CFD预测和实验测量柴油机涡轮增压器叶片水覆盖</t我tle> <link rel="preload stylesheet" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.28.0/bib-related-content.min.css"> <link rel="preload" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" data-n-g=""> <style id="__jsx-903e4b2e5d3241e4">div#__next{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:100vh;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}</style> </head> <body> <div id="__next"> <section class="ant-layout"> <div> <header class="ant-layout-header"> <div class="header__width-wrapper"> <div class="ant-anchor-wrapper ant-anchor-logo" style="max-height:100vh"> <div class="ant-anchor ant-anchor-fixed"> <div class="ant-anchor-ink"> <span class="ant-anchor-ink-ball"></span> </div> <div class="ant-anchor-link ant-link-logo"> <a class="ant-anchor-link-title" href="//www.newsama.com/" title=""> <div class="ant-image"> <img alt="标志" class="ant-image-img ant-image-logo" src="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/public/logo.svg"> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TopNavigation_topNavigationWrapper__QzFKB"> <div class="TopNavigation_rightSideMenuItems__0bKf1"> <ul class="ant-menu-overflow ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-horizontal ant-menu-light header-ant-menu-horizontal" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true" data-testid="desktop-menu"> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:0" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:1" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:2" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:3" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:4" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-overflow-item-rest ant-menu-submenu ant-menu-submenu-horizontal" style="opacity:0;height:0;overflow-y:hidden;order:9007199254740991;pointer-events:none;position:absolute" aria-hidden="true" role="none"> <div role="menuitem" class="ant-menu-submenu-title" tabindex="-1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"> <span role="img" aria-label="ellipsis" class="anticon anticon-ellipsis"> <svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" data-icon="ellipsis" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M176 511a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0zm280 0a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0zm280 0a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0z"></path> </svg></span> <i class="ant-menu-submenu-arrow"></i> </div></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> <button data-testid="search-button-icon" aria-label="Search" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default SearchToggleButton_btn__kmpSM"><span role="img" class="anticon SearchToggleButton_icon__nurvY"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 26 26" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M22.1,23.813l-5.478-5.479a10.282,10.282,0,1,1,1.709-1.709L23.813,22.1a1.209,1.209,0,0,1-1.71,1.71ZM2.416,10.27A7.851,7.851,0,0,0,15.78,15.864l.041-.043.043-.041A7.853,7.853,0,1,0,2.416,10.27Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span></button> <div></div> <button data-testid="menu-button-icon" aria-label="Menu" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default MenuToggleButton_btn__Go00X"><span role="img" class="anticon MenuToggleButton_icon__5uVd5"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 -2 28 28" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.833,25.667a1.834,1.834,0,0,1,0-3.668H25.667a1.834,1.834,0,0,1,0,3.668Zm0-11a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0-3.666H25.667a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0,3.666Zm0-11A1.833,1.833,0,1,1,1.833,0H25.667a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0,3.666Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span></button> <div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <main class="ant-layout-content ArticleLayout_articleLayoutWrapper__oukM3"> <div> <div id="journal-header" class=" JournalNavigation_journalHeader__vGN2X" data-istranslated="false"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse" class="JournalNavigation_journalHeader__titleLink__sZyGb"><h1 id="journal-header-title" data-testid="journal-header-title" class="JournalNavigation_small__sXDLc JournalNavigation_journalHeader__title__fsEHD">建模和模拟在工程</h1></a> <div class="JournalNavigation_navigationBarHorizontal__YojZL"> <div id="navigation-bar-horizontal" class="navigation-bar-horizontal"> <button id="Journal overview" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default ant-dropdown-trigger bordered"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>日报》概述</span></button> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/guidelines">对于作者</一个> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers">对于审查员</一个> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors">的编辑器</一个> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/contents/">表的内容</一个> <button id="Special Issues" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default ant-dropdown-trigger"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>特殊的问题</span></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="ant-breadcrumb ArticleLayout_breadcrumbs__hsc4o"> <ol> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/" aria-label="Modelling and Simulation in Engineering">建模和模拟在工程</一个></span><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</span></li> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/contents/year/2012/" aria-label="2012">2012年</一个></span><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</span></li> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link">文章</span><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</span></li> </ol> </nav> <div class="ant-row ThreeColumnLayout_wrapper__gPK_l"> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_leftColumn__yqNgV"> <div> <div> <div id="article-table-of-contents" data-ismobile="false"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__0jAuv"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__title__CH9Lz"> 在这一页上</d我v> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#abstract">文摘</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#introduction">介绍</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#results-and-discussions">结果</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#conclusions">结论</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#references">引用</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#copyright">版权</一个> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__JJil1" href="#related-articles">相关文章</一个> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_middleColumn__sbd41"> <div class="ArticleMiddleSection_articleMiddleSection__gAv9z"> <div class="articleHeader"> <strong>研究文章|开放获取</strong> <div class="articleHeader__meta"> <span>体积2012年|</span> <span>文章的ID789563年|</span> <span class="articleHeader__meta_doiLink"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/789563" aria-label="Doi-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/789563</一个></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="articleHeader__title">CFD预测和实验测量柴油机涡轮增压器叶片水覆盖</h1> <div class="articleHeader__authors"> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">小君么<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">和<strong>玉姚</strong><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" aria-label="Mail Option"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-4045" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve" width="1em" height="1em"> <path d="M256 128c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128S0 198.7 0 128 57.3 0 128 0s128 57.3 128 128z" fill="#a6ce39"></path> <path d="M86.3 186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v107.1zm22.6-107.1h41.6c39.6 0 57 28.3 57 53.6 0 27.5-21.5 53.6-56.8 53.6h-41.8V79.1zm15.4 93.3h24.5c34.9 0 42.9-26.5 42.9-39.7C191.7 111.2 178 93 148 93h-23.7v79.4zM88.7 56.8c0 5.5-4.5 10.1-10.1 10.1s-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6 4.5-10.1 10.1-10.1s10.1 4.6 10.1 10.1z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a><sup>2</sup></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleHeader__academicEditor"> <strong>学术编辑器:</strong> <span>美国Taib</span> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline"> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>收到了</strong> <span>2012年4月14日</span> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>修改后的</strong> <span>2012年7月3日</span> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>接受</strong> <span>2012年7月19日</span> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item articleHeader__timeline_item_sticky"> <strong>发表</strong> <span>2012年9月12日</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleBody"> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>柴油机涡轮增压器单位通常配有内置在线水洗系统及其性能并不总是令人满意,因为效率偏差由于存款积累在叶片表面不被冲走了。在这项研究中,一个系统的方法利用实验测量和计算流体动力学(CFD)是采用分析液体/气体两相流与涡轮增压器水洗系统有关,为了理解底层流物理。一个中型柴油机涡轮增压器的配置选择。实验是集中在叶片表面温度测量,CFD模型耦合的欧拉/拉格朗日方法用于捕捉复杂的气体/液体感应管道内两相流的行为和叶片通道。发现数值预测是在良好的协议与实验数据的叶片前缘区域的温度分布和水覆盖叶片环。其他流动特性如水滴轨迹和颗粒大小分布也在探索和分析了更多细节,他们是有用的对于理解存款去除机制。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>柴油发动机的功率输出效率大大增加在过去的几十年里,发展创新的帮助下涡轮增压器的概念。这是尤其明显在船上和铁路推进应用程序以及发电行业(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>]。现代涡轮增压引擎使用“热”废气涡轮旋转,驱动旋转离心压缩机或叶轮压缩空气,并将其发动机燃烧室。因此,发动机输出功率,可以显著提高燃烧更多的燃料。自之间有直接联系的功率输出效率和压力比燃料/空气混合物,经常使用重型燃料,使达到更高的进气压力,从而更好的涡轮增压器的效率。然而,在这种低级的高污染燃料会导致严重的腐蚀和沉积损害涡轮叶片的积累,导致其气动性能的退化。随后,需要评估的结果使用重型燃料在柴油机的性能,因此,本研究着重于存款去除技术被水清洗方法通过实验和计算流体动力学分析的空气/水两相流。</p> <p>存款的涡轮增压器的起源来自低级燃料用于驱动柴油机(<一个href="#B2">2</一个>]。发动机燃烧这种燃料最有可能将受污染的废气从燃烧室混合各种化学成分。存款将主要建立在涡轮叶片表面和喷嘴导叶片,因此,发动机吞下容量将减少由于流道的缩小。为了使发动机的性能维持在最优工况,存款必须有效和及时的删除。在各种存款去除技术,最具成本效益的方法是“湿”清洁、洗涤水系统的用于注入淡水的涡轮增压器涡轮喷嘴的喷雾环上游叶片在在线或离线操作条件。在线清洗的主要风险是不溶性大块的存款可能洗上游的涡轮增压器叶片环,因此污染,甚至影响下游叶片(<一个href="#B3">3</一个>]。离线清洗提供了一个更好的解决方案来保护洗涤性能。然而,由于引擎关闭成本较高。因此,它是可取的水洗系统实现合理良好的性能在满载条件下没有任何减少机组容量和操作速度(<一个href="#B4">4</一个>,<一个href="#B5">5</一个>]。</p> <p>水清洗系统的性能取决于各种因素;水喷嘴的位置,注入角,注射速度,与主流气体流量的干扰。均匀喷向喷嘴叶片环可以实现如果水喷嘴位置适当调整,这样水射流与主流空气流之间的干扰控制在低水平(<一个href="#B6">6</一个>]。一项研究在满载水洗或接近满载的麦克德莫特(<一个href="#B7">7</一个>)表明,洗涤效率可以提高注入水在气流,而不是结合。发现液滴尺寸及其分布也有重要影响洗涤效率,和有效的“清洁”通常需要一个统一的水覆盖在涡轮叶片的环<一个href="#B8">8</一个>,<一个href="#B9">9</一个>]。此外,粒子大小和注射速度有很大影响液滴冲击时的冲击力在叶片表面(<一个href="#B10">10</一个>]。水喷雾模式可以形成“锥”或“flat-fan”类型,根据气相干扰和喷嘴喷射形状。液体液滴粒度分布是由表面张力等因素,连续相的流动性能和注射压力比<一个href="#B11">11</一个>]。建议150和250微米之间的液滴大小可以通过注射液体(水)在100 - 126 m / s的速度速度高操作5 - 8 MPa的压力下,为了克服旋转叶片的离心效应行(<一个href="#B12">12</一个>]。在这个过程中,分散和蒸发会发生<一个href="#B13">13</一个>]。此外,冷凝过程可能涉及如果温度的饱和蒸汽压力下降。可能的粒子碰撞可能导致新的droplet-droplet接口,以便二次喷雾之后会立即生效(<一个href="#B14">14</一个>]。</p> <p>虽然涡轮试验台实验被广泛用于测量表面热力学性质,可用测试数据从公共领域相当有限。尤其遇到旋转通道内的测量数据。因此,计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟基于正越来越多地用于研究流动行为代表涡轮增压器在范围广泛的操作条件。通过使用适当的建模方法和执行精心设计验证过程,一些复杂的两相液体/气流物理可以在合理的准确性和分析结果可用于验证设计、性能预测和理解物理流(<一个href="#B15">15</一个>]。</p> <p>在这项研究中,一些流动特性的水清洗系统设计为中型柴油涡轮增压器将实验和数值研究。流问题是作为气体/液体两相流类型;即“热”的连续相在单相气体混合物形式和“冷”液体的分散相粒子在大量的非均匀液滴的形式。这个过程将涉及水滴主要分手和次要分手,再加上液体蒸发和冷凝。两相流CFD模型会考虑流的气体和液体阶段在一个耦合的方式和结果将根据可用的内部测试数据进行验证。</p> <h4 id="governing-equations-and-computational-procedures">2。控制方程和计算程序</h4> <p>拟议中的两相流模型包括气相连续的欧拉法;即Reynolds-averaged n - s方程和湍流模型和拉格朗日粒子跟踪方法,欧拉框架内的水滴。这是广泛用于模拟分散粒子相的两相流粒子轨迹运动。</p> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。欧拉法气相连续</h5> <p>3 d Reynolds-averaged为气体流n - s方程可以表示为<span class="equation" id="EEq1"> <svg height="151.22501" id="M1" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 151.22501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,151.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,48.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.05,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 162.05,58.42 12.66,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.23,46.