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.expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 21px 0;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 20px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 21px 21px;}} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:21px 18px 17px 22px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;} @media (min-width:768px){.cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:22px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:16px 18px 19px 21px;}} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .cMKjJc ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .cMKjJc ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .cMKjJc ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .cMKjJc ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .cMKjJc ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .cMKjJc ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .cMKjJc ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .cMKjJc .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .cMKjJc .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .cMKjJc .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.cMKjJc .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cMKjJc .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.cMKjJc .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.cMKjJc{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cMKjJc{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.cMKjJc{margin-bottom:100px;}} .cMKjJc .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .cMKjJc .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .cMKjJc .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .cMKjJc .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .cMKjJc .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cMKjJc .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .cMKjJc .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .cMKjJc .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cMKjJc .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .cMKjJc .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .cMKjJc .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cMKjJc 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href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/" aria-label="Parkinson’s Disease">帕金森病</gydF4y2Baa>/<gydF4y2Baa class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEmuub hRBKET breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/contents/year/2016/" aria-label="2016">2016年</gydF4y2Baa>/<gydF4y2Baspan class="sc-bbkauy bAmZHt">文章</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 uVYyF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-hzDEsm fuYUWV section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</gydF4y2Babutton> <div class="sc-eInJlc fMnOCC static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-iujRgT kgnSNR sc-hgHYgh fgALee left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="sc-fOICqy jUXuDi grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gtfDJT giUMKZ" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-fOICqy jUXuDi grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gtfDJT giUMKZ" href="#discussion" aria-label="">讨论</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-fOICqy jUXuDi grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gtfDJT giUMKZ" href="#abbreviations" aria-label="">缩写</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-fOICqy jUXuDi grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gtfDJT giUMKZ" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">确认</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-fOICqy jUXuDi grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gtfDJT giUMKZ" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-fOICqy jUXuDi grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gtfDJT giUMKZ" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</gydF4y2Baa></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-jtggT hRFckM article_header_class"> <div class="sc-ebFjAB igytsx"> <span class="sc-jKVCRD coOovf">特殊的问题</gydF4y2Baspan> <h2 class="sc-kaNhvL fAyCHF">Nonmotor帕金森病的症状</gydF4y2Bah2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-LKuAh ekTSUD" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/si/142976/" aria-label="">把这个特殊的问题</gydF4y2Baa> <hr class="sc-fcdeBU IXRXP"> </div> <p class="sc-iBEsjs cJuRPa article_type">评论文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="sc-hzNEM jtSvIR article_citation"> 体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2016年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-kxynE bfcQlE">|</gydF4y2Baspan>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 6762528<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-kxynE bfcQlE">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cooIXK ceqZdW" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6762528" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6762528</gydF4y2Baa> </div> <div class="sc-iGrrsa bSAkNj article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-dEoRIm jpFWyG isHide"> <p>Andree-Anne Poirier Benoit奥布河,梅丽莎象牙海岸,尼古拉•莫林Therese Di保罗,丹尼斯Soulet<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> ”<gydF4y2Baspan>胃肠障碍在帕金森病的症状和治疗方法</gydF4y2Baspan>”,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --><i>帕金森病</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 卷。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2016年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->6762528<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 23<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->   页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2016年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->。<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6762528</gydF4y2Bap> </div> <button class="sc-iAyFgw irxuxk sc-bmyXtO gFAjsK" color="">显示引用</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <h1 class="sc-gPEVay iUuzmH sc-chbbiW kklTXN article_title heading-title">胃肠障碍在帕金森病的症状和治疗方法</gydF4y2Bah1> </div> <div class="sc-hIVACf hYRfeq article_authors"> <hr class="sc-kQsIoO kyyvRa hr__author"> <span class="">Andree-Anne地方<gydF4y2Baa class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3620-2694" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-gVyKpa cLdUbp" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">Benoit奥布河<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">梅丽莎象牙海岸<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->3</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">尼古拉斯·莫兰<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>4</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">Therese Di保罗<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2</gydF4y2Basup> 和</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class=""><b>丹尼斯Soulet</gydF4y2Bab><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail to Author Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gpHHfC iFiPLx icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0937-7061" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-gVyKpa cLdUbp" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a><sup>1<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->3</gydF4y2Basup></span> <div class="sc-cpmKsF gljosP isHide"> <p><sup>1</gydF4y2Basup><span>斧神经科学中心de说是楚de魁北克(Pavillon CHUL),魁北克市,QC,加拿大</gydF4y2Baspan></p> <p><sup>2</gydF4y2Basup><span>魁北克拉瓦尔大学的城市,QC,加拿大</gydF4y2Baspan></p> <p><sup>3</gydF4y2Basup><span>医学院精神病学和神经科学,拉瓦尔大学、魁北克市,QC,加拿大</gydF4y2Baspan></p> <p><sup>4</gydF4y2Basup><span>拉瓦尔大学医学院,魁北克市,QC,加拿大</gydF4y2Baspan></p> </div> <button class="sc-iAyFgw irxuxk sc-eXNvrr gvRxK" color="">显示更多</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</gydF4y2Bab>Shey-Lin吴</gydF4y2Badiv> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2016年8月15日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2016年10月16日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2016年12月06</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-kasBVs cMKjJc article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>帕金森病的诊断是经典建立机动刚度等症状的表现后,动作迟缓,震颤。然而,越来越多的证据支持的假设nonmotor症状,特别是胃肠障碍,可能被认为是早期生物标志物因为它们无所不在地发现确诊患者,出现更早比他们的运动表现。根据Braak的假设,这种疾病是假设起源于小肠,然后通过迷走神经传到大脑,这一现象将涉及其他比人口的多巴胺能神经元类型。因此有人提议,外围nondopaminergic障碍可能先于多巴胺能神经元在中枢神经系统的改变,最终,电动机的出现症状。考虑到日益增长的兴趣在帕金森病肠脑轴,本文旨在提供一个全面的多种胃肠道疾病的特点,以及治疗方法用于减轻他们的负担。此外,我们强调的重要性,胃肠道症状的患者对医学治疗反应,讨论了各种可能的不良可能发生相互作用,仍知之甚少。</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="the-importance-of-nonmotor-symptoms-in-parkinson’s-disease">1。Nonmotor症状帕金森病的重要性</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>在19世纪早期(1817)的出版<gydF4y2Bai>一篇关于地震麻痹</gydF4y2Bai>(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">1</gydF4y2Baa>),詹姆斯·帕金森是第一个提供一个清晰的临床疾病的描述,现在以他的名字命名<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>]。目前有四个电机特性描述这个神经紊乱,即肌肉僵硬,静止震颤、动作迟缓,姿势不稳定(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,明确诊断帕金森病(PD)是很难建立,只能获得<gydF4y2Bai>后期</gydF4y2Bai>演示的路易小体的存在(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,目前临床医生不仅依靠电动机的症状表现也在积极回应左旋多巴(左旋多巴)治疗<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>逐步改变黑通路中的多巴胺能神经元(DAergic)是上述电机的核心症状,导致somatomotor系统的功能障碍。的程度在黑质多巴胺(DA)损失已经约50 - 70%的第一运动症状出现时,虽然帕金森病是一种进行性神经系统紊乱,DAergic恶化通常是非常缓慢的,从一个人到另一个不同<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>]。疾病的早期诊断基于统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)有一个良好的长期影响患者的生活质量<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>PD的进展,运动能力损伤通常是之前nonmotor症状(NMS)如抑郁症,嗅觉赤字,睡眠行为紊乱,便秘,有时达十年(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>]。在他的文章中,詹姆斯·帕金森提到这些nonmotor特性,也就是说,便秘、睡眠障碍、吞咽困难、流口水(流涎),膀胱功能障碍,和轻微的混乱状态<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">1</gydF4y2Baa>]。如今,NMS越来越与帕金森病有关,尽管他们还没有收到广泛关注(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>]。事实上,只有不到40%的患者报告nonmotor问题医疗专业人士,尴尬或因为这些症状被视为普遍的和无关紧要的事件(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>]。化合物这一问题,只有少数NMS等医疗文件和相关记录与PD,尽管这些问题已经被证明由于疾病本身而不是不起眼的正常衰老的表现(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">9</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B12">12</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,这些NMS,经常被忽视和缺乏研究和治疗,可以产生重大负面影响临床护理和PD患者的生活质量<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>]。患者也常常表明NMS比它们的运动更难以管理的问题,有时可能会导致他们的住院和制度化<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,它已经表明,衰减NMS大大提高了患者的生活质量,特别是那些积极回应DAergic疗法(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">17</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,最近开发的意识在检测过程中不同的NMS早期PD导致其病因,更批判性的评价风险因素的识别,以及当前先进的神经保护和治疗PD的生物标记<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B18">18</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B20">20.</gydF4y2Baa>]。根据这些证据,PD可以不再被认为仅仅是一个复杂的运动功能障碍,而是作为一个进步的条件包括电动机和nonmotor特性(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B21">21</gydF4y2Baa>]。一些研究者甚至提出,PD可以分为三个阶段,即基础,运动前区(对应NMS),和运动阶段(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B20">20.</gydF4y2Baa>]。在一些患者中,nonmotor问题可以让人想起并发症产生的药理和外科干预治疗运动症状(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>]。NMS也可以更多的主要药物“关闭”状态和一些可能被DAergic治疗或缓解,相反,是加剧了后者<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,与医疗相关的高成本和老龄化强烈压力需要扩大我们的知识基础的方方面面PD (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>]。NMS的各种影响的组成及其高度发展模式的不同PD患者之间进一步提高管理的挑战由NMS PD (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>大约十年前,PD Braak博士等人提出了有趣的假设可能导致感染扩散首先肠道和嗅觉粘膜(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B22">22</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B23">23</gydF4y2Baa>]。这个提议之后的第一次描述路易小体在迷走神经背核Friederick路易在20世纪早期(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>]。根据路易小体分布在PD后期病人,Braak等人还提出六个神经病理阶段,相应的疾病演变(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B23">23</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,路易病理学的最初迹象出现在背运动核的投射神经元在早期PD(迷走神经<gydF4y2Baa href="#B23">23</gydF4y2Baa>]。