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.expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .gtIExW .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .gtIExW ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .gtIExW ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .gtIExW ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .gtIExW ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .gtIExW ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .gtIExW ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .gtIExW ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .gtIExW .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .gtIExW .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .gtIExW .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.gtIExW .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gtIExW .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.gtIExW .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.gtIExW{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gtIExW{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.gtIExW{margin-bottom:100px;}} .gtIExW .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .gtIExW .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .gtIExW .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .gtIExW .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .gtIExW .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .gtIExW .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active svg{fill:#007B8B;} .gtIExW .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .gtIExW .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .gtIExW .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .gtIExW .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gtIExW .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .gtIExW .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .gtIExW .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gtIExW .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .gtIExW .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .gtIExW .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gtIExW .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:357px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gtIExW .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:417px;}} .gtIExW .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gtIExW .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:16px;}} .gtIExW .owl-nav,.gtIExW .owl-dots{display:none;} .gtIExW .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{position:relative;height:auto;max-height:287px;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.gtIExW .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gtIExW .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:477px;}} .gtIExW .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.gtIExW .owl-stage-outer,.gtIExW .owl-stage{max-height:287px;height:auto;} @media 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">提交</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-krDsej ewCAZX hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-itybZL kdvWPs journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-fzsDOv hAFFGk journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK lkWWFY hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-kUaPvJ ehYbwJ"> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> </div> <div class="sc-jVODtj epgILe"></div> <span class="sc-fONwsr kCfRMJ"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-nrwXf byflLi breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/" aria-label="Modelling and Simulation in Engineering">建模和模拟在工程</一个>/<gydF4y2Ba一个cl一个年代年代=”年代c- - - - - -htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/contents/year/2012/" aria-label="2012">2012年</一个>/<gydF4y2Ba年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”年代c- - - - - -bhlBdH UVThf">文章</年代p一个n></d我v><d我vclass="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</button><d我vcl一个年代s="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#cavitating-flow-simulation-and-analysis" aria-label="">分析</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conclusions" aria-label="">结论</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#related-articles" aria-label="">相关文章</一个></年代p一个n></d我v> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <div class="sc-kxynE fgGykB"> <span class="sc-cooIXK gQxyld">特殊的问题</年代p一个n><h2 class="sc-fcdeBU bVtmCk">2012年计算流体动力学及其应用</gydF4y2Bah2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gmeYpB hSHJbi" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/si/808107/" aria-label="">把这个特殊的问题</一个><hr class="sc-clNaTc ktFfKO"> </div> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”年代c-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 742162年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n><一个cl一个年代年代="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/742162" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/742162</一个></d我v><d我vcl一个年代年代="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>桑德尔对于,罗密欧Susan-Resiga<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> ”<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”一个djust-article-svg-size">为Cavitational流数值模型在液压提升阀</年代p一个n>”,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --><i>建模和模拟在工程</我>,<ggydF4y2BaydF4y2Ba!-- --> 卷。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->742162年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 10<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->   页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->。<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/742162</p></d我v><button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</button></d我v> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN jVSHWt article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">为Cavitational流数值模型在液压提升阀</gydF4y2Bah1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>桑德尔。对于</b><一个cl一个年代年代=”年代c-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><sup>1</年代up>和</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="">罗密欧Susan-Resiga<年代up>2</gydF4y2Ba年代up></年代p一个n><d我v class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><年代p一个n>高级研究中心工程科学,罗马尼亚科学院蒂米什瓦拉分支,300223蒂米什瓦拉,罗马尼亚</年代p一个n></p><p><sup>2</年代up><年代p一个n>水力机械学系Politehnica蒂米什瓦拉大学300222蒂米什瓦拉,罗马尼亚</年代p一个n></p></d我v> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</button></d我v> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>gydF4y2Ba关亨杨紫琼</d我v><d我vcl一个年代年代=”一个rt我cleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年1月09</年代p一个n></d我v><d我vclass="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年4月10</年代p一个n></d我v><d我vclass="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">07年6月2012年</年代p一个n></d我v></d我v> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ gtIExW article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>提出了数值模拟和分析的提升阀内流动。首先,研究了单相流(液体),一个原始模型介绍了定量描述了涡流。由于大气出口压力产生大的负面绝对压力区域,两阶段(空泡)流分析也执行。同时提出了腔内压力和密度分布,并与液体流动比较结果执行。发现如果一个定义等空腔半径,半径的压力不大于蒸发压力,然后液体和空泡流模型预测腔。当前的工作是基于应用程序最近开发了完整的空化模型,利用修改Rayleigh-Plesset泡沫动力学方程。</p><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>在液压系统中,空化最常发生在系统阀门、泵、致动器。压力的巨大差异经常导致四通线轴的小规模的空化阀,阀控致动器的高频运动时可以导致大规模的空泡在缸。空泡在液压动力系统的另一个来源是不当的活塞轴向活塞泵。在瞬态加载或在稳态操作,空化可以发生在恢复室的方向控制阀,因为大的压力降穿过孔。感兴趣的知道潜在的气蚀破坏,以及任何影响空化的稳定和不稳定流动条件下的系统性能。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba提升阀内的流动是一个复杂的过程,是强烈依赖于阀门的几何细节,流体性质和操作条件。分离和回贴的飞机可以在流压力产生深远的影响和力量特征以及影响易感性穴蚀现象。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba液压阀不同于过程控制阀门的应用和设计。液压阀通常用于控制压力和,因此,是快开型的特征。快开阀利用插头形状的形式截锥与塞和阀座之间的间隙较大。有时这些阀门利用提升阀塞的圆盘。过程控制阀门另一方面用于精确控制流体流量由于线性或相等的比例特征。这些类型的阀门通常有插头和座位之间的间隙小。尽管有这些差异,许多流动现象的液压阀,如再循环和喷射分离和回贴也发生在这个过程控制阀。</p><p>提升阀是一种seating-type阀门。这种阀的运动元素(提升),通常可以有一个球形或圆锥形。总是,提升移动方向垂直的座位。因为几个优点与提升相关阀门等易于制造,最小泄漏,无感觉,堵塞的污垢粒子,宝宝已经使用了压力调节器和安全阀。这种类型的阀门的操作非常简单。流体压力配重平衡弹簧力和允许流体逃脱通过提升之间的环形通道和座位。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba分离至关重要的内部流动性能的各种技术应用(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B5">5</一个>]。今天许多工业设计必须妥协之间的流体的功能和其他竞争功能,例如,大小或机械功能。在这种妥协的设计不受欢迎的分离更可能发生,这大大降低了设计的性能。在这种情况下,主动或被动的设备增加壁面动量可以用来消除或减少分离(<一个href="#B2">2</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B3">3</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B6">6</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba阀的流动分离通道的存在和发生不同的流动模式曾被确定在许多调查不同的阀的几何图形。在1929年的广泛的工作由田中(<一个href="#B7">7</一个>),观察到流中的不连续发生在调查通过阀门的流量不同的阀门电梯。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba液压阀的实验工作多年。约翰斯顿et al。<一个href="#B8">8</一个>]研究力量在阀塞的压力特征不同的插头和座位安排。Schrenk [<一个href="#B9">9</一个>公布工作提升的压力特性和磁盘阀门。石(<一个href="#B10">10</一个>]研究提升阀的特点与锋利的席位,小开口,低雷诺数。事务所和McGuigan<一个href="#B11">11</一个>)研究的影响下游室提升阀的大小在一个二维模型。一些研究人员试图通过提升阀分析预测流。•冯•米塞斯(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>]预测收缩系数使用位势流流过一个孔。流体部队插头流体动量变化往往用简单的概念通过阀(<一个href="#B3">3</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B10">10</一个>]。最近CFD分析液压阀结合实验工作。沃恩和约翰斯顿(<一个href="#B12">12</一个>)建模阀门实验报道了约翰斯顿et al。<一个href="#B8">8</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2BaWeclas et al。<一个href="#B13">13</一个>)提出了一个全面的调查在进气阀流动分离通道使用流量系数等测量技术测量,表面流可视化使用石油条纹技术,使用LDA和详细的流量测量。详细的流量测量阀出口平面和表面流可视化显示阀门通道中的流动分离和确定其分布在阀门外围通用入口的几何图形。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba成功提升阀的设计需要通过分析速度和压力的领域,目的是改善提升/座椅几何。技术因素导致尖角,结合非常狭窄的通道产生极高的梯度的流场区域。指出在[<一个href="#B14">14</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B16">16</一个>),提升流不容易适合古典数学分析。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba相对简单的几何形状(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>),产生一个非常复杂的粘性流场(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>),它只能通过实际调查计算流体力学。强大的计算工具,比如流利的软件(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>),现在可供调查流经任意几何图形。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 速度矢量场和流线在子午剖面。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 提升阀内流场表示使用选定的流线。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>显示速度矢量场在子午剖面与选定的流线覆盖3 d计算域。速度矢量场剖面显示了很强的自然大再循环区域确认螺旋涡流的提升阀几何(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>)。旋涡演化明显受阀出口部分的位置的位置。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba如我们之前所示工作(<一个href="#B18">18</一个>),空化区域相对较大的提升阀室;因此我们期望一个重大变化的流场与单相流。本文的主要目标之一是探索通过两相流空泡流模型。