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.46" y="-8.7600002"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.787718" y="-8.7600002"> ∇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.71558" y="-8.7600002"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.067104" y="-8.7600002"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.230602" y="-8.7600002"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.507111" y="-8.7600002"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.697052" y="-8.7600002"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.336388" y="-8.7600002"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.364273" y="-8.7600002"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.615776" y="-8.7600002"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-68.279999" y="17.559999"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-59.815468" y="17.559999"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-55.65197" y="17.559999"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-49.375465" y="17.559999"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-39.18552" y="17.559999"> )</tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 94.95,23.81 33.27,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,106.43,11.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.76" y="-8.75"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.10022" y="-8.75"> ∇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.015579" y="-8.75"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.367104" y="-8.75"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.530602" y="-8.75"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.807106" y="-8.75"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.397392" y="-8.75"> ⊗</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.713081" y="-8.75"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="100.90303" y="-8.75"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="108.52986" y="-8.75"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.57025" y="-8.75"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="129.13481" y="-8.75"> ∇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="138.27449" y="-8.75"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="147.16412" y="-8.75"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.51686" y="-8.75"> ∇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="170.43222" y="-8.75"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="176.78374" y="-8.75"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="185.96094" y="-8.75"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="197.31366" y="-8.75"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,311.87,17.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,321.95,20.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-252.00999" y="28.67"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-243.53999" y="31.190001"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-237.69" y="28.67"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-231.4135" y="28.67"> ℎ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,97.75,-11.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.424304" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.730288" y="0"> t</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,107.4,-10.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 69.94,-15.44 43.32,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,86.44,-27.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.790001" y="-8.75"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.330002" y="-17.049999"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.706532" y="-17.049999"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 129.77,-15.44 12.5,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,130.87,-27.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.990002" y="-6.2399998"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.38" y="-8.75"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.707718" y="-8.75"> ∇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.635578" y="-8.75"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.84" y="-8.75"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.116505" y="-8.75"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.931122" y="-8.75"> ℎ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.02,-21.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4155519" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7215362" y="0"> t</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.67,-21.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3299999" y="-2.51"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.045551" y="-2.51"> ∇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.973412" y="-2.51"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.324936" y="-2.51"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.488438" y="-2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.25256" y="-2.51"> ∇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.392254" y="-2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.269379" y="-2.51"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.208549" y="-2.51"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="87.548767" y="-2.51"> ∇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="99.476631" y="-2.51"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="105.82816" y="-2.51"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.99165" y="-2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="121.58193" y="-2.51"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="127.93346" y="-2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="134.33499" y="-2.51"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.84" y="24.1"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.167717" y="24.1"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.7705" y="24.1"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.122025" y="24.1"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,275.92,-48.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.78,-45.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,308.25,-48.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,315.53,-45.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.59" y="-53.560001"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="162.75349" y="-53.560001"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="169.005" y="-53.560001"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="9.125" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是时间,<svg height="9.875" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9749999 9.875" width="7.9749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是密度,<svg height="10.5375" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:12.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.8625 10.5375" width="12.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是速度矢量,<svg height="9.875" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是压力。操作员<svg height="11.725" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-1.49226pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 11.725" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⊗</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>代表张量积,<svg height="14.475" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.887501 14.475" width="22.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.82,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>源项,<svg height="14.8125" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.2125 14.8125" width="21.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.74,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.424304" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.730288" y="0"> t</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是具体总焓和可以被定义为<svg height="17.7875" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:116.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 116.475 17.7875" width="116.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.74,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.424304" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.730288" y="0"> t</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.61,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ℎ</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.030287" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.370506" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.534004" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.785507" y="0"> /</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.261341" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.51284" y="0"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.676338" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,16.26,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。<svg height="10.8125" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>热导率和吗<svg height="14.475" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.375 14.475" width="19.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.82,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是能量源项。这个词<svg height="14.475" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:45.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.325001 14.475" width="45.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.590281" y="0"> ⋅</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.941805" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.88,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别代表了工作由于外部动量源。湍流模型对雷诺应力需要提供一个闭包。</p> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。拉格朗日离散液相的方法</h5> <p>在拉格朗日粒子跟踪方法中,每个液滴代表粒子的样本都遵循着相同的路径。是注入实现所有粒子跟踪的“平均”效应,而源条件液质量,动量和能量方程计算连续相同时(<一个href="#B16">16</一个>]。跟踪过程适用于稳态流分析每个粒子将追踪从一个初始注入点到最终目的地的位置在域退出(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。拉格朗日粒子跟踪方法的明显的优势是由于其低computatoinal成本流与广泛的粒度分布和一个复杂的传热传质过程,因此,它是满足工业应用。</p> <p>粒子跟踪是由一组时间常微分方程(ode)对每个粒子的空间坐标,速度,温度,和大规模的物种。水滴的速度计算的时间步的初始粒子速度<svg height="17.112499" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:14px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14 17.112499" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.31)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.62,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1300001"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。新滴位置最后一步是由下列方程计算<span class="equation" id="EEq4"> <svg height="17.2125" id="M14" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 17.2125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164.05,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.93,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.7600002"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.25,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.16,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.79"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.45,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.12,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1300001"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.67,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.066595" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.980034" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="243.45" y="1.0599999"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="247.61349" y="1.0599999"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="253.86501" y="1.0599999"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>标”<svg height="7.1875" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.2874999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.2874999 7.1875" width="7.2874999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>”和“<svg height="7.1374998" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分别是指新旧价值观<svg height="10.7375" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:12.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.875 10.7375" width="12.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2765059" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是时间步。