 448C354 386 347 305 158 294V248C347 237 354 156 354 94L346 -909C346 -1114 482 -1135 575 -1135Z" id="g119-175"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.29,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.17,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> 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<use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,124.14,34.6)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,130.23,34.6)"> <path d="M515 96L502 119C471 88 431 62 423 62C416 62 411 70 417 101C440 223 469 341 497 448H486L412 422L380 277C330 188 210 57 152 57C137 57 126 69 139 124L195 366C210 431 205 448 182 448C155 448 89 413 23 350L36 326C73 354 103 376 112 376C118 376 118 365 113 340L61 118C54 90 52 68 52 51C52 0 75 -12 98 -12S151 -3 181 17C242 58 305 119 362 193H364L345 104C323 3 339 -12 359 -12C390 -12 464 35 515 96Z" id="g113-118"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,137.22,34.6)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,143.75,34.6)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,148.18,34.6)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="40.43pt" id="I45" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 165.62 40.43" width="165.62pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B45-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R45"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M45-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.898 11.44" width="14.898pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B45-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M130 550H367L393 615L386 623H101L63 323C82 331 123 342 165 342C275 342 328 277 328 188C328 107 283 40 201 40C141 40 99 72 78 91C69 99 59 98 51 91C39 81 30 67 29 58C28 48 33 37 46 24C60 10 104 -12 149 -12C203 -11 269 14 323 59C384 109 412 165 412 225C412 308 347 399 219 399C193 399 146 382 104 367L130 550Z" id="g190-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.4,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="40.43pt" id="IL45" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.95 40.43" width="14.95pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 14.28)" xlink:href="#B45-2"></use> </svg></span></span>其中攻击数据包的计数值偏差据我>探针据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>是据年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="8.8423pt" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 37.8888 8.8423" width="37.8888pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.609,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.693,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.688,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.214,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>根据上述公式计算攻击报文的延迟值据我>探针据/我>据年代ub>1据/年代ub>和据我>探针据/我>据年代ub>2据/年代ub>可以表示为据年代vg height="15.608pt" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-3.833899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 53.1959 15.608" width="53.1959pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.285,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.783,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.493,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.066,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.167,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.484,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.43,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>和据年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="15.608pt" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-3.833899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 53.1959 15.608" width="53.1959pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.285,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.783,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.493,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.066,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.167,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.484,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.43,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>，表达式如下:据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq6"><span class="left_break" id="L49"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M49"> <svg height="40.43pt" id="M49-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 239.874 40.43" width="239.874pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B49-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.542)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-175"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.29,12.485)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g 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208C453 310 380 393 273 393C253 393 232 386 211 376L143 344ZM234 338C325 338 367 255 367 172C367 102 346 21 264 21C184 21 132 113 132 239C132 267 133 291 138 312C164 327 197 338 234 338Z" id="g190-227"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.93,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="40.43pt" id="IL49" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.48 40.43" width="15.48pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 14.28)" xlink:href="#B49-2"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里据我>t据/我>代表切换直接转发数据包所需的时间;据年代vg height="8.8423pt" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.9135 8.8423" width="12.9135pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </svg>表示由开关与控制器交互引起的附加延迟;据年代vg height="12.5794pt" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 35.8202 12.5794" width="35.8202pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.156,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.705,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.204,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.637,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.019,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.92,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> </svg>表示由加扰策略确定的函数据我>x据/我>，主要包括以下三种类型：（1）无加扰的策略（据我>x据/我>=1，reference method); (2) probabilistic scrambling strategy (<我>x据/我>= 2);(3)确定性置乱策略(<我>x据/我>=3.，reference method). The expressions of the abovementioned three strategies (<年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 35.8202 12.5794" width="35.8202pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.156,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.705,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.204,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.637,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.019,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.92,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> </svg>）据/年代p一个n>如下:据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq7"><span 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B53-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R53"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M53-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.028 11.44" width="15.028pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B53-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M430 623H48C43 580 39 534 30 478H57C80 544 84 550 152 550H369C286 366 187 178 74 -1L81 -12L156 -2C249 201 343 408 438 611L430 623Z" id="g190-223"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="75.0776pt" id="IL53" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.08 75.0776" width="15.08pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 31.61)" xlink:href="#B53-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>根据上述定义，我们将继续讨论的成功隐藏指纹信息的概率（即，据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="15.608pt" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-3.833899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 76.399 15.608" width="76.399pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.71,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.208,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.493,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.991,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.702,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.19,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.274,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.375,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,55.757,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,55.692,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.639,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.768,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.608pt" style="vertical-align:-3.833899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="79.98118380000001 -11.7741 57.952 15.608" width="57.952pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.031,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.316,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,92.814,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,100.525,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.013,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,112.097,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,118.198,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,123.58,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,123.515,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,128.462,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,132.96,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>）据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>在里面据我>我据/我>据年代up>TH.据/年代up>在三种策略下攻击。什么时候<年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="8.8423pt" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 48.91 8.8423" width="48.91pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.609,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.693,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.688,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.214,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="8.8423pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewbox="52.4921838 -8.6359 6.533 8.8423" width="6.533pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.542,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>三种策略下的概率可以通过组合公式来获得（据一个href="#EEq5">5据/一个>)∼(据一个href="#EEq7">7据/一个>）：据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq8"><span class="left_break" id="L56"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M56"> <svg height="63.1381pt" id="M56-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 342.224 63.1381" width="342.224pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B56-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,16.694)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.478)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,24.262)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,39.398)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-63"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,43.182)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g 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xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,372.53,56.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-145"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,364.86,56.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,376.15,56.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,382.39,56.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,389.98,56.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,395.85,56.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,405.72,56.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,416.98,56.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,423.22,56.714)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="62.5444pt" id="I59" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 462.79 62.5444" width="462.79pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B59-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R59"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M59-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.728 11.44" width="19.728pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B59-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.82,9.26)"> <path d="M248 635C97 635 43 457 43 311C43 153 97 -12 247 -12S450 166 450 312C450 466 397 635 248 635ZM246 603C337 603 361 452 361 312S337 20 248 20S132 172 132 313C132 452 156 603 246 603Z" id="g190-254"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.23,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="62.5444pt" id="IL59" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.81 62.5444" width="19.81pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 25.34)" xlink:href="#B59-2"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>通过分析上述公式中，我们可以得出结论：据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.5938pt" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-5.34108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -7.25272 44.194 12.5938" width="44.194pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.384,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.148,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.696,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.163,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.321,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.161,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,28.637,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.563,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.5938pt" style="vertical-align:-5.34108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="47.7761838 -7.25272 44.194 12.5938" width="44.194pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.826,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,55.21,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,60.974,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.522,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,65.989,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,69.147,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,72.987,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,76.463,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.389,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.5938pt" style="vertical-align:-5.34108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="95.6021838 -7.25272 33.171 12.5938" width="33.171pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.652,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,103.036,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.8,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,111.348,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,113.815,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,116.973,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,120.813,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,124.289,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-52"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>此外,由于据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="11.8174pt" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 