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba部分<一个href="#sec2">2</一个>提出了一个简单的空泡流模型受雇于商业代码流利,和结果通过使用这个模型提出了部分<一个href="#sec5">5</一个>。本文解决的主要问题是单相流模拟是否正确预测蒸汽腔半径和位置。此外,我们还研究单相和两相模型之间的差异的流量和简化模式。</p><gydF4y2Bah4 id="cavitating-flow-modeling">2。空泡流建模</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>空泡流的形成和传输非常敏感蒸汽泡沫,压力和速度的狂暴的波动,和非冷凝气体的大小,溶解或摄入操作液体(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B10">10</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba两相空泡流的数值模拟是一个正在进行的研究工作的雄心勃勃的目标来计算非定常演化蛀牙生长和崩溃。CFD社会已经发展到目前为止一套成熟的技术模拟单相粘性流动,和过去半个世纪积累的经验很可能数值空泡流的研究有重大的影响。早期的研究依赖于势流理论(<一个href="#B19">19</一个>]。这种方法现在能够正确描述部分空泡二维水翼,包括回流腔闭合模型(<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>]。然而,扩展到3 d问题和其他类型的空泡流似乎是遥不可及的潜在的流模型。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba虽然基本空化理论研究处理解决泡沫或泡沫云动力学的气-液界面的大多数实际空泡流接近使用均匀流理论。主要的思想是考虑一个可变密度流体,没有明确的阶段的接口。这个模型已经出现在仔细检查可用的实验调查,以及通过评估计算空泡流建模所涉及的费用。回顾空泡流动数值研究在过去的十年中可以发现在<一个href="#B21">21</一个>),解决各种雷诺平均n - s(跑)已经修改为二次相位(蒸汽和天然气)动力学。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba使用混合模型在当前为空泡流的数值模拟工作用流利的专家代码(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。在这个模型中,流动被认为是在热与动态平衡界面流速被认为是连续的。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba的<我>混合物</我>与变密度是一个假设的流体,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq1"> <svg height="15.75" id="M1" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 15.75" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.75)"> 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x="35.871105" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.922798" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.174297" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.58,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.04,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.08" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="217.2435" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="223.495" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>从液体密度<年代vgheight="10.9125" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:36.137501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.137501 10.9125" width="36.137501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>蒸汽密度<年代vgheight="11.025" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:14.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.125 11.025" width="14.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.18)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为<年代vgheight="10.85" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:36.137501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.137501 10.85" width="36.137501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.85)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。蒸汽体积分数,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq2"> <svg height="41.825001" id="M5" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 41.825001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,41.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-38.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.93,52.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.130001" y="-11.04"> V</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.21944" y="-11.04"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.47094" y="-11.04"> l</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.88,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> v</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.2009602" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0868483" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.462848" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.838848" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 172.68,55.5 90.82,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.68,43.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.101944" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.353444" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.5,40.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> 问</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1370878" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.513088" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.946144" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.09,43.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.442165" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.693665" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.25,40.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> v</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.209712" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0956001" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.4716" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.847601" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.7,52.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="209.42" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.5835" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.83499" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>是另一个未知的问题。混合物当然会满足连续性方程<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq3"> <svg height="33.200001" id="M6" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.200001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-45.44)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157.1,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.03,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 157.1,57.51 19.64,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.64,45.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.08" y="-8.75"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.407719" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.33,51.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.05,54.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.902856" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.266884" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.25,51.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.43,54.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="234.69" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="238.8535" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="245.105" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vgheight="10.9125" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:25.987499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.987499 10.9125" width="25.987499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.12743" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.779026" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>表示物质导数。接下来,必须考虑一个动量方程的混合物。一个简单的选择将会忽略了粘性效果和使用欧拉方程。方程组可以用density-pressure随后关闭(状态方程)的关系。这种方法可以利用达到解决遗留非粘性可压缩(<一个href="#B22">22</一个>]。然而,当考虑一个正压混合,即密度仅取决于压力,一些物理丢失。这可以很容易地看到在编写涡量输运方程<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq4"> <svg height="34.012501" id="M8" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 34.012501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,34.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-44.79)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,73.35,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 73.35,59.37 14.98,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,75.69,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="128.86" y="-16.01"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.620001" y="-8.7600002"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.947718" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.687553" y="-8.7600002"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.039078" y="-8.7600002"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.178772" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.244164" y="-8.7600002"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.272057" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.64978" y="-8.7600002"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.001305" y="-8.7600002"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="104.141" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.86833" y="-8.7600002"> +</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 202.1,59.37 11.16,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.1,47.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.38,50.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.45,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1396933" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.191866" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.969452" y="0"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.109142" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.998775" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.338997" y="0"> v</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.5905" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.06633" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.93" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.481331" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="84.732834" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.984329" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.973747" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="102.44958" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="108.00092" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="112.41447" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="122.14181" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="127.00547" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="259.67001" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="263.8335" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="270.08499" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>在右边第二项,占斜压涡度的一代,何时消失<年代vgheight="13.55" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:53.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.25 13.55" width="53.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7398367" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.780226" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.056732" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.22023" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.334198" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。