</p> <p>新粒子的速度在每个时间步长更新通过以下方程:<span class="equation" id="EEq5"> <svg height="19.725" id="M18" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.725" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,72.97,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,79.29,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,87.54,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,105.91,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.09,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.35" y="2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.200001" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,138.61,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1199999"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.17,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.84,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.24,58.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.51"> ×</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.407585" y="-2.51"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.22,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.388624" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.128" y="0"> /</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.561056" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.55,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.517424" y="0"> ×</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.29501" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.58,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,269.61,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.86" y="2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.709999" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.737165" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.077389" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,314.26,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.388624" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.128" y="0"> /</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.561056" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,334.81,58.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9299998" y="-2.51"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="139.31" y="-2.46"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="143.4735" y="-2.46"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="149.72501" y="-2.46"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="13.1875" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:14px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14 13.1875" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.62,63.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>粒子速度和吗<svg height="13.2375" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:16.0375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.0375 13.2375" width="16.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.62,63.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是流体的速度,<svg height="6.8874998" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-0.0627pt;width:8.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.125 6.8874998" width="8.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>应力张量,<svg height="14.35" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.35 14.35" width="21.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.22,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是整体的力量作用于粒子。</p> <h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。方法耦合和子</h5> <p>通过实现耦合方法进行流体方程的源项。一个额外的传输方程的源项<span class="equation" id="EEq6"> <svg height="35.125" id="M23" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.1,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.88,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 160.1,55.98 19.56,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164.6,44.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.73" y="-8.7600002"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.757887" y="-8.7600002"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.75,49.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.55,52.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.62,49.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.41,52.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250,49.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.8,52.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="217.32001" y="-1.97"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.48351" y="-1.97"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.735" y="-1.97"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="14.5875" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:37.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 37.950001 14.5875" width="37.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.76,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.7,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>粒子的贡献有线性变化的解决方案,然后呢<svg height="14.35" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:20.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1875 14.35" width="20.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>包括所有其他贡献。</p> <p>其他子包括跟踪下粒子的浮力等于重量流体和颗粒之间的区别<svg height="14.7125" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:137.41251px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 137.41251 14.7125" width="137.41251" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.22,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.14,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.37,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-17.58,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,6.33,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,13.5,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> ×</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.716751" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。传热传质过程是由一个液体蒸发模拟模型。根据液滴或更高的温度低于液体沸点,它可以由安托万方程<span class="equation" id="EEq7"> <svg height="20.049999" id="M27" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 20.049999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.5,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.92,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> v</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.209712" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0956001" y="0"> p</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.36,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.82,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> f</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.02,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.58,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.18472" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.276112" y="0"> /</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.709167" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="26.623585" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="31.437183" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="37.432304" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="43.304897" y="0"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="46.219311" y="0"> ]</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.21,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="211.91" y="0.18000001"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.0735" y="0.18000001"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="222.325" y="0.18000001"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="12.75" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:29.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.35 12.75" width="29.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.8)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9646511" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.165899" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<svg height="10.6125" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.8625 10.6125" width="11.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是相关系数的物理繁华的材料。如果蒸汽压力液体粒子沸腾<svg height="13.3" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-5.03984pt;width:24.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.174999 13.3" width="24.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> v</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.2009602" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> p</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>大于气体的压力。</p> <p>水滴注入速度是不考虑导管制定穴蚀现象<span class="equation" id="EEq8"> <svg height="37.1875" id="M31" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 37.1875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,37.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-42.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.91,54.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,158.72,51.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> ,</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.11,51.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.675168" y="0"> 我</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.108224" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.994112" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,189.12,54.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0769377" y="0"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.703768" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.259998" y="-9.2200003"> ̇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.945745" y="-9.2200003"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.94,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> n</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> z</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> z</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.523775" y="0"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.956833" y="0"> e</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.37,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0769377" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 218.06,57.39 46.55,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.54,45.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.5,42.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> n</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> z</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> z</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.523775" y="0"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.956833" y="0"> e</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.85,45.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.12,42.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,265.8,54.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="208.32001" y="0.25999999"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="212.48351" y="0.25999999"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.735" y="0.25999999"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>粒子主要分手是由“Blob”描述模型和二次分手是被级联雾化,放分手模型(出租车)<span class="equation" id="EEq9"> <svg height="36.375" id="M32" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 36.375" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,36.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-42.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.66,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> ,</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.15,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> h</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.213584" y="0"> 我</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.64664" y="0"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.079696" y="0"> d</tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 170.26,59.19 35.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.26,47.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.36,44.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> ,</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.75,44.