尽管其潜在利益,这个假设没有被广泛接受,主要是因为患者缺乏研究和缺乏相关临床资料<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">24</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,NMS的表现,前汽车诊断、密切对应于路易病理学的发展,支持Braak的假说<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>]。一些研究进一步表明,病理过程导致PD可能发起的肠神经系统(ENS)之前蔓延到中枢神经系统(CNS)通过自动连接,如通过迷走神经<gydF4y2Baa href="#B25">25</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">26</gydF4y2Baa>]。与后者的观察,最近的一项研究表明,不同形式的人类α-突触核蛋白(<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn)、路易小体的主要蛋白质成分,注入小鼠的小肠中可以通过迷走神经传递到大脑,到达脑干背运动核,支持Braak的假说<gydF4y2Baa href="#B27">27</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>有几种不同的方法来分类中遇到PD nonmotor特性,但他们通常是分为五大类,即认知障碍,神经精神障碍、自主神经功能障碍,睡眠障碍,和其他NMS (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>]。混乱和痴呆最常见报告的认知障碍,而精神失调,而出现幻觉,焦虑,抑郁,和冲动控制障碍。重要的是,PD药物可能加重(后者的一些问题<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>]。例如,DA受体激动剂在边缘通路的影响可能是负责冲动控制障碍如强迫性赌博,强迫性购物、性欲亢进(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,自主神经系统损伤可观察到各种外围NMS如直立性低血压、膀胱功能障碍、过度出汗,勃起功能障碍,和胃肠道(GI)便秘等症状,流口水,吞咽困难,恶心<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">26</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他nonmotor特性仍差分类包括疼痛、疲劳、不明原因的体重变化,视觉和嗅觉障碍。更好地识别这些元素,乔杜里等人开发了非症状量表,它允许更精确的测量的NMS的频率和严重性,并允许确定治疗这些症状的影响(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B29">29日</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,非问卷、量表在帕金森病,结果和一个修订版本的UPDRS(由社会运动障碍)也有助于建立标准化的和可靠的手段来评估NMS PD (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B30">30.</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="gi-manifestations-in-autonomic-disorders">2。胃肠道自主神经紊乱的症状</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>PD初,不及时治疗,往往伴随着自主神经系统障碍其中胃肠道症状代表最常见的NMS (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。事实上,一些依靠nonmotor评级尺度的研究强调了特定意义的消化系统症状评估生活质量和显示这些症状发生在60%至80%的患者(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B33">33</gydF4y2Baa>]。胃肠道疾病是最常见的原因紧急入院,常常导致严重的并发症如营养不良(PD患者的15%)、肺吸入性(PD患者的2.4%)、巨结肠(大多无症状;发病率未知),肠梗阻(很少报道;发病率未知),甚至肠穿孔(少数病例报告;发病率未知)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B34">34</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B38">38</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,老年,DAergic药物,和更高的疾病严重程度通常是与这些nonmotor特性(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,消化系统症状反映各级胃肠道蠕动的干扰。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>有两个主要的神经调节胃肠道的影响,即外在途径,与迷走神经,和实体,一个组件的自主神经系统<gydF4y2Baa href="#B39">39</gydF4y2Baa>]。由于中枢神经系统的独立运作的能力及其1亿个神经元的存在往往被认为是人体的第二大脑<gydF4y2Baa href="#B39">39</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B41">41</gydF4y2Baa>]。实体包含肠肌及粘膜下plexi负责控制胃肠道平滑肌活动(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B40">40</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B41">41</gydF4y2Baa>]。后者肠道功能,这是由实体,需要参与的几种类型的神经递质如哒,5 -羟色胺、乙酰胆碱,——血管活性肠肽(VIP)、P物质、一氧化氮合酶(NOS) [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B42">42</gydF4y2Baa>]。虽然存在功能独立于外界刺激的能力,它还密切与迷走神经系统[交互<gydF4y2Baa href="#B39">39</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B41">41</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。便秘</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>便秘是一种最初的NMS PD病理生理学有关,影响约50 - 80%的病人。它经常发生在病程早期和汽车的外观症状可能持续数年(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B43">43</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B44">44</gydF4y2Baa>]。便秘是通常定义为每周少于3排便,试图通过大便(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B45">45</gydF4y2Baa>]。虽然便秘主要是作为胃肠道转运延迟,一些证据表明,它也可以归因于自愿的似是而非的收缩括约肌在排便,导致困难与直肠驱逐。在帕金森病的早期阶段,减少胃肠道蠕动与神经元有关损失的肠肌及粘膜下plexi和夹杂物路易小体在迷走背运动核,凸显出其潜在作用减慢肠道蠕动(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]。除了与自主的改变,在有些情况下,泌尿道的障碍、便秘与2.7 - 4.5倍患帕金森病的风险增加(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B43">43</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B46">46</gydF4y2Baa>]。便秘也可能伴有其他胃肠道功能,可以影响肠道转运。例如,疼痛,恶心,腹胀,呕吐,和膨胀都麻痹性肠梗阻的症状,导致完全阻塞肠道和影响帕金森的7%左右。Anismus,外部的异常收缩肛门括约肌,尝试排便时直肠肌肉,是另一个问题,可以发生在大约65%的PD患者的协同与便秘,这是更频繁地观察到“关闭”时期(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B47">47</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他肠道并发症如巨结肠(主要是无症状),pseudoobstruction,乙状结肠肠扭结,和肠穿孔也可能出现严重的条件下,虽然他们确切的发病率目前仍然是未知的(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B37">37</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B38">38</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B48">48</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。流口水</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>也被称为流涎,流口水是最常见的NMS PD和一般主要是在疾病的晚期和在“关闭”状态的药物<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B49">49</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B50">50</gydF4y2Baa>]。影响80%至70的帕金森,流涎对应于夸张的增加唾液分泌和/或滞留在口腔,偶尔溢出到咽(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B49">49</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>]。颌下、舌下、腮腺腺体唾液腺的三双是负责大部分的每天大约1.5升的唾液分泌,是由自主神经系统控制,主要在副交感神经胆碱能神经支配(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B53">53</gydF4y2Baa>]。流涎可能导致从三个现象,即异常生产唾液,唾液清除障碍,和/或不能维持口腔唾液(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>]。而且,过度的唾液生产有时可能会导致严重的并发症,包括saliva-induced窒息、吸入性肺炎(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B45">45</gydF4y2Baa>]。不同的尺度,如流口水严重性和频率尺度,流口水评定量表,PD和流涎临床量表,根据标准标准提出了评估流涎(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B54">54</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B55">55</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,流口水很少是由于唾液生产过剩,而是更常见的由于吞咽困难,这本身就是一种表现动作迟缓的<gydF4y2Baa href="#B50">50</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B56">56</gydF4y2Baa>]。实际上,在大多数PD患者,减少唾液生产实际上是观察(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B56">56</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B57">57</gydF4y2Baa>]。研究表明,病人不产生过多的唾液,而是有一个更正常吞咽能力有限,当与一头向前的姿势有关,可能导致出现流口水(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B49">49</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B58">58</gydF4y2Baa>]。一般来说,无法控制口腔分泌物会影响饮食和言论,导致社会尴尬(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B59">59</gydF4y2Baa>]。一些患者甚至认为流涎是最糟糕的PD症状(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]。不同的因素可以影响流涎,如男性性别(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B60">60</gydF4y2Baa>),老化(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B61">61年</gydF4y2Baa>)、严重程度和持续时间的PD (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B62">62年</gydF4y2Baa>],幻觉[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B59">59</gydF4y2Baa>)、直立性低血压、吞咽困难、构音障碍、UPDRS分数,和抗抑郁药物的使用<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B63">63年</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,外围自主神经系统和迷走神经的背运动核与流口水,和路易小体中发现了一些研究颌下唾液腺(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B64">64年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。吞咽困难</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>吞咽困难、PD病理生理学的一个特征被定义为一个困难,吞咽食物,液体或药物由于受损髓中心的功能(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B65">65年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B66">66年</gydF4y2Baa>]。吞咽困难会导致肌肉协调障碍,至少在一个吞咽的三个阶段:口腔、咽、食管(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B67">67年</gydF4y2Baa>]。吞咽困难的主要原因,口咽的障碍阶段(大约三分之一的PD患者中发现<gydF4y2Baa href="#B68">68年</gydF4y2Baa>]),往往结果电机动作迟缓的症状和降低电动机控制的舌头。因此,这些电机特性导致吞咽困难的病理生理发展,推而广之,也可能在流涎在PD的发病中发挥作用(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>]。各种异常在口咽的阶段,如延迟吞咽反射,喉运动赤字,vallecular和梨状窦残留物,已报告(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B66">66年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B69">69年</gydF4y2Baa>]。在食管的阶段,完整的蠕动停止,同时食管痉挛,慢食管的交通,和赤字在括约肌放松和压力主要是观察到的异常(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B67">67年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B70">70年</gydF4y2Baa>]。有趣的是,这个无意识的组件的吞咽下自主控制,和路易小体已确定在食管肌间神经丛<gydF4y2Baa href="#B66">66年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B67">67年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些发现表明,吞咽障碍可能部分源于直接损害ENS.此外,针对不同的异常,吞咽困难明显是与风险增加引起的死亡率和/或加剧其他透析相关并发症如吸入性肺炎(估计占70%的PD患者死亡率(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B36">36</gydF4y2Baa>]),窒息,营养不良,原因不明的体重,和脱水<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B66">66年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B69">69年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B71">71年</gydF4y2Baa>]。不幸的是,吞咽困难的程度无法预测的PD进展因为它没有直接连接与临床疾病的严重程度评估电机标准(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B70">70年</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,数据从不同的研究表明,大约50%的帕金森可能有吞咽问题,这与流口水,主要发生在疾病的晚期(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B66">66年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B71">71年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B72">72年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.4">2.4。恶心、呕吐、胃轻瘫</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>恶心和呕吐(经历了大约20%的患者(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B45">45</gydF4y2Baa>])是相关的,大多数时候,为运动症状,抗帕金森病的药物治疗PD(而不是发生内在的特性<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>]。事实上,这些副作用通常出现DAergic治疗开始后(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,恶心可能可能发生在治疗帕金森病人,和这种情况下可能解释为潜在的胃轻瘫<gydF4y2Baa href="#B73">73年</gydF4y2Baa>]。也被称为胃排空延迟,胃轻瘫对应于胃蠕动减少,这可能最终影响肠道转运。除了恶心、慢性胃轻瘫的特点是早期的饱腹感,丰满的感觉,减肥,腹痛和腹胀<gydF4y2Baa href="#B74">74年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这种现象可能与自主神经元的变性肌间神经丛和脑干(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B45">45</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,左旋多巴的肠道吸收和其他药物可能会放缓等长期胃潴留,从而减少治疗和预防的有效性的提高运动症状(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B75">75年</gydF4y2Baa>]。PD-associated胃轻瘫应该得到适当的医疗作为其患病率接近90%的患者(观察到<gydF4y2Baa href="#B76">76年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.5">2.5。病理生理学</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>最近,一些临床和后期研究探索路易小体的表达和/或神经退化的存在在帕金森患者的肠神经系统都是为了更好地理解进行PD的发病机理(见表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/2016/6762528/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">研究</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">胃肠道部分</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">Plexi</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">疾病阶段或持续时间</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">症状<gydF4y2Babr>(PD患者的数量)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">胃肠道病理观察<gydF4y2Babr>(PD患者的数量)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Qualman et al ., 1984<gydF4y2Baa href="#B80">80年</gydF4y2Baa>]<gydF4y2Babr></td> <td class="align_left">食道和结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">未知的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center"></td> <td class="align_left">路易小体(2/3)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Kupsky et al ., 1987<gydF4y2Baa href="#B81">81年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">未知的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">巨结肠(1/1)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">路易小体(1/1)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">若林史江et al ., 1988<gydF4y2Baa href="#B82">82年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">直肠上部食道</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌及粘膜下</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">从不足1年27年</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">Intraneuritic路易小体的肠肌层的神经元食道(7/7),胃(2/7),十二指肠(2/7),空肠(1/7),结肠(1/7)和直肠(1/7)<gydF4y2Babr>Intraneuritic路易小体在空肠黏膜下神经细胞(1/7),结肠(2/7)和直肠(1/7)<gydF4y2Babr>胞浆内的路易小体的肠肌层的神经元食道(1/7)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">若林史江et al ., 1990<gydF4y2Baa href="#B83">83年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">直肠上部食道</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌及粘膜下</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">8年,27年,未知</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">几乎所有的神经元包含路易小体TH<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>或贵宾<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>(3/3)<gydF4y2Babr>没有明显的损失<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>和贵宾<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>神经元细胞<gydF4y2Babr>身体和过程</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Singaram