因此,一个重要的涡度源丢失,特别是在腔闭合区域(<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba实际计算工业流使用了与各种湍流模型方程的能力。这种方法是嵌入在目前大多数商业代码,例如,流利的<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。因此,似乎自然之上构建一个空泡流模型的计算基础设施。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba状态方程的另一种选择是得到蒸汽体积分数的输运方程。连续性方程(<一个href="#EEq3">3</一个>(一起),<一个href="#EEq1">1</一个>),给出了速度散度<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq5"> <svg height="37.012501" id="M10" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 37.012501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,37.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-42.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,126.09,54.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.902856" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.266884" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,150.29,51.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.47,54.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.17" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 182.27,57.51 12.99,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.27,45.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.55,42.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.65,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.58,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 197.65,57.51 19.64,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.19,45.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.77" y="-8.75"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33" y="-17.98"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.47,60.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.7,63.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,265.32,60.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 235.19,57.51 35.06,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.23,45.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.5,42.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,272.64,61.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 272.64,57.51 13.7,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,274.21,45.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.33" y="-8.75"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="199.91" y="-8.75"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="204.0735" y="-8.75"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="210.325" y="-8.75"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>使用(<一个href="#EEq5">5</一个>),保守的输运方程的形式<年代vgheight="7.1750002" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可以很容易地编写:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq6"> <svg height="38.575001" id="M12" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,123.42,60.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 123.42,56.57 13.44,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.99,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.459999" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.84" y="-8.7600002"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.180222" y="-8.7600002"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.095581" y="-8.7600002"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.310001" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.34919" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,189.28,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.99,50.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.52"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.030001" y="-9.7700005"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 218.55,56.57 11.2,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.55,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.82,41.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.03,46.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.5500002" y="-16.549999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.85,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.95,62.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.22,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 240.58,56.57 25.1,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.63,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.91,41.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.07,60.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 268.07,56.57 13.7,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,269.64,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.33" y="-1.4299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.77" y="-8.7600002"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="204.48" y="-8.7600002"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="208.64349" y="-8.7600002"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="214.895" y="-8.7600002"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>方程(<一个href="#EEq6">6</一个>)也可以写的液体体积分数,<年代vgheight="10.85" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:34.400002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.400002 10.85" width="34.400002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.85)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq7"> <svg height="38.575001" id="M14" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,90.15,61.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.4645309" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.62803" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.655195" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.995419" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.047108" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 90.15,56.57 44.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,107.11,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.849998" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.24" y="-8.7600002"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.567719" y="-8.7600002"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.495579" y="-8.7600002"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.639999" y="-8.7600002"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.803497" y="-8.7600002"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.830666" y="-8.7600002"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.170883" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.22258" y="-8.7600002"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="107.63757" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.68,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.39,50.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.2600002" y="-2.52"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.24" y="-9.7700005"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 248.89,56.57 9.73,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.89,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.16,41.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.9,46.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3499999" y="-7.3299999"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.110001" y="-16.549999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.29,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,289.22,62.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,295.49,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 278.01,56.57 20.94,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,281.99,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.26,41.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.34,60.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 301.34,56.57 13.7,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,302.91,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.33" y="-1.4299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.76" y="-8.7600002"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="171.21001" y="-8.7600002"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="175.3735" y="-8.7600002"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="181.625" y="-8.7600002"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>方括号的r.h.s.的因素(<一个href="#EEq6">6</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq7">7</一个>单位体积)是相间质量流率:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq8"> <svg height="34.5625" id="M15" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 34.5625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,34.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-44.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.77,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.719999" y="-9.2200003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-7.8518839" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.4760742" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.77,62.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.69,65.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.97,62.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 200.49,59.47 20.94,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.47,47.59)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.74,44.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.82,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 223.82,59.47 13.7,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.39,47.59)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.33" y="-8.7600002"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="248.73" y="-8.7600002"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="252.89349" y="-8.7600002"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="259.14499" y="-8.7600002"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>如果我们添加逐项(<一个href="#EEq6">6</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq7">7</一个>),我们最终得到一个非齐次连续性方程的形式<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq9"> <svg height="38.575001" id="M16" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.78,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.915359" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.266884" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.98,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.17,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.040001" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.892273" y="0"> ̇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 215.74,56.57 11.2,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,215.74,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.01,41.