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> P</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.787344" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.6732321" y="0"> r</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.570144" y="0"> e</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.456032" y="0"> n</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="19.832031" y="0"> t</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.18,56.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.78,61.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.44,58.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> b</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="3.1259999" y="0"> r</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.65,56.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.47" y="1.74"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.6335" y="1.74"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.88499" y="1.74"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="14.35" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.775px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.775 14.35" width="21.775" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.42,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> b</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> r</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>与韦伯数关联<svg height="14.5875" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:66.362503px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.362503 14.5875" width="66.362503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.42,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> b</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> r</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.16,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.35,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.47,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>为<svg height="18.125" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:203.925px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 203.925 18.125" width="203.925" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> W</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.820374" y="0"> e</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.835037" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.875427" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.126926" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.378426" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.667679" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,11.25,57.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> b</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> r</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,22.51,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,41.33,57.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,46.2,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5145426" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.678042" y="0"> W</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.743196" y="0"> e</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.294529" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,79.65,65.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5640001" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>为<svg height="18.174999" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:222.85001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 222.85001 18.174999" width="222.85001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.46)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.966331" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.00672" y="0"> W</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.071877" y="0"> e</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.086536" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.126926" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.378426" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.629929" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.881424" y="0"> ;</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="84.432762" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,22.02,57.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> b</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> r</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,33.28,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,52.1,57.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,56.97,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5145426" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.678042" y="0"> W</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.743196" y="0"> e</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.294529" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,90.42,65.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5640001" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.94" y="0"> 5</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>为<svg height="11.25" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:63.712502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.712502 11.25" width="63.712502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.217831" y="0"> <</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.258221" y="0"> W</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.323376" y="0"> e</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,respectivbely。</p> <h4 id="configurations,-flow-conditions,-and-experiments">3所示。配置,流动条件,<b></b>实验</h4> <p>涡轮增压器的配置包括三个注水喷嘴采用模拟(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>)。水喷射器安装在一个短的距离接近上游的喷嘴叶片环有或没有间隔插入。他们定位在喷嘴喷射角为30°(表示标准喷嘴)或90°(也表示间隔喷嘴)对主流的流动方向。试验研究进行了使用一个内部测试平台和流动的数值研究细节,包括水轨迹,液滴大小,及其对叶片表面的分布,除了使用商业软件ANSYS-CFX。仿真和测试使用相同的条件;即注水压力4酒吧和8酒吧,和相应的注水质量流率0.15千克/秒和0.22公斤/ s,分别。进口的质量流率是在一系列的6.0221公斤/ s - 9.1533公斤/ s。流入平均温度约为520°C。出口压力调整以满足入口质量流量的目标。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-3bfc3caec9c11e7637da39e1a5b792e0"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-3bfc3caec9c11e7637da39e1a5b792e0 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.001_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-3bfc3caec9c11e7637da39e1a5b792e0 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>配置与三个水洗喷嘴涡轮增压器。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>前体网格收敛性的研究已经得出结论,细网格2170013个网格的元素是必要的来实现质量仿真(<一个href="#B18">18</一个>]。此外,介绍了30000水粒子和它们在一个不相关的方式注入气体流场通过three-nozzle喷油器,分别。最初的水滴直径定义为6毫米,与喷嘴入口直径相同。的主要和次要分手液滴会发生后立即注射。</p> <p>这个实验设备主要用于热性能度量。模块式组装允许直接在涡轮增压器喷嘴导叶片温度测量定位热夫妇在涡轮增压器叶片前缘。热电偶是位于喷嘴导流叶片的前缘纳皮尔458涡轮增压器,包括共24喷嘴叶片。共有48个热夫妇使用36热夫妇12个叶片上安装(叶片1 - 6和刀片号码19日~ 24日各有3热夫妇)180度半径水平中心线以上,而12热夫妇上安装其余12刀片(刀片数字7日至18日,各有1热电偶)。实验中使用的所有数据记录设备测试来自美国国家仪器。虚拟仪器的数据采集使用的软件版本,加上额外的录音软件开发的纳皮尔涡轮增压器。基本上,计算机收集和处理钻井数据和执行整个钻井平台操作,例如,监测和执行控制涡轮增压器的速度和“自动”控制燃油喷射,润滑,等等。细节可以发现在<一个href="#B18">18</一个>]。</p> <h4 id="results-and-discussions">4所示。结果和讨论</h4> <h5 id="sec4.1">4.1。在30°角注水</h5> <p>数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>说明叶片表面上的水滴覆盖在30°角注水。液滴的大小在流体域预计在50到500微米的范围在800转/测试条件<svg height="12.2375" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5和900转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5,分别。4酒吧和注水压力的加载速度800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5,叶片上的液滴大小环预计在50到320微米,略低于那些在高加载速度900转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5。因此,涡轮增压器运行速度的增加不会导致液滴大小的急剧下降。类似的趋势是观察到的注水压力测试用例8条。喷嘴叶片表面上的水滴报道策划与测试测量,以验证数值精度。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>描述了数值预测喷嘴叶片表面上的水滴分布(左边)和“湿”叶片水覆盖由实验测试(右边)。叶片表面积没有水滴报道显示银的颜色,而那些水覆盖由一种颜色表示乐队,红色代表最高滴温度。注水压力的4条,“湿”面积的叶片数量略有减少的无量纲速度800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5到900转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5。有两个刀片,略显overpredictions液滴覆盖的区域。注水压力的8条,水覆盖显示类似的趋势(这里没有显示)。一般来说,水覆盖的叶片表面积随涡轮增压器加载速度的增加,并增加与增加洗水的压力。underprediction是观察到的一些叶片。预测的水滴在叶片表面温度升高估计1.57%的最大的注水压力4酒吧和2.0%的注水压力8条,分别测量数据的比较。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-85a26c206749d0ce8c43b192173ea6e3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)4" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.002a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)4</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.002b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b) 8条</strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-85a26c206749d0ce8c43b192173ea6e3 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) 4 bars " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)4" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.002a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)4</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) 8 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.002b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b) 8条</strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-85a26c206749d0ce8c43b192173ea6e3 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>数值预测的水滴大小及其分布在叶片表面的加载速度800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5和30°水喷嘴角度。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-6d770f7d5bde3c0e9a1c05367a128f07"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)4" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.003a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)4</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.003b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b) 8条</strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-6d770f7d5bde3c0e9a1c05367a128f07 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) 4 bars " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)4" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.003a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)4</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) 8 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.003b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b) 8条</strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-6d770f7d5bde3c0e9a1c05367a128f07 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>数值预测的水滴大小及其分布在叶片表面的加载速度900转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5和30°水喷嘴角度。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-8903a653cfaaf02b3f60264ec689e888"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)800转/ T 0.5∧(CFD)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.004a.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b>800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5 (CFD)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="0.5 (b) 800转/ T∧(EXP)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.004b.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(b)</b>800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5 (EXP)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="0.5 (c) 900转/ T∧(CFD)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.004c.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(c)</b>900转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5 (CFD)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d) 900转/ T 0.5∧(EXP)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.004d.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(d)</b>900转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5 (EXP)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-8903a653cfaaf02b3f60264ec689e888 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) 800 rpm/ T ∧ 0.5 (CFD) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)800转/ T 0.5∧(CFD)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.004a_th.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b>800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5 (CFD)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) 800 rpm/ T ∧ 0.5 (EXP)" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="0.5 (b) 800转/ T∧(EXP)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.004b_th.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(b)</b>800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5 (EXP)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) 900 rpm/ T ∧ 0.5 (CFD)" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="0.5 (c) 900转/ T∧(CFD)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.004c_th.