22.865 11.8174" width="22.865pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.234,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-132"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="11.8174pt" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="26.4471838 -8.6359 6.417 11.8174" width="6.417pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.497,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </svg></span>和据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 61.118 12.7178" width="61.118pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.71,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.208,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.535,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.817,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.902,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.896,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.422,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.487,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="64.7001838 -9.28833 25.485 12.7178" width="25.485pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.75,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.99,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.12,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-124"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="93.81718380000001 -9.28833 61.159 12.7178" width="61.159pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,93.867,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,101.577,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.075,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,114.402,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,119.684,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,125.768,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,132.762,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,139.289,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,155.026,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-145"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,147.354,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="158.5951838 -9.28833 11.362 12.7178" width="11.362pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,158.645,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,164.885,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.5938pt" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-5.34108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -7.25272 47.678 12.5938" width="47.678pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.384,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.148,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.696,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.163,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.321,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.161,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,28.637,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.563,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-123"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.5938pt" style="vertical-align:-5.34108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="51.2601838 -7.25272 44.194 12.5938" width="44.194pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.31,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,58.694,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,64.458,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,67.006,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,69.473,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,72.631,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.471,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,79.947,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,87.873,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-132"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.5938pt" style="vertical-align:-5.34108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="99.0861838 -7.25272 33.184 12.5938" width="33.184pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.136,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,106.52,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,112.284,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,114.832,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,117.299,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,120.457,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,124.297,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,127.773,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-52"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>这证明了概率争夺战略的防御效果类似于确定性争夺战略的防御效果。据/p>据p>除了防守效果外，上述三种策略对正常数据包的影响也是一个重要指标，表达式如下：据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq11"><span class="left_break" id="L64"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M64"> <svg height="82.6458pt" id="M64-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 299.204 82.6458" width="299.204pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B64-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,15.095)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-47"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.879)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,22.663)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,26.447)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,30.232)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,34.016)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,49.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-63"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,52.936)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-55"></use> </g> <g 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708 23 766 88Z" id="g113-110"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.136,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="96.2291838 -9.28833 34.481 12.7178" width="34.481pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.279,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.519,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,108.759,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,114.999,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,123.129,0)"> <path d="M531 71V127L115 310L531 494V550L57 335V285L531 71ZM531 -40V10H57V-40H531Z" id="g117-93"></path> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.7178pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="134.34118379999998 -9.28833 65.076 12.7178" width="65.076pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,134.391,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,142.102,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,148.682,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,153.964,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,160.503,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,165.886,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <rect height="0.3985" width="3.91466" x="171.102" y="-0.3985"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,175.016,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,181.543,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,188.537,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-110"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>我们可以得出结论据年代vg height="14.5707pt" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-5.28237pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 74.4623 14.5707" width="74.4623pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.084,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g185-40"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.947,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.33,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.818,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.526,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.908,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.488,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,48.639,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,54.402,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.95,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.417,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,62.575,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,66.416,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,69.892,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-50"></use> </g> </svg> < <年代vg height="14.5707pt" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-5.28237pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 74.4623 14.5707" width="74.4623pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.084,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g185-40"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.947,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.33,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.818,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.526,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.908,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.488,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,48.639,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,54.402,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.95,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.417,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,62.575,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,66.416,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,69.892,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-51"></use> </g> </svg> < <年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="14.6294pt" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-5.34107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 74.4623 14.6294" width="74.4623pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.084,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g185-40"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.947,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.33,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.818,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-105"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.526,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.908,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.488,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,48.639,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,54.402,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.95,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.417,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,62.575,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,66.416,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,69.892,5.233)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-52"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>这证明了概率争夺战略的开销不如确定性争吵战略的开销。据/p>据h5 id="sec4.2">4．2．基于mtd的控制器动态调度策略</h5> <h6 id="sec4.2.1">4.2.1。动机</h6> <p>通过分析正常攻击案例和三种特殊攻击案例中概率扰动策略的防御效应（部分据一个href="#sec4.1">4．1据/一个>，正常情况和案例1-3），我们可以发现概率扰乱策略对正常攻击案件和前两个特殊攻击案件有效，但它对第三种特殊攻击案件无效。也就是说，如果有一个“隐藏的敌人”泄露概率争吵战略，或者有一个具有强大学习能力的创新攻击者（在案例3中的场景），概率争夺策略也可能失败。此外，随着攻击时间累积，上述情况的概率将逐渐增加。因此，概率争吵争霸策略仅适用于用有限的时间约束来解决指纹攻击问题。如果我们希望在没有时间限制的情况下防御指纹攻击（在案例3中的场景），则目标网络需要主动改变其指纹信息。更具体地说，我们设计基于移动目标防御（MTD）的控制器动态调度策略[<一个href="#B25">25.据/一个>］．通过安排不同类型的控制器在不同的时间段工作，可以混合指纹信息。攻击者的信息积累也随着每次更新过程而消失。因此，控制器动态调度策略可以有效地防止没有时间约束的SDN指纹攻击。然而，值得注意的是，主动更改指纹信息将导致相应的开销。系统的切换点直接影响系统的开销和安全性能。如果系统切换过于频繁，系统开销会急剧增加;但如果系统切换过慢，则会降低系统的安全性能。因此，如何在控制器动态调度策略中选择最优切换点来平衡收益和成本是本小节的动机。</p><h6 id="sec4.2.2">4.2.2。理论基础</h6> <p>与传统的防御思想不同，MTD技术通过动态调整系统的关键要素来提高系统的安全性。动态调整操作会不断改变攻击面，增加攻击的难度和不确定性。这扭转了攻击者的优势随时间增加的情况。它本质上改变了防守者和进攻者之间的不对称。对于SDN指纹攻击，攻击面由控制器决定。不同的控制器会具体反映不同的指纹信息。通过安排不同类型的控制器在不同的时间段工作，可以混合指纹信息。在这种情况下，攻击者拥有的无限时间资源将被切掉。在每个切片周期中，攻击者面对一个未知的网络。这样，每个切片周期等价于更新周期。 The information accumulation of the attacker also disappears with each renewal process. As different types of controllers switch in different time periods according to a certain strategy, the time domain of the defense operation is also divided into multiple rounds of defense time windows. In this process, the calculation of the optimal switching point is the key step. In order to calculate the optimal switching point, we establish an optimal time scheduling model. In this model, we first define the system scheduling loss and attack loss and then evaluate the overall scheduling cost expectation and the scheduling time expectation based on the input attack time distribution. Finally, the optimal switching point can be obtained by defining the unit time cost function (the ratio of the expected overall scheduling overhead to the expected scheduling time) and deriving it. Above all, the MTD-based controller dynamic scheduling strategy will be explained in detail as follows.</p><h6 id="sec4.2.3">4.2.3。详细设计</h6> <p>灵感来自分布式控制器的主从切换方案，控制器动态调度的架构如图所示据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig9/" target="_blank">9据/一个>．引入中间调度层来实现控制器的动态调度策略。中间调度层主要由数据代理模块、评估模块和调度模块组成。数据代理模块主要负责传输控制平面与数据平面之间的状态和指令交互。此外，由于控制器部署了概率置乱策略，数据代理模块还负责概率置乱策略的状态信息(如哈希表中的流映射信息)的传输。评估模块包括攻击损失评估组件和调度成本评估组件。该模块接收到数据代理模块收集到的控制平面和数据平面的状态信息后，分别评估攻击损失和控制器调度开销，实现收益和成本的平衡。调度模块是控制器动态调度策略的核心模块。该模块主要包括调度时间决策组件和调度执行组件。调度时间决策组件可以根据攻击损失和调度成本计算最优控制器切换点，以保证单位时间综合成本最低。 The scheduling execution component selects a controller from the backup controller pool. It is worth noting that the type of the selected controller is different from the type of the current master controller. In this way, we can achieve the purpose of actively changing fingerprint information. The controller dynamic scheduling algorithm is shown in Algorithm<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/alg3/" target="_blank">3.据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.009" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.009.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 控制器动态调度架构。据/div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="alg3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-alg3"> <table class="algorithm-group"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="algorithm" id="alg3"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>输入据/b>:数据集(成功攻击间隔时间序列样本)据我>D据/我>据/td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>输出据/b>：调度时间序列列表据我>英石据/我>据年代ub><i>列表据/我>据/年代ub></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（1）据/td> <td><b>尽管据/b><i>真的据/我>据b>做据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（2）据/td> <td>收集状态信息据我>正据/我>从主控制器和数据平面据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（3）据/td> <td>估计调度成本据我>C据/我>据年代ub><i>年代据/我>据/年代ub>和攻击损失据我>l据/我>据年代ub><i>一个据/我>据/年代ub>基于步骤2据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（4）据/td> <td> Fit a distribution<我>F据/我>（据我>t据/我>）基于据我>D据/我>据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（5）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b>无法匹配任何合适的分配，据b>然后据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（6）据/td> <td> Scheduling time<我>T据/我>←据我>米eanValue据/我>（据我>D据/我>）据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（7）据/td> <td><b>别的据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（8）据/td> <td><i>T据/我>←据我>deriveTime据/我>（据我>D据/我>，据我>C据/我>据年代ub><i>年代据/我>据/年代ub>，据我>l据/我>据年代ub><i>一个据/我>据/年代ub>）据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（9）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（10）据/td> <td>自上次控制器调度以来经过的时间据我>t据/我>据年代ub><i>el据/我>据/年代ub>←0据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>（11）据/td> <td><b>尽管据/b><i>t据/我>据年代ub><i>el据/我>据/年代ub> < <我>T据/我>据b>做据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（12）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b><i>百分比据/我>据年代ub><i>流(计数器据/我>据据我>3.）