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.92,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.27" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 243.45,56.57 9.74,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.45,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.73,41.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,254.38,46.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.46" y="-7.3299999"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.74001" y="-7.3299999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="223.9035" y="-7.3299999"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.155" y="-7.3299999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>用于(<一个href="#B24">24</一个>]取代齐次方程(<一个href="#EEq3">3</一个>)。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba最后,蒸气体积分数输运方程写成<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq10"> <svg height="34.700001" id="M17" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 34.700001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,34.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-44.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.12,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 147.12,59.37 13.44,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.69,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.459999" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.85" y="-8.7600002"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.190222" y="-8.7600002"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.105579" y="-8.7600002"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.32" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.359188" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.98,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.7,53.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.52"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.030001" y="-9.7700005"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 242.25,59.37 11.21,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.25,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.53,44.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,266.68,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-7.8518839" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="1.025246" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="201.19" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="205.3535" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="211.605" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="217.85651" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>这是额外变量的方程<年代vgheight="7.1750002" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>要解决的连续性和动量方程。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba最努力的空化模型的重点是正确评估<年代vgheight="9.9750004" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 9.9750004" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.09,64.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-7.8518839" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。一种方法被提出的Merkle et al。<一个href="#B25">25</一个>),通过模拟相变过程类似于化学反应流动。该模型成功地受雇于Kunz et al。<一个href="#B26">26</一个>在各种各样的空泡流。然而,模型常数选择任意,这几个数量级的选择范围从一个到另一个问题。Senocak和Shyy尝试推导empiricism-free空化模型(<一个href="#B23">23</一个>)为了避免Merkle蒸发/凝结参数。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba提出了一种不同的方法通过Schnerr和萨奥尔(<一个href="#B27">27</一个>],考虑气液混合物含有大量球形泡沫。因此,蒸汽体积分数可以写成<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq11"> <svg height="42.549999" id="M20" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 42.549999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,42.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-37.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.64,51.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.939999" y="-9.2299995"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.79,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.49,61.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.890833" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.38133" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.983154" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.73,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 177.39,54.92 81.4,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.39,41.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.98,38.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.68,41.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.890833" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.38133" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.983154" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.92,46.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.99,51.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="207.88" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="212.0435" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.295" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.54649" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>每个体积的泡沫数量的液体,<年代vgheight="11.05" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.6625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.6625 11.05" width="13.6625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,是一个参数的模型。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba从(<一个href="#EEq11">11</一个>我们可以很容易地得到<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq12"> <svg height="33.212502" id="M22" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.212502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-45.43)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.77,61.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 159.77,57.51 13.71,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.34,45.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.010002" y="-16.01"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.059998" y="-18.540001"> ̇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.260002" y="-16.01"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.799999" y="-8.75"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.840389" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.967579" y="-8.75"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.131077" y="-8.75"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.170746" y="-8.75"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.510967" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.56266" y="-8.75"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 238.35,57.51 15.5,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.47,45.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.58" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="226.39999" y="-8.75"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.56349" y="-8.75"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.815" y="-8.75"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="243.0665" y="-8.75"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vgheight="13.0125" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 13.0125" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.15,64.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-8.8000002" y="2.53"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>泡沫气-液界面的速度。一个简化的瑞利公式可以用来计算<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq13"> <svg height="49.212502" id="M24" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 49.212502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,49.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-32.63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.65,48.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-8.8000002" y="2.54"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.9155509" y="2.54"> ≡</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.16" y="-4.71"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.811596" y="-4.71"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 139.81,49.51 15.9,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.48,37.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.470001" y="-6.23"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.32" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.9" y="-8.75"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.927885" y="-8.75"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.791553" y="-8.75"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.043053" y="-8.75"> n</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.92,43.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.62,46.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.459999" y="2.52"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.389999" y="7.3400002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 252.47,70.71 47.31,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.66,53.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 253.66,49.51 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.66,37.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6499996" y="-20.139999"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6499996" y="-16.969999"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.15" y="-18.549999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.92,53.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,278.63,56.19)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.450001" y="-1.59"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.450001" y="1.58"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 262.31,49.51 36.27,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,275.58,37.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,281.85,34.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,299.78,46.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="168.09" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="172.25349" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="178.505" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="184.7565" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>当然泡沫增长如果混合物压力小于蒸发压力,<年代vgheight="12.475" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:40.