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(c)</b>900转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5 (CFD)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) 900 rpm/ T ∧ 0.5 (EXP)" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d) 900转/ T 0.5∧(EXP)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.004d_th.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(d)</b>900转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5 (EXP)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-8903a653cfaaf02b3f60264ec689e888 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>比较水滴之间的叶片表面温度变化在4条数值预测(CFD)和实验(实验)和30°水喷嘴角度。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.2">4.2。注水在90<sup>o</sup>角</h5> <p>模拟喷嘴喷射角为90°角进行的加载速度800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5。考虑两种类型的喷嘴安装配置,一个是一样的,在30°注入角(捐赠标准喷嘴),另一个是安装在同一位置,但有一个垫片之间插入喷嘴和涡轮增压器外施法间隔喷嘴(捐赠)。两个配置进行了测试实验,数值结果与测试数据进行比较。喷嘴的喷射间隔,喷嘴头的深度进入气体流场相对较短,而其他安排保持不变。</p> <p>图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>显示平均水滴的等值面温度和大小(直径)分布投射到叶片表面。叶片水覆盖的趋势非常类似于前面讨论的喷嘴喷射角度30°和注水压力4和8条。同样,“湿”叶片的数量的注水压力低于4块8条的注水压力高的水质量流率。“湿”叶片大多出现在喷嘴环的上半部分。发现了最高温度约65°C - 67°C。水压力的预测液滴温度在8条低于4条。水滴的直径在5×10的范围<sup>−4</sup>(m) 5×10<sup>−5</sup>(m),较大的液滴大多集中在上部叶片环的注水/每分钟800转<svg height="12.2375" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-544fac2abf212a75b855f276cbb9ed14"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)4" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.005a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)4</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.005b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b) 8条</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c) 4条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.005c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c) 4条</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.005d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d) 8条</strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-544fac2abf212a75b855f276cbb9ed14 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) 4 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)4" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.005a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)4</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) 8 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.005b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b) 8条</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) 4 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c) 4条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.005c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c) 4条</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) 8 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.005d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d) 8条</strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-544fac2abf212a75b855f276cbb9ed14 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>数值预测水滴的温度和大小分布在叶片表面的加载速度800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5注水压力4酒吧和8条,分别和90°水喷嘴角度没有间隔。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>给出的数值模拟注水喷嘴插入垫片。这表明“湿”叶片的数量高于没有间隔。最高温度是发现在80 - 90°C之间,这是高于标准喷嘴与30°倾斜角度安装。此外,从标准的液滴直径小于喷嘴配置。这可能是由于增强的液滴蒸发和水雾在更高的温度范围。平衡液体蒸发速度和液滴表面张力和温度的相关性也扮演了一定的角色的动态过程中液滴破裂由于阻力和传热效果。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-23db7aad189bc24412062061eae8abc3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)4" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.006a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)4</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.006b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b) 8条</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c) 4条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.006c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c) 4条</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.006d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d) 8条</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(e) 4条(EXP)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.006e.jpg"> <br> <strong>(e) 4条(EXP)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(f) 8条(EXP)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.006f.jpg"> <br> <strong>(f) 8条(EXP)</strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-23db7aad189bc24412062061eae8abc3 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) 4 bars " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)4" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.006a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)4</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) 8 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.006b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b) 8条</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) 4 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c) 4条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.006c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c) 4条</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) 8 bars" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d) 8条" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.006d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d) 8条</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (e) 4 bars (EXP)" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(e) 4条(EXP)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.006e_th.jpg"><br><strong>(e) 4条(EXP)</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (f) 8 bars (EXP)" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(f) 8条(EXP)" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.006f_th.jpg"><br><strong>(f) 8条(EXP)</strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-23db7aad189bc24412062061eae8abc3 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>数值预测水滴的温度和大小分布在叶片表面的加载速度800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5注水压力4酒吧和8条,分别和90°水喷嘴角度之间的间隔插入喷嘴涡轮增压器铸件。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>在90°角,为注水温度对水滴直径的趋势是相当类似的所有测试用例,如数据所述<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig7/" target="_blank">7(一)</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig7/" target="_blank">7 (b)</一个>。它还表明,水滴的温度变化间隔标准喷嘴的喷嘴高于水压力水平(图4酒吧和8的酒吧<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig7/" target="_blank">7 (b)</一个>)。相同的液滴温度、水滴速度低注水压力的4条高于注水压力高的8条(注射质量流率高)。标准喷嘴的水滴速度也高于间隔喷嘴。标准喷嘴,水滴直径分布的趋势在水的压力4酒吧和8条是相当一致的。然而垫片的喷嘴在同一加载速度,水滴直径4酒吧的水压力高于8条的水压力。这是由于随机运动轨迹方向的水滴。的比较实验表明,“湿”的数量使用标准喷嘴叶片同意相当不错与注水压力的实验测试4和8条。没有发现某些叶片表面水滴粒子通过实验测量,而预测的仿真。而实验表明相当的水滴随机分布间隔喷嘴叶片环(见,例如,数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (e)</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (f)</一个>),模拟并预测一些常规水覆盖模式,类似于其他情况下。造成这种差距的原因不清楚,可能是由于可能的测量错误或数值模拟模型的限制。进一步的研究需要在两个方面。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-e1125bf3ae6950a3ff90c340b479e4bc"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)液滴温度" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.007a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)液滴温度</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)液滴速度" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.007b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)液滴速度</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)液滴质量率" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.007c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)液滴质量率</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)滴旅行时间" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.007d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)滴旅行时间</strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-e1125bf3ae6950a3ff90c340b479e4bc partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Droplet temperature " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)液滴温度" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.007a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)液滴温度</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Droplet velocity" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)液滴速度" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.007b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)液滴速度</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Droplet mass rate" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)液滴质量率" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.007c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)液滴质量率</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Droplet travel time" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)滴旅行时间" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.007d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)滴旅行时间</strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-e1125bf3ae6950a3ff90c340b479e4bc partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>比较水滴在800 rpm的加载速度/行为<svg height="12.2375" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5和注水压力的4条和8酒吧在90°注水角和无间隔。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig8/" target="_blank">8</一个>显示的结果比较喷嘴喷射角度30°没有间隔(如几何学1表示),喷嘴喷射角度90°没有间隔(如几何学2表示),和喷嘴喷射角度90°垫片插入(如几何学3表示),分别。一般来说,所有测试用例的倾向是非常一致的。为30°的标准喷嘴喷射角度,水滴加热时间是最短的注水压力8条。相比之下,低水压的4条有最长的水滴加热时间(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig8/" target="_blank">8(一个)</一个>)。水的平均速度通过所有测试用例的水滴的温度(图也很相似<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig8/" target="_blank">8 (b)</一个>)。标准喷嘴,水滴的质量负载在注水30°角是一致的,从注水角度90°。然而,一些观察变化的间隔与水喷嘴喷射角度90°(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig8/" target="_blank">8 (c)</一个>)。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig8/" target="_blank">8 (d)</一个>描述液滴直径和的水温度的关系。这表明水滴分手小尺寸由于主要和次要分手。水滴的温度增加沿着水滴轨迹方向(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig8/" target="_blank">8 (d)</一个>)。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-0839e28f673c1b7dc9c7e63f0ee947c6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)滴旅行时间" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.008a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)滴旅行时间</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)液滴速度" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.008b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)液滴速度</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(c)液滴质量率" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.008c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)液滴质量率</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(d)液滴温度" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/figures/789563.fig.008d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)液滴温度</strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-0839e28f673c1b7dc9c7e63f0ee947c6 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Droplet travel time " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)滴旅行时间" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.008a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)滴旅行时间</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Droplet velocity" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)液滴速度" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.008b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)液滴速度</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (c) Droplet mass rate" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(c)液滴质量率" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.008c_th.jpg"><br><strong>(c)液滴质量率</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (d) Droplet temperature" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(d)液滴温度" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/789563/thumbnails/789563.fig.008d_th.jpg"><br><strong>(d)液滴温度</strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-0839e28f673c1b7dc9c7e63f0ee947c6 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>比较水滴行为的加载速度800转/<svg height="12.2375" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.075001 12.2375" width="17.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.31,67.