et al ., 1995<gydF4y2Baa href="#B99">99年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">升结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌及粘膜下</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">长期严重的疾病<gydF4y2Babr>(> 20年,8例)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">巨结肠(9/11)<gydF4y2Babr>结肠癌(1/11)<gydF4y2Babr>需要手动疏散(7/11)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">DAergic神经元数量减少(9/11)<gydF4y2Babr>路易小体在肠肌层的神经元(11/11)<gydF4y2Babr> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 44.6333 13.9365" width="44.6333pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g 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542H294C331 392 383 150 409 4H432L774 555H776L714 137C700 40 694 34 612 28L606 0H868L874 28C793 34 784 37 797 137L849 533C859 612 863 616 956 622L962 650Z" id="g113-78"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="985" vert-adv-y="985"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.495,0)"> <path d="M445 282C445 390 384 448 297 448C266 448 231 437 189 418C96 376 23 279 23 151C23 65 66 -12 169 -12C233 -12 294 18 337 53C411 113 445 201 445 282ZM355 280C355 161 302 62 243 36C231 31 219 30 207 30C147 30 111 78 111 154C111 302 180 380 220 399C231 404 246 407 264 407C311 407 355 367 355 280Z" id="g113-112"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="468" vert-adv-y="468"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.579,0)"> <path d="M352 391C352 416 319 448 267 448C236 448 173 423 147 400C107 364 96 332 96 304C96 248 143 210 193 181C241 153 258 124 258 100C258 72 232 38 184 38C151 38 107 66 81 108C77 114 64 116 55 111C34 99 23 84 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descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="269" vert-adv-y="269"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.864,0)"> <path d="M556 393C556 426 537 448 514 448C496 448 478 435 471 420C468 414 462 401 466 394C473 382 480 368 480 346C480 268 392 143 338 67H336C329 163 319 253 309 330S286 448 254 448C215 448 160 383 127 337L143 311C167 344 200 373 208 373S222 365 229 320C246 214 264 66 268 -20C219 -83 131 -171 17 -239L25 -261L137 -235C248 -110 273 -79 335 8C384 77 481 215 520 287C544 332 556 363 556 393Z" id="g113-122"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="579" vert-adv-y="579"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>观察到在VIP和TH</gydF4y2Bai><sup><i>+</gydF4y2Bai></sup><i>神经元</gydF4y2Bai><br>DA浓度下降<gydF4y2Babr>在没有区别<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>、贵宾<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>,总神经元数</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Braak et al ., 2006<gydF4y2Baa href="#B84">84年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">远端食管和胃</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌及粘膜下</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">阶段2阶段5</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">Intraneuronal路易小体(5/5)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Lebouvier et al ., 2008<gydF4y2Baa href="#B102">102年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">升结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">粘膜下层的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">> 5年</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">便秘</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">路易探明(4/5)<gydF4y2Babr>在没有区别<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>神经元和总数量</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">海滩et al ., 2010<gydF4y2Baa href="#B79">79年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">直肠上部食道,颌下腺、肝脏、胰腺和胆囊</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌及粘膜下</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">在3期或4期超过80%</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">路易小体包裹体(11/17)<gydF4y2Babr> <svg height="10.1524pt" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 8.3578 10.1524" width="8.3578pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,2.179,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>14/15的患者只有食道和颌下腺</gydF4y2Bai></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Lebouvier et al ., 2010<gydF4y2Baa href="#B89">89年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">升序和降序结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">粘膜下层的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">组1:≤6年(9例)<gydF4y2Babr>组2:7 - 12年(10例)<gydF4y2Babr>组3:≥13年(10例)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">慢性便秘<gydF4y2Babr> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 35.6558 13.9365" width="35.6558pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 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vert-adv-y="985"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.495,0)"> <path d="M445 282C445 390 384 448 297 448C266 448 231 437 189 418C96 376 23 279 23 151C23 65 66 -12 169 -12C233 -12 294 18 337 53C411 113 445 201 445 282ZM355 280C355 161 302 62 243 36C231 31 219 30 207 30C147 30 111 78 111 154C111 302 180 380 220 399C231 404 246 407 264 407C311 407 355 367 355 280Z" id="g113-112"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="468" vert-adv-y="468"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.579,0)"> <path d="M393 379C402 394 400 411 393 422C384 437 365 448 348 448C301 448 237 372 186 285H182L193 335C210 408 205 448 178 448C150 448 80 402 29 344L45 321C80 355 114 373 122 373C128 373 130 365 124 330C106 228 76 98 50 -5L57 -12C82 -5 112 3 132 6L172 203C196 256 234 304 254 329C275 355 293 367 306 367C318 367 330 360 342 348C347 343 355 343 365 350S386 367 393 379Z" id="g113-115"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="422" vert-adv-y="422"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.067,0)"> <path d="M391 364C391 409 353 448 295 448C249 448 198 426 152 393C65 331 23 225 23 139C23 14 96 -12 146 -12C198 -12 280 9 367 101L351 124C300 78 242 48 194 48C129 48 109 107 109 162V191C208 213 391 266 391 364ZM313 350C313 305 268 261 113 223C132 334 187 381 217 398C227 404 244 405 261 405C290 405 313 385 313 350Z" id="g113-102"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="414" vert-adv-y="414"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>频繁的神经突患者路易</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_left">路易探明(21/29)<gydF4y2Babr> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 40.6926 13.9365" width="40.6926pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 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id="g113-72"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="684" vert-adv-y="684"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.971,0)"> <path d="M393 379C402 394 400 411 393 422C384 437 365 448 348 448C301 448 237 372 186 285H182L193 335C210 408 205 448 178 448C150 448 80 402 29 344L45 321C80 355 114 373 122 373C128 373 130 365 124 330C106 228 76 98 50 -5L57 -12C82 -5 112 3 132 6L172 203C196 256 234 304 254 329C275 355 293 367 306 367C318 367 330 360 342 348C347 343 355 343 365 350S386 367 393 379Z" id="g113-115"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="422" vert-adv-y="422"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.46,0)"> <path d="M445 282C445 390 384 448 297 448C266 448 231 437 189 418C96 376 23 279 23 151C23 65 66 -12 169 -12C233 -12 294 18 337 53C411 113 445 201 445 282ZM355 280C355 161 302 62 243 36C231 31 219 30 207 30C147 30 111 78 111 154C111 302 180 380 220 399C231 404 246 407 264 407C311 407 355 367 355 280Z" id="g113-112"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="468" vert-adv-y="468"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.544,0)"> <path d="M515 96L502 119C471 88 431 62 423 62C416 62 411 70 417 101C440 223 469 341 497 448H486L412 422L380 277C330 188 210 57 152 57C137 57 126 69 139 124L195 366C210 431 205 448 182 448C155 448 89 413 23 350L36 326C73 354 103 376 112 376C118 376 118 365 113 340L61 118C54 90 52 68 52 51C52 0 75 -12 98 -12S151 -3 181 17C242 58 305 119 362 193H364L345 104C323 3 339 -12 359 -12C390 -12 464 35 515 96Z" id="g113-118"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="538" vert-adv-y="538"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.755,0)"> <path d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" id="g113-113"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>1 = 7;组2 = 5;组3 = 9</gydF4y2Bai><br> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 65.2111 13.9365" width="65.2111pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.079,0)"> <path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z" id="g113-81"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="617" vert-adv-y="617"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.236,0)"> <path d="M393 379C402 394 400 411 393 422C384 437 365 448 348 448C301 448 237 372 186 285H182L193 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482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" id="g113-113"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.605,0)"> <path d="M445 282C445 390 384 448 297 448C266 448 231 437 189 418C96 376 23 279 23 151C23 65 66 -12 169 -12C233 -12 294 18 337 53C411 113 445 201 445 282ZM355 280C355 161 302 62 243 36C231 31 219 30 207 30C147 30 111 78 111 154C111 302 180 380 220 399C231 404 246 407 264 407C311 407 355 367 355 280Z" id="g113-112"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="468" vert-adv-y="468"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.689,0)"> <path d="M393 379C402 394 400 411 393 422C384 437 365 448 348 448C301 448 237 372 186 285H182L193 335C210 408 205 448 178 448C150 448 80 402 29 344L45 321C80 355 114 373 122 373C128 373 130 365 124 330C106 228 76 98 50 -5L57 -12C82 -5 112 3 132 6L172 203C196 256 234 304 254 329C275 355 293 367 306 367C318 367 330 360 342 348C347 343 355 343 365 350S386 367 393 379Z" id="g113-115"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="422" vert-adv-y="422"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.177,0)"> <path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="341" vert-adv-y="341"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.741,0)"> <path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="273" vert-adv-y="273"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.29,0)"> <path d="M445 282C445 390 384 448 297 448C266 448 231 437 189 418C96 376 23 279 23 151C23 65 66 -12 169 -12C233 -12 294 18 337 53C411 113 445 201 445 282ZM355 280C355 161 302 62 243 36C231 31 219 30 207 30C147 30 111 78 111 154C111 302 180 380 220 399C231 404 246 407 264 407C311 407 355 367 355 280Z" id="g113-112"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="468" vert-adv-y="468"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.374,0)"> <path d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z" id="g113-111"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="502" vert-adv-y="502"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>路易病理没有与患者的疾病进展,但随着年龄的增长呈正相关</gydF4y2Bai><br> <svg height="10.1524pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 8.3578 10.1524" width="8.3578pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,2.179,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 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height="13.9365pt" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 13.8383 13.9365" width="13.8383pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.079,0)"> <path d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z" id="g117-91"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>被发现在3%</gydF4y2Bai><sup><i>+</gydF4y2Bai></sup><i>神经元</gydF4y2Bai><br> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 22.9724 13.9365" width="22.9724pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.079,0)"> <path d="M822 650H589L583 622C660 617 677 607 674 561C672 534 664 481 647 390L600 137H596L273 650H126L120 622C176 620 194 615 207 594C221 571 225 557 214 504L161 257C141 166 129 112 121 85C108 42 83 30 29 28L23 0H260L266 