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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .iWnggs .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .iWnggs ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .iWnggs ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .iWnggs ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .iWnggs ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .iWnggs ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .iWnggs ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .iWnggs ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .iWnggs .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .iWnggs .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .iWnggs .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 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svg{fill:#007B8B;} .iWnggs .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .iWnggs .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .iWnggs .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .iWnggs .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iWnggs .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .iWnggs .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .iWnggs .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.iWnggs .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .iWnggs .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .iWnggs 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color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bGbJRg ihXRQF" href="#related-articles" aria-label="">相关文章</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1crxfky-3 ibxgRv contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1crxfky-4 bPvmyp content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-phk71o-0 dentpz article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-phk71o-1 lnYIEU article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-phk71o-2 LalmI"> <div class="sc-iBEsjs kOIDmJ article_header_class"> <div class="sc-hzNEM ghYOuc"> <span class="sc-chbbiW gZBPaR">特殊的问题</年代pan> <h2 class="sc-kxynE iMTn">2012年计算流体动力学及其应用</h2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cooIXK dGunDM" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/si/808107/" aria-label="">把这个特殊的问题</a> <hr class="sc-fZwumE bRVbnd"> </div> <p class="sc-fcdeBU jSVooP article_type">研究文章|开放获取</p><d我v class="sc-gmeYpB edbFGD article_citation"> 体积 2012年 <span class="sc-RcBXQ euBwsC">|</年代pan>文章的ID 619419年 <span class="sc-RcBXQ euBwsC">|</年代pan> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iSDuPN kDGfWF" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/619419" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/619419</a> </div> <div class="sc-jKVCRD kVmHSX article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-LKuAh eHdRBi isHide"> <p>刘超群解释道,平路,林,陈会昌燕, ”<年代pan class="adjust-article-svg-size">新理论在边界层转捩和湍流的形成</年代pan>”,<i>建模和模拟在工程</我>, 卷。2012年, 文章的ID619419年, 22   页面, 2012年。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/619419</p></d我v> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-kaNhvL hZfccF" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-kZmsYB ePOKEv article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">新理论在边界层转捩和湍流的形成</h1> </div> <div class="sc-kQsIoO ilXkOX article_authors"> <hr class="sc-iQtOjA bpnzQO hr__author"> <span class=""><b>刘超群解释道</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gPzReC kIRihs icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a>,<年代up>1</年代up></年代pan> <span class="">平路,<年代up>1</年代up></年代pan> <span class="">林陈,<年代up>1</年代up>和</年代pan> <span class="">陈会昌严<年代up>1</年代up></年代pan> <div class="sc-iybRtq hqlWOa isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><年代pan>数学系,德克萨斯大学阿灵顿,阿灵顿TX 76019,美国</年代pan></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-hjRWVT erRKjF" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-phk71o-3 faJNbX"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-phk71o-8 dsGtgx"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>关亨杨紫琼</d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-phk71o-4 hoUdUJ"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-phk71o-5 bwbOqE notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-phk71o-6 jrHvLY">收到了</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-phk71o-7 GvnvP">2012年1月26日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-phk71o-5 bwbOqE notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-phk71o-6 jrHvLY">接受</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-phk71o-7 GvnvP">2012年3月25日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-phk71o-5 bwbOqE isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-phk71o-6 jrHvLY">发表</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-phk71o-7 GvnvP">2012年7月12日</年代pan> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-hzDEsm iWnggs article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>本文是一个简短的回顾我们最近的DNS的工作在湍流边界层转捩和物理学。基于DNS的观察,我们提出一个新理论在边界层转捩,五个步骤,即接受,线性不稳定,大涡结构的形成,小长度尺度的一代,对称和随机扰动的损失。湍流生成和维持,经典理论,描述了理查森的能源梯级和柯尔莫哥洛夫长度尺度,没有观察到我们的DNS。我们提出了一种新的理论在动荡的一代,所有小长度尺度是由“剪切层不稳定”通过多个水平抛射和清洁工和顺向多个正面和负面的峰值水平,但不是通过“漩涡崩溃。“我们相信“剪切层不稳定”是“母亲的动荡。