据/我>据/年代ub>>阈值在据我>正(散列表),据/我>据b>然后据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（13）据/td> <td><b>休息据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（14）据/td> <td><b>别的据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（15）据/td> <td>更新据我>t据/我>据年代ub><i>el据/我>据/年代ub></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（16）据/td> <td><b>如果据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（17）据/td> <td><b>结束而据/b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（18）据/td> <td>更新据我>英石据/我>据年代ub><i>列表据/我>据/年代ub>←据我>英石据/我>据年代ub><i>列表据/我>据/年代ub> ∪ <b>闵据/b>（据我>t据/我>据年代ub><i>el据/我>据/年代ub>，据我>T据/我>）据/td> </tr> <tr> <td>(19）据/td> <td>启动控制器调度据我>英石据/我>据年代ub><i>列表据/我>据/年代ub></td> </tr> <tr> <td>（20）据/td> <td><b>结束而据/b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">算法3.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/alg3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 控制器动态调度策略。据/div> </div> </div> <p>为了防止创新的攻击者具有强大的学习能力，通过突破概率争吵战略的障碍，我们设计了一个控制器动态调度策略。由于缺乏明显的攻击特性，无法通过各种现有的防御工具检测和记录SDN指纹攻击。此外，创新攻击者的攻击方法非常特殊（在3中详细说明），因此很难收集真正的指纹攻击数据集并使用它来指导动态调度。但是，创新攻击者在SDN指纹攻击中出现的概率类似于攻击者在正常网络攻击中成功发动攻击的概率类似：（1）类似于正常网络中的成功攻击，创新攻击者的发生在SDN指纹攻击中还意味着成功的指纹攻击概率显着增加;（2）随着检测时间的增加，正常网络中成功攻击的概率增加，并且在SDN指纹攻击中创新的指纹攻击者的概率也增加了。因此，使用正常网络中的成功攻击的时间间隔是合理的，以大致模拟SDN指纹攻击中创新指纹攻击者的外观时间间隔。以这种方式，控制器动态调度策略可以将公共攻击分布作为输入来计算最佳调度时间序列并基于时间序列主动改变指纹信息。在控制器调度之前，中间调度层首先需要收集密钥状态信息<我>正据/我>从主控制器和数据平面（网络拓扑规模，吞吐量和漏洞表中的漏洞表），并使用这些信息来评估调度成本据年代vg height="11.927pt" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.7292 11.927" width="12.7292pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z" id="g113-68"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </svg>和攻击损失据年代vg height="11.927pt" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 13.6178 11.927" width="13.6178pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M541 160L512 170C485 116 462 88 439 67C411 41 376 35 318 35C272 35 238 37 224 48C207 61 205 85 212 121L290 533C305 611 308 615 391 622L397 650H139L133 622C217 615 221 612 206 533L126 118C111 41 103 34 23 26L17 0H474C489 31 528 124 541 160Z" id="g113-77"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.294,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> </svg>（行2-3）。然后，调度时间决定适合分量输入攻击分布数据集。如果它不能匹配任何类似的分布，组件占用数据集中的攻击时间序列的平均值（即，在时间间隔的平均值，当攻击者显示）作为调度时间<我>T据/我>．如果一个合适的分布相匹配（如泊松分布，指数分布，均匀分布，和正态分布），然后<我>T据/我>根据后续的最优调度时间模型(第4-9行)计算。计算调度时间后<我>T据/我>，调度时间判定组件将值传递给调度执行代理组件以执行调度。值得注意的是，调度执行代理组件仅通过参考调度时间执行调度，并且不严格根据该时间执行。该算法的输入是正常网络中成功攻击的时间间隔分布数据集。虽然此数据集具有在实际情况下与指纹攻击者的数据集具有一定程度的相似性，但仍存在不可避免的差异。因此，如果调度执行组件无条件地和严格地根据结果执行调度，则在某些情况下可能面临指纹信息泄漏的风险。为了消除数据集差异的影响，我们在控制器动态调度策略中引入轻量级决策过程。当执行调度后经过的时间小于理论调度时间时，组件连续监视分组计数值的流量的比例是否大于警报阈值。如果该值大于警报值，则意味着创新的攻击者更有可能出现。调度执行组件需要跳出循环并立即执行控制器调度以主动改变指纹信息。如果该值小于警报值，则意味着创新的攻击者不太可能出现。 The scheduling execution component can still guide the controller to schedule based on the scheduling time (lines 11–19).</p><p>控制器动态调度过程是典型的续展过程。中间动态调度层基于状态信息计算控制器调度时间序列。每当控制器完成调度时，它将等待启动新的调度，以便攻击者在先前调度周期中的信息累积也将无效。在该过程中，确定最佳调度时间是控制器动态调度策略的重要部分。要解决此问题，我们构建以下最佳调度时间模型：</p>据p>让据年代vg height="15.6994pt" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-3.9253pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 28.7999 15.6994" width="28.7999pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.285,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.516,3.784)"> <path d="M797 0V26C739 32 732 36 732 103V296C732 394 682 449 605 449C576 449 550 437 529 423C504 407 475 389 446 366C425 418 382 449 334 449C303 449 279 437 253 421C222 403 201 385 180 371V452C135 432 85 419 41 411V388C99 379 102 374 102 310V103C102 38 93 32 27 26V0H238V26C189 32 180 38 180 103V338C210 363 250 390 289 390C351 390 377 348 377 275V103C377 37 368 32 306 26V0H520V26C465 32 456 38 456 101V296C456 314 455 326 453 338C491 369 529 390 565 390C628 390 653 345 653 274V107C653 36 642 32 583 26V0H797Z" id="g190-110"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.941,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.854,3.784)"> <path d="M181 342V451C133 431 89 419 40 411V388C98 381 102 377 102 311V104C102 38 95 32 33 26V0H263V26C186 32 181 38 181 104V287C203 343 235 372 261 372C277 372 289 366 304 352C310 346 318 345 330 350C349 359 362 379 362 399C362 422 338 449 304 449C256 449 213 393 183 342H181Z" id="g190-115"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.321,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> </svg>表示控制器执行后创新攻击者出现所需的检测时间据年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.38,-5.741)"> <path d="M513 0V26C455 31 447 37 447 103V278C447 398 390 449 309 449C255 449 202 412 166 376V712C127 700 67 684 19 677V653C85 647 87 643 87 580V103C87 37 79 31 19 26L18 0H231V26C171 32 166 39 166 103V341C194 373 232 392 270 392C337 392 368 351 368 269V103C368 38 360 32 302 26V0H513Z" id="g190-105"></path> </g> </svg>调度。据年代vg height="11.5564pt" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 21.4996 11.5564" width="21.4996pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.895,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.393,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.826,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>表示它的概率分布函数，并据年代vg height="12.7178pt" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 21.9563 12.7178" width="21.9563pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M619 670C619 686 593 712 555 712S459 686 410 634S335 504 320 430H250L219 400L222 388H312L258 73C223 -133 201 -166 187 -180C175 -191 158 -199 140 -199C123 -199 88 -188 74 -172C68 -166 63 -164 54 -171C38 -185 23 -201 23 -215C23 -236 60 -261 93 -261C122 -261 161 -247 207 -200C268 -138 300 -71 337 94C365 220 376 277 394 387L501 399L521 430H401C432 623 464 665 501 665C524 665 544 651 567 627C577 617 583 618 592 625C601 631 619 651 619 670Z" id="g113-103"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.352,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.85,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.283,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>是概率密度函数。它们之间的关系如下公式所示：<年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq12"><span class="left_break" id="L75"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M75"> <svg height="29.7373pt" id="M75-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 92.624 29.7373" width="92.624pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B75-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,18.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.07,19.151)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.58,18.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.02,19.151)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.18,18.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.44,18.981)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-89"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.2,5.43)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.2,29.578)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.15,18.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.68,19.151)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.19,18.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.62,19.151)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.34,18.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.23,18.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,89.66,18.968)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R75"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M75-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.468 11.44" width="19.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B75-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.93,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里据年代vg height="11.5564pt" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 21.4996 11.5564" width="21.4996pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.895,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.393,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.826,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>通过拟合输入数据集得到。物理意义<年代vg height="12.7178pt" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 21.9563 12.7178" width="21.9563pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.352,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.85,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.283,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> </svg>在这个场景中，创新攻击者出现的概率据年代vg height="8.02022pt" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -7.81382 4.54925 8.02022" width="4.54925pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </svg>自上次控制器调度以来。让<年代vg height="15.6994pt" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-3.9253pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 35.2394 15.6994" width="35.2394pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.285,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.981,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.848,3.784)"> <path d="M54 437L27 408L31 397H101V103C101 37 94 32 30 26V0H266V25C187 33 180 36 180 110V397H288C299 404 304 428 298 437H180V477C179 562 190 610 203 630C214 647 230 659 256 659C289 659 318 641 337 622C346 612 355 612 364 619C374 627 380 635 383 643C388 655 387 667 378 678C362 697 333 710 299 712C260 707 225 689 189 659C135 613 119 563 112 541S101 490 101 458V437H54Z" id="g190-103"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.46,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.327,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.232,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.644,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> </svg>表示之间的理论时间间隔据年代vg height="12.6218pt" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 31.6123 12.6218" width="31.6123pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.455,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.991,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.231,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.062,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>控制器调度和据年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.38,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>由中间动态调度层计算控制器的调度。相似地，<年代vg height="15.6994pt" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-3.9253pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 29.6768 15.6994" width="29.6768pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.285,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.171,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.084,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.768,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.628,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.668,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-109"></use> </g> </svg>的实际时间间隔据年代vg height="12.6218pt" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 31.6123 12.6218" width="31.6123pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.455,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.991,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.231,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.062,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>控制器调度和据年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.38,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>控制器调度。通过分析算法<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/alg3/" target="_blank">3.据/一个>，它可以是，当所述流动状态不满足轻量级判定条件，根据所计算的理论时间间隔调度执行部件调度是已知的。然而，如果流动状态满足轻量决定条件，调度执行组件立即调度控制器，所以<年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.38,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>实际调度时间如下公式所示:据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq13"><span class="left_break" id="L86"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M86"> <svg height="39.3586pt" id="M86-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.926 39.3586" width="30.926pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B86-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.28,16.743)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.18,26.791)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.85,26.791)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.6,26.791)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.75,26.791)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.78,26.791)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.46,26.791)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="39.3586pt" id="M86-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 172.984 39.3586" width="172.984pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B86-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,23.