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∧</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5和注水压力的4条和8酒吧为所有三个喷嘴进行了研究。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>一般来说,水覆盖范围的增加降低了涡轮增压器加载速度。仿真表明,洗涤性能更好的加载速度低。然而,这不是一个理想的工业操作条件的涡轮增压器效率和输出功率可以显著降低涡轮增压器运行速度低。因此,要有一个洗水系统正常操作在一个较高的加载速度,同时保持理想的洗涤性能和效率。</p> <h4 id="conclusions">5。结论</h4> <p>模拟提供了水滴的细节,如液滴大小的叶片表面的光谱,通过液滴直径、温度分布等等。口袋里的水滴轨迹是非常重要的对于一个液体解体过程的理解,和液滴轨迹的建模可视化等值面给确认的锥形形状液体喷雾。仿真表明,叶片水覆盖标准喷嘴注入30°角接近实验数据,特别是在低水压力水平的4条。水滴覆盖率高水压力水平的8条略overpredicted叶片。的间隔与注水喷嘴角度90°,仿真表明常规水覆盖模式;相比之下,实验测量显示随机分布。造成这种差距的原因还不清楚。在这个安装,喷嘴不入主流气体流量。因此,液滴和气流相互作用将经历相当大的变化的水覆盖在叶片环,相比标准喷嘴安装。一些模拟模型的限制也可能有一些影响,例如拉格朗日方法只能预测液滴的体积分数较低。 Thus, further investigations are needed in order to better understand the situation.</p> <h4 id="nomenclature">命名法</h4> <table class="gloss-abbr"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="12.75" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:58.049999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.049999 12.75" width="58.049999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.8)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9646511" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.165899" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.867987" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.081738" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.947086" y="0"> ∶</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="left">安托万方程的系数</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.5625" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:40.512501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.512501 14.5625" width="40.512501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.99,60.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> n</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> z</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> z</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.523775" y="0"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.956833" y="0"> e</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">喷嘴面积</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.5875" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:37.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 37.950001 14.5875" width="37.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.76,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.7,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">贡献的粒子线性变化的解决方案</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.35" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.35 14.35" width="21.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.22,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">整体力量作用于粒子</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.3625" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:15.55px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.55 14.3625" width="15.55" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.22,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">浮力</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.9375" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4375 9.9375" width="8.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">重力加速器</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.95" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:9.1374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.1374998 10.95" width="9.1374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.95)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">比焓</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.8125" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.2125 14.8125" width="21.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.74,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.424304" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.730288" y="0"> t</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">具体的总焓</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.35" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.775px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.775 14.35" width="21.775" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.42,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> b</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> r</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">分手常数</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.475" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:35.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.762501 14.475" width="35.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.17,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.3,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.31,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">常量</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:24.799999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.799999 14.2375" width="24.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">质量的液体</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:24.5875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5875 14.2375" width="24.5875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">粒子的质量</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.8625" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:40.400002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.400002 13.8625" width="40.400002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.91)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.64,64.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̇</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-7.3017521" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,61.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> n</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> o</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> z</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.637888" y="0"> z</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.523775" y="0"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.956833" y="0"> e</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">质量流量的水清洗喷嘴</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.35" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:22.15px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.15 14.35" width="22.15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.52,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> f</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">参考压力</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="16.612499" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-5.03984pt;width:25.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.612499 16.612499" width="25.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.71)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.52,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> v</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.2009602" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> p</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">蒸汽压力</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.875" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">压力</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.35" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:20.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1875 14.35" width="20.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">剩下的对源项的贡献</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.925" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:15.2625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.2625 10.925" width="15.2625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">粒子半径前分手</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.475" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.375 14.475" width="19.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.82,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">能量方程的源项</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.475" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.887501 14.475" width="22.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.82,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">动量方程的源项</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="16.475" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:16.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.25 16.475" width="16.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.82)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.82,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">源项的粒子</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.325" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 10.325" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">温度</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.125" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">时间</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.5375" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:12.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.8625 10.5375" width="12.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">速度矢量</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="15.775" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:46.537498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.537498 15.775" width="46.537498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.38)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> ,</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.75,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.675168" y="0"> 我</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.108224" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.994112" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">滴注速度</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.2375" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:16.0375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.0375 13.2375" width="16.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.62,63.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">流体速度</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.1875" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:14px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14 13.1875" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.62,63.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">初始粒子速度</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.05" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:12.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.75 11.05" width="12.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">初始粒子的位置</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.875" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9749999 9.875" width="7.9749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">密度</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.925" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.737499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.737499 10.925" width="16.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">粒子密度</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.3" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-5.03984pt;width:24.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.174999 13.3" width="24.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> v</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.2009602" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> p</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">蒸气密度</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">热导率</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="7.1875" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:10.7625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.7625 7.1875" width="10.7625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">角频率的粒子扭曲</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.7375" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:12.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.875 10.7375" width="12.