“大漩涡的能量转移小漩涡是由多个水平扫描,但并不遵循柯尔莫哥洛夫的理论大漩涡将能量传递给小公司通过涡拉伸和崩溃。对称的损失从第二层次环周期中间的流场和扩散边界层的底部,然后整个流场。</p><年代pan class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>这些评论显然表明,湍流的形成和维持机制的研究仍然是一个谜。注意,海森堡和羊肉都是湍流研究并不乐观。</p><h5 id="sec1.1">1.1。湍流是一个谜</h5> <p>动荡在本质上仍然是由一个神秘的面纱后一个多世纪的集中强化学习。以下评论是由维基网页<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence</a>“诺贝尔奖获得者理查德·费曼动荡形容为“经典物理学最重要的尚未解决的问题”(《今日美国》2006)。根据一个杜撰的故事,海森堡(另一个诺贝尔奖获得者)被问及他会问上帝,有机会。他的回答是“当我遇到上帝,我要问他两个问题:为什么相对论?为什么动荡?我真的相信他会有一个答案。“(<a href="#B37">1</a>]。HoraceLamb援引的一次演讲中,英国科学促进协会,“现在我是一个老人,我死的时候,去天堂上有两个问题我希望启蒙。一个是量子电动力学,另一种是液体的湍动。和前我很乐观”<a href="#B40">2</a>,<a href="#B11">3</a>]。</p><h5 id="sec1.2">1.2。理查森的涡和能量级联理论(1928)</h5> <p>理查森认为湍流是由大小不同的“漩涡”。大漩涡将拉伸,不稳定,打破小漩涡。这些小漩涡经历相同的过程,导致更小的涡流。这个过程将持续下去,直到达到足够小的长度范围内,液体的粘度可以有效动能成内部能量消散。在涡破裂的过程中,最初的动能大涡分为较小的漩涡。</p><h5 id="sec1.3">1.3。柯尔莫哥洛夫假设(1941)</h5> <p>动荡是由柯尔莫哥洛夫的经典理论,一个著名的俄罗斯数学家。一般来说,大尺度的流动不是各向同性的,因为它们是由特定的边界条件。同意理查森,柯尔莫哥洛夫认为,理查森的能量级联,这个几何和定向信息丢失而规模减少,小尺度的统计数据有一个通用的个性,在统计上各向同性湍流流动雷诺数足够高时。假设没有耗散能量传递过程中从大型小型涡涡涡破裂。”</p><h5 id="sec1.4">1.4。Kolmogorvo的第一和第二假设(1941)</h5> <p>基于他的假设,柯尔莫哥洛夫(<a href="#B24a">6</a>,<a href="#B24b">7</a>]进一步给了非常著名的理论长度最小的规模,这是后来被称为柯尔莫哥洛夫(第一个假设),规模和湍流能量谱(第二个假设):<年代pan class="equation" id="eq1"> <svg height="191.95" id="M1" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 191.95" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,191.95)"> <g transform="translate(72,81.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.98,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.77" y="7.3299999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.34" y="-7.25"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.6,63.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 207.32,53.94 11.15,0" 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style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-170" y="25.92"> ⎧</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-170" y="31.040001"> ⎪</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-170" y="41.169998"> ⎨</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-170" y="51.299999"> ⎪</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-170" y="56.360001"> ⎩</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-162" y="37.98"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-202.42999" y="37.98"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-190.40211" y="37.98"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-178.37422" y="37.98"> </t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 99.08,1.91 39.29,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,99.08,-26.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.05" y="-16.469999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.426531" y="-16.469999"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.44,-13.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 109.65,-16.36 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,109.65,-28.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.92,-31.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,128.99,-26.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,138.37,-0.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.02,-19.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 163.61,1.91 39.29,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.61,-26.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.05" y="-16.469999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.439034" y="-16.469999"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.98,-13.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 174.19,-16.36 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.19,-28.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.45,-31.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.52,-26.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.9,-0.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.55,-19.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 228.15,1.91 39.28,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,228.15,-26.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.04" y="-16.59"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.429033" y="-16.59"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.51,-13.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 238.72,-16.36 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.72,-28.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.98,-31.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.05,-26.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,267.43,-0.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,275.08,-19.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 286.43,1.91 73.94,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,286.43,-26.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.05" y="-16.469999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.426531" y="-16.469999"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,309.79,-13.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 297,-16.36 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,297,-28.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.27,-31.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,319.11,-19.