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.962502 12.475" width="40.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.21,62.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,崩溃<年代vgheight="12.475" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:40.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.962502 12.475" width="40.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.21,62.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。泡沫崩溃,瑞利模型的二阶微分方程,比泡沫增长更迅速。然而,上述模型似乎使增长和崩溃没有这样的区别。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba本文采用混合模型,实现流畅的商业代码,与空化模型所描述的(<一个href="#EEq8">8</一个>),(<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#EEq12">12</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq13">13</一个>)。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba身体上,空化过程是由相变的热力学和动力学过程。与空化过程相关的液汽转换建模通过两项,代表,分别冷凝和蒸发。这些阶段的特殊形式转换利率形成了空化模型的基础。</p><gydF4y2Bah4 id="the-numerical-approach">3所示。数值方法</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>模拟空泡流数值代码流利(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>使用了)。代码使用control-volume-based技术将控制方程的代数方程数值求解。这种控制卷技术包括集成控制方程在每个控制体积,产生离散方程,保存每个数量控制卷的基础上。管理质量守恒和动量积分方程,为能源和其他标量(适当时),如湍流和化学物种,解决了顺序。控制方程是非线性(耦合),解决方案的几个迭代循环之前必须进行融合的解决方案。流解决方案过程的简单例程(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。这个解决方案方法适用于不可压缩流,从而被隐式。完整的n - s方程是解决。流被认为是稳定的,等温过程。在这些计算湍流效应被认为是使用湍流模型,作为<年代vgheight="10.7375" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:21.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.362499 10.7375" width="21.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.7766261" y="0"> - - - - - -</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.940125" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>RNG模型,修改了多相流的湍流粘度。模型流靠近墙,采用标准壁面函数,然后增强壁面函数的方法已被用于模型壁面区域(即。层流亚层,缓冲区域,fully-turbulent外地区)。对于这个模型,使用流方程的数值方案是种族隔离的隐式解算器。为模型离散化,简单的方案是用于压力速度耦合,对动量方程二阶逆风,一阶逆风其他运输方程(如蒸汽运输和湍流模型方程)。计算域离散使用策略预处理器(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。流靠近身体表面是特别重要的在当前的研究中,计算域故意的网状结构反映了这个问题通过大量集群网接近身体的固体表面的边界层网格使用封闭的身体表面。</p><gydF4y2Bah4 id="validation-of-the-cavitating-flow-model">4所示。空泡流模型的验证</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>任何尝试计算空泡水翼流动之前,我们已经测试了该模型中描述的部分<一个href="#sec2">2</一个>基准问题。在之前的文献[<一个href="#B28">28</一个>)我们计算空泡流钝头体,我们数值解与实验数据很好的协议通过唤醒(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。在本文中,我们分析的半球形cavitator。有和没有空化流动计算的axi-symmetric cavitator钝船首和数值结果与实验数据相比较。对于这个特定的轴对称的身体,唤醒和McNown<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>)提供了身体的压力系数分布。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba在本文中,我们使用液体的体积方法(因为它本质上是基于当地的运输液体的体积分数)流利的代码实现捕获液体和蒸汽之间的接口。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba流体的体积方法属于组欧拉技术。受到法的基本思想是考虑一个颜色函数,定义为每个细胞内的液体的体积分数,捕捉接口。这个函数将团结如果细胞充满了气相、零如果细胞充满液相,0和1之间,如果细胞包含接口。接口然后通常使用分段线性插值重建。流体的体积方法的主要优势是它保存质量直接与体积分数完全按照它的工作原理。一般来说,受到算法解决的问题更新体积分数场给定的固定网格,速度场和体积分数在前一步。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>显示的分布<年代vgheight="7.1750002" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>半球形船首,空化数<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq14"> <svg height="35.762501" id="M29" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.762501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.77,57.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.040001" y="-9.2200003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.802592" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.93,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∞</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.31,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 177.98,60.34 53.54,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.98,46.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.890833" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.38133" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.65,43.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.1,46.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.29,51.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.37" y="8.0100002"> ∞</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.19,57.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.67999" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="235.84351" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.095" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="248.3465" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>大部分的计算域限制只有液体,<年代vgheight="10.9125" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:36.137501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.137501 10.9125" width="36.137501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,但在该地区<年代vgheight="12.475" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:40.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.962502 12.475" width="40.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.21,62.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>蒸汽阶段形成的<年代vgheight="11.0625" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:63.349998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.349998 11.0625" width="63.349998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.282745" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.323135" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba空化发生的流动加速身体表面导致地区压力低于蒸汽压(数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>)。然后,这些地区的水将蒸汽,从而形成充蒸汽蛀牙。这些腔崩溃当地方压力大于蒸汽压,可重入水射流,通常流动变得不稳定。因此,泡沫的形成和增长的不规则的循环过程发生,其次是填充最后断裂的泡沫。由于空化,large-density和粘度梯度产生几乎不可压缩流体之间的接口。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 为半球形船首计算域和边界条件。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.9125" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.224998 10.9125" width="48.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.802592" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.842981" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.094481" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.22023" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 蒸气体积分数和选定的流线空泡绕流的半球形船体前部gydF4y2Ba。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>内腔有区域几乎充满了气体(上半年)和地区与气液混合物的回流色散和汽化。目前模拟考虑源源不断,对应于一个稳定的空化。然而,当可重入飞机穿过腔边界,很大一部分腔分离运输下游,而其余部分开始再次增长。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba完成上面的定性分析与定量比较如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>。压力系数对无因次沿着身体曲线横坐标,绘制原始轴,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq15"> <svg height="35.662498" id="M34" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.662498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164.02,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.21,54.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.46,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.700001" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.589634" y="-9.1400003"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.929855" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.51,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∞</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 194.87,60.42 53.54,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.87,46.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.890833" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.38133" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.53,43.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.99,46.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.18,51.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.38" y="8.0100002"> ∞</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.6,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.27" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="222.4335" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="228.685" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="234.93649" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.005.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B29">29日</一个><t一个ble>压力系数分布在半球形船体前部。曲线对应于当前的计算,而唤醒的点是实验数据和McNown]gydF4y2Ba。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>数值结果对应虚线和同意与实验数据很好<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。在空化模型的蒸发压力调整得到空化数<年代vgheight="10.9125" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:48.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.224998 10.9125" width="48.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.802592" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.842981" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.094481" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.22023" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。因此,负腔内的压力系数是有限的<年代vgheight="6.9875002" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:20px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20 6.9875002" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。然而,在空化《盗梦空间》(腔)的上游和压力系数仍然低于<年代vgheight="6.9875002" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:20px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20 6.9875002" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>随着泡沫是运输速度比他们可以成长。末尾的空腔有大幅增加<年代vgheight="12.925" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:12.5875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.5875 12.925" width="12.5875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,对应的具体地点下游驻点从图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>。</p><gydF4y2Bah4 id="cavitating-flow-simulation-and-analysis">5。空泡流模拟和分析</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>提升阀内流已经调查考虑一个典型的计算域呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig6/" target="_blank">6(一)</一个>。压力条件被认为是在轴对称的进口和出口的部分领域,和其余的边界被认为是实体墙(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (b)</一个>)。为了执行一个复杂的简化模式的定量分析在提升阀室,一个原始理论涡模型提出了(<一个href="#B16">16</一个>),从而允许参数研究提升阀流的进化在整个范围的提升位移。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个米e=”742162。fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.006a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong></d我v> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个米e=”742162。fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.006b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong></d我v> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig6"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个米e=”742162。fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.006a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个米e=”742162。fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.006b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig6"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 横断面视图的一个典型的提升阀和相应的经络半平面计算域。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>典型的液体流经提升阀的简化模式呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>。三个主要的漩涡是在提升阀室开发的。V1和V2,前两个漩涡旋转逆时针顺时针,分别生成和左边和右边分别发行的液体喷射poppet-seat开放。第三个漩涡,V3,生成在阀室之外,流出的通道。这样一个定性的分析也进行了流场Dietze [<一个href="#B15">15</一个>),曾流可视化验证计算结果,即简化模式。然而,Dietze并不提供一个定量描述的速度和压力场的细节。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.007" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.007.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 简化模式在提升阀的子午线半平面28毫米进口直径、45°提升阀锥角,和5、6毫米提升位移,操作进口/出口压力的61条/ 1条。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>为了执行网格敏感性分析,数值模拟是由不同数量的网格在计算域的元素。最初,域离散成26500个元素。仿真结果的准确性是改善利用细网格,包含60700个元素。这个数字进一步增加到67850,但导致没有显著的改善结果。从而保持一个平衡计算成本和数值的准确性,我们的结论是(基于网格独立测试)适当数量的元素对我们的研究是41970。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba中存在流动分离阀门通道(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig8/" target="_blank">8</一个>)和不同的流动模式的出现曾被确定在许多调查不同的阀的几何图形。Bulloungh和下巴(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>)执行静态压力测量沿锥形阀和阀座墙不同提升位移。阀门通道流在一个透明的模型的可视化研究不同的提升阀配置的约翰斯顿et al。<一个href="#B8">8</一个>]。Dietze [<一个href="#B15">15</一个>]在他的博士论文提出一个全面的调查的流动分离阀通过利用测量技术和流动可视化验证计算结果,即简化模式。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.008" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.008.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 简化模式和压力场的子午线半平面提升阀。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>就像前面提到的<一个href="#sec3">3</一个>后,获得一个稳定的单相流(液体)的解决方案,流利的代码允许打开空化模型。因此,蒸汽形成启用的绝对压力小于蒸发压力。为了获得正确的结果所谓的操作压力<年代vgheight="13.3" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-5.03984pt;width:19.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.325001 13.3" width="19.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>必须设置为0(默认设置为大气压力);因此,表压<年代vgheight="13.3125" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-5.04861pt;width:34.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.224998 13.3125" width="34.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.2884798" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.1743679" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.550368" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.795088" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>等于绝对压力吗<年代vgheight="11.0375" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:22.975px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.975 11.0375" width="22.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> b</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”e问u一个t我on" id="EEq16"> <svg height="17.362499" id="M42" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 17.362499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.53,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,167.65,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> b</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.28,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.44,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.47,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.92,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.2884798" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.1743679" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.550368" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.795088" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.09,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.78" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.9435" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="226.19499" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.4465" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>这是特别重要的获得只有积极的绝对压力值。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig9/" target="_blank">9</一个>时,空泡流模型腔内的压力变成常数和等于蒸发压力,一致空化物理。另一方面,数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig10/" target="_blank">10</一个>揭示了压力超过蒸发压力在同一半径大约9毫米单相和两相模型。然而,一个人不能说腔半径是9毫米以来连续过渡从蒸汽到液体。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.009" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.009.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig7/">7</一个><t一个ble>径向压力分布在主要涡V1,计算液体流(满圈,见图)gydF4y2Ba和液汽流(广场)。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig10"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig10"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.0010" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.0010.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="7.1374998" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 数量泡沫密度的影响gydF4y2Ba在腔内的压力分布。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>如果腔内的空腔半径的定义,这样的压力不超过蒸发压力,然后图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig9/" target="_blank">9</一个>表明,单相和空泡流模型预测同一腔。然而,上述结论可能是有效的只有特定价值的泡沫密度数<年代vgheight="7.1374998" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(见(<一个href="#EEq11">11</一个>))。因此,我们已经完成了数值模拟三值<年代vgheight="7.1374998" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,即<年代vgheight="14.2" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:21.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.85 14.2" width="21.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vgheight="14.3375" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:21.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.85 14.3375" width="21.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,65.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vgheight="14.2875" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:21.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.85 14.2875" width="21.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>日本久保田公司推荐的范围内et al。<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>]。结果呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig10/" target="_blank">10</一个>,用变焦范围在零附近的压力。我们可以得出这样的结论:当一个稳定空泡流配置计算,泡沫密度数量无显著影响的结果。这是特别重要的,因为不需要额外的信息来选择合适的值<年代vgheight="7.1374998" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig11/" target="_blank">11</一个>显示了液汽混合密度,从蒸汽区域内腔和纯液体。你会发现有一个大地区包含液体和蒸气的混合物,因为它实际上工业空化发生。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig11"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig11"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.0011" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.0011.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图11</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig11/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 液汽混合物密度的径向分布在主涡(腔)。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>控制阀创建一个在流体压降控制流量。这个概要文件的流体压力,因为它流经阀门,如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig11/" target="_blank">11</一个>。流体加速,因为它需要通过阀门的压降。达到最高速度只是过去节流点,点称为缩脉。流体在最低压力和最高速度缩脉。过去的缩脉流体减慢和一些收回压降随着压力的增加。缩脉不是压力的重要性,直到低于液体的蒸汽压。液体就会迅速形成蒸汽泡沫和,如果蒸汽压上方的压力增加,蒸汽泡沫瞬间崩溃回到液体(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig11/" target="_blank">11</一个>)。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba液体流量将增加压降增加。然而,当气蚀蒸汽泡沫形成缩脉,蒸汽泡沫将越来越多地限制流动的液体,直到完全因蒸汽流动。这种情况被称为“扼流”或“临界流。“当流完全窒息,流量并不会增加当压降增加。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba空化时将开始“发空化”和增加强度的扼流。空泡点“初期的空化”不是破坏性的,几乎是无法觉察的。在初期和窒息之间,空化可能损坏最装饰风格。“损害”点的位置随装饰风格和材料。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba密度的径向分布在主涡呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig12/" target="_blank">12</一个>。可以说一个充满空腔的半径是5毫米的,但是因为我们有一个平稳过渡液体蒸汽地区地区的其他常规腔半径可能定义。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig12"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig12"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.0012" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.0012.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图12</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig12/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 速度场和相应的液汽混合物为空泡流密度分布。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>空泡流简化模式相比没有显著改变一个呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>。然而,一个人可以注意到主涡略转向对称轴和二次涡V2变得越来越小。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig12/" target="_blank">12</一个>显示了液汽混合密度,从蒸汽区域内腔和纯液体。你会发现有一个大地区包含液体和蒸气的混合物,因为它实际发生为工业空化(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>]。密度的径向分布在主涡呈现在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig13/" target="_blank">13</一个>。可以说一个充满空腔的半径是5毫米的,但是因为我们有一个平稳过渡液体蒸汽地区地区的上述定义为空腔半径的压力似乎更合适。</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig13"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig13"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="742162.fig.0013" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/742162/figures/742162.fig.0013.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图13</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162/fig13/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 液汽混合物密度的径向分布在主涡(腔)。</t一个ble></d我v></d我v> </div> <p>的流量,液流值是几乎相同的空泡流。还需要进一步的调查来阐明这个问题。</p><gydF4y2Bah4 id="conclusions">6。结论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>提出了一个数值调查空泡流使用混合模型中实现流畅的商业代码。相间质量流率模型和简化的瑞利方程应用到泡沫均匀分布在计算细胞,导致相间质量传递的表达式。这是气相输运方程的源项。因此,允许液汽混合物的密度不同的蒸汽密度的液体密度。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba空化模型验证的半球形的身体cavitator绕流。数值结果同意很好定性和定量实验。因此我们包括现在cavitational模型能够捕捉内的空泡流的主要动力液压动力设备。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba空泡腐蚀问题更有可能发生与水流的水有一个定义良好的蒸汽压力和蒸汽泡沫崩溃是瞬时的。碳氢化合物液体精确性较低的蒸汽压,和几个蒸汽压力(通常是一个复合<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B32">32</一个>]。空泡腐蚀与碳氢化合物液体通常是比水轻,随着泡沫崩溃并不像突然被其他蒸汽,可以缓冲。然而,振动和流噪声问题依然存在<一个href="#B3">3</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B10">10</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba流体入口压力成正比的能量可以造成气蚀破坏。较高的进口压力将产生更强烈和更有害的气蚀。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba蒸汽泡沫的生成和崩溃将导致振动阀门宝宝可能会导致穿提升和座位。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba蒸汽泡沫的生成和崩溃将导致显著升高流噪声除了振动。空化气泡将形成一个汽羽在液体中。羽流越大,流动越嘈杂,越有可能会侵蚀破坏。羽流的大小依赖于空化的装饰风格和严重程度。