28C193 33 173 42 176 89C178 122 186 172 202 255L256 527H259L583 -8H612L690 390C708 481 720 535 728 558C744 603 756 619 816 622L822 650Z" id="g113-79"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="839" vert-adv-y="839"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.728,0)"> <path d="M445 282C445 390 384 448 297 448C266 448 231 437 189 418C96 376 23 279 23 151C23 65 66 -12 169 -12C233 -12 294 18 337 53C411 113 445 201 445 282ZM355 280C355 161 302 62 243 36C231 31 219 30 207 30C147 30 111 78 111 154C111 302 180 380 220 399C231 404 246 407 264 407C311 407 355 367 355 280Z" id="g113-112"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="468" vert-adv-y="468"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>随着年龄的增长相关性或疾病进展</gydF4y2Bai><br>在没有区别<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>、贵宾<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>,号<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>,总<gydF4y2Babr>神经元数量</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Pouclet et al ., 2012<gydF4y2Baa href="#B90">90年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">升序和降序结肠和直肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">粘膜下层的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">从1到24年</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">路易在升结肠神经突(17/26),在降结肠(11/26),在直肠(6/26)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Pouclet et al ., 2012<gydF4y2Baa href="#B91">91年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">降结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">粘膜下层的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">从3到15年</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">路易探明(4/9)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">香农et al ., 2012<gydF4y2Baa href="#B86">86年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">乙状结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">粘膜下层的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">从6个月至8年</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">轻度残疾</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left"><i>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn阳性染色(9/9)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">黄金et al ., 2013 (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B87">87年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌及粘膜下</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">未知的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left"><i>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn阳性染色(10/10)<gydF4y2Babr> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 45.2466 13.9365" width="45.2466pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data 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379C402 394 400 411 393 422C384 437 365 448 348 448C301 448 237 372 186 285H182L193 335C210 408 205 448 178 448C150 448 80 402 29 344L45 321C80 355 114 373 122 373C128 373 130 365 124 330C106 228 76 98 50 -5L57 -12C82 -5 112 3 132 6L172 203C196 256 234 304 254 329C275 355 293 367 306 367C318 367 330 360 342 348C347 343 355 343 365 350S386 367 393 379Z" id="g113-115"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="422" vert-adv-y="422"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>患病率和等级<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn检测能力比控制</gydF4y2Bai></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">希尔顿et al ., 2014<gydF4y2Baa href="#B85">85年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">食道、胃、小肠、结肠和胆囊</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">粘膜下层的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">从运动症状出现前8年到15年之后的诊断</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">体位性低血压、便秘、吞咽困难、尿失禁、阳痿,夜尿症和流口水</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left"><i>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn阳性染色(7/62)<gydF4y2Babr> <svg height="10.1524pt" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 8.3578 10.1524" width="8.3578pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,2.179,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>11%在“postdiagnosis”组织,7%在5年之前诊断”组织,17%“5 - 10年之前诊断”组织,0%,“十多年前诊断”组织</gydF4y2Bai><br> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 70.1044 13.9365" width="70.1044pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data 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<glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="273" vert-adv-y="273"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.29,0)"> <path d="M445 282C445 390 384 448 297 448C266 448 231 437 189 418C96 376 23 279 23 151C23 65 66 -12 169 -12C233 -12 294 18 337 53C411 113 445 201 445 282ZM355 280C355 161 302 62 243 36C231 31 219 30 207 30C147 30 111 78 111 154C111 302 180 380 220 399C231 404 246 407 264 407C311 407 355 367 355 280Z" id="g113-112"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="468" vert-adv-y="468"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,58.374,0)"> <path d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z" id="g113-111"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="502" vert-adv-y="502"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.901,0)"> <path d="M352 391C352 416 319 448 267 448C236 448 173 423 147 400C107 364 96 332 96 304C96 248 143 210 193 181C241 153 258 124 258 100C258 72 232 38 184 38C151 38 107 66 81 108C77 114 64 116 55 111C34 99 23 84 23 65C23 29 81 -12 134 -12C220 -12 325 61 325 141C325 184 297 215 234 256C194 282 161 309 161 346C161 380 188 401 217 401C255 401 279 380 301 353C308 344 313 341 325 347C341 355 352 371 352 391Z" id="g113-116"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="375" vert-adv-y="375"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>积极的活检在上、下消化道是相同的</gydF4y2Bai></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">盖尔皮et al ., 2014<gydF4y2Baa href="#B93">93年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">远端食管、胃、回肠、结肠和直肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">平均11.5年<gydF4y2Babr> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 51.0533 13.9365" width="51.0533pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.077,0)"> <path d="M391 364C391 409 353 448 295 448C249 448 198 426 152 393C65 331 23 225 23 139C23 14 96 -12 146 -12C198 -12 280 9 367 101L351 124C300 78 242 48 194 48C129 48 109 107 109 162V191C208 213 391 266 391 364ZM313 350C313 305 268 261 113 223C132 334 187 381 217 398C227 404 244 405 261 405C290 405 313 385 313 350Z" id="g113-102"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="414" vert-adv-y="414"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.459,0)"> <path d="M393 379C402 394 400 411 393 422C384 437 365 448 348 448C301 448 237 372 186 285H182L193 335C210 408 205 448 178 448C150 448 80 402 29 344L45 321C80 355 114 373 122 373C128 373 130 365 124 330C106 228 76 98 50 -5L57 -12C82 -5 112 3 132 6L172 203C196 256 234 304 254 329C275 355 293 367 306 367C318 367 330 360 342 348C347 343 355 343 365 350S386 367 393 379Z" id="g113-115"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="422" vert-adv-y="422"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.948,0)"> <path d="M483 97L471 123C436 91 401 65 392 65C388 65 384 74 390 106C414 239 444 378 457 429L455 433C444 433 429 436 416 439C392 444 368 448 344 448C281 448 204 415 152 376C71 315 23 205 23 103C23 21 57 -12 85 -12C114 -12 149 6 185 34C231 70 285 119 329 183H331L309 81C292 0 308 -12 326 -12C350 -12 421 24 483 97ZM374 387C370 363 356 291 345 261C315 193 181 50 139 50C124 50 110 71 110 118C110 224 153 331 218 379C238 394 271 402 301 402C329 402 359 394 374 387Z" id="g113-98"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="506" vert-adv-y="506"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.006,0)"> <path d="M546 430L539 434C529 434 505 438 495 440C473 444 450 448 430 448C352 448 265 412 213 366C145 306 96 203 96 103C96 22 135 -12 160 -12C190 -12 238 14 262 32C310 68 368 120 411 184H413C403 117 396 75 384 21C353 -118 325 -158 291 -184C270 -200 241 -205 208 -205C133 -205 90 -164 74 -110C70 -98 58 -100 49 -107C34 -119 23 -140 23 -155C23 -190 74 -261 166 -261C219 -261 280 -233 314 -208C383 -157 446 -79 470 81C491 223 529 388 546 430ZM456 386C452 357 433 283 420 252C402 216 366 174 325 129C288 88 239 56 212 56C192 56 182 77 182 120C182 165 199 242 226 292C256 348 281 377 311 389C327 395 353 402 375 402C408 402 436 394 456 386Z" id="g113-104"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="569" vert-adv-y="569"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.404,0)"> <path d="M391 364C391 409 353 448 295 448C249 448 198 426 152 393C65 331 23 225 23 139C23 14 96 -12 146 -12C198 -12 280 9 367 101L351 124C300 78 242 48 194 48C129 48 109 107 109 162V191C208 213 391 266 391 364ZM313 350C313 305 268 261 113 223C132 334 187 381 217 398C227 404 244 405 261 405C290 405 313 385 313 350Z" id="g113-102"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="414" vert-adv-y="414"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>18年的PD患者痴呆</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">痴呆(6/10)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">路易路易体和神经突夹杂物在远端食管、胃和结肠(8/10)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">Corbille et al ., 2014<gydF4y2Baa href="#B103">103年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">升序和降序结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">粘膜下层的</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">从1到24年</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">在没有区别<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>神经元和总数量</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left">海滩et al ., 2016<gydF4y2Baa href="#B96">96年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">乙状结肠</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠肌及粘膜下</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">平均15.2年</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left"><i>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn阳性染色的粘膜下(5/5)和肠肌(4/5)plexi<gydF4y2Babr></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="6"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td> <svg height="10.1524pt" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 6.17869 10.1524" width="6.17869pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data> </g> </svg>:请注意。<gydF4y2Babr></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/2016/6762528/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 胃肠道physiopathologic PD的表现。总结临床研究探索路易小体的表达和/或神经退化的帕金森患者的肠神经系统。</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec2.5.1">2.5.1。路易小体</gydF4y2Bah6> <p>胃肠道功能紊乱的病理生理机制可能是多方面的,不仅反映出内在的参与肠道的神经支配,而且外在输入,因为路易病理学的存在在迷走背运动核,核骶副交感神经,交感神经节(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B77">77年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B79">79年</gydF4y2Baa>]。路易的发生肠道病理尸检调查中首次报道的PD患者中Qualman等人发现结肠肠肌路易小体的一个病人和食道的另一个<gydF4y2Baa href="#B80">80年</gydF4y2Baa>]。随后的临床研究显示结肠的路易小体的存在一个PD主题(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B81">81年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些主要观察了若林史江等人进行系统性的评估存在几个路易病理学的PD患者(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B82">82年</gydF4y2Baa>]。路易尸体被发现在七个病人的消化道和分布广泛的直肠上食道。在后续研究中,同一小组报告,大多数路易小体观察三个患者的胃肠道内位于贵宾<gydF4y2Basup>+</gydF4y2Basup>神经元和神经元在一定程度上为酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫反应性的<gydF4y2Baa href="#B83">83年</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,这表明这些神经元之间潜在的相互作用和胆碱能神经元的迷走神经造成的传播<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn中枢神经系统。也提到一些路易尸体被发现在神经元为VIP或TH阴性。到目前为止,这些都是唯一的研究表明,肠神经元的特定子集可以忍受路易病理学(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B83">83年</gydF4y2Baa>]。没有进一步报道关于GI路易PD患者的病理发表,直到2006年,当Braak等人把这种话题前沿[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B84">84年</gydF4y2Baa>]。在后期研究中,他们调查了胃肠肌及粘膜下plexi与路易五个人的身体疾病。临床数据表明,三出五路易体患者病理显示电动机想起PD症状而另两名患者被报道自由这样的症状。然而,路易病理存在于肠肌和粘膜下plexi五个病人。这使得Braak和他的同事们假设病理启动前的实体发展到中枢神经系统(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B84">84年</gydF4y2Baa>]。