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-175"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.55,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.83,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.73,15.558)"> <path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z" id="g50-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.86,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,38.22,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.25,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.09,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.75,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,55.38,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.82,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.88,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.36,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.41,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.7,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.59,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,96.22,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,103.54,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.22,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,112.11,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,119.48,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-92"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,130.74,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,139.03,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,137.92,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,143.05,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,148.41,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,153.44,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,157.28,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,161.94,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,165.57,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,170.02,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.55,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.83,27.436)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.73,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.36,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,38.68,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.36,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.25,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.99,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.88,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.36,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.41,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.7,27.436)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.59,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,96.22,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,103.54,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.22,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,112.11,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,119.48,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,130.74,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,139.03,27.436)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,137.92,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,143.05,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,148.41,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,153.44,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,157.28,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,161.94,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,165.57,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,170.02,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="64.4859pt" id="I86" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 177.93 64.4859" width="177.93pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -10.71)" xlink:href="#B86-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 25.13)" xlink:href="#B86-2"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R86"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M86-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.258 11.44" width="19.258pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B86-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.89,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.76,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="64.4859pt" id="IL86" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.34 64.4859" width="19.34pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 26.31)" xlink:href="#B86-3"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>式的第一个不等式(据一个href="#EEq13">13.据/一个>）满足时，防御者在创新攻击者出现前主动改变指纹信息，因此防御者在创新攻击者出现时的成本据年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.38,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>调度只包括调度成本据年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="11.927pt" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.7292 11.927" width="12.7292pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>当第二个不等式满足时，表示在控制器调度之前存在创新攻击者。这样，防御者需要承担额外的攻击损失，然后立即执行调度。因此，防卫者的费用<年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.38,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>调度如公式所示:据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq14"><span class="left_break" id="L90"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M90"> <svg height="39.3586pt" id="M90-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.818 39.3586" width="26.818pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B90-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.68,23.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.77,23.007)"> <path d="M352 391C352 416 319 448 267 448C236 448 173 423 147 400C107 364 96 332 96 304C96 248 143 210 193 181C241 153 258 124 258 100C258 72 232 38 184 38C151 38 107 66 81 108C77 114 64 116 55 111C34 99 23 84 23 65C23 29 81 -12 134 -12C220 -12 325 61 325 141C325 184 297 215 234 256C194 282 161 309 161 346C161 380 188 401 217 401C255 401 279 380 301 353C308 344 313 341 325 347C341 355 352 371 352 391Z" id="g113-116"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.9,23.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.27,26.138)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="39.3586pt" id="M90-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 173.304 39.3586" width="173.304pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B90-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,23.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,23.007)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-175"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.55,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.24,6.033)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.17,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.15,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.19,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.68,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.73,11.774)"> 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,143.37,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,148.73,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,153.76,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,157.6,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,162.26,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,165.89,15.558)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,170.34,11.774)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.55,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.74,27.436)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.85,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.94,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.48,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.17,27.436)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,56.1,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.08,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.19,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.68,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.73,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,94.01,27.436)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.9,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,96.54,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-110"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,103.86,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.54,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,112.43,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,119.8,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,131.06,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,139.34,27.436)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,138.24,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,143.37,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,148.73,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,153.76,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,157.6,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,162.26,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,165.89,36.961)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,170.34,33.177)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="61.3738pt" id="I90" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 178.25 61.3738" width="178.25pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -13.82)" xlink:href="#B90-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 3.63 22.01)" xlink:href="#B90-2"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R90"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M90-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.638 11.44" width="19.638pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B90-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.68,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-166"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.14,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="61.3738pt" id="IL90" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.72 61.3738" width="19.72pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 24.76)" xlink:href="#B90-3"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>我们计算的期望值据年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.38,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>实际调度时间据年代vg height="15.7176pt" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 31.6314 15.7176" width="31.6314pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.285,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.855,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.598,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.756,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.779,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.458,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> </svg>和据年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.549,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.38,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>调度成本据年代vg height="11.927pt" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 27.5173 11.927" width="27.5173pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.684,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.768,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.905,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.273,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> </svg>根据以下公式:据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq15"><span class="left_break" id="L95"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M95"> <svg height="161.747pt" id="M95-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 293.593 161.747" width="293.593pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B95-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.939)"> <path d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z" id="g113-70"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.19,21.939)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.97,21.939)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.25,15.676)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.14,25.723)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.82,25.723)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.57,25.723)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,34.72,25.723)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.75,25.723)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,44.43,25.723)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.47,21.939)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-134"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.91,21.939)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.18,21.952)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-89"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.93,8.401)"> <path d="M655 676H628C608 656 600 650 571 650H156C118 650 114 651 102 676H77C63 615 45 548 24 485L60 486C81 531 97 562 114 580C134 603 148 611 252 611H308L217 127C201 41 196 38 105 32L98 0H384L393 32C300 38 288 41 304 127L393 611H466C553 611 571 604 582 580C592 559 597 530 595 485L630 489C636 548 645 624 655 676Z" id="g50-85"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,82.8,4.291)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,82.03,10.986)"> <path d="M545 682C549 701 547 708 536 708C519 708 462 680 368 674L365 640H399C451 640 457 638 447 596L410 441C375 453 350 454 341 454C289 454 203 418 150 376C69 312 25 211 25 114C25 32 62 -12 98 -12C133 -12 166 5 204 31C235 52 304 100 352 162H354L335 90C315 14 331 -12 356 -12C387 -12 458 21 522 99L504 131C477 102 440 72 426 72C415 72 413 83 418 104L545 682ZM393 372L368 239C347 205 220 58 148 58C139 58 118 72 118 133C118 215 158 338 222 378C246 393 266 400 308 400C334 400 378 387 393 372Z" id="g176-101"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,85.74,10.986)"> <path d="M405 367C405 413 360 454 298 454C251 454 197 434 150 401C64 340 25 235 25 140C25 14 99 -12 150 -12C198 -12 287 5 379 106L360 137C311 89 250 57 202 57C136 57 114 110 114 165V187C210 209 405 256 405 367ZM322 353C322 310 277 263 122 227C137 341 191 386 225 400C233 403 254 409 264 409C299 409 322 394 322 353Z" id="g176-102"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,89.63,10.986)"> <path d="M622 664C622 682 594 708 551 708C515 708 459 688 409 634C360 581 334 508 322 436H244L212 400L219 389H310L260 86C225 -126 198 -157 184 -168C176 -175 163 -185 143 -185C124 -185 94 -174 79 -158C72 -151 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395C563 428 543 451 519 451C500 451 480 438 472 423C468 415 465 403 470 394C477 381 482 368 482 347C482 272 386 136 342 74H340C334 163 323 257 312 337C302 410 290 451 257 451C214 451 160 385 127 338L145 310C169 341 203 373 209 373C219 373 225 369 232 325C249 215 269 62 271 -15C220 -80 135 -165 18 -231L26 -257L142 -230C254 -105 279 -74 342 13C394 85 484 211 526 286C553 334 563 365 563 395Z" id="g50-122"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.19,35.516)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,38.75,35.516)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.24,22.05)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.45,22.05)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.01,22.05)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.51,22.05)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.18,22.05)"> <path d="M556 393C556 426 537 448 514 448C496 448 478 435 471 420C468 414 462 401 466 394C473 382 480 368 480 346C480 268 392 143 338 67H336C329 163 319 253 309 330S286 448 254 448C215 448 160 383 127 337L143 311C167 344 200 373 208 373S222 365 229 320C246 214 264 66 268 -20C219 -83 131 -171 17 -239L25 -261L137 -235C248 -110 273 -79 335 8C384 77 481 215 520 287C544 332 556 363 556 393Z" id="g113-122"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.61,22.05)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.48,22.05)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,91.51,15.787)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,97.11,15.787)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,99.57,15.787)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,103.9,15.787)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,110.25,17.887)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,90.14,25.834)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,115.08,22.05)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R96"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M96-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.338 11.44" width="19.338pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B96-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.81,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-223"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.84,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里据年代vg height="9.25202pt" id="M97" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 12.0767 9.25202" width="12.0767pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-246"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.969,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </svg>表示调度成本的权重系数。