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba空泡流压力分布显示蒸汽腔,内部的一个常数值与缓慢的随着混合物密度的增加而增加。气相混合物密度的调查显示了一个连续的和光滑的过渡从蒸汽到液体。这种转变发生在一个相对较大的地区。稳定空泡流的结果不依赖于气泡数密度。这个结论可能不是真当时间演进。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba作者进行这项研究,他们关注几个方面包括:(1)改进的大规模转移和物理模型(2)扩展应用和验证稳定二维流动。</p><gydF4y2Bah4 id="nomenclature">命名法</gydF4y2Bah4> <table class="gloss-abbr" style="font-size:12px"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.95" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:9.1374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.1374998 10.95" width="9.1374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.95)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">提升位移[m]</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.05" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.6625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.6625 11.05" width="13.6625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">数量的单位体积泡沫液体[1 / m<年代up>3</gydF4y2Ba年代up>]</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.875" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">混合物压力(Pa)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.025" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:13.925px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.925 11.025" width="13.925" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.18)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">蒸发压力(Pa)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.0375" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:22.975px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.975 11.0375" width="22.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> b</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">绝对压力(Pa)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.3125" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-5.04861pt;width:34.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.224998 13.3125" width="34.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.2884798" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.1743679" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.550368" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.795088" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">表压(Pa)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.3" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-5.03984pt;width:19.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.325001 13.3" width="19.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">操作压力(Pa)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.325" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">气泡半径[m]</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.0125" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 13.0125" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.15,64.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-8.8000002" y="2.53"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">泡沫气液界面速度(米/秒)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="7.1750002" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">蒸气体积分数(-)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.2875" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:20.700001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.700001 11.2875" width="20.700001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.96,66.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> :</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="left">液汽混合密度(公斤/米<年代up>3</gydF4y2Ba年代up>]</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.025" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:14.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.125 11.025" width="14.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.18)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">蒸汽密度体积分数(公斤/米<年代up>3</gydF4y2Ba年代up>]</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="6.9875002" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">空化数(-)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.0125" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:15.925px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.925 11.0125" width="15.925" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">液汽混合速度(米/秒)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="7.5500002" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:8.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8125 7.5500002" width="8.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-65.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.19)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">绝对速度(米/秒)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8625" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:67.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.3125 10.8625" width="67.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.31)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.052892" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.093281" y="0"> ∇</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.00864" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.786224" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">涡度(1 / s)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.125" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><td一个l我gn="left">时间[s]。</td></tr></tbody> </table> <h4 id="acknowledgment">承认</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>这项工作已经被罗马尼亚支持学院年度计划。</p></d我v><d我vcl一个年代年代="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</gydF4y2Bah4> <ol> <li id="B1">w·A . Bulloungh和s . b .下巴,“提升阀的影响的数值研究几何的流动特性,”<我>学报》第九届国际研讨会在热流工程交通现象</我>新加坡,页579 - 584年,1996年6月。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20numerical%20study%20of%20the%20effects%20of%20poppet%20valve%20geometry%20on%20its%20flow%20characteristics&author=W. A. Bulloungh &author=S. B. Chin" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B2">j·a·戴维斯和m·斯图尔特“预测全球控制阀职能上我:CFD建模、”<我>流体工程</我>,卷124,不。3、772 - 777年,2002页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1490108">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Predicting%20globe%20control%20valve%20performance—part%20I:%20CFD%20modeling&author=J. A. Davis &author=M. Stewart&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B3">h·l·索伦森,”流和流力特性的数值和实验分析液压阀座阀门的不同形状,”<我>《浴研讨会输电和运动控制</我>英国巴斯大学,1999。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Numerical%20and%20experimental%20analyses%20of%20flow%20and%20flow%20force%20characteristics%20for%20hydraulic%20seat%20valves%20with%20difference%20in%20shape&author=H. L. Sorensen" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B4">麦尔a、t·h·希德瑞克和d -威尔科克,“几何参数影响流在组装:一个轴对称IC引擎进气口I-valve一部分流动特性,”<我>流体工程</我>,卷122,不。4、650 - 657年,2000页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Geometric%20parameters%20influencing%20flow%20in%20an%20axisymmetric%20IC%20engine%20inlet%20port%20assembly:%20part%20I—valve%20flow%20characteristics&author=A. Maier&author=T. H. Sheldrake&author=&author=D. Wilcock&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B5">r·冯·米塞斯”,对喷嘴流量系数的计算和孔,“<我>的共识</我>卷。61年,研讨会,1916页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20calculation%20of%20flow%20coefficient%20for%20nozzle%20and%20orifice&author=R. von Mises&publication_year=1916" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B6">麦尔a、t·h·希德瑞克和d -威尔科克,“几何参数影响流在组装:一个轴对称IC引擎进气口II-parametric变异部分阀门几何,”<我>流体工程</我>,卷122,不。4、658 - 665年,2000页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Geometric%20parameters%20influencing%20flow%20in%20an%20axisymmetric%20IC%20engine%20inlet%20port%20assembly:%20part%20II—parametric%20variation%20of%20valve%20geometry&author=A. Maier&author=T. H. Sheldrake&author=&author=D. Wilcock&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B7">k .田中“气流通过吸入阀的锥形阀座,”<我>航空研究所报告</我>第1部分,东京帝国大学,p。262年,第2部分,p。361年,1929年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Airflow%20through%20suction%20valve%20of%20conical%20seat&author=K. Tanaka&publication_year=1929" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B8">d·n·约翰斯顿,k . a .边缘和n d·沃恩“实验调查的流和力液压提升阀和阀瓣阀门的特点,“<我>美国机械工程师学会学报》上</我>,卷205,不。3、161 - 171年,1991页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Experimental%20investigation%20of%20flow%20and%20force%20characteristics%20of%20hydraulic%20poppet%20and%20disc%20valves&author=D. N. Johnston&author=K. A. Edge&author=&author=N. D. Vaughan&publication_year=1991" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B9">e . Schrenk<我>阀瓣阀门、流量模式、阻力和装载</我>卷,T547 BHRA出版物,1957。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B10">j . a .石头”排放系数和稳态流力量液压提升阀,”<我>交易的ASME D</我>,卷82,不。1,第154 - 144页,1960。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Discharge%20coefficients%20and%20steady%20state%20flow%20forces%20for%20hydraulic%20poppet%20valves&author=J. A. Stone&publication_year=1960" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B11">d .事务所和r·h·McGuigan”一些提升阀的静态和动态特征,”<我>美国机械工程师学会学报》上</我>,卷179,不。3、199 - 213年,1964页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Some%20static%20and%20dynamic%20characteristics%20of%20poppet%20valves&author=D. McCloy &author=R. H. McGuigan&publication_year=1964" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B12">n·d·沃恩和d·n·约翰斯顿”提升阀流体流动的数值模拟”,<我>美国机械工程师学会学报》上</我>,卷206,不。23日,第127 - 119页,1991年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Numerical%20simulation%20of%20fluid%20flow%20in%20poppet%20valves&author=N. D. Vaughan &author=D. N. Johnston&publication_year=1991" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B13">m . Weclas a悟道,f·杜斯特”的进气阀间隙流动分离活塞发动机,”<我>能量和燃烧科学的进步</我>,24卷,不。3、165 - 195年,1998页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Flow%20separation%20in%20the%20inlet%20valve%20gap%20of%20piston%20engines&author=M. Weclas&author=A. Melling&author=&author=F. Durst&publication_year=1998" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B14">对于,r . Susan-Resiga安东,诉Ancusa,“提升阀内涡流建模chamber-part 2”<我>《浴车间电力传输和运动控制(PTMC ' 01)</我>浴,页161 - 176年,英国,2001年9月。