Application of Asiatic Honey Bees (Apis cerana) and Stingless Bees (Trigona Laeviceps）作为热胡椒粉的授粉媒介（辣椒L.) at Local Indonesia Farm System

抽象的

In Indonesia, hot pepper (辣椒）是最重要的香料之一。尽管已经应用了高产品种和肥料来增加这种香料的年生产，但当地的农业总是无法保持恒定的生产。研究该问题的解释主要集中在害虫攻击上，而由于缺乏授粉而导致的水果产量低的可能性被忽略了。在这项研究中，通过应用两只家调蜂蜜蜜蜂，亚洲蜜蜂来评估传粉媒介对水果集和质量的影响（Apis cerana）和无刺的蜜蜂（Trigona Laeviceps）作为热胡椒种植园的潜在传粉媒介。这项研究发现两种蜜蜂的探访率都相似A. Ceranaspend less time in flowers. Visitation byA. Cerana和Trigona Laeviceps改进的水果套装，每植物的水果生产，平均水果重量和水果大小。该结果证实了交叉授粉对热胡椒产生的重要性，并且两种物种都可以用作热胡椒的授粉剂。本文讨论了每个物种作为当地印尼农场系统的授粉药物的优势和缺点。

1.简介

辣椒 （辣椒L.）在世界各地耕种和消费。它的主要生产商是美国，墨西哥，意大利，日本，印度和巴西，这种作物具有经济重要性。培养胡椒的最佳方法是在全年允许全年生产，最佳管理实践，更好的水果质量控制，较少或不使用农药，更早的收获以及果实的优势均匀性[1]。However, in Indonesia, hot pepper chili usually cultivated at open field where local farmer usually apply best seeds, extensive weed and pest control, and monoculture system in order to obtain high yield. Despite all of these efforts local farmer could not maintain sustained productivity since open field cultivation highly depend on climate condition and ecosystem services, namely, pest control, nutrition cycle, and pollination to produce abundant harvest and good quality fruit [2–5]。

在所有可用的生态系统服务中，本研究的重点是授粉服务。胡椒花像大多数栽培的茄科一样，是从叶轴上垂直的，显示了白色花冠，五到七颗雄蕊，含有1.0至1.5毫克的花粉，以及一种中心风格，其顶部有圆形的粘性污名。花药是管状的，开裂是通过侧向开口发生的。开花花和花药裂开都在早晨进行[6]。Although pepper flowers are largely self-pollinated, introducing pollinators could produce beneficial effects on fruit production.

Among pollination agents available in nature, wild insects had been considered as the best pollinator agents and receive huge attention as important component of agriculture systems [7,8]。In Indonesia, wild pollinator insects have not yet received notice as important component of agriculture system even though some studies have shown the importance of insects as pollinator for some Indonesian perennial and annual crops [9–13]。缺乏对特定昆虫作为传粉媒介的功能的理解，结合了合成杀虫剂的常见实践，去除野生植物以及通过耕作大大减少野生传粉媒介的种群[14]。

在许多密集的种植园中，为了确保农作物的授粉，通常用作授粉剂的驯化蜜蜂。如果是胡椒粉授粉，最好的授粉剂是大黄蜂进行“嗡嗡声授粉”，这是一种与大黄蜂行为相关的机制，以释放胡椒花的花粉来授粉雌花[15–17]。However, bumblebees are not native species of Indonesia and could potentially cause negative effects on native pollinators and plants [18,19]。

Alternatively, local bee species, such as Asiatic honey bees (Apis cerana) and various species of stingless bees (Trigona Laeviceps）由蜜蜂农民驯养的产品（蜂蜜，蜂胶和蜡）可能会作为授粉媒介作为热胡椒粉。先前的研究表明，它们可能用作番茄花的授粉媒介，植物具有与热胡椒花的类似花朵的特征[20]。在这项研究中，我们将评估印度尼西亚驯化的蜜蜂作为热胡椒粉的授粉剂的性能，并在当地农场系统中使用和关注。

2. Materials and Methods

2.1。研究区域和研究材料

The pollination experiment was conducted at local farm in North Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Average daily temperature of study site was 20–25°C with humidity 70–75%. For this purpose, thirty red chili plants, planted in pots, were arranged in 3 rows of 10 plants each, with two-meter-wide aisle between the rows. Four colonies (每个殖民地500蜜蜂）Trigona Laeviceps和四个殖民地A. Cerana(将10,000次蜜蜂引入农场。所有殖民地都保存在用木头制成的蜜蜂中，并在学习前三个月被适应。

2.2. Bee Visitation Frequency

Frequency of bee visitation was observed during flowering period by method developed by Klein et al. [12] whereas observation was conducted only at sunny day or 60% cloudy day between 0900 and 1400 (local time). Observation was conducted with interval of 15 minutes for three consecutive days at different plant. Total number of flowers observed for three days was 100 flowers.

2.3. Bee Pollination Efficiency

In this study, 10–20 flowers from each plant (depend on the number of available flowers), that still not bloomed were randomly selected and tagged. Total number of plants used for each experiment group, explained below, was 10. Each group of flower was bagged with mesh nylon bag (diameter 1 mm). Glue was applied at the twig where flowers were located to prevent ant from entering flower.