目标网络中的交换机数量用表示<年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="6.1673pt" id="M98" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.71534 6.1673" width="6.71534pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-232"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n><年代vg height="9.39034pt" id="M99" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.34167 9.39034" width="7.34167pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-234"></use> </g> </svg>为单个交换机上连接的用户数。据年代vg height="9.49473pt" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 7.30254 9.49473" width="7.30254pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> </svg>表示用户流的到达率参数(用户生成流满足带参数的泊松分布)据年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="9.49473pt" id="M101" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 7.30254 9.49473" width="7.30254pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n><年代vg height="8.8423pt" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.74267 8.8423" width="9.74267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M377 665C166 665 44 494 44 317C44 126 183 -15 363 -15C547 -15 695 118 695 333C695 533 546 665 377 665ZM355 630C491 630 593 515 593 304C593 112 496 22 385 22C245 22 146 157 146 345S244 630 355 630ZM502 225V442H471C464 375 459 369 411 369H326C278 368 273 374 266 442H235V225H266C273 292 278 299 326 299H411C459 299 464 292 471 225H502Z" id="g113-137"></path> </g> </svg>表示控制器调度前哈希表的索引集。据年代vg height="6.1673pt" id="M103" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.39387 6.1673" width="7.39387pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> </svg>为流量指数。据年代vg height="9.39034pt" id="M104" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.65486 9.39034" width="7.65486pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-122"></use> </g> </svg>表示流中的数据包的索引。据我>延迟据/我>表示预期的数据包延迟。据年代vg height="18.4396pt" id="M105" style="vertical-align:-6.1814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2582 31.7251 18.4396" width="31.7251pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.026,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.626,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.092,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.424,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,26.767,-3.641)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> </svg>对应于干扰概率据年代vg height="15.7013pt" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-3.429399pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 15.8713 15.7013" width="15.8713pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.529,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.36,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>包的据年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M107" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 15.6103 12.4783" width="15.6103pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.267,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.098,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>流动。为了简化解决方案，本文描述了作为网络吞吐量的线性形式的调度成本的第一部分（网络大小越大，网络吞吐量和调度成本越高）。通过调整适当的加权系数<年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="9.25202pt" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 12.0767 9.25202" width="12.0767pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-246"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.969,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-116"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>可以合理地映射成本和网络吞吐量，并且可以同时控制成本的两部分的重量。此外，通过刷新散列表引入的延迟成本用作调度成本的第二部分。在概率争吵策略中，当分组计数大于100时，干扰的概率很低，因此分组索引在公式中增加到100（<一个href="#EEq17">17.据/一个>）.同样，攻击损失的定义如下：<年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq18"><span class="left_break" id="L109"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M109"> <svg height="30.2617pt" id="M109-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 80.076 30.2617" width="80.076pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B109-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-77"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.19,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.3,16.564)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.12,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.38,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-246"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.35,15.912)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.45,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.32,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.82,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g 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xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.19,26.429)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-173"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,38.46,26.429)"> <path d="M498 658H277V626C335 621 342 616 342 579C220 574 46 510 46 330C46 148 226 88 342 86C342 41 334 37 271 32V0H498V32C435 37 427 41 427 86C546 88 723 153 723 337C723 518 550 575 427 579C427 616 434 621 498 626V658ZM342 123C255 129 141 183 141 338C141 489 257 538 342 542V123ZM427 542C512 538 629 489 629 333C629 178 512 129 427 123V542Z" id="g50-150"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.52,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.74,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.3,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.79,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.46,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.9,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.76,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.79,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,99.39,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,101.86,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,106.19,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-120"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,112.53,8.618)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,92.42,16.564)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-122"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,117.37,12.78)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="55.389pt" id="I109" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 151.86 55.389" width="151.86pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 -0.48)" xlink:href="#B109-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 31.35 25.13)" xlink:href="#B109-2"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R109"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M109-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.498 11.44" width="19.498pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B109-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.83,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-152"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="55.389pt" id="IL109" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.58 55.389" width="19.58pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 21.76)" xlink:href="#B109-3"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里据年代vg height="9.25202pt" id="M110" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 13.2916 9.25202" width="13.2916pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-246"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.969,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> </svg>为攻击损失权重系数，为据年代vg height="8.68572pt" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.93839 8.68572" width="9.93839pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M488 658H270V630C328 626 335 619 335 579C217 574 44 509 44 330C44 147 221 88 335 86C335 38 328 32 265 28V0H488V28C425 32 418 38 418 86C534 88 710 153 710 337C710 517 538 575 418 579C418 619 425 626 488 630V658ZM335 118C249 124 136 180 136 337C136 490 251 543 335 547V118ZM418 547C502 543 618 491 618 333S503 124 418 118V547Z" id="g113-150"></path> </g> </svg>表示控制器调度之前哈希表中的计数值集。由公式(<一个href="#EEq18">18.据/一个>）攻击损耗的第一部分仍然以网络吞吐率的线性形式描述，第二部分是在控制器调度之前通过分组上的概率加扰策略实际生成的延迟损失。据/p>据p>在上述分析的基础上，本文定义了期望值的比值据年代vg height="11.9087pt" id="M112" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 11.8131 11.9087" width="11.8131pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.484,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.314,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>实际调度时间据年代vg height="15.7176pt" id="M113" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 31.6314 15.7176" width="31.6314pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.285,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.855,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.598,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.756,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.779,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.458,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-109"></use> </g> </svg>到据年代vg height="12.4783pt" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2719 11.8783 12.4783" width="11.8783pt" 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xlink:href="#B119-3"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <h6 id="sec4.2.4">4.2.4。安全证明</h6> <p>由于最优调度时间模型中已指定了最优切换点，此处不再赘述。该部分主要衡量动态调度过程所带来的安全增益。更具体地说，基于MTD-I/O自动机模型，我们将攻击面定义为一个三重surf = <<我>我据/我>，据我>O据/我>，据我>C据/我>>，分别表示系统的入口点、出口点和通道[据一个href="#B26">26.据/一个>］．攻击面的程度可表示如下：<年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq21"><span class="left_break" id="L120"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M120"> <svg height="37.6826pt" id="M120-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 171.304 37.6826" width="171.304pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B120-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.946)"> <path d="M43 650V622C120 616 128 612 128 526V124C128 39 120 33 34 27V0H270C392 0 492 25 567 83C643 141 690 230 690 350C690 444 655 517 605 565C543 625 450 650 323 650H43ZM213 547C213 587 217 598 226 604C236 612 262 617 304 617C371 617 429 604 474 576C554 529 592 439 592 336C592 176 505 36 319 36C246 36 213 55 213 131V547Z" id="g190-69"></path> 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173.51 84.232" width="173.51pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B120-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 12.14 46.55)" xlink:href="#B120-2"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R120"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M120-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.468 11.44" width="19.468pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B120-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.58,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-213"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.97,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="84.232pt" id="IL120" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.55 84.232" width="19.55pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 36.18)" xlink:href="#B120-3"></use> </svg></span></span>deg哪里（据我>我据/我>）、度(据我>o据/我>）和度(据我>c据/我>）代表元素的安全威胁权重据我>我据/我>，据我>o据/我>，和据我>c据/我>在套装中据我>我据/我>，据我>O据/我>，和据我>C据/我>，分别。根据上述定义，我们认为在系统攻击面<我>x据/我>据年代up>TH.据/年代up>控制器调度是surf据年代ub><i>x据/我>据/年代ub>= <据我>我据/我>据年代ub><i>x据/我>据/年代ub>，据我>O据/我>据年代ub><i>x据/我>据/年代ub>，据我>C据/我>据年代ub><i>x据/我>据/年代ub>>。调度完成后，其攻击表面正在冲浪<年代ub><i>x据/我>+1据/年代ub>= <据我>我据/我>据年代ub><i>x据/我>+1据/年代ub>，据我>O据/我>据年代ub><i>x据/我>+1据/年代ub>，据我>C据/我>据年代ub><i>x据/我>+1据/年代ub>>。同时，为了测量攻击表面转换的程度，我们定义了两个攻击面操作规则，如下所示：<年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq22"><span class="left_break" id="L121"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M121"> <svg height="36.3978pt" id="M121-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 396.114 36.3978" width="396.114pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B121-1"> <g 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xlink:href="#B121-1"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R121"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M121-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.158 11.44" width="21.158pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B121-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.61,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.66,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="36.3978pt" id="IL121" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.23 36.3978" width="21.23pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 12.27)" xlink:href="#B121-2"></use> </svg></span></span>在哪里据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.689pt" id="M122" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 55.563 12.689" width="55.563pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.719,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.32,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.856,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.575,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.754,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,39.314,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.932,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="59.1451838 -9.28833 25.524 12.689" width="25.524pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.195,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-124"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.706,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.255,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-9"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.674,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.855,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-173"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="88.3011838 -9.28833 13.378 12.689" width="13.378pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.351,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.07,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.765,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="103.85918380000001 -9.28833 14.045 12.689" width="14.045pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,103.909,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,111.09,0)"> <path d="M448 1V51H364C325 51 289 60 257 75L304 230H448V280H320L374 459H448V509H389L420 610L366 