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vortex%20flow%20modeling%20inside%20the%20poppet%20valve%20chamber—part%202&author=S. Bernad&author=R. Susan-Resiga&author=I. Anton&author=&author=V. Ancusa" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B15">m . Dietze<我>在hydraulischen Messung和Berechnung der Innenstromung Sitzventilen</我>科技大学博士学位论文,达姆施塔特,杜塞尔多夫,Geramny, 1996年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B16">r . Susan-Resiga s i对于,安东,“涡流建模在提升阀室”<我>《7日北欧国际会议上流体动力(SICFP ' 01)</我>20.01年5月,瑞典林雪平。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vortex%20flow%20modeling%20inside%20the%20poppet%20valve%20chamber&author=R. Susan-Resiga&author=S. I. Bernad&author=&author=I. Anton" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B17"><i>流利的6.3用户指南</我>,2006年Ansys流利。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B18">美国对于r . Susan-Resiga美国统治下,安东,”在液压阀气蚀现象。数值模拟”,<我>罗马尼亚科学院学报》上</我>,8卷,不。2、151 - 160年,2007页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cavitation%20phenomena%20in%20hydraulic%20valves.%20Numerical%20modelling&author=S. Bernad&author=R. Susan-Resiga&author=S. Muntean&author=&author=I. Anton&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B19">c . s .马丁·h·Medlarz特区Wiggert,和c . Brennen“空化《盗梦空间》在管路阀门,”<我>流体工程</我>,卷103,不。4、564 - 576年,1981页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cavitation%20inception%20in%20spool%20valves&author=C. S. Martin&author=H. Medlarz&author=D. C. Wiggert&author=&author=C. Brennen&publication_year=1981" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B20">答:日本久保田公司、h·加藤和h .山口”一个新的空泡流动造型:一个数值研究水翼的非定常空化部分,“<我>流体力学杂志</我>卷,240年,页59 - 96,1992。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20new%20modelling%20of%20cavitating%20flows:%20a%20numerical%20study%20of%20unsteady%20cavitation%20on%20a%20hydrofoil%20section&author=A. Kubota&author=H. Kato&author=&author=H. Yamaguchi&publication_year=1992" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B21">g . Wang Senocak, w . Shyy t . Ikohagi和s .曹“附加湍流空泡动力学流,”<我>航空航天科学进展</我>,37卷,不。6,551 - 581年,2001页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(01)00014-8">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dynamics%20of%20attached%20turbulent%20cavitating%20flows&author=G. Wang&author=I. Senocak&author=W. Shyy&author=T. Ikohagi&author=&author=S. Cao&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B22">d·r·范德Heul c . Vuik p·韦塞尔,“效率与空化流的计算可压缩压力校正”<我>欧洲国会程序在应用科学和工程计算方法(ECCOMAS ' 00)</我>20.00年9月、西班牙的巴塞罗那。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Efficient%20computation%20of%20flow%20with%20cavitation%20by%20compressible%20pressure%20correction&author=D. R. van der Heul&author=C. Vuik&author=&author=P. Wesseling" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B23">即Senocak和w·Shyy“n - s空化模型计算,评价”<我>《2002年夏天ASME流体工程部门会议</我>、纸fedsm2002 - 31011,页395 - 401,2002年7月。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation%20of%20cavitation%20models%20for%20Navier-Stokes%20computations&author=I. Senocak &author=W. Shyy" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B24">j·l·Kueny<我>空化建模</我>系列讲座:航天器推进,卡门,流体力学研究所,1993。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B25">c . l . Merkle j . z冯,p . e . o . Buelow”表空化的动力学计算模型的研究,”<我>第三届国际研讨会空化学报》上</我>,第311 - 307页,1998年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Computational%20modeling%20of%20the%20dynamics%20of%20sheet%20cavitation&author=C. L. Merkle&author=J. Z. Feng&author=&author=P. E. O. Buelow" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B26">r·f·昆兹·d·a .沼泽t . s . Chyczewski d·r·Stinebring和h . j . Gibeling“多阶段的CFD分析自然通风空化约埋尸体,”<我>诉讼第三ASME / JSME联合流体工程会议(FEDSM 99)</我>,1999年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Multi-phase%20CFD%20analysis%20of%20natural%20and%20ventilated%20cavitation%20about%20submerged%20bodies&author=R. F. Kunz&author=D. A. Boger&author=T. S. Chyczewski&author=D. R. Stinebring&author=&author=H. J. Gibeling&publication_year=1999" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B27">g . h . Schnerr和j·萨奥尔”,物理和数值模拟非定常空泡动力学,”<我>第四届国际会议在多相流学报》上</我>20.01年美国洛杉矶,新奥尔良。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Physical%20and%20numerical%20modeling%20of%20unsteady%20cavitation%20dynamics&author=G. H. Schnerr &author=J. Sauer" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B28">s .对于美国统治下,r . Resiga,安东,空泡流的数值分析,“<我>罗马尼亚科学院学报》上</我>,7卷,不。1,33-45,2006页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Numerical%20analysis%20of%20the%20cavitating%20flows&author=S. Bernad&author=S. Muntean&author=R. Resiga&author=&author=I. Anton&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B29">h·劳斯和j·s . McNown<我>气蚀和压力分布、零形式主管偏航角</我>32卷<我>研究在工程公告</我>爱荷华州立大学,1948。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B30">r·e·a·阿恩特“空化在流体机械和液压结构,”<我>流体力学的年度审查</我>13卷,第328 - 273页,1981年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cavitation%20in%20fluid%20machinery%20and%20hydraulic%20structures&author=R. E. A. Arndt&publication_year=1981" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B31">e .浦田”提升阀的推力”,<我>《日本机械工程师学会</我>,12卷,不。53岁,1099 - 1109年,1969页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Thrust%20of%20poppet%20valve&author=E. Urata&publication_year=1969" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B32">e .浦田“在各种液体、气蚀”<我>《浴观点传播研讨会和运动控制</我>英国巴斯大学,1999年9月。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cavitation%20erosion%20in%20various%20fluids&author=E. Urata" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>版权©2012桑德尔。对于和罗密欧Susan-Resiga。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel=”l我cen年代e”href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p></d我v></d我v></article> </div> </div> </div> <div id="related-articles" class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</gydF4y2Bah4>对本文没有相关内容可用。<d我v我d=”b我bl我o_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 kaaUfC"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/mse/2012/742162.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Skk1S53sNQbVODZdlMjHV/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-kcDeIU cbcyj ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavLarge"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/742162.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</年代p一个n></年代p一个n> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/mse/2012/742162.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</d我v><我米g一个lt=””class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjBweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMnB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjAgMjIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDUzLjIgKDcyNjQzKSAtIGh0dHBzOi8vc2tldGNoYXBwLmNvbSAtLT4KICAgIDx0aXRsZT5jaGV2cm9uLWRvd24gY29weSAzPC90aXRsZT4KICAgIDxkZXNjPkNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBTa2V0Y2guPC9kZXNjPgogICAgPGRlZnM+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTExLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgTDExLDIgQzExLDEuNDQ3NzE1MjUgMTEuNDQ3NzE1MywxIDEyLDEgQzEyLjU1MjI4NDcsMSAxMywxLjQ0NzcxNTI1IDEzLDIgTDEzLDEzLjU4NTc4NjQgTDE1LjI5Mjg5MzIsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBDMTUuNjgzNDE3NSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDE2LjMxNjU4MjUsMTAuOTAyMzY4OSAxNi43MDcxMDY4LDExLjI5Mjg5MzIgQzE3LjA5NzYzMTEsMTEuNjgzNDE3NSAxNy4wOTc2MzExLDEyLjMxNjU4MjUgMTYuNzA3MTA2OCwxMi43MDcxMDY4IEwxMi43MDcxMDY4LDE2LjcwNzEwNjggQzEyLjMxNjU4MjUsMTcuMDk3NjMxMSAxMS42ODM0MTc1LDE3LjA5NzYzMTEgMTEuMjkyODkzMiwxNi43MDcxMDY4IEw3LjI5Mjg5MzIyLDEyLjcwNzEwNjggQzYuOTAyMzY4OTMsMTIuMzE2NTgyNSA2LjkwMjM2ODkzLDExLjY4MzQxNzUgNy4yOTI4OTMyMiwxMS4yOTI4OTMyIEM3LjY4MzQxNzUxLDEwLjkwMjM2ODkgOC4zMTY1ODI0OSwxMC45MDIzNjg5IDguNzA3MTA2NzgsMTEuMjkyODkzMiBMMTEsMTMuNTg1Nzg2NCBaIE0yLDE3IEMyLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMi40NDc3MTUyNSwxNiAzLDE2IEMzLjU1MjI4NDc1LDE2IDQsMTYuNDQ3NzE1MyA0LDE3IEw0LDIwIEM0LDIwLjU1MjI4NDcgNC40NDc3MTUyNSwyMSA1LDIxIEwxOSwyMSBDMTkuNTUyMjg0NywyMSAyMCwyMC41NTIyODQ3IDIwLDIwIEwyMCwxNyBDMjAsMTYuNDQ3NzE1MyAyMC40NDc3MTUzLDE2IDIxLDE2IEMyMS41NTIyODQ3LDE2IDIyLDE2LjQ0NzcxNTMgMjIsMTcgTDIyLDIwIEMyMiwyMS42NTY4NTQyIDIwLjY1Njg1NDIsMjMgMTksMjMgTDUsMjMgQzMuMzQzMTQ1NzUsMjMgMiwyMS42NTY4NTQyIDIsMjAgTDIsMTcgWiIgaWQ9InBhdGgtMSI+PC9wYXRoPgogICAgPC9kZWZzPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlN5bWJvbHMiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJTaWRlYmFycy9EZXNrdG9wL0FydGljbGUtU2lkZWJhciIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTI5MS4wMDAwMDAsIC0xMzQuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJEb3dubG9hZC1yZWZlcmVuY2UiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDAwMDAwLCAxMTIuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iVHlwZS1hbmQtaWNvbnMiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDIwLjAwMDAwMCwgMjEuMDAwMDAwKSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9Ikljb25zL0Rvd25sb2FkIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyNjkuMDAwMDAwLCAwLjAwMDAwMCkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iZG93bmxvYWQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPG1hc2sgaWQ9Im1hc2stMiIgZmlsbD0id2hpdGUiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDx1c2UgeGxpbms6aHJlZj0iI3BhdGgtMSI+PC91c2U+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L21hc2s+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8dXNlIGlkPSJDb21iaW5lZC1TaGFwZSIgZmlsbD0iIzAwMDAwMCIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJub256ZXJvIiB4bGluazpocmVmPSIjcGF0aC0xIj48L3VzZT4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJDT0xPUi8tUHJpbWFyeS1HcmVlbiIgbWFzaz0idXJsKCNtYXNrLTIpIiBmaWxsPSIjNkJBNDM5IiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxyZWN0IGlkPSJSZWN0YW5nbGUiIHg9IjAiIHk9IjAiIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCI+PC9yZWN0PgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4=" height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/mse/2012/742162.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML</d我v><我米g一个lt=””class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<年代p一个n>3240年年</年代p一个n></d我v><d我v> 下载<年代p一个n>2710年年</年代p一个n></d我v></d我v> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2012/742162" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</d我v></d我v></d我v><nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</gydF4y2Bah3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/742162&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" 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