尽管是一个潜在的重要的发现,这个假设没有被广泛接受,主要是因为患者缺乏研究和缺乏相关临床资料<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">24</gydF4y2Baa>]。最近,全面调查路易病理学的发生在周围神经系统,特别是在实体,已发表的亚利桑那州帕金森病协会(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B79">79年</gydF4y2Baa>]。本研究的一个最引人注目的结果是路易夹杂物的识别14的15 PD患者的食道,表明肠道病理存在于绝大多数的PD情况下(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B79">79年</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他最近的研究也观察到<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn阳性染色在胃肠道组织之前收集病人的诊断(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B85">85年</gydF4y2Baa>),在绝大多数的帕金森患者的结肠组织(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B86">86年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B87">87年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>上述数据在PD患者存在收集尸检或使用结肠切除术标本。延长这项工作通过分析住患者的肠神经病理学,Lebouvier等人利用一种新颖的结肠活检技术(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B88">88年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B89">89年</gydF4y2Baa>]。29一起建立PD患者诊断为10名健康受试者接受结肠镜检查的结直肠癌筛查。29 PD患者的活检从21(72%)显示神经突路易的黏膜下神经丛,而没有路易病理观察到任何的控制<gydF4y2Baa href="#B89">89年</gydF4y2Baa>]。慢性便秘更频繁的患者比没有路易探明,暗示这些夹杂物的致病作用。然而,Lebouvier等人并不认为肌间神经丛,它是直接参与肠道蠕动的控制(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B89">89年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些发现符合其他PD肠道病理报告显示,除了路易小体,路易也观察到病人的实体(神经突<gydF4y2Baa href="#B79">79年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B84">84年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B90">90年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B93">93年</gydF4y2Baa>]。使用<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn疣状,作者也表明,大约一半的路易在黏膜下神经丛神经突属于节后的神经元,从而支持他们外在的起源(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B84">84年</gydF4y2Baa>]。其余路易探明的起源仍有待确定,但它是可能的,他们可以产生来自粘膜下和肠肌层的神经元,这已被证明项目的黏膜下血管(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B94">94年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这与最近的研究显示观察是一致的<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn immunolabeling黏膜下血管周的地区(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B95">95年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B96">96年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这取决于类型的<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn应用和肠道地区研究,一些差异在路易小体的观察胃肠道活检或尸检组织是可能的,尤其是因为<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn是生理上表达的血红细胞和血管内皮细胞(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B96">96年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>有趣的是,动物模型的PD最近开发提供了一些线索在胃肠道功能障碍存在改变的作用。转基因<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn SNCA、A53T A30P老鼠显示肠神经节内聚集,这与长期whole-gut总运输时间和减少结肠运动(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B97">97年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,目前没有证据表明迷走背运动核的病理变化或自主心血管功能障碍。这些发现表明,存在这些老鼠在起源、内在变化引起的<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn聚合在肠神经元。可能至少在PD患者的胃肠道症状可能是由肠神经病变引起的。但应该指出,在PD的消化系统症状的研究主要关注运动性疾病,因此肌间神经丛的作用和相关的后果路易病理学在黏膜下神经丛,据我们所知,没有解决PD的患者或在实验模型。</gydF4y2Bap> <h6 id="sec2.5.2">2.5.2。神经退化</gydF4y2Bah6> <p>肠神经元产生大量的DA调节正常的肠道蠕动(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B67">67年</gydF4y2Baa>]。有趣的是,减缓GI交通和减少肠道收缩PD患者发生通过改变DA-ENS电路,通常促进蠕动反射(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B98">98年</gydF4y2Baa>]。PD患者严重便秘已报告呈现低水平的GI哒,表明损伤肠DAergic系统可能潜在的胃肠道功能障碍(一个重要因素<gydF4y2Baa href="#B99">99年</gydF4y2Baa>]。最近,与年龄相关的肠肌层的神经元的损失与慢性便秘有关,尽管研究被广泛争议(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B100">One hundred.</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B101">101年</gydF4y2Baa>]。不幸的是,它仍然是不清楚PD导致肠神经元的损失。Singaram等人报道,大多数病人现在DAergic神经元结肠肠肌及粘膜下plexi损失,而其他类型的神经元没有影响基于TH免疫染色(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B99">99年</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他球队也用这个标记在后期组织和结肠活检,也没有报道DAergic肠神经元损失(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B88">88年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B92">92年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B102">102年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B103">103年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>系统性管理选择性DAergic神经毒素1号4-phenyl 1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine注射(MPTP药物)导致的损失DAergic神经元在小鼠的肠道<gydF4y2Baa href="#B104">104年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B105">105年</gydF4y2Baa>),但MPTP-treated猴子被报道显示在肠肌神经节神经元数量的增加(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B106">106年</gydF4y2Baa>]。MPTP导致瞬态增加粪便的频率和放松结肠病变小鼠(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B104">104年</gydF4y2Baa>),虽然这种影响是不一致的与PD患者的胃肠道蠕动缓慢。因此,尽管抑制肠道DAergic神经元可以在PD受损,这些神经元并不是唯一的神经病理疾病的目标(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B106">106年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B108">108年</gydF4y2Baa>]。事实上,肠道non-DAergic神经元也会受损,但差异数据很难得出可靠的结论。安德森等人证明MPTP-treated老鼠没有区别在氮oxidergic神经元(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B104">104年</gydF4y2Baa>]。另一项研究显示,在PD模型定向脑立体定位注射诱导的神经毒素6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)大鼠表现出缓慢结肠蠕动伴随着氮oxidergic神经元损失在肌间神经丛<gydF4y2Baa href="#B109">109年</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他研究表明,注射灵长类MPTP药物模型导致增加氮oxidergic神经元(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B106">106年</gydF4y2Baa>]。总的来说,这些研究表明胃肠道胆碱能发射器没有显著改变在PD (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B104">104年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B106">106年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B110">110年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>根据这些数据,PD患者的便秘无法解释完全由DA水平下降与神经元损害。消化道蠕动需要复杂的同步的神经递质,不仅哒。此外,之间的重要变化结果与肠神经损失是指神经退行性悖论。即使DAergic神经元死亡是帕金森病的组织病理学特点,它是一个最困难的参数中突出存在因为罕见的神经退化过程和细胞凋亡的神经元计数困难(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B111">111年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这一起导致了许多悬而未决的问题关于神经退行性过程发生在实体和它们对胃肠道损伤的影响。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.6">2.6。其他结果PD治疗胃肠道障碍</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>抗帕金森病的药物大大妨碍了评估潜在的胃肠道障碍与PD症状的严重程度之间的相关性。个体稳定的药物治疗可能确实显示一个比另一个早期PD患者更好的条件,从而得到恰当的治疗(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B37">37</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,在某些情况下,解决运动症状只会影响胃肠道功能正面和负面。事实上,DAergic治疗可能改善吞咽困难和流口水,但另一方面,也可能会加重胃轻瘫和减少胃肠道蠕动(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B69">69年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B75">75年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B112">112年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,由于恶心和呕吐往往是各种药物的副作用,他们可以限制使用后者,因此,抢占这些药物的好处汽车症状(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,脑深部电刺激(DBS),它被广泛用于治疗运动症状,已被证明有潜在影响消化系统症状的表现<gydF4y2Baa href="#B113">113年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B114">114年</gydF4y2Baa>]。根据一些研究,便秘和吞咽中显著提高手术后丘脑核(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B115">115年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B117">117年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,没有共识的DBS对胃肠道的影响表现,如报告所示,后者神经外科并不改善吞咽困难和流口水<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B118">118年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B119">119年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="therapeutic-approaches-to-gi-symptoms">3所示。治疗消化系统症状的方法</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>重要的是,胃肠道障碍会影响其他症状,这使PD的临床管理变得更复杂了。例如,胃肠道问题如胃轻瘫和延迟肠道吸收可能会导致更多的不稳定的左旋多巴的吸收,由电机波动反映(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B120">120年</gydF4y2Baa>]。后者强调的必要性问题临床医生在诊治过程中发挥应有的警惕的PD患者胃肠道症状,经常问具体问题。最近的研究也提供了证据的症状治疗便秘和流口水,但是,不幸的是,当前的医疗设备吞咽困难和恶心仍相当有限<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。在这方面,人物<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/2016/6762528/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>和表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/2016/6762528/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>提供一个总结消化系统症状以及目前的治疗选择。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td class="align_left">消化系统症状</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_left">分类</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">治疗方法</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">的作用机制</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">剂量<gydF4y2Babr>(成人)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">功效<gydF4y2Babr>(病人)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">副作用<gydF4y2Babr>病人(%)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">评论</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">研究</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="16"><i>便秘</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_left" rowspan="3"><i>(1)谨慎使用</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">三环类抗抑郁药</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">抗胆碱能的副作用</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">Antimuscarinics</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">抗胆碱能的副作用</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">阿片类药物</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">抗胆碱能的副作用</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="3"><i>(2)非药物的选择</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">锻炼</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠道刺激的运动,增加液体,和肌肉质量</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">膳食纤维</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">增加液体摄入</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="7"><i>(3)泻药</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">聚乙二醇(聚乙二醇)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">通过肠道没有被吸收和消化的酶,导致肠道管保留水</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口语:17 g(~ 1汤匙)溶解在240毫升的水或果汁<gydF4y2Bai>每天一次</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">腹胀、痉挛、腹泻、肠胃胀气,恶心</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">不要使用> 1 - 2周吗</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B121">121年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B207">189年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">乳果糖</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">通过肠道没有被吸收和消化的酶,导致肠道管保留水</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口服或直肠:10到20 g,<gydF4y2Bai>每天</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">腹部不适和膨胀,嗳气、痉挛、腹泻(过度剂量),肠胃气胀,恶心和呕吐<gydF4y2Babr></td> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B208">190年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">硫酸镁</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">块周边肌肉收缩、神经传递</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口语:2 - 4级别勺颗粒溶解在240毫升的水;<gydF4y2Bai>可能在6小时重复吗</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">Hypermagnesemia、冲洗、低血压和血管舒张</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">每天不要超过2剂量</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B209">191年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">Bisacodyl</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">刺激肠神经导致结肠收缩</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口服或直肠:5 - 15毫克<gydF4y2Bai>单剂量</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center"><<gydF4y2Bai>1%</gydF4y2Bai>:腹部轻度痉挛、代谢性酸中毒或碱中毒、低钙血症、恶心、直肠刺激、眩晕和呕吐</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B124">124年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">钠picosulfate</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">刺激蠕动,促进结肠水和电解质积累<gydF4y2Babr></td> <td class="align_center">口语:150毫升在结肠镜检查前的晚上,紧随其后的是第二个剂量~ 5小时前程序</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">Hypermagnesemia (<gydF4y2Bai>12%</gydF4y2Bai>)、低钾血(<gydF4y2Bai>7%</gydF4y2Bai>),增加血清肌酐(<gydF4y2Bai>5%</gydF4y2Bai>)、低氯血(<gydF4y2Bai>4%</gydF4y2Bai>)、低钠血症(<gydF4y2Bai>4%</gydF4y2Bai>)、头痛(<gydF4y2Bai>3%</gydF4y2Bai>),恶心(<gydF4y2Bai>3%</gydF4y2Bai>),呕吐(<gydF4y2Bai>1%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">主要用于结肠镜检查过程</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B124">124年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">Docusate钠<gydF4y2Babr>(单独或结合亚麻籽)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">不清楚;可以抑制空肠液体吸收或分泌刺激吗</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口语:50 - 360毫克,<gydF4y2Bai>每天一次</gydF4y2Bai>或者在分裂的剂量</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">喉咙发炎(<gydF4y2Bai>1 - 10%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B210">192年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>塞纳acutifolia</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">减少流体吸收的粪便和影响结肠液体分泌物</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">不推荐长期使用</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B126">126年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="3"><i>(4)其他药物的选择</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">Lubiprostone</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">肠道ClC-2氯通道激活剂</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口语:24<gydF4y2Bai>µ</gydF4y2Bai>g<gydF4y2Bai>每天两次</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center"><i>64%</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">断断续续的稀便(<gydF4y2Bai>48%</gydF4y2Bai>),恶心(<gydF4y2Bai>29%</gydF4y2Bai>),腹泻(<gydF4y2Bai>12%</gydF4y2Bai>),腹痛(<gydF4y2Bai>8%</gydF4y2Bai>)、肠胃气胀(<gydF4y2Bai>6%</gydF4y2Bai>)、头晕(<gydF4y2Bai>3%</gydF4y2Bai>),呕吐(<gydF4y2Bai>3%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B126">126年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B127">127年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">Methylnaltrexone</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center"><i>µ</gydF4y2Bai>阿片拮抗物</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">皮下:12毫克,<gydF4y2Bai>每天一次</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center"><i>60%</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">腹痛(<gydF4y2Bai>45%</gydF4y2Bai>)、肠胃气胀(<gydF4y2Bai>33%</gydF4y2Bai>),腹泻(<gydF4y2Bai>30%</gydF4y2Bai>),恶心(<gydF4y2Bai>24%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">停止所有泻药之前使用;如果三天之后反应不是最优,泻药治疗可能三周</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B128">128年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">Linaclotide</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">鸟苷酸环化酶C受体激动剂</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口语:145<gydF4y2Bai>µ</gydF4y2Bai>克,<gydF4y2Bai>每天一次</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">腹部绞痛(<gydF4y2Bai>4%</gydF4y2Bai>),不舒服(<gydF4y2Bai>4%</gydF4y2Bai>)和腹泻(<gydF4y2Bai>4%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">禁忌在儿科患者(< 6岁)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B129">129年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B130">130年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B211">193年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="10"><i>流口水,吞咽困难</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_left" rowspan="4"><i>(1)谨慎使用</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">胆碱酯酶抑制剂</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">氯氮平</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">5 -羟色胺拮抗剂</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">证明了有效性对运动困难</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B161">161年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B212">194年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">育亨宾</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">突触前<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>2-adrenergic阻断剂</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B162">162年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">喹硫平</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">D2(边缘通路)和5 ht2a受体拮抗剂(额叶皮层)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">证明了有效性对运动困难</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B213">195年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2"><i>(2)非药物的选择</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">嚼口香糖或吸硬糖</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center"><i>提高5倍</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B158">158年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">演讲和位置疗法</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">自我激励是一个重要因素获得积极的结果</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B159">159年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B160">160年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="4"><i>(3)药物的选择</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">注射肉毒杆菌毒素A / B(腮腺和颌下腺)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">抑制胆碱能副交感神经节后交感神经活动</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center"><i>毒素:</gydF4y2Bai><br>500单位分给影响腺体</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center"><i>毒素:</gydF4y2Bai><br>干燥的嘴和轻微短暂的吞咽困难(<gydF4y2Bai>6%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center" rowspan="2">所产生的<gydF4y2Bai>肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌</gydF4y2Bai>细菌</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B163">163年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B165">165年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B166">166年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B168">168年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center"><i>B毒素:</gydF4y2Bai><br>1000台到每个腮腺和250台到每个颌下腺</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center"><i>B毒素:</gydF4y2Bai><br>干燥的嘴(<gydF4y2Bai>40%</gydF4y2Bai>)、步态恶化(<gydF4y2Bai>25%</gydF4y2Bai>),腹泻(<gydF4y2Bai>15</gydF4y2Bai>%),颈部疼痛(<gydF4y2Bai>15%</gydF4y2Bai>),轻微短暂的吞咽困难(<gydF4y2Bai>16%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B50">50</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B163">163年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B167">167年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">眼滴阿托品(舌下管理)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">抗胆碱能阻止毒蕈碱的受体M3</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">1下降1%阿托品的解决方案,<gydF4y2Bai>连续一周每天两次</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">幻觉(<gydF4y2Bai>29日</gydF4y2Bai>%)和谵妄(<gydF4y2Bai>14%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">缺乏临床证据治疗持续超过几周<gydF4y2Babr>在老年人使用谨慎;抗胆碱能作用的风险增加、混乱和幻觉</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B170">170年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">胃长宁</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">抗胆碱能阻止毒蕈碱的受体M3</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口语:1毫克三次,<gydF4y2Bai>每天</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center"><i>100%到95</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">口干(<gydF4y2Bai>52%</gydF4y2Bai>)、尿潴留(<gydF4y2Bai>13%</gydF4y2Bai>),视力问题(<gydF4y2Bai>13%</gydF4y2Bai>)、便秘(<gydF4y2Bai>13%</gydF4y2Bai>),恶心(<gydF4y2Bai>4%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B171">171年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B172">172年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B174">174年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B175">175年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="7"><i>恶心、呕吐和胃轻瘫</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2"><i>(1)谨慎使用</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">高脂肪的食物</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">胃复安</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">多巴胺拮抗剂</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">PD患者的禁忌,因为它恶化的运动通过阻断多巴胺受体在中枢神经系统症状</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="3"><i>(2)非药物的选择</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">吃多餐,</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">吃饭的时候喝酒</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">饭后散步</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">⁢</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_left" rowspan="2"><i>(3)药物的选择</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">Domperidone</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">多巴胺拮抗剂</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口语:启动10毫克<gydF4y2Babr>3次,<gydF4y2Bai>每天</gydF4y2Bai>(最大:30毫克/天)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center"><i>100%</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">口腔干燥(<gydF4y2Bai>2%</gydF4y2Bai>)和头痛(<gydF4y2Bai>1%</gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">不容易穿过BBB<gydF4y2Babr> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 25.1776 13.9365" width="25.1776pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 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448C236 448 173 423 147 400C107 364 96 332 96 304C96 248 143 210 193 181C241 153 258 124 258 100C258 72 232 38 184 38C151 38 107 66 81 108C77 114 64 116 55 111C34 99 23 84 23 65C23 29 81 -12 134 -12C220 -12 325 61 325 141C325 184 297 215 234 256C194 282 161 309 161 346C161 380 188 401 217 401C255 401 279 380 301 353C308 344 313 341 325 347C341 355 352 371 352 391Z" id="g113-116"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="375" vert-adv-y="375"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.626,0)"> <path d="M391 364C391 409 353 448 295 448C249 448 198 426 152 393C65 331 23 225 23 139C23 14 96 -12 146 -12C198 -12 280 9 367 101L351 124C300 78 242 48 194 48C129 48 109 107 109 162V191C208 213 391 266 391 364ZM313 350C313 305 268 261 113 223C132 334 187 381 217 398C227 404 244 405 261 405C290 405 313 385 313 350Z" id="g113-102"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="414" vert-adv-y="414"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>必要的最低有效剂量最短持续时间</gydF4y2Bai><br> <svg height="13.9365pt" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 27.422 13.9365" width="27.422pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.079,0)"> <path d="M822 650H589L583 622C660 617 677 607 674 561C672 534 664 481 647 390L600 137H596L273 650H126L120 622C176 620 194 615 207 594C221 571 225 557 214 504L161 257C141 166 129 112 121 85C108 42 83 30 29 28L23 0H260L266 28C193 33 173 42 176 89C178 122 186 172 202 255L256 527H259L583 -8H612L690 390C708 481 720 535 728 558C744 603 756 619 816 622L822 650Z" id="g113-79"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="839" vert-adv-y="839"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.728,0)"> <path d="M445 282C445 390 384 448 297 448C266 448 231 437 189 418C96 376 23 279 23 151C23 65 66 -12 169 -12C233 -12 294 18 337 53C411 113 445 201 445 282ZM355 280C355 161 302 62 243 36C231 31 219 30 207 30C147 30 111 78 111 154C111 302 180 380 220 399C231 404 246 407 264 407C311 407 355 367 355 280Z" id="g113-112"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="468" vert-adv-y="468"></glyph.data> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.812,0)"> <path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="341" vert-adv-y="341"></glyph.data> </g> </svg><i>在美国</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B149">149年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B214">196年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B215">197年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="align_center">曲美苄胺</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">不清楚;最有可能涉及到化学感受器触发区(通过催吐的冲动被运送到了呕吐中枢)</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">口语:300毫克;<gydF4y2Babr>肌肉:200毫克,<gydF4y2Babr><i>每天3到4次</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center"><i>20%</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td class="align_center">头晕、头痛、视力模糊、和腹泻</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">可能会掩盖其他药物毒性或条件</gydF4y2Batd> <td class="align_center">(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B190">198年</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="9"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td> <svg height="10.1524pt" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 6.17869 10.1524" width="6.17869pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"> <path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data> </g> </svg>:请注意。<gydF4y2Babr></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/2016/6762528/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 有效的治疗方法。分类和行动机制的各种有效的选择治疗PD病人胃肠道症状,根据疗效和副作用。</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="6762528.