627L329 507C189 491 80 384 80 255C80 173 123 101 191 54L144 -99L199 -116L242 26C279 10 321 1 365 1H448ZM245 230L207 108C171 139 146 182 140 230H245ZM313 454L260 280H140C151 366 221 435 313 454Z" id="g117-181"></path> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="121.5351838 -9.28833 25.331 12.689" width="25.331pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,121.585,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,126.304,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,131.483,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,137.043,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,142.029,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-126"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.689pt" id="M123" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 64.247 12.689" width="64.247pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-80"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.061,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.662,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.198,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-80"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.259,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.438,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.998,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.616,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="67.82918380000001 -9.28833 30.594 12.689" width="30.594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.879,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-124"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.39,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.474,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-9"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.893,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.609,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-173"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="102.05518380000001 -9.28833 17.72 12.689" width="17.72pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.105,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-80"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,111.166,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,116.861,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="121.9551838 -9.28833 16.58 12.689" width="16.58pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,122.005,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,131.721,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-181"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="142.1671838 -9.28833 29.766 12.689" width="29.766pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,142.217,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-80"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,151.278,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,156.456,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,162.016,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,167.002,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-126"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>和据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.689pt" id="M124" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 63.363 12.689" width="63.363pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.22,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.756,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.375,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.554,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.114,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.732,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="66.94518380000001 -9.28833 28.99 12.689" width="28.99pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.995,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-124"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.506,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.788,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-9"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.207,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,89.121,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-173"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="99.56718380000001 -9.28833 17.278 12.689" width="17.278pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.617,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.236,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,113.931,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ipunc"></span> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="119.0241838 -9.28833 15.778 12.689" width="15.778pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,119.074,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-100"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,127.988,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-181"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.689pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="138.4341838 -9.28833 29.297 12.689" width="29.297pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,138.484,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,147.103,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,152.281,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,157.841,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,162.828,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-126"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>结合公式(据一个href="#EEq21">21.据/一个>）和(据一个href="#EEq22">22.据/一个>），我们定义攻击表面变速的程度如下：据年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq23"><span class="left_break" id="L125"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M125"> <svg height="125.534pt" id="M125-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.607 125.534" width="52.607pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B125-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.33,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-69"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.77,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.15,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-72"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,34.54,25.078)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.84,25.078)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.67,25.078)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.1,25.078)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,48.85,27.179)"> <use xlink:href="#g176-121"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="125.534pt" id="M125-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 227.014 125.534" width="227.014pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B125-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-221"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.28,21.953)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.93,35.595)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.48,35.595)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-173"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.75,35.595)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,35.11,37.696)"> <path d="M582 0V350C582 482 459 577 320 577S57 482 57 350V0H122V350C122 450 215 522 320 522S517 450 517 350V0H582Z" id="g180-60"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.98,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.87,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.39,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,65.55,25.764)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.42,22.129)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,77.94,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.49,22.129)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.92,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.46,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.32,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,111.84,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g121-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,118,25.764)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-121"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,123.18,25.764)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,128.74,25.764)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,135.9,22.129)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,140.42,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,143.97,22.129)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,148.49,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,156.45,21.946)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,168.34,21.953)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,166.99,35.595)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,169.54,35.595)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-173"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,174.81,35.595)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-74"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,178.16,37.696)"> <use xlink:href="#g180-60"></use> </g> <g 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class="alt_label" height="90.7347pt" id="IL126" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.4 90.7347" width="21.4pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 39.44)" xlink:href="#B126-4"></use> </svg></span></span></p> <p>如果系统是完全静态的（在据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.0262pt" id="M127" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 60.607 12.0262" width="60.607pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-69"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.764,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.148,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-72"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,34.542,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.836,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.668,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.099,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.976,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="12.0262pt" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" version="1.1" viewbox="64.18918380000001 -8.75334 6.429 12.0262" width="6.429pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.239,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg></span>和据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.235pt" id="M128" style="vertical-align:-3.27288pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 56.922 12.235" width="56.922pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-101"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.981,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.848,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.46,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.327,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,27.232,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.644,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.745,0)"> <path d="M567 230V280H69V230H567Z" id="g117-149"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.52,0)"> <path d="M901 255C861 290 790 361 716 442L694 427L796 280H69V230H796L694 83L716 68C790 149 861 220 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width="35.2394pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.162,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-72"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.515,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.809,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.639,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.461,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.282,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.72,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> </svg>）据/年代p一个n>将是0.因此，我们可以证明这一点据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="12.0627pt" id="M130" style="vertical-align:-3.309361pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 47.877 12.0627" width="47.877pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.162,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-72"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.515,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-68"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.566,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-69"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.255,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.762,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-124"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="12.0627pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309361pt" version="1.1" viewbox="51.4591838 -8.75334 35.281 12.0627" width="35.281pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.509,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.671,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-72"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,67.024,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,70.318,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,73.148,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-98"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,76.97,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,79.791,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,82.23,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-100"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>但是，由于MTD理论在SDN场景下还很不成熟，在据我>我据/我>，据我>O据/我>，和据我>C据/我>集不同类型的控制器的不能进行定量测量。因此，我们只能给予理论上的安全收益的一般数学模型，但不能进行具体的数值计算。在今后的工作中，我们将围绕这一研究内容。</p>据h4 id="evaluation">5.评估据/h4> <p>为了避免使用SDN特殊延迟属性来推断指纹信息的攻击者，我们提出了概率扰策和控制器动态调度策略据一个href="#sec4">4据/一个>．在本节中，我们将设计实验来测试这种机制的防御效果。</p>据h5 id="sec5.1">5.1。概率扰试验</h5> <p>概率置乱策略的实验环境如图所示据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig10/" target="_blank">10据/一个>．实验环境包括四个物理服务器（英特尔（R）Xeon（R）CPU E5-2600 V4,2.1GHz，16 GB内存，Ubuntu 16.04）和一个Pica8开关。其中，第一至第三服务器分别运行四台虚拟机作为网络用户（包括攻击者），第四服务器运行泛光灯控制器（包括概率扰扰机制）。我们配置了PICA8交换机以生成彼此连接的六个OV，每个OV都连接了两个主机用户。</p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig10"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig10"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.0010" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0010.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 概率置乱实验环境。据/div> </div> </div> <p>为了测试概率置乱策略的防御效果，首先让攻击者构造并发送探测据我>平据/我>不启用概率置乱策略而包含不同目的地址的报文。对于每个目的地址，攻击者在短时间内发送两个探测报文(“背靠背”攻击模式)。然后，攻击者分别记录每条流的第一个探测报文(FP)和第二个探测报文(SP)的往返时间。同样，当控制器应用概率置乱策略时，我们重复上述步骤。