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2765059" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">时间步长</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="6.8874998" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-0.0627pt;width:8.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.125 6.8874998" width="8.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">剪切应力张量。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span class="GlossGroup-title"><i class="GlossGroup-title">下标</我></span> <table class="gloss-abbr"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">孩子:</td> <td align="left">子粒子</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.9250002" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:4.9875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.9875002 9.9250002" width="4.9875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">指数</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.875" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">粒子</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">家长:</td> <td align="left">父粒子。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span class="GlossGroup-title"><i class="GlossGroup-title">标</我></span> <table class="gloss-abbr"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="7.1374998" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">新值</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="7.1875" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.2874999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.2874999 7.1875" width="7.2874999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td> <td align="left">旧值。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span class="GlossGroup-title"><i class="GlossGroup-title">首字母缩略词</我></span> <table class="gloss-abbr"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">出租车:</td> <td align="left">级联雾化和分手</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">CFD:</td> <td align="left">计算流体动力学</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">歌唱:</td> <td align="left">常微分方程</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">转:</td> <td align="left">革命每分钟</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">白平衡:</td> <td align="left">韦伯数。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="acknowledgment">承认</h4> <p>第一作者要感谢从纳皮尔涡轮增压器有限公司技术和财政支持。</p> </div> </div> <div class="ArticleReferences_xmlContent__p_40j"> <h4 class="ArticleReferences_references__GH2t_" id="references">引用</h4> <ol class="ArticleReferences_orderedReferences__mJr9M"> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B1"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">n·沃森和m . s . Janota<我>涡轮增压内燃机</我>,威利/麦克米伦,伦敦,英国,1982年。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B2"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a·威廉姆斯,<我>燃烧的液体燃料的喷雾</我>Elek科学,伦敦,英国,1976年。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B3"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j.p. Stalder和p . van Oosten压缩机清洗维护工厂性能和降低能源生产成本”<我>《国际燃气轮机和航空发动机国会和博览会</我>、ASME纸94 - ct - 436、1994年6月。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Compressor%20washing%20maintains%20plant%20performance%20and%20reduces%20cost%20of%20energy%20production&author=J.%20P.%20Stalder&author=P.%20van%20Oosten" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B4"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">公元Mezheritsky和a . v . Sudarev”机制的污染和清洁技术在应用程序流的部分发电装置压缩机,”<我>《国际燃气轮机和航空发动机国会和博览会</我>、ASME纸90 - gt - 103、1990年6月。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mechanism%20of%20fouling%20and%20the%20cleaning%20technique%20in%20application%20to%20flow%20parts%20of%20the%20power%20generation%20plant%20compressors&author=A.%20D.%20Mezheritsky&author=A.%20V.%20Sudarev" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B5"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">h·马戈利斯,”美国海军在线海洋燃气涡轮发动机,压缩机清洗”<我>《国际燃气轮机和航空发动机国会和博览会</我>、ASME纸91 - gt - 309、1991年6月。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=U.S.%20Navy%20on-line%20compressor%20washing%20of%20marine%20gas%20turbine%20engines&author=H.%20Margolis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B6"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">f . c . Mund和p . Pilidis燃气轮机在线清洗系统的审查,”<我>学报ASME涡轮机械博览会:土地,海洋和空气</我>2004年6月,ASME gt2004 - 53224。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20review%20of%20gas%20turbine%20online%20washing%20systems&author=F.%20C.%20Mund&author=P.%20Pilidis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B7"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">p·麦克德莫特,”方法和设备清洁燃气涡轮发动机,”美国专利5,011,540,1991。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Method%20and%20apparatus%20for%20cleaning%20a%20gas%20turbine%20engine&author=P.%20McDermott" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B8"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">p . Lambart r·戈登·m·伯内特,“发展燃气轮机压气机清洗线,”<我>柴油和燃气轮机工程师学会学报2燃气轮机会议</我>米尔顿凯恩斯,页136 - 142年,英国,2003年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Developments%20in%20on%20line%20gas%20turbine%20compressor%20cleaning&author=P.%20Lambart&author=R.%20Gordon&author=M.%20Burnett" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B9"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">e .杰夫斯”,压缩机清洗线对于大型燃气轮机,”<我>涡轮机械国际</我>,33卷,不。5,49-51,1992页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Compressor%20washing%20on%20line%20for%20large%20gas%20turbines&author=E.%20Jeffs&publication_year=1992" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B10"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j·海沃德·g·文森,a . Raatrae“燃气涡轮压缩机清洗系统,”欧洲专利EP0933502A2, 1999。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Wash%20system%20for%20gas%20turbine%20compressors&author=J.%20Hayward&author=G.%20Winson&author=A.%20Raatrae" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B11"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">t·l·范教授和s·d·海斯特,”喷雾建模在均匀流模型,使用拉格朗日跟踪滴”<我>自动化和喷雾剂</我>,12卷,不。5 - 6,687 - 707年,2002页。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Spray%20modeling%20using%20lagrangian%20droplet%20tracking%20in%20a%20homogeneous%20flow%20model&author=T.%20L.%20Pham&author=S.%20D.%20Heister&publication_year=2002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B12"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">p莉莲,“清洗对象的方法,如涡轮压缩机,“世界知识产权组织专利合作条约,我们96/40453,1996。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20method%20of%20washing%20objects%2C%20such%20as%20turbine%20compressors&author=P.%20Asplund" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B13"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m . Salewski l·福克斯:“一致性问题的拉格朗日粒子跟踪应用于横向气流喷嘴,”<我>国际多相流杂志》上</我>,33卷,不。4、394 - 410年,2007页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2006.09.007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个> <span class="sep">|</span> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Consistency%20issues%20of%20Lagrangian%20particle%20tracking%20applied%20to%20a%20spray%20jet%20in%20crossflow&author=M.%20Salewski&author=L.%20Fuchs&publication_year=2007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B14"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">l . j . Molero德布拉斯特区<我>污染物的形成和交互沉重的液体燃料燃烧的博士。论文)</我>,大学,伦敦,英国,1998年。</p> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B15"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">r . s .地堡”回顾涡轮叶尖传热,”<我>纽约科学院上</我>卷,934年,第79 - 64页,2001年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20review%20of%20turbine%20blade%20tip%20heat%20transfer&author=R.%20S.%20Bunker&publication_year=2001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B16"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">ANSYS-CFX发布11.0版本,“ANSYS-CFX-Solver理论指导-粒子输运理论:拉格朗日跟踪实现,”2007年。</p>视图: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=ANSYS-CFX-Solver%20Theory%20Guide-%20particle%20transport%20theory%3A%20Lagrangian%20Tracking%20Implementation&author=%20ANSYS-CFX%20Release%20version%2011.0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B17"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">w .打浆机和s . k . Zaripov“雷诺数很小,水动力相互作用滴”<我>国际多相流杂志》上</我>没有,卷。31日。1,53 - 68年,2005页。</p>视图: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2004.09.003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</一个> <span class="sep">|</span> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hydrodynamically%20interacting%20droplets%20at%20small%20Reynolds%20numbers&author=W.%20Holl%C3%A4nder&author=S.%20K.%20Zaripov&publication_year=2005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</一个> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B18"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">j .姚明,<我>气/液两相流的数值和实验研究[博士在涡轮增压器。论文)</我>工学院,金斯顿大学,伦敦,英国,2010年。</p> </div></li> </ol> </div> <h4 class="copyright-title" id="copyright">版权</h4> <div class="copyright-body"> 版权©2012年6月姚明和宇姚明。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</d我v> <div id="related-articles"></div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_rightColumn__b_MuL"> <div> <div> <div class="ArticleRightSection_articleRightSection__rG8Zh"> <div class="ArticleToolbar_articleToolbar__8fsAH"> <a href="https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/mse/2012/789563.pdf" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="primary" aria-label="PDF" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" target="_blank" data-testid="download-pdf"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 19 24"> <path d="M16.772,24H2.227A2.163,2.163,0,0,1,0,21.746V2.255A2.159,2.159,0,0,1,2.227,0H12.415L12.9.494h.03V.523L19,6.669V21.746A2.161,2.161,0,0,1,16.772,24ZM2.334,1A1.276,1.276,0,0,0,1,2.358V21.642A1.283,1.283,0,0,0,2.334,23H16.665A1.276,1.276,0,0,0,18,21.642V7.087l-.032-.033H14.215A2.131,2.131,0,0,1,12.02,4.832V1.005L12.015,1ZM13,2V4.745A1.192,1.192,0,0,0,14.261,6H17ZM4.012,20A1.032,1.032,0,0,1,3,18.923a2.505,2.505,0,0,1,.967-1.539,8.15,8.15,0,0,1,2.377-1.418c.344-.779.65-1.6.92-2.327l.008-.022.017-.046.009-.024c.2-.539.453-1.209.71-1.827a4.545,4.545,0,0,1-.372-3.862c.267-.569.6-.858.976-.858.556,0,.964.621,1.015,1.546a7.125,7.125,0,0,1-.681,3.143c.158.305.343.624.55.949a7.127,7.127,0,0,0,1.806,1.9,8.681,8.681,0,0,1,2.023-.279,4.23,4.23,0,0,1,1.468.238c.118.047,1.156.478,1.2,1.143a.688.688,0,0,1-.412.67,2.509,2.509,0,0,1-1.164.242,4.757,4.757,0,0,1-.671-.052,6.631,6.631,0,0,1-2.608-1.025c-.163.042-.323.086-.514.138l-.1.026-.15.041c-.235.067-.464.13-.679.185l-.292.076-.025.006-.019,0c-.794.205-1.615.418-2.4.705A14.033,14.033,0,0,1,6,18.437C5.832,18.7,4.941,20,4.012,20ZM6,17a6.865,6.865,0,0,0-1.287.871A1.927,1.927,0,0,0,4,18.831a.12.12,0,0,0,.041.1A.165.165,0,0,0,4.17,19c.327,0,.965-.631,1.356-1.219C5.671,17.564,5.83,17.3,6,17Zm7.044-2A4.632,4.632,0,0,0,12,15.131a4.76,4.76,0,0,0,1.675.792A2.906,2.906,0,0,0,14.32,16a1.629,1.629,0,0,0,.68-.13,2.672,2.672,0,0,0-.584-.528A2.752,2.752,0,0,0,13.045,15ZM8.166,13c-.177.449-.343.884-.481,1.25l-.01.025-.009.024-.007.02-.035.092-.032.085c-.156.409-.37.97-.59,1.5.6-.181,1.229-.341,1.733-.469l.031-.008.055-.014.028-.007.028-.007.307-.078c.191-.048.4-.105.674-.179l.03-.008.005,0,.036-.01.036-.01.01,0,.01,0,.016,0a8.291,8.291,0,0,1-1.566-1.767C8.341,13.285,8.264,13.16,8.166,13Zm.516-5a1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.34.365A2.425,2.425,0,0,0,8.437,11a4.012,4.012,0,0,0,.553-2.22A1.309,1.309,0,0,0,8.681,8Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>PDF</span></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/789563.ris" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="ghost" aria-label="Download Citation" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" data-testid="download-citation"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M16 12H8C7.44772 12 7 12.4477 7 13C7 13.5523 7.44772 14 8 14H16C16.5523 14 17 13.5523 17 13C17 12.4477 16.5523 12 16 12Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M16 16H8C7.44772 16 7 16.4477 7 17C7 17.5523 7.44772 18 8 18H16C16.5523 18 17 17.5523 17 17C17 16.4477 16.5523 