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/pd/volume-2016/6762528/figures/6762528.fig.001.svgz"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/2016/6762528/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <div> 胃肠障碍在帕金森病的治疗方法。概述不同的药理治疗或治疗方法,目前有效的接受调查管理便秘(左面板),流口水/吞咽困难(右面板),以及恶心、呕吐、胃轻瘫(底部面板)。请注意,某些药物在美国(选项不可用<gydF4y2Basvg height="6.01072pt" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.04980993pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.75925 6.01072" width="7.75925pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M471 153C471 170 463 194 452 212C400 220 373 229 322 255C373 281 400 290 452 298C463 316 471 339 471 357C456 366 431 371 410 370C377 329 356 310 308 279C311 336 317 364 336 413C326 432 310 451 294 459C279 451 262 432 252 413C271 364 277 336 280 279C232 310 211 329 178 370C157 371 132 367 117 357C117 340 125 316 136 298C188 290 215 281 266 255C215 229 188 220 136 212C125 194 117 171 117 153C132 144 157 139 178 140C211 181 232 200 280 231C277 174 271 146 252 97C262 78 278 59 294 51C309 59 326 78 336 97C317 146 311 174 308 231C356 200 377 181 410 140C431 139 456 143 471 153Z" id="g113-43"></path> <glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data> </g> </svg>)或必须撤出市场由于不可接受的副作用(<gydF4y2Bai>¤</gydF4y2Bai>)。</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。便秘</gydF4y2Bah5> <h6 id="sec3.1.1">3.1.1。有效的治疗方法</gydF4y2Bah6> <p>PD防止便秘问题,治疗方法旨在加速结肠运输可能是有效的。增加日常活动和引进的水平改变饮食是第一要考虑的选项。应该鼓励病人最大化膳食纤维(谷物、麸皮、柑橘类水果等),以及确保充足的液体摄入量,以避免脱水(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,一个详尽的药品评价已经开给病人的药物治疗之前引入额外的措施是很重要的。事实上,药物的剂量增加便秘症状应该尽可能优化。一些抗帕金森病的药物以及阿片类药物,三环类抗抑郁药、复发和antimuscarinics来源严重的便秘,可能由于其抗胆碱能作用[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他可用的选项来增加肠蠕动的频率和改进粪便一致性(i)渗透泻药,如聚乙二醇(聚乙二醇)、乳果糖,硫酸镁,(ii)刺激性泻药如bisacodyl和钠picosulfate,和(3)大便软化剂(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B30">30.</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B121">121年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B123">123年</gydF4y2Baa>]。长期使用的安全性与渗透剂使他们首选的泻药。聚乙二醇,可用在美国和推荐的美国神经学和运动障碍的社会,被认为是一种有效和安全的渗透泻药PD患者(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B121">121年</gydF4y2Baa>]。Bisacodyl和钠picosulfate,既通过刺激结肠平滑肌收缩以及水和电解质的分泌,可能代表额外的替代治疗便秘(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B124">124年</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,大便软化剂等docusate钠可以单独使用或结合亚麻籽壳增加粪便体积,因此,蠕动反射(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B125">125年</gydF4y2Baa>]。通过增加肠道分泌液体,lubiprostone肠道ClC-2氯通道激活剂,也能改善便秘问题(PD患者的64%)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B126">126年</gydF4y2Baa>]。最常见的不良事件观察是间歇性的稀便(PD患者的48%),恶心(29%)、腹泻(12%)、腹痛(8%)、肠胃气胀(6%)、头晕(3%)、呕吐(3%)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B126">126年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B127">127年</gydF4y2Baa>]。Methylnaltrexone (<gydF4y2Bai>µ</gydF4y2Bai>阿片拮抗物)是另一个医药代理批准在美国,表示opioid-induced便秘的治疗,大约有60%的患者报告的有益肠道的影响(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B128">128年</gydF4y2Baa>]。2008年,Portenoy等人领导的临床试验表明,不良反应所经历的病人服用methylnaltrexone大多腹痛(45%)、肠胃气胀(33%)、腹泻(30%),和恶心(24%)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B128">128年</gydF4y2Baa>]。Linaclotide,鸟苷酸环化酶C受体激动剂,最近也被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准用于治疗肠易激综合症和慢性便秘。腹部绞痛、不适和腹泻的患者报告的不良事件通常是linaclotide(大约4%)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B129">129年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B130">130年</gydF4y2Baa>]。最后,其他一些研究也证明的有效性<gydF4y2Bai>塞纳acutifolia</gydF4y2Bai>植物,但这个著名的长期使用泻药不推荐(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B122">122年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h6 id="sec3.1.2">3.1.2。治疗在调查中</gydF4y2Bah6> <p>治疗便秘是一个活跃的研究领域和各种研究已经评估的影响和临床意义的选项可以帮助缓解不适和不良反应与胃肠道问题中遇到PD相关。例如,皮下注射阿朴吗啡对肠道蠕动有翻译积极作用(改善defecatory机制和肛门直肠功能障碍(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B131">131年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B132">132年</gydF4y2Baa>])和UPDRS运动成绩(大约70%的PD患者[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B133">133年</gydF4y2Baa>]),尽管直立性低血压等不良反应(50%的患者),恶心、嗜睡(75%的患者)可能发生后政府的DA受体激动剂(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B134">134年</gydF4y2Baa>]。还建议病人使用止吐剂作为一种预处理在接受注射前为了避免恶心的不愉快影响(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,由于这些不同的副作用,长期服用阿朴吗啡似乎是很不明智的<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]。Intrajejunal注入左旋多巴/卡比多巴(或duodopa)也被证明是有益的相对便秘问题(大约70%的PD患者)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B135">135年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B136">136年</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,身体的研究主要集中在不同配体5 -(受体激动剂或拮抗剂)<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>5 -羟色胺受体。这些受体,部分位于平滑肌肉组织和胃肠道的胆碱能神经,,,能增加胃和结肠蠕动通过促进乙酰胆碱释放(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B137">137年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B139">139年</gydF4y2Baa>),从而使一个有吸引力的目标治疗便秘。主要的5<gydF4y2Basub>4</gydF4y2Basub>受体激动剂的研究到目前为止是prucalopride、cisapride mosapride, tegaserod [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B137">137年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B140">140年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B142">142年</gydF4y2Baa>]。不幸的是,尽管这些受体激动剂被发现PD患者有效的治疗便秘,这些prokinetic代理了美国市场或没有被FDA批准的由于对心血管不利(少于1%的病人)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B141">141年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B143">143年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B145">145年</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他药用代理也在调查中,如米索前列醇(前列腺素E<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>模拟;55%的功效)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B146">146年</gydF4y2Baa>),新斯的明(乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂;50%的功效)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B147">147年</gydF4y2Baa>],domperidone (DA拮抗剂;大约35%的功效)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B148">148年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,即使promotility代理domperidone可能会有效,因为它缺乏渗透穿过血脑屏障(BBB) [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B149">149年</gydF4y2Baa>),没有足够的证据推荐其利用率便秘,如曲美布汀的情况下(一个enkephalinergic受体激动剂)和红霉素(著名的大环内脂类抗菌素)[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B143">143年</gydF4y2Baa>]。近年来,神经生长因子受体激动剂生成3也在PD研究改善胃肠道蠕动功能障碍。虽然其作用机理对胃肠道蠕动仍然未知,这种神经营养因子被发现有效治疗便秘(大约20%的患者)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B150">150年</gydF4y2Baa>]。在临床试验中由Pfeiffer et al .,减少结肠转运时间,增加粪便的频率,和缩短间隔没有凳子观察(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B151">151年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,腹部绞痛,腹泻一被发现在三个病人,他们被迫减少生成3剂量(300<gydF4y2Bai>µ</gydF4y2Bai>每周至少三次克/公斤)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B151">151年</gydF4y2Baa>]。注射肉毒毒素(BTX),产生的一种神经毒素<gydF4y2Bai>肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌</gydF4y2Bai>细菌抑制乙酰胆碱释放,也被提出了帮助减少PD便秘负担<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B152">152年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,这种注射技术挑战性,不仅包括超声指导,但是还没有足够的证据,这种方法提供了一种有效的治疗(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B30">30.</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B153">153年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B154">154年</gydF4y2Baa>]。例如,艾博年等人报道一个有益的临床效果的注射BTX便秘,但只有在一个病人(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B153">153年</gydF4y2Baa>]。在另一个临床研究,Cadeddu等人观察改善便秘症状10的18例BTX治疗两个月后(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B154">154年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,作者提到,重复注射可能需要保持这种临床改善因为毒素的影响消失在三个月的管理。非药物策略也提出了治疗便秘,如骶神经刺激疗效(57%)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B155">155年</gydF4y2Baa>),synbiotic酸奶(即。,probiotic- and prebiotic-enriched yogurt) [<a href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>),生物反馈疗法疗效(79%)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>],星展银行(大约25%功效两年的治疗后,一个百分比,但是可能影响术后减少DAergic治疗和改善电机波动)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B116">116年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B117">117年</gydF4y2Baa>]。含有益生菌菌株的发酵牛奶<gydF4y2Bai>干酪乳杆菌</gydF4y2Bai>后也被建议通过调节宿主免疫反应,抑制便秘问题提高粘膜功能,抑制病原菌的生长,并阻止上皮附件由病原体,导致70成人便秘的改善<gydF4y2Baa href="#B156">156年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B157">157年</gydF4y2Baa>]。减少腹痛、腹胀和排空的感觉也观察到在病人使用益生菌(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。流口水,吞咽困难</gydF4y2Bah5> <h6 id="sec3.2.1">3.2.1之上。有效的治疗方法</gydF4y2Bah6> <p>轻度患者流口水的症状和/或吞咽困难,嚼口香糖或吸硬糖可以有效地改善吞咽(大约5倍的改善),从而降低流口水(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B67">67年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B152">152年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B158">158年</gydF4y2Baa>]。演讲和位置疗法也可以证明有效缓解这些胃肠道症状(60 - 90%功效)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B159">159年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些治疗包括基本上在训练中学习自愿气道保护技术通过足够的吞咽方法和改进的头部姿势。标志等人调查等技术和发现自我激励的一个重要因素是获得一个积极的结果<gydF4y2Baa href="#B160">160年</gydF4y2Baa>]。强烈建议首先考虑所有这些非药物的选择来提高流口水和吞咽困难症状之前改变药物的解决方案。然而,这样的无毒方法可能只提供暂时的改善和可能不是有效的或适合所有患者。事实上,药物治疗通常被认为是当需要更积极的干预<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。必须强调,其他类别的药物用于治疗PD症状可能加重流口水和吞咽困难,因此应尽可能避免。这些药物包括乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂、抗精神病喹硫平,肾上腺素能受体受体激动剂如氯氮平和育亨宾(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B161">161年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B162">162年</gydF4y2Baa>]。最常提到的药理治疗流口水/言语障碍症无疑是注射BTX。局部注射这种毒素的腮腺腺体和颌下抑制胆碱能副交感神经节后交感神经活动,从而减少唾液分泌(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B163">163年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这种治疗,切除神经唾液腺,被证明是有效的在减少流口水严重性和频率(约80 - 90%的患者)在不影响吞咽(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B50">50</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B164">164年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B167">167年</gydF4y2Baa>]。不幸的是,已发表的研究无法轻易相比由于测试方法之间的重要差异。的确,没有标准技术注入(腺、超声指导等)和不合规管理的最佳剂量(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>]。唯一准则实现最好的效果使用这种治疗方法是注射毒素双边和定期<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B163">163年</gydF4y2Baa>]。干燥的嘴(或口腔干燥)是常见的不良效果观察与BTX (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>]。重要的是,颌下注射腺只推荐专家的监督下由于潜在的副作用造成的毒素的蔓延到附近的结构,应该进行专门治疗腮腺独处时是不够的(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B163">163年</gydF4y2Baa>]。在BTX的多个血清型,只有A和B已经研究和商业化(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>]。在大多数这些研究,没有副作用和BTX-A观察,尽管BTX-B注射诱导轻度不良事件如口干(在大约40%的患者),腹泻(~ 15%),颈部疼痛(~ 15%),和步态恶化(~ 25%)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B50">50</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B168">168年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B169">169年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这表明BTX-B的优先行动自主神经,因此可能会指向其更高的效率比BTX-A [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B152">152年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,在两个不同的临床试验,Lagalla等人观察到病人一些短暂的轻微吞咽困难BTX-A后7天内注射(大约6%的患者)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B166">166年</gydF4y2Baa>BTX-B注射后10天)和(~ 16%)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B167">167年</gydF4y2Baa>),但他们在10至14天内恢复。尽管这些潜在的缺点,这些研究,这是唯一比较了A和B血清型,没能证明有效性之间的神经毒素的显著差异(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B166">166年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B167">167年</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他药物替代BTX流口水/吞咽困难的治疗包括抗胆碱能药物,尤其是M3毒蕈碱的受体亚型。然而,当前可用的代理不是M3受体选择性,因此可能会产生一些不良的副作用(例如,困惑,幻觉,嗜睡,尿潴留,和便秘)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,这些药物还没有被认为是真正有效,值得进一步调查。两个抗胆碱能类很少有研究声称,阿托品和胃长宁,是唯一可能有用的治疗方法可用于改善流口水/吞咽困难[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B123">123年</gydF4y2Baa>]。尽管有效,阿托品仍然造成一系列不良的副作用,如幻觉(2/7例)和谵妄(1/7患者;但这是困惑伴随尿路感染)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B170">170年</gydF4y2Baa>]。因为胃长宁不穿过BBB,与阿托品,因此首选的代理,因为它不太可能导致中枢神经系统的不良反应(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B152">152年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B171">171年</gydF4y2Baa>]。