两种情况下的往返时间结果如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig11/" target="_blank">11据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig11"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig11"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.0011a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0011a.svgz"> <br> <strong>(一)据/年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.0011b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0011b.svgz"> <br> <strong>(b)据/年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig11"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.0011a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0011a.svgz"><br><strong>(一)据/年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.0011b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0011b.svgz"><br><strong>(b)据/年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig11"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图11.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig11/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 探测报文的RTT比较。(a) FP和SP在部署概率置乱策略前的RTT。(b)采用概率置乱策略后FP和SP的RTT。</div> </div> </div> <p>我们可以定性地分析数字据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig11/" target="_blank">11据/一个>得出以下结论:当不采用概率置乱策略时，由于控制器与交换机的交互作用，第一个探测包与第二个探测包之间存在显著的时延差异;在概率置乱策略部署后，这种时延差异被明显模糊。为了定量描述概率置乱策略的防御效果，我们定义延迟模糊比如下公式所示:<年代p一个nclass="equation_break" id="EEq25"><span class="left_break" id="L131"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M131"> <svg height="38.1758pt" id="M131-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 131.805 38.1758" width="131.805pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B131-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,22.415)"> <path d="M493 503C489 551 484 614 483 650H43V622C120 616 128 611 128 525V126C128 40 120 34 40 28V0H312V28C221 34 213 40 213 126V307H316C407 307 412 296 424 227H453V420H424C412 355 407 346 316 346H213V584C213 613 216 616 246 616H322C398 616 419 607 436 579C449 559 455 539 464 499L493 503Z" id="g190-71"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.62,22.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-118"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.52,22.415)"> <path d="M387 138L374 114C336 54 316 33 240 33H141C223 167 303 295 385 423L379 437H149C112 437 100 443 94 458H73C65 415 50 352 39 314L64 305L78 332C106 388 119 403 191 403C214 403 246 403 280 403C198 270 117 142 31 15L38 0H367C382 40 399 86 413 125L387 138Z" id="g190-123"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.98,22.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-123"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.44,22.415)"> <path d="M478 437H297V411C355 404 361 392 349 355C329 292 285 174 257 106L167 356C153 394 158 404 205 411L204 437H2V411C57 404 66 391 88 336C117 265 162 144 202 30C208 13 209 0 204 -15C199 -28 191 -49 173 -84C149 -128 130 -153 98 -172C81 -184 73 -193 73 -209C73 -233 101 -257 129 -257C143 -257 156 -252 161 -232C175 -179 197 -122 264 38C333 203 364 286 390 339C417 395 425 403 478 411V437Z" id="g190-122"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.41,22.415)"> <use 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,111.15,12.916)"> <path d="M485 501C480 550 475 615 475 650H42V622C119 616 127 606 127 525V126C127 44 119 34 41 28V0H311V28C220 34 212 43 212 126V584C212 612 216 615 244 615H318C382 615 404 608 420 587C435 568 445 541 455 497L485 501Z" id="g113-132"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,116.63,16.048)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,120.84,16.048)"> <path d="M46 650V622C120 617 128 613 128 525V125C128 42 120 34 40 28V0H311V28C221 34 212 39 212 124V281L286 262C297 261 316 261 331 263C429 275 526 338 526 468C526 533 501 579 462 609C422 638 364 650 293 650H46ZM212 559C212 588 215 600 223 606C230 613 251 618 279 618C361 618 430 572 430 464C430 337 350 302 285 302C252 302 225 309 212 314V559Z" id="g190-81"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,126.49,12.916)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="57.2131" x="74.63" y="18.762"></rect> <g 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B131-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,22.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.76,12.917)"> <path d="M697 -46L668 -39C637 -126 611 -142 545 -142H163L474 298L206 694H483C558 694 584 688 600 668C615 651 627 625 639 580L667 585L655 739H70V714L378 254L53 -203V-228H655L697 -46Z" id="g119-65"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.55,6.517)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.55,16.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.1,16.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.66,16.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.64,12.911)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.29,12.911)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.67,12.911)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.78,7.169)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.98,7.169)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.78,16.695)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <rect height="0.65243" width="57.4842" x="12.46" y="18.762"></rect> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.46,34.239)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-65"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.25,27.838)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-108"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.25,38.016)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.79,38.016)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,30.35,38.016)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.33,34.232)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.99,34.232)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.36,34.232)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.47,28.771)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,64.28,28.771)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,59.47,38.016)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.14,22.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R131"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M131-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.078 11.44" width="21.078pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B131-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-243"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.68,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-161"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.58,9.25)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里据年代vg height="11.8174pt" id="M132" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.0788 11.8174" width="16.0788pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-132"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.486,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.3,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> </svg>和据年代vg height="11.9453pt" id="M133" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.4668 11.9453" width="15.4668pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-132"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.486,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.69,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> </svg>分别表示第一个包和第二个包的往返时间集。据年代vg height="15.6674pt" id="M134" style="vertical-align:-3.943601pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7238 34.7124 15.6674" width="34.7124pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.655,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.029,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.14,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.954,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.14,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> </svg>和据年代vg height="15.8272pt" id="M135" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.8837 34.1004 15.8272" width="34.1004pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.655,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.029,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.14,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.344,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.14,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> </svg>表示对应的值据年代vg height="11.9087pt" id="M136" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 11.8131 11.9087" width="11.8131pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.484,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.314,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-105"></use> </g> </svg>往返时间集中的数据包据年代vg height="11.8174pt" id="M137" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.0788 11.8174" width="16.0788pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-132"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.486,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-71"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.3,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> </svg>和据年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="11.9453pt" id="M138" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.4668 11.9453" width="15.4668pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-132"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.486,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-84"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.69,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-81"></use> </g> </svg>，据/年代p一个n>分别。据我>k据/我>为集合中元素的个数。模糊比值越接近0，往返时差越清晰。该值越接近1，往返的时间差就越模糊。通过分析本实验中100条流的结果，我们可以计算出，当不使用概率置乱策略时，延迟模糊比约为0.3，而当使用概率置乱策略时，延迟模糊比增加到0.92。这证明了该机制的防御作用是显著的。</p>据p>以不同探测流的第一个包和第二个包的往返时间为指标，可以间接反映指纹识别的准确性，为了直接反映概率置乱策略对指纹识别准确性的影响，我们采用据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M139" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>分发为指标。为了提高实验环境的可重用性，我们首先使控制器积极生成和转移样本流程规则（此操作是模拟对应于流量规则的流量作为正常网络中的流程），然后连续发送与流规则对应的数据包并记录相应的数据包<年代p一个nclass="nowrap"> <svg height="8.93363pt" id="M140" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>．据/年代p一个n>类似地，我们让攻击者在泛光灯控制器部署概率置乱策略(在发送之前没有匹配的流规则)之前和之后将流发送到不同的目的地址，并记录据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>相应的包。最后，我们重复在不同类型的控制器（Ryu和OpenDaylight）上的上述实验。实验结果如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig12/" target="_blank">12据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig12"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig12"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.0012" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0012.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图12.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig12/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="8.93363pt" id="M142" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>探针包的分布比较。据/div> </div> </div> <p>在图据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig12/" target="_blank">12据/一个>，PDF.据年代ub>Y据/年代ub>代表分布曲线据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M143" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>在流规则存在的情况下(此曲线对应正常的网络类型)。PDF.<年代ub>N据/年代ub>-odl，pdf.据年代ub>N据/年代ub>照明灯,PDF据年代ub>N据/年代ub>-柳贤振分别代表据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M144" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>控制器OpenDaylight，Floodlight和Ryu的分布曲线在没有流量规则和概率加扰策略的情况下（曲线对应于SDN网络类型）。PDF.<年代ub>D据/年代ub>-odl，pdf.据年代ub>D据/年代ub>照明灯,PDF据年代ub>D据/年代ub>-柳贤振分别代表据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M145" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>控制器OpenDaylight，泛光灯，以及柳部署概率加扰后的策略的分布曲线。我们先来分析之间的关系<年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M146" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>正态网络和SDN网络的分布曲线。假设攻击者在获取PDF文件之前不知道对应的网络类型<年代ub>Y据/年代ub>和PDF据年代ub>N据/年代ub>，因此攻击者需要进一步分析这两个数据集并对其进行分类。考虑到攻击者可以掌握<年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M147" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>SDN网络与普通网络的区别，攻击者会对其数据样本进行分类据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M148" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>大于作为SDN网络类型的阈值，并对其数据示例进行分类据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M149" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>小于正常网络类型的阈值。在这个过程中，不可避免地会引入两种误差。第一类错误是误报率(FAR)，即将正常网络的数据样本错误地归类为SDN网络数据样本。第二类错误是missing alarm rate (MAR)，即将SDN网络的数据样本错误地归类为正常网络数据样本。根据由正确分类率、FAR和mar组成的混淆矩阵可以计算出等误差率(EER)。[<一个href="#B27">27.据/一个>］．EER的取值范围为0% ~ 100%。当EER值接近50%时，证明两个数据样本完全重叠，无法分类(即无法区分公共网络类型和SDN网络类型)。当EER接近0%时，分类是完全正确的。当EER接近100%时，分类结果完全颠倒。在上述分析的基础上，计算了PDF的EER值<年代ub>Y据/年代ub>和PDF据年代ub>N据/年代ub>显示在Table据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/tab1/" target="_blank">1据/一个>．同样地，在分析二者之间的关系时<年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M150" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>分布曲线在部署概率加扰策略之前和之后（即，PDF据年代ub>N据/年代ub>和PDF据年代ub>D据/年代ub>），我们仍采用EER值作为指标。结果显示在表的第二行中<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/tab1/" target="_blank">1据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2">（eer）据/td> <td class="align_center" colspan="3">PDF.据年代ub>N据/年代ub></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_center">PDF.据年代ub>N据/年代ub>-odl（％）据/td> <td class="align_center">PDF.据年代ub>N据/年代ub>-Floodlight（％）据/td> <td class="align_center">PDF.据年代ub>N据/年代ub>-ryu（％）据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">PDF.据年代ub>Y据/年代ub></td> <td class="align_center">0.75据/td> <td class="align_center">0.42据/td> <td class="align_center">0.17据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">PDF.据年代ub>D据/年代ub>光延迟线据/td> <td class="align_center">0.81据/td> <td class="align_center">- - - - - -据/td> <td class="align_center">- - - - - -据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">PDF.据年代ub>D据/年代ub>照明灯据/td> <td class="align_center">- - - - - -据/td> <td class="align_center">0.47据/td> <td class="align_center">- - - - - -据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">PDF.据年代ub>D据/年代ub>-ryu.据/td> <td class="align_center">- - - - - -据/td> <td class="align_center">- - - - - -据/td> <td class="align_center">0.20据/td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表格1据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 等于错误率比较。据/div> </div> </div> <p>从表中可以看出据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/tab1/" target="_blank">1据/一个>PDF的EER值据年代ub>N据/年代ub>和PDF据年代ub>Y据/年代ub>或pdf.据年代ub>N据/年代ub>和PDF据年代ub>D据/年代ub>全部小于1％。这证明了这一点存在显着差异<年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M151" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>在部署概率加扰策略之前和之后的分布（即公共网络类型与SDN网络类型之间的差异）。公共网络类型和SDN网络类型之间的差异指示攻击者可以通过探测信息完全识别网络类型信息，因此防御者必须反转这种差异。类似地，概率扰策策略部署之前和之后的差异表明该策略可以有效地干扰SDN指纹信息，并且干扰程度足以隐藏其属性。为了定量测量干扰程度，我们分析了PDF之间的关系<年代ub>D据/年代ub>和PDF据年代ub>Y据/年代ub>不同类型的控制器（OpenDaylight，Floodlight和Ryu），并发现eer值为49.63％，49.26％和49.05％。此值表示<年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M152" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>采用概率置乱策略的控制器的分布基本与据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M153" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>分布正常网络。该策略已成功将SDN网络类型指纹信息更改为普通网络类型指纹信息。