16 16 16Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M10 8H8C7.44772 8 7 8.44772 7 9C7 9.55228 7.44772 10 8 10H10C10.5523 10 11 9.55228 11 9C11 8.44772 10.5523 8 10 8Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M15 2C15 1.44772 14.5523 1 14 1C13.4477 1 13 1.44772 13 2V8C13 8.55228 13.4477 9 14 9H20C20.5523 9 21 8.55228 21 8C21 7.44772 20.5523 7 20 7H15V2Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.7071 1.29289C14.5196 1.10536 14.2652 1 14 1H6C4.34315 1 3 2.34315 3 4V20C3 21.6569 4.34315 23 6 23H18C19.6569 23 21 21.6569 21 20V8C21 7.73478 20.8946 7.48043 20.7071 7.29289L14.7071 1.29289ZM6 3H13.5858L19 8.41421V20C19 20.5523 18.5523 21 18 21H6C5.44772 21 5 20.5523 5 20V4C5 3.44772 5.44772 3 6 3Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>下载引用</span></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <div class="ant-collapse ant-collapse-icon-position-end articleToolbarOtherFormats_otherFormatsCollapse__VHaOL"> <div class="ant-collapse-item"> <div class="ant-collapse-header" aria-expanded="false" aria-disabled="false" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="ant-collapse-expand-icon"> <span role="img" class="anticon ant-collapse-arrow"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span> </div> <span class="ant-collapse-header-text"><span><span role="img" class="anticon articleToolbarOtherFormats_atofDownloadIcon__YRM5T"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span><span>下载其他格式</span></span></span> </div> </div> </div> <a href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/789563/confirm" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__Rqhy0" role="button" type="ghost" aria-label="Order printed copies" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" target="_blank"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__FJAmS"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.41667 1H18.6667C19.1269 1 19.5 1.44772 19.5 2V22C19.5 22.5523 19.1269 23 18.6667 23H7.41667C5.80584 23 4.5 21.433 4.5 19.5V4.5C4.5 2.567 5.80584 1 7.41667 1ZM6.16667 16.3368V4.5C6.16667 3.67157 6.72631 3 7.41667 3H17.8333V16H7.41667C6.96933 16 6.54552 16.1208 6.16667 16.3368ZM17.8333 18H7.41667C6.72631 18 6.16667 18.6716 6.16667 19.5C6.16667 20.3284 6.72631 21 7.41667 21H17.8333V18Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>订单打印副本</span></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CFikg"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 18 14"> <defs> <clippath id="a"> <path d="M10.293,13.707a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.414L14.586,8H1A1,1,0,0,1,1,6H14.586L10.293,1.707A1,1,0,0,1,11.707.293l6,6a1,1,0,0,1,.172.231h0l.01.019,0,.005.007.014.006.012,0,.008.008.018v0a1,1,0,0,1-.009.817l0,0L17.9,7.44l0,.009-.005.011-.007.013,0,.008-.008.015,0,.005-.01.016,0,0-.011.017,0,0-.012.018,0,0-.012.017,0,0L17.8,7.6l0,0-.011.014,0,.006-.01.012-.009.011-.006.007-.015.017h0l-.04.042-6,6a1,1,0,0,1-1.414,0Z" transform="translate(3 5)"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g transform="translate(-3 -5)"> <path d="M10.293,13.707a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.414L14.586,8H1A1,1,0,0,1,1,6H14.586L10.293,1.707A1,1,0,0,1,11.707.293l6,6a1,1,0,0,1,.172.231h0l.01.019,0,.005.007.014.006.012,0,.008.008.018v0a1,1,0,0,1-.009.817l0,0L17.9,7.44l0,.009-.005.011-.007.013,0,.008-.008.015,0,.005-.01.016,0,0-.011.017,0,0-.012.018,0,0-.012.017,0,0L17.8,7.6l0,0-.011.014,0,.006-.01.012-.009.011-.006.007-.015.017h0l-.04.042-6,6a1,1,0,0,1-1.414,0Z" transform="translate(3 5)" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_articleToolbarStatistics__8_woN"> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_column__R2GqD"> <div> <div> <span>的观点</span> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_amount__vJIDp"> 1589年</d我v> </div> <div> <span>下载</span> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_amount__vJIDp"> 1161年</d我v> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_column__R2GqD articleToolbarStatistics_dimensions__pe7pO"> <div> 引用</d我v> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ articleToolbarStatistics_circle__p2dSc" data-doi="10.1155/2012/789563" data-style="small_circle"></span> </div> </div> <ul class="articleToolbarSocials_articleToolbarSocials__g02HH"> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/789563&via=Hindawi" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="126.444 2.281 589 589"> <circle cx="420.944" cy="296.781" r="294.5" fill="#2daae1"></circle> <path d="M609.773 179.634c-13.891 6.164-28.811 10.331-44.498 12.204 16.01-9.587 28.275-24.779 34.066-42.86a154.78 154.78 0 0 1-49.209 18.801c-14.125-15.056-34.267-24.456-56.551-24.456-42.773 0-77.462 34.675-77.462 77.473 0 6.064.683 11.98 1.996 17.66-64.389-3.236-121.474-34.079-159.684-80.945-6.672 11.446-10.491 24.754-10.491 38.953 0 26.875 13.679 50.587 34.464 64.477a77.122 77.122 0 0 1-35.097-9.686v.979c0 37.54 26.701 68.842 62.145 75.961-6.511 1.784-13.344 2.716-20.413 2.716-4.998 0-9.847-.473-14.584-1.364 9.859 30.769 38.471 53.166 72.363 53.799-26.515 20.785-59.925 33.175-96.212 33.175-6.25 0-12.427-.373-18.491-1.104 34.291 21.988 75.006 34.824 118.759 34.824 142.496 0 220.428-118.052 220.428-220.428 0-3.361-.074-6.697-.236-10.021a157.855 157.855 0 0 0 38.707-40.158z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/789563" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve"> <g transform="translate(-373.642 -318.344)"> <path fill="#1D8CB5" d="M583.659 328.849H419.625c-19.599 0-35.487 15.888-35.487 35.487v164.015c0 19.599 15.888 35.486 35.487 35.486h164.033c19.599 0 35.487-15.888 35.487-35.486V364.337c.001-19.599-15.888-35.488-35.486-35.488z"></path> <lineargradient id="a" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="-808.873" y1="199.892" x2="-860.569" y2="49.203" gradienttransform="rotate(180 -17.27 206.273) scale(.5915)"> <stop offset="0" style="stop-color:#fff"></stop> <stop offset="1" style="stop-color:#fff;stop-opacity:0"></stop> </lineargradient> <path opacity=".781" fill="url(#a)" d="M557.056 338.895H446.227c-29.337 0-52.955 23.81-52.955 53.385v108.127c.95 23.087 4.603 8.491 11.555-17.075 8.081-29.713 34.396-55.682 66.445-75.145 24.461-14.855 51.84-24.341 101.679-25.244 28.265-.511 25.77-36.683-15.895-44.048z"></path> </g> <g fill="#FFF"> <path d="M81.604 207.76V101.49h-35.32v106.27h35.32zM63.951 86.98c12.308 0 19.981-8.161 19.981-18.36-.228-10.426-7.673-18.36-19.75-18.36-12.087 0-19.984 7.934-19.984 18.36 0 10.199 7.662 18.36 19.52 18.36h.233zM101.151 207.76h35.326v-59.345c0-3.178.23-6.352 1.165-8.621 2.547-6.35 8.363-12.92 18.118-12.92 12.784 0 17.893 9.748 17.893 24.032v56.855h35.319v-60.936c0-32.643-17.422-47.83-40.665-47.83-19.053 0-27.421 10.647-32.068 17.902h.238V101.49h-35.326c.469 9.97 0 106.27 0 106.27z"></path> </g> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/789563" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 14222 14222"> <circle cx="7111" cy="7112" r="7111" fill="#1977f3"></circle> <path d="M9879 9168l315-2056H8222V5778c0-562 275-1111 1159-1111h897V2917s-814-139-1592-139c-1624 0-2686 984-2686 2767v1567H4194v2056h1806v4969c362 57 733 86 1111 86s749-30 1111-86V9168z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div> <footer class="ant-layout-footer"> <div class="footer-main-nav-section"> <div class="footer-main-nav"> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About Us">关于我们</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us">联系我们</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</一个></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges">文章处理费用</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/print-editions/" aria-label="Print editions">印刷版</一个></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors">作者</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors">编辑器</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers">评论家</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</一个></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus">雷电竞APP</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative">开放档案计划</一个></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/preventing-and-protecting-against-fraud/" aria-label="Fraud prevention">欺诈防范</一个></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> </div> <div class="social-links"> 遵循我们:<d我vclass="social-links__icons"> <a aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM29.1449 16.1871C29.1449 15.9885 29.1406 15.7907 29.1318 15.5939C30.0281 14.946 30.8072 14.1373 31.4215 13.2166C30.5991 13.5822 29.7141 13.8284 28.7854 13.9395C29.7333 13.371 30.4608 12.4719 30.8041 11.4005C29.917 11.9263 28.9349 12.3083 27.8891 12.5146C27.0514 11.6223 25.8588 11.0641 24.5383 11.0641C22.0032 11.0641 19.9472 13.1201 19.9472 15.6543C19.9472 16.0144 19.9878 16.3647 20.0665 16.701C16.2512 16.5091 12.868 14.6823 10.6042 11.9046C10.21 12.583 9.9826 13.371 9.9826 14.212C9.9826 15.8047 10.7928 17.2107 12.0255 18.0331C11.2723 18.0099 10.5649 17.803 9.94629 17.4591C9.94568 17.4783 9.94568 17.4969 9.94568 17.5177C9.94568 19.7406 11.528 21.597 13.6285 22.0175C13.2428 22.1228 12.8369 22.1793 12.4179 22.1793C12.1228 22.1793 11.835 22.15 11.5552 22.0963C12.1399 23.9203 13.8342 25.2475 15.8438 25.2847C14.2725 26.5161 12.2931 27.2498 10.1422 27.2498C9.77203 27.2498 9.40643 27.2287 9.04724 27.1863C11.0788 28.4885 13.4912 29.2484 16.0837 29.2484C24.5276 29.248 29.1449 22.2531 29.1449 16.1871Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM9.31732 30.2344H14.1882V15.5801H9.31732V30.2344ZM11.7529 13.5791H11.7212C10.0867 13.5791 9.02954 12.4539 9.02954 11.0477C9.02954 9.60968 10.119 8.51562 11.7853 8.51562C13.4515 8.51562 14.4769 9.60968 14.5087 11.0477C14.5087 12.4539 13.4515 13.5791 11.7529 13.5791ZM26.8814 30.2344H31.7517V21.8317C31.7517 17.3306 29.3488 15.2362 26.1441 15.2362C23.5599 15.2362 22.4017 16.6565 21.7545 17.655V15.5801H16.8839C16.9476 16.955 16.8839 30.2344 16.8839 30.2344H21.7545V22.0508C21.7545 21.6129 21.7859 21.1752 21.9147 20.8621C22.2668 19.9872 23.0682 19.0808 24.4138 19.0808C26.1761 19.0808 26.8814 20.4245 26.8814 22.3947V30.2344Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M17.2973 23.7838L23.7838 20L17.2973 16.2162V23.7838Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM31.9824 26.0324C32.4969 24.0765 32.4969 20.0204 32.4969 20.0204C32.4969 20.0204 32.5177 15.9442 31.9824 13.9883C31.694 12.9178 30.8499 12.0734 29.7794 11.7853C27.8235 11.25 20 11.25 20 11.25C20 11.25 12.1765 11.25 10.2206 11.7648C9.17053 12.0529 8.30566 12.9178 8.01758 13.9883C7.50275 15.9442 7.50275 20 7.50275 20C7.50275 20 7.50275 24.0765 8.01758 26.0117C8.30597 27.0822 9.15009 27.9266 10.2206 28.2147C12.197 28.75 20 28.75 20 28.75C20 28.75 27.8235 28.75 29.7794 28.2352C30.8499 27.9471 31.694 27.103 31.9824 26.0324Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="39" viewbox="0 0 40 39" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M40 19.4595C40 8.71394 31.044 0 20 0C8.95599 0 0 8.71394 0 19.4595C0 30.205 8.95599 38.9189 20 38.9189C20.1175 38.9189 20.2344 38.9165 20.3516 38.9145V23.7661H16.0547V18.8938H20.3516V15.3084C20.3516 11.1502 22.9605 8.88705 26.7728 8.88705C28.5983 8.88705 30.1675 9.01948 30.625 9.07857V13.4244H27.9962C25.9222 13.4244 25.5206 14.3835 25.5206 15.7906V18.8938H30.4797L29.8334 23.7661H25.5206V38.1671C33.8803 35.8353 40 28.3418 40 19.4595Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-minor-nav"> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策</一个> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款</一个> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Responsible Disclosure Policy">负责信息披露政策</一个> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策</一个> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Copyright">版权</一个> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/modern-slavery-statement/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Modern slavery statement">现代奴隶制的声明</一个> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Cookie Preferences">饼干的偏好</一个></span> </div> </footer> </div> </section> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>