在95年,100%的患者完成临床研究报道流口水/改善吞咽困难和胃长宁(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B172">172年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B174">174年</gydF4y2Baa>]。正如所料,观察到的副作用大多发生在外围,包括口腔干燥(在大约52%的患者),尿潴留(13%)、便秘(13%),视力问题(13%)、和恶心(~ 4%)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B171">171年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B175">175年</gydF4y2Baa>]。虽然抗胆碱能类可能有效的治疗流口水/吞咽困难,他们并不代表一个合适的选择对PD病人因为其他NMS可以随后恶化。此外,缺乏临床证据治疗持续超过几周和阿托品的长期不利影响和胃长宁没有记录,因此留下重要的安全问题未解决<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B171">171年</gydF4y2Baa>]。上面列出的所有药物的选择可能因此被视为有效治疗流口水/吞咽困难,但是,考虑到潜在的副作用,他们应该保持一个次要的选择相比,非药物疗法。</gydF4y2Bap> <h6 id="sec3.2.2">3.2.2。治疗在调查中</gydF4y2Bah6> <p>其他抗胆碱能药物,如溴化ipratropium喷雾,透皮莨菪碱,苯托品也被调查治疗流口水/吞咽困难[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B123">123年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B176">176年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B178">178年</gydF4y2Baa>]。但是,先前的研究抗胆碱能药物的有效性的优势未能得出一种药物比另一个(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B179">179年</gydF4y2Baa>]。溴化ipratropium喷雾(诱导显著影响“UPDRS第6部分”的得分(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B178">178年</gydF4y2Baa>])舌下使用支气管扩张剂和没有穿过BBB,从而减少系统性副作用(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B152">152年</gydF4y2Baa>]。不幸的是,没有足够的数据对其安全性和有效性得出明确的结论在其潜在兴趣流口水/吞咽困难管理(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B123">123年</gydF4y2Baa>]。肾上腺素能受体受体激动剂也一直在探索在这个上下文。可乐定,选择性<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>2-adrenergic受体激动剂,显著提高患者清除口中的频率(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B52">52</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B152">152年</gydF4y2Baa>]。最常见的不良事件观察与可乐定周日嗜睡患者(2/17)、头晕(1/17),和口干(1/17)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B180">180年</gydF4y2Baa>]。的<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>1-adrenergic兴奋剂莫达非尼也被报道施加相当有益流口水/ PD患者吞咽困难患者(6/6),尽管这个改进主要是与吞咽困难而不是多涎[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B181">181年</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,Lloret等人调查tropicamide短效毒蕈碱的受体拮抗剂在治疗流口水/吞咽困难。到目前为止,这种治疗已经显示出潜在的疗效(33%的平均减少唾液卷16名患者完成了研究)以及缺乏明显的副作用,没有副作用,尽管数据还必须被视为初步(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B182">182年</gydF4y2Baa>]。放疗,也被认为是治疗流口水/吞咽困难,在这种情况下所做的研究显示,显著改善症状(79%的患者),效果可以维持至少一年(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B183">183年</gydF4y2Baa>]。常见的副作用是口腔干燥(40%的患者)和品味的丧失(45%),这主要是瞬态(25%和35%,resp)。遗憾的是,放射治疗的成功在很大程度上是受到其诱导肿瘤的潜力(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B183">183年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B184">184年</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,这种治疗时应考虑所有其他选项上面讨论被证明是无效的。最后,如神经切除术手术选项,唾腺切除,唾管结扎或搬迁,DBS也一直在探索改善流口水/吞咽困难[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B50">50</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B118">118年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B184">184年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B187">187年</gydF4y2Baa>]。神经切除术,手术解剖的鼓索神经,减少唾液生产(提高74%的患者),但可能会引起严重的并发症如听力损失和损失的味道(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B152">152年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B188">188年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些入侵选项(神经切除术和唾腺/管手术)可以实现单独或组合(> 75%)和可能的副作用包括龋齿(10%的患者),干裂的嘴唇上(10%)、吸入性肺炎,口腔干燥(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B152">152年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B184">184年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B186">186年</gydF4y2Baa>]。由于其高不可逆转的不利影响的风险,所有这些干预措施被认为只有当所有其他可用的选项并没有带来积极的结果(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]。DBS干预还没有研究到目前为止在流口水/改善吞咽困难的环境中,但是,到目前为止获得的信息有限,似乎不太可能,星展银行是一个有用的选项(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B51">51</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B118">118年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。恶心、呕吐、胃轻瘫</gydF4y2Bah5> <h6 id="sec3.3.1">3.3.1。有效的治疗方法</gydF4y2Bah6> <p>尽管大量的最近研究进展治疗便秘和流口水,有用的医疗设备代理其他PD-associated胃肠道症状,如恶心、呕吐、胃轻瘫,仍然极其有限的(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。有效的止吐剂药物,到目前为止的研究发现包括domperidone疗效(100%)和曲美苄胺(~ 20%功效)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B123">123年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B190">198年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B189">199年</gydF4y2Baa>]。Domperidone外围DA拮抗剂,不穿过BBB,据报道安全改善PD患者的胃轻瘫和相关的胃肠道症状(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B189">199年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这个止吐剂代理在美国但不在世界上其他许多国家规定(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>]。胃复安,有趣的是,另一个DA受体拮抗剂,通常用于治疗胃轻瘫,PD患者的禁忌,因为它加剧汽车通过阻断DA受体在中枢神经系统症状<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。最后,生活方式的变化患者恶心、呕吐、胃轻瘫症状也强烈推荐。因此,有小和频繁的食物,避免高脂肪的食物,吃饭的时候喝,饭后散步建议选项(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h6 id="sec3.3.2">3.3.2。治疗在调查中</gydF4y2Bah6> <p>其他疗法被认为是改善恶心、呕吐,PD患者的胃轻瘫。Mosapride和cisapride温和5-HT4 5 -羟色胺受体受体激动剂作为prokinetic代理,已证明,它能减少胃轻瘫症状PD(3/5和8/12的患者,分别地。)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B191">200年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B192">201年</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,由于其毒性,这些药物已被移除从美国市场<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。其他可能的选项,如红霉素和胃的植入起搏器可能有利于正确的胃轻瘫,但是他们还没有专门测试PD患者(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,电刺激,手术,或应用程序可以使用幽门括约肌BTX的,虽然只在极端情况下(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.4">3.4。PD治疗胃肠道障碍可能的交互</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>正如上面提到的,治疗运动症状可能会影响胃肠道症状,但相反也成立<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些因素阻碍解释症状观察是否在给定的病人反映了疾病<gydF4y2Bai>本身</gydF4y2Bai>或者,相反,是医源性。例如,左旋多巴通常是管理与卡比多巴相结合,这是众所周知的加重恶心(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>]。在外围,卡比多巴DA阻止了左旋多巴的转换,其半衰期超过左旋多巴,理论上可以预计剩余卡比多巴在中枢神经系统的影响(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B193">202年</gydF4y2Baa>]。这种治疗很可能防止内生外围的转换左旋多巴除了外生左旋多巴与此同时管理。这种联合治疗的潜在的长期影响由于假定的剩余卡比多巴可能导致减少达生产的外围,这将影响NMS,包括胃肠道功能。它也表明,卡比多巴可能会影响肾脏DA浓度(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B194">203年</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,卡比多巴的潜在影响周边器官参与NMS值得认真评估。这个概念可能在考虑管理的重要性由肠凝胶注入左旋多巴,可能直接作用于胃肠道(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B193">202年</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="discussion">4所示。讨论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>尽管近年来增加兴趣PD-associated NMS,还有知识的缺乏在PD的胃肠道功能。这是一个不幸的情况,因为这些特性比汽车更难以管理的症状,因此对帕金森病人十分关注的。除了负面影响生活质量,胃肠道问题更加相关的理解PD的病因,只要Braak的假设是正确的。因此,通过收集更多的临床资料外围PD症状在假定的情况下,早期诊断和更好的预防措施,以及更高效的管理障碍的关键起始和发展阶段,是有可能的。就目前而言,这样的治疗方法仍然是纯粹的投机因为PD的诊断复发后仅仅表现运动症状。因此,因为存在的重要性是未来进一步证实了PD的研究,它可能成为至关重要的目标疾病的早期表现,以延缓或者防止神经退化,因此电机的幽灵PD患者的症状。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>本文总结了一系列有效的以及潜在的治疗方法管理PD患者的胃肠道症状。不幸的是,所有现有的治疗包括电动机和nonmotor纯粹是症状,导致只是暂时缓解症状的表现。此外,很难充分治疗消化系统症状,因为确切的目标仍然经常未知由于缺少的病理生理学基础知识实体组件PD的病因。实际上,当前治疗PD的研究的主要目标仍然是面向其管理范围内的知识,也就是说,主要是减少药物的副作用,而对PD发病机制的进一步研究。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>到目前为止,已经提出一些假设了解胃肠道方面的生理病理学PD。其中最有前途的假设包括神经退化,<gydF4y2Bai>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn过度、炎症、肠道研究进展和微生物群干扰可能机制胃肠道功能障碍(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B83">83年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B84">84年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B99">99年</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B195">204年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B199">208年</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,一些因素被认为参与PD的起始过程,即破坏溶酶体和蛋白酶体系统,异常自噬,内质网应激、线粒体功能障碍和氧化应激<gydF4y2Baa href="#B200">209年</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B206">215年</gydF4y2Baa>]。不幸的是,没有后者假定的因素可以被确认为一个PD生物标志物由于缺少一个动物或细胞模型,忠实地再现了PD的所有特征。当前状态的PD病理生理学基础知识,更优的治疗途径可能是通过针对这些元素的一个子集,鉴于PD显然是一种多因素的疾病。然而,更好的了解疾病的病因和机制是至关重要的为了找到更有针对性和有效的治疗方法。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>总结目前的审查,现在有几个证据清楚地表明,胃肠道障碍不仅是痛苦症状的临床医生治疗的不断挑战,而且相关的过程导致PD,可能性是反射的过程控制的ENS.因此,胃肠道症状PD绝对应该值得更加关注,保证更详细的调查,以掌握致病机制的核心这一复杂的疾病,这是一个必要的前奏的适当管理疾病的症状,最终,一个实际的治疗策略。毫无疑问,进一步的关键方面机制导致PD仍有待发现,应该呼吁重新评估整个医学这种毁灭性疾病的方法。因此,鉴于近期的事态发展在PD的研究强调在目前的文献报道,PD的外围方面应该保持优先为了提高疾病的治疗方法,这显然需要重大改进。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="abbreviations">缩写</gydF4y2Bah4> <table class="gloss-abbr"> <tbody> <tr> <td><i>α</gydF4y2Bai>syn:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>α-突触核蛋白</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>BBB:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>血脑屏障</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>BTX:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>肉毒杆菌毒素</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>中枢神经系统:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>中枢神经系统</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>大卫·爱登堡:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>多巴胺</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>DAergic:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>多巴胺能</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>星展银行:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>脑深部电刺激</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>实体:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>肠神经系统</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>GI:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>胃肠</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>左旋多巴:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>左旋多巴,l - 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>NMS:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>Nonmotor症状</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>号:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>一氧化氮合酶</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>帕金森病:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>帕金森病</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>UPDRS:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>统一帕金森病评定量表</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td>贵宾:</gydF4y2Batd> <td>——血管活性肠肽。</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="competing-interests">相互竞争的利益</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突有关的出版。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>作者承认的赠款支持加拿大健康研究所(Therese迪保罗和丹尼斯Soulet)和加拿大创新基金会(Denis Soulet)。Andree-Anne地方持有奖学金颁奖典礼的昏聩de la说是Quebec-Sante (FRQS),帕金森魁北克,加拿大法国帕金森和杜拉基金会楚de魁北克(奖学金Didier-Mouginot)。丹尼斯Soulet持有职业奖项Chercheur-Boursier初级2从昏聩de la说是Quebec-Sante (FRQS)。作者也要感谢她博士即Wamsteeker Cusulin(瑞士罗氏公司,巴塞尔)和理查德·波林博士(中心de说是楚de魁北克,魁北克,加拿大)为他们的批判阅读手稿。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> <div 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-fhYwyz iBoHeM fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bnXvFD hgeknQ sc-iFMziU bGHCWJ ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/pd/2016/6762528.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-gFaPwZ fzHUvS" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-fhYwyz iBoHeM fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI dwpJFe article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-exkUMo lkBlhM accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-cqpYsc kDQNGn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dyGzUR jTZjyd">下载其他格式</gydF4y2Baspan><span class="sc-drKuOJ fgdSqC">更多的</gydF4y2Baspan></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-hBbWxd eeglal icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-kcDeIU lkBwlY"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-BngTV jWvDXH open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/pd/2016/6762528.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-bFADNz dBLFTk"> ePub</gydF4y2Badiv><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-cqpYsc kDQNGn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-BngTV jWvDXH open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/pd/2016/6762528.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-bFADNz dBLFTk"> XML</gydF4y2Badiv><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-cqpYsc kDQNGn" title="" role="presentation" 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