同样，概率争夺战略可以制造<年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M154" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>在没有临界流程规则的情况下分布一致据年代vg height="8.93363pt" id="M155" style="vertical-align:-0.1802902pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 32.6041 8.93363" width="32.6041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-133"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-83"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.982,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.356,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-85"></use> </g> </svg>分布在存在临界流动规则。因此，该策略也会严重干扰关键流规则指纹信息。</p>据p>为了衡量概率置乱策略对控制器类型信息的干扰程度，进一步分析了概率置乱策略与控制器类型信息之间的关系据年代ub>N据/年代ub>-odl，pdf.据年代ub>N据/年代ub>照明灯,PDF据年代ub>N据/年代ub>ryu。OpenDaylight与Floodlight、OpenDaylight与Ryu、Floodlight与Ryu之间的EER值分别为10.17%、7.69%和9.14%。该值表明，在不采用概率置乱策略的情况下，不同的控制器类型具有很强的可区分性。然而，当采用概率置乱策略时，PDF的EER值<年代ub>D据/年代ub>-odl，pdf.据年代ub>D据/年代ub>照明灯,PDF据年代ub>D据/年代ub>-Ryu分别为49.52%、49.46%、49.81%，证明概率置乱策略显著隐藏了SDN控制器类型指纹信息。据/p>据p>通过上述分析，可以发现概率加扰策略对网络类型，控制器类型和临界流规则的隐藏指纹信息具有显着影响。然而，这种机制可能不可避免地导致某些数据包的性能损失。为了全面测量这一战略对整体网络性能的影响，我们测试了所有用户数据包的平均响应时间。然后，我们采用延迟所有数据包（DEP）来重复实验的策略，并与结果进行比较而不采用任何策略。实验结果如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig13/" target="_blank">13.据/一个>．从图中可以看出<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig13/" target="_blank">13.据/一个>采用DEP策略时，报文延迟被归一化为最大交互延迟，远高于采用其他两种策略时的平均延迟。因此，DEP策略对性能的影响远大于概率置乱策略。由于梯度概率置乱曲线的独特性质，在试验刚开始的时段，采用概率置乱策略的延时略高于不采用策略时的延时。但随着测试时间的推移，延迟逐渐减小，直到接近不采用策略时的延迟。因此，概率置乱策略对整体网络性能的负面影响相对有限(随着时间的推移，对性能几乎没有负面影响)。这样可以满足防御者的性能要求。</p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig13"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig13"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.0013" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0013.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图13.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig13/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 不同策略下的平均响应时间。据/div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec5.2">5.2。控制器动态调度实验</h5> <p>为了测试控制器动态调度策略的有效性，我们选择了OpenDaylight、Floodlight、Ryu三种不同类型的控制器组成备份控制器池。所有控制器都采用概率置乱策略。我们使用攻击数据集[<一个href="#B28">28.据/一个>]作为输入样本。我们还分别建立了三种实验拓扑（包括100,200和300个开关）。每个控制器随机管理两个用户。用户根据泊松分布发送数据流。具体的实验参数如表所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/tab2/" target="_blank">2据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">象征据/td> <td class="align_center">意义据/td> <td class="align_center">价值据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><span style="width: 12.0767ptpx;"> <svg height="9.25202pt" id="M156" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 12.0767 9.25202" width="12.0767pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M615 290C615 392 563 448 529 448C511 448 491 441 484 434L483 425C518 400 546 349 546 273C546 158 504 46 417 46C381 46 356 77 356 142C356 184 380 293 392 334L387 340L307 323C305 288 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9.25202" width="13.2916pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M615 290C615 392 563 448 529 448C511 448 491 441 484 434L483 425C518 400 546 349 546 273C546 158 504 46 417 46C381 46 356 77 356 142C356 184 380 293 392 334L387 340L307 323C305 288 296 228 287 188C265 94 221 52 180 52C144 52 112 89 112 171C112 278 164 372 241 430L226 454C106 394 23 288 23 155C23 40 79 -12 139 -12C184 -12 245 32 285 85C292 31 322 -12 376 -12C423 -12 470 18 501 45C570 104 615 184 615 290Z"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.969,3.132)"> <path d="M490 97L476 124C442 96 405 70 398 70C392 70 390 78 396 114C419 243 448 379 463 432L457 436C446 436 431 439 418 442C393 447 368 451 343 451C281 451 204 418 155 381C74 320 24 206 24 107C24 23 59 -12 88 -12C118 -12 155 5 191 34C236 70 290 122 328 177H330L312 84C296 0 311 -12 331 -12C355 -12 425 24 490 97ZM374 387C371 367 360 299 347 264C323 202 187 53 142 53C128 53 113 73 113 120C113 224 157 332 221 380C241 395 274 403 303 403C330 403 360 395 374 387Z"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> <td class="align_center">攻击损失的加权系数据/td> <td class="align_center">1据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><span style="width: 6.71534ptpx;"> <svg height="6.1673pt" id="M158" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.71534 6.1673" width="6.71534pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M484 406C484 429 465 448 438 448C400 448 352 405 302 356L156 213L191 373C195 391 197 404 197 416C197 436 191 448 178 448C151 448 83 406 23 350L37 328C67 350 101 369 109 369C114 369 115 362 111 344L29 -5L34 -12C63 -5 86 -1 111 3C124 73 137 138 147 161C165 180 189 202 206 217C215 194 249 111 275 57C304 -1 319 -12 342 -12C368 -12 405 -5 471 92L454 115C427 80 395 55 384 55C374 55 364 58 341 106L262 274C282 296 367 378 414 378C427 378 440 370 444 367C449 363 454 362 462 368C476 379 484 395 484 406Z"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> <td class="align_center">目标网络中的交换机数量据/td> <td class="align_center">100-300.据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><span style="width: 7.34167ptpx;"> <svg height="9.39034pt" id="M159" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.34167 9.39034" width="7.34167pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M538 96L524 119C492 88 454 63 446 63C439 63 434 70 440 101C463 223 491 341 518 448H508L433 422L401 276C355 192 240 56 188 56C163 56 154 89 163 133C184 233 207 338 235 443L230 448L152 424L58 17C40 -60 23 -143 23 -185C23 -241 42 -261 63 -261C92 -261 117 -241 125 -227L124 -221C109 -209 89 -165 89 -103C89 -55 96 -13 105 26H107C121 -3 134 -12 151 -12C172 -12 194 -5 221 16C279 61 330 124 384 194H386C381 159 377 141 368 105C343 3 363 -12 383 -12C416 -12 486 35 538 96Z"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> <td class="align_center">单个交换机上连接的用户数据/td> <td class="align_center">2据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left"><span style="width: 7.30254ptpx;"> <svg height="9.49473pt" id="M160" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 7.30254 9.49473" width="7.30254pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M529 97L508 118C475 75 449 58 438 58C428 58 421 66 415 104C393 234 374 403 364 496C345 670 307 712 254 712C220 712 174 691 153 669L161 645C176 653 194 658 206 658C237 658 261 640 278 562C287 522 290 483 293 434C223 269 110 105 23 9L32 -12C59 -6 85 0 108 7C152 64 251 252 300 366C307 297 315 221 337 82C346 24 363 -12 393 -12C425 -12 475 13 529 97Z"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> <td class="align_center">用户流的到达率参数据/td> <td class="align_center">0.5,1,10据/td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="3"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 实验参数设置。据/div> </div> </div> <p>为了横向比较控制器动态调度机制的有效性，本文选取了七种常用的控制器动态调度策略作为控制实验。其中，七个控制器动态调度策略取最大值(CDS)<年代ub>最大值据/年代ub>），最小值（CDS据年代ub>最低据/年代ub>），平均值（CDS据年代ub>平均数据/年代ub>)、中值(CDS据年代ub>中位数据/年代ub>)、上四分位值(CDS据年代ub>上四分位据/年代ub>)，较低的四分位数(CDS据年代ub>下四分位数据/年代ub>）和随机值（CDS据年代ub>随机的据/年代ub>）攻击时间间隔分布分别作为切换时间点。上述七个控制器动态调度策略分别缩写为Max，Min，AVG，MED，Q75，Q25和RAN的符号。根据上述动态调度策略和章节提出的控制器动态调度（CDS）机制<一个href="#sec4.2">4．2据/一个>，单位成本结果如图所示据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig14/" target="_blank">14.据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig14"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig14"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.0014a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0014a.svgz"> <br> <strong>(一)据/年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.0014b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0014b.svgz"> <br> <strong>(b)据/年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig14"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.0014a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0014a.svgz"><br><strong>(一)据/年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)＂n一个米e="6688489.fig.0014b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0014b.svgz"><br><strong>(b)据/年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig14"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图14.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig14/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 不同策略下的单位防御成本。(a)在不同拓扑下(<年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="9.49473pt" id="M161" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 18.437 9.49473" width="18.437pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.806,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="9.49473pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="22.018183800000003 -9.28833 6.421 9.49473" width="6.421pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.068,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>(b)在不同据年代vg height="9.49473pt" id="M162" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 7.30254 9.49473" width="7.30254pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-233"></use> </g> </svg>（据年代p一个nclass="inline_break"> <svg height="8.55521pt" id="M163" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 17.855 8.55521" width="17.855pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-232"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.224,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"> <svg height="8.55521pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="21.4371838 -8.34882 18.942 8.55521" width="18.942pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.487,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.727,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.967,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </svg>）.据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <p>可以从图中找到据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig14/" target="_blank">14.据/一个>与其他调度策略相比，控制器动态调度机制具有最优的单位成本值。此外，随着拓扑规模的增加(100-300)和流量到达率的增加(0.5-10)，单位成本的变化可以在合理范围内相对稳定。这是因为CDS策略可以在综合考虑调度成本和攻击损失的基础上确定最优调度时间点。CDS的单位成本<年代ub>最低据/年代ub>策略是最高的(最坏的效果)。此外，随着拓扑规模的扩大和流量到达率的增加，单位成本显著增加。这种策略没有全面衡量攻击者的攻击时间分布，导致控制器在短时间内盲目调度。特别是当拓扑规模增大，流量到达率增大时，盲目调度的成本也随之增大，因此该调度策略的单位成本最高。CDS的单位成本<年代ub>最大值据/年代ub>而CDS的风险则要低得多据年代ub>最低据/年代ub>但要比CDS策略强。这是因为CDS<年代ub>最大值据/年代ub>策略可以显著降低成本调度相比，CDS据年代ub>最低据/年代ub>策略。然而，由于CDS的调度间隔较大<年代ub>最大值据/年代ub>策略，与CDS策略相比，受到攻击的概率也将显着增加，因此其单位成本将略高于CDS策略。随机选择调度时间点的策略具有很大的机会。如果调度间隔太大（类似于CD<年代ub>最大值据/年代ub>），防御失败率将增加。如果调度间隔太小（类似于CD<年代ub>最低据/年代ub>)，则调度成本会相应增加。因此，与CDS策略相比，CDS策略<年代ub>随机的据/年代ub>不能有效地平衡这两种成本并获得较低的单位成本。据/p>据p>为了进一步衡量控制器动态调度策略(CDS)的防御效果，我们采用创新攻击者的方式发起指纹攻击。在交换机数量为200，流量到达率为1的实验环境中，我们计算了控制器动态调度策略(初始控制器为Floodlight)部署前后的RTT分布。实验结果如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig15/" target="_blank">15.据/一个>．它可以从图中可以看出的是，控制器动态调度策略部署（仅概率扰策略存在）之前，创新的攻击者可明显获得通过在情况3中的峰是描述的攻击方法双峰RTT分布曲线在区间[<一个href="#B2">2据/一个>，据一个href="#B3">3.据/一个>，据一个href="#B6">6据/一个>，据一个href="#B7">7据/一个>]，eer值为0.67％，这表明创新的攻击者可以通过统计结果完全推断网络类型甚至控制器类型。在我们部署控制器动态调度策略之后，攻击者还使用案例3中描述的攻击方法来检测指纹信息。由于控制器类型不断变化，所以不同类型的控制器的响应时间被混合，因此没有明显的RTT分布法（相应的eer值接近50％）。因此，控制器动态调度策略可以防止攻击者提取诸如控制器类型的指纹信息，从而有效地提高指纹信息的隐藏程度。</p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig15"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig15"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.0015" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0015.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图15.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig15/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> RTT分布在控制器动态调度之前和之后。据/div> </div> </div> <p>最后，为了直观地反映权重系数比的变化对调度时间的影响，本文将探索不同调度策略下，随着权重系数比的变化，调度时间间隔的变化规律。为便于操作，我们先将攻击损失的权重系数设为1，然后逐步调整调度成本的权重系数，使权重系数的比值在[1,20]之间。实验结果如图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig16/" target="_blank">16.据/一个>．据/p>据div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig16"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig16"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6688489.fig.0016" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/scn/volume-2021/6688489/figures/6688489.fig.0016.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图16.据/年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig16/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 在不同加权系数比下的调度时间间隔。据/div> </div> </div> <p>从图中可以看出据一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489/fig16/" target="_blank">16.据/一个>作为加权系数比增大（即，调度成本增加），则控制器动态调度机制也逐渐增加的调度时间间隔。当调度成本增加，频繁的控制器的调度将显著增加单位成本。因此，为了保证最佳的单位成本，在调度间隔需要被适当延长。其他七个调度策略是基于一个相对固定的时间策略。即使当加权系数比改变时，系统仍处于相对固定的时间间隔，这不可避免地导致较高的单位成本，并影响了防御效果切换控制器。我n添加我t我on， the decision time of the controller dynamic scheduling mechanism fluctuates slightly with the size of the topology, but it can be controlled within 10 s, which can be approximately ignored compared to the scheduling interval. In summary, the controller dynamic scheduling mechanism has obvious defense effects and meets performance requirements.</p><h4 id="conclusion">六，结论据/h4> <p>随着SDN在数据中心等场景的大规模部署，其安全问题越来越受到关注。SDN网络中的转发报文需要控制平面和数据平面频繁交互。因此，与传统网络相比，SDN网络的时延分布具有典型的特性。SDN指纹攻击者可以利用该属性识别网络类型、控制器类型、关键流程规则等指纹信息。为了干扰攻击者获取正确的指纹信息，提出了概率置乱策略和控制器动态调度策略。在单轮防御时间窗内，概率置乱策略根据概率梯度曲线，以一定概率干扰数据包的时延，极大地改变了时延分布，降低了对网络性能的负面影响。在多轮防御时间窗下，控制器动态调度策略可以选择最优调度区间，保证单位成本最低，有利于防御效益和成本的平衡。在不同实验场景下的多次测试表明，该防御机制能够有效地防范SDN指纹攻击，防御开销在合理范围内。</p>据h4 id="data-availability">数据可用性据/h4> <p>用于支持本研究结果的数据包括在文章中。据/p>据h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">利益冲突据/h4> <p>作者声明他们没有利益冲突。据/p>据h4 id="acknowledgments">致谢据/h4> <p>该工作部分受到中国国家重点研究和发展方案的支持（2018年2018YFB0804004）和国家自然科学基金（62072467,61521003和62002383）。据/p>据/div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">参考据/h4> <ol> <li id="B1">N. Mckeown, T. Anderson, H. 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Chang et al." target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索据/一个>据/年代p一个n>据/li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权据/h4> <p>版权所有©2021王涛，陈洪昌。这是一篇发布在<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">创意公共归因许可证据/一个>，其允许在任何介质无限制地使用，分发和再现时，所提供的原始工作正确的引用。据/p>据/div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">更多相关文章据/h4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 kVscyQ"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/scn/2021/6688489.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Po4bqLHwKXT_IKpRPJlxK/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF.据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-kcDeIU cbcyj ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavLarge"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/scn/2021/6688489.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引文据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式据/年代p一个n>据年代p一个nclass="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/scn/2021/6688489.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> epub.据/div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单印刷副本据/年代p一个n>据年代p一个nclass="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单据/年代p一个n>据/年代p一个n>据年代pan class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点据年代p一个n>78.．据/年代p一个n></div> <div> 下载据年代p一个n>232据/年代p一个n></div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2021/6688489" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用据/div> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享帖子据/h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688489&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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