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.02" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.39653" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,344.44,-13.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 331.65,-16.36 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,331.65,-28.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,344.92,-31.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,350.99,-26.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,360.37,-0.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,85.55,-63.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 94.11,-41.73 73.94,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,94.11,-70.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.05" y="-16.59"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.439034" y="-16.59"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.48,-56.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 104.69,-60 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.69,-71.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.95,-75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,126.8,-63.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.01" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.399033" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.13,-57.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 139.34,-60 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,139.34,-71.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.61,-75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,158.67,-70.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,168.05,-43.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.7,-63.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 187.05,-41.73 73.94,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.05,-70.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.05" y="-16.459999"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.426531" y="-16.459999"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.41,-57.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 197.62,-60 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.62,-71.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.89,-75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.73,-63.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.02" y="-9.2700005"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.39653" y="-9.2700005"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.06,-56.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <g> <path d="m 232.27,-60 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.27,-71.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.54,-75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.61,-70.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,260.99,-43.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,265.86,-51.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⎫</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="5.1300001"> ⎪</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="15.25"> ⎬</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="25.379999"> ⎪</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="30.51"> ⎭</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.09" y="12.07"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="208.25999" y="-43.16"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="212.42349" y="-43.16"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.675" y="-43.16"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在那里,<年代vg height="9.875" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9375 9.875" width="7.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>柯尔莫哥洛夫规模,<年代vg height="7.2375002" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:7.9749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9749999 7.2375002" width="7.9749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>运动粘度,<年代vg height="7.1875" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.6875 7.1875" width="7.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>湍流耗散率,<年代vg height="10.325" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.225 10.325" width="12.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是能量谱函数,<年代vg height="10.6125" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.8625 10.6125" width="11.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个常数,<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.4125004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.4125004 7.0124998" width="9.4125004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是波数。这些公式是通过柯尔莫哥洛夫假设小长度尺度是由<年代vg height="7.2375002" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:7.9749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9749999 7.2375002" width="7.9749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="7.1875" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.6875 7.1875" width="7.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.325" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.225 10.325" width="12.