Bags were kept until fruit production for self-pollinated group. As for bee pollinated group, bags were removed when flower started to bloom. Observation for bee pollination efficiency started from removal of the bag until bee transferred pollen to female flower. After pollination process, flowers were bagged until fruit was produced. This group of treatment was designed as honey bee (HB) and stingless bee (SB) group. Pollination studies of honey bee and stingless bee were conducted in different period. As for control group (NP), bag was not removed from flower until fruit was produced or all flowers has dehiscenced.

Pollination efficiency for each group was measured by

2.4. Fruit Production

测量每种类型的授粉的水果产量。通过从产生的总果实中减去破碎的水果总数来衡量水果的产量。

2.5。水果质量

通过测量50个水果产生的水果的体重和颜色，果实的质量是通过测量果实的重量和大小。将水果称重至最近的克，并将其大小测量到最近的厘米。

2.6。数据分析

数据由统计程序statistica 8.0（Statsoft Corp.）分析。在分析之前，测试了数据的正态性。蜜蜂和无刺蜜蜂之间的蜜蜂探访频率的差异通过- 测试分析。ANOVA和LSD分析了不同授粉类型之间水果数量和质量的差异事后test. Significant value for both tests was.

3。结果与讨论

3.1. Bee Visitation

We found that visitation rate of honey bee to hot pepper flowers similar to stingless bee (-test analysis,) (Figure1(a)）。

关于这两种物种的探访模式的细节观察表明，蜜蜂更喜欢在清晨拜访花，而无刺的蜜蜂拜访了相对恒定速度的花朵（图1(b)）。Early foraging bout by honey bees is probably related with availability of fresh pollen and nectar and attractiveness of flower signal. Hot pepper flowers bloom early in the morning, which provides access to fresh pollen and nectar which is located near base of petal [21]。在中午，当大部分花朵被除去并提供了较少的资源以由觅食蜂蜜蜜蜂收获时，大多数觅食者都在不同的开花植物上觅食（Putra，个人观察）。据报道，蜜蜂在食物来源之间的觅食力的转移[22–24]。

无刺的蜜蜂较小且不太积极的晚期觅食，因为它们通常需要长时间的探索性飞行来寻找丰富，合适和经济资源[25]。这些蜜蜂可能利用了剩余的花粉和花蜜，由于蜜蜂的尺寸较大，蜜蜂无法接近。在减少了蜜蜂的竞争之后，无刺蜜蜂也倾向于专注于热胡椒花，也称为花朵恒定。花恒定在许多无刺的蜜蜂中广泛发现[26–28]。

3.2。授粉效率和水果质量

平均而言，蜜蜂在热胡椒粉上的授粉效率比无刺蜜蜂高得多，而两种蜜蜂物种的授粉效率比风授粉更有效（-test analysis,) (Figure2）。

Total number of fruits produced and quality of hot pepper produces was enhanced significantly by bee pollinated (方差分析的一种方式,）。两种蜜蜂物种都在果实和水果的大小方面提供了与辣椒的授粉质量相似（表1）。

This study confirmed that cross pollination improve pollination efficiency and quality of pepper as also reported by de Oliveira Cruz et al. [1], Roldán Serrano and Guerra-Sanz [16], and Al-Abbadi [17]。

基于这些数据，蜜蜂和无刺的蜜蜂作为热胡椒的授粉昆虫具有很大的潜力。即使这两种物种都没有表现出能够执行嗡嗡声授粉机制的能力[15], they seem to provide some disturbances which improve pollination [29,30]。

这两种物种都以不同的方式提供了授粉，这与处理时间有关。蜜蜂似乎更经济，因为它们在花上花费的时间更少，但比无刺蜜蜂产生更好的授粉成功（图3）。Higher pollination success could be caused by their bigger size, which produced more disturbances to flowers, and they tend to visit more fertile flowers. On the other hand, higher flower handling and flower constancy of stingless bee increased the possibility of pollen deposited in stigma.

4。结论

Both species have several advantages and disadvantages when applied on common Indonesia farming.

亚洲蜜蜂的授粉效率较高，通常由当地的蜜蜂农民驯化，并且具有更广泛的觅食区，这使他们成为热胡椒粉的授粉者的合适候选者。但是，他们对高贵和花粉需求的积极和潜逃的行为降低了其作为位于人类住所附近的小胡椒种植园农场和/或种植园的授粉媒介的价值。

On the other hand, stingless bees more likely to be apply as pollinator agent at plantation located nearby human residence without sustain nectar and pollen resources [31,32];small foraging area may provide high visitation rate at small and confined agriculture [30,33];他们缺乏功能性刺痛和侵略性较低的行为，使它们非常适合在人类住宅附近种植的农作物的授粉[34,35]。此外，这些蜜蜂在各种植物上觅食[36–38] made them applicable as pollinator for varied types of local crops, even though further studies are needed for possible mismatch (see [35]）。但是，对于印尼农业系统的一种常见程序，应该解决杀虫剂的应用，因为无丁蜜人对应用于当地农场的常见农药高度敏感（Putra，未发表的数据）。

利益冲突

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contribution

所有作者都为这项工作做出了重大贡献。

Acknowledgment

这项研究是由授予第一作者的Dikti Indonesia的Grant Stranas资助的。

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