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>有关<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.4125004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.4125004 7.0124998" width="9.4125004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="7.1875" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.6875 7.1875" width="7.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。根据量纲分析[这些公式是独一无二的<a href="#B13">8</a>]。</p><p>如果所有的小漩涡所产生的“剪切层不稳定”而不是“涡破裂”,柯尔莫哥洛夫的第一个假说将失去的背景。最小的长度尺度将有关稳定性的最弱不稳定的“剪切层”。这将需要一个深入研究的“剪切层不稳定”不仅是“空间分析”。</p><h5 id="sec1.5">1.5。短的回顾研究边界层转捩</h5> <p>过渡过程从层流到湍流边界层是现代流体力学的一个基本科学问题。经过一百多年的研究流过渡,流的线性和弱非线性阶段过渡很好理解(<a href="#B17">10</a>,<a href="#B20">11</a>]。然而,对于后期非线性过渡阶段,仍有许多遗留问题研究[<a href="#B3">4</a>,<a href="#B22">12</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B21">16</a>]。艾德里安(<a href="#B1">17</a>壁湍流)描述发夹涡组织,但没有讨论扫描和弹射事件和剪切层不稳定的作用。吴和Moin<a href="#B46">18</a>]报道一个新的DNS平板流过渡。他们获得充分发展湍流结构的森林的环状的漩涡流过渡在零压力梯度。然而,他们没有给已故的流动机制转变。边界层转捩的重要机制,如清洁工,抛射,和积极的峰值不能发现从纸上。最近,郭et al。<a href="#B16">19</a>)进行了一项实验研究晚边界层转捩的更多细节。他们得出的结论是,u型涡是一个筒状的头波,引起的二次涡,第二个清洁工和积极的峰值。</p><p>为了深入了解后期流动机制过渡湍流边界层与物理,我们最近进行了高阶直接数值模拟<b>(</b>DNS)和1920×241×128准备点约600000时间步研究的后期阶段流动机制过渡的边界层在自由流马赫数0.5 [<a href="#B5">20.</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B34">32</a>]。支持的工作是AFOSR, UTA TACC和NSF Teragrid。许多新的观察结果和新的机制显示边界层转捩年末(LBLT)包括:<年代pan class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</年代pan><span class="list-content">机制在二、三级涡的形成;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</年代pan><span class="list-content">机制在第一次环状涡的形成;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</年代pan><span class="list-content">在第二次扫描形成机制;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(iv)</年代pan><span class="list-content">机制高度共享层的形成;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(v)</年代pan><span class="list-content">机制积极高峰的形成;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(vi)</年代pan><span class="list-content">在多个环的形成机制;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(七)</年代pan><span class="list-content">机制u型涡的形成;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(八)</年代pan><span class="list-content">长度小漩涡生成机制;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(第九)</年代pan><span class="list-content">机制在多个水平高剪切层的形成;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(x)</年代pan><span class="list-content">能量传递路径的机制;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(十一)</年代pan><span class="list-content">机制对称损失或所谓的“流随机化;”</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(十二)</年代pan><span class="list-content">在湍流边界层增厚机理;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(十三)</年代pan><span class="list-content">高表面摩擦的湍流流动机制。</年代pan></span></span></p> <p>一个<年代vg height="14.475" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:14.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>技术由宋和侯赛因(<a href="#B18">33</a>用于可视化。</p><h5 id="sec1.6">1.6。不同的物理观察到我们的高阶DNS</h5> <p>根据我们最近的DNS,“涡破裂”不是观察(<a href="#B26">24</a>,<a href="#B31">29日</a>,<a href="#B32">30.</a>]。刘给了一个新的理论,涡破裂所产生的“动荡不但是剪切层不稳定”(<a href="#B26">24</a>,<a href="#B32">30.</a>,<a href="#B34">32</a>]。刘认为,“剪切层不稳定”是“母亲的动荡。”</p><p>理查森的能源梯级和柯尔莫哥洛夫的假设“涡破裂”挑战,柯尔莫哥洛夫假设最小的漩涡是统计各向同性变得可疑。因为最小的漩涡产生的“剪切层不稳定”,这是身体的形状密切相关配置,不能各向同性。</p><h5 id="sec1.7">1.7。问题在边界层转捩经典理论</h5> <p>经典理论,认为“涡破裂”的最后阶段在一个平板边界层转捩,挑战,“小发夹涡破裂结构”现象不是我们观察到新的DNS (<a href="#B26">24</a>,<a href="#B29">27</a>,<a href="#B30">28</a>]。所谓的“峰值”实际上是一个multibridge或multiring形成的过程,这是一个相当稳定的大涡结构,可以旅行很长一段距离。</p><p>实验是相当昂贵和力量非常有限日期收购,直接数值模拟(DNS)成为一个越来越重要的工具,发现物理。这项工作的目的是找到物理湍流的直接数值模拟。本文的组织结构如下:部分<a href="#sec1">1</a>是一个背景审查;部分<a href="#sec2">2</a>显示了设置和代码验证;部分<a href="#sec3">3</a>是我们的观察和分析;部分<a href="#sec4">4</a>是我们新发现的总结;部分<a href="#sec5">5</a>的结论是根据我们最近的DNS。</p><h5 id="sec1.8">1.8。刘新理论在边界层转捩</h5> <p>在边界层转捩经典理论可以描述四个阶段:(1)边界层接受;(2)线性不稳定;(3)非线性增长;(4)湍流涡破裂。很显然,我们不同意“湍流涡破裂的经典理论。“边界层转捩的新理论可以被描述为五个阶段:(1)边界层接受;(2)线性不稳定;(3)大涡结构的形成;(4)小漩涡一代;(5)对称损失和湍流的形成。 By the way, the vortex cascade in turbulence given by Richardson, Kolmogorov and others is not observed.</p><h5 id="sec1.9">1.9。由刘新理论在湍流生成和维持</h5> <p>湍流的形成和维持的新理论可以描述如下。所有小长度尺度(湍流)是由剪切层不稳定产生的大涡结构与多个水平涡环,多个水平扫描和抛射,和多个水平层流子层附近的正面和负面的峰值。因此,“动荡”不是“涡破裂”产生的,而是积极的和消极的峰值和顺向高剪切层。“剪切层不稳定”被认为是“妈妈的动荡。“这种新理论可能给湍流生成和sustenance-the能量的普遍机制带来的大涡结构通过多个水平扫边界层。</p><h4 id="case-setup-and-code-validation">2。情况下设置和代码验证</h4> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。情况下设置</h5> <p>计算域显示在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>。网格级别是1920×128×241,代表网格数量的流向<年代vg height="13.45" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:19.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.125 13.45" width="19.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,由<年代vg height="13.55" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:18.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.2875 13.55" width="18.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.364987" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,墙正常<年代vg height="13.45" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.3375 13.45" width="18.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.402496" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的方向。正常的网格拉伸方向,统一在高空回水区的方向。第一网格区间的长度方向正常入口处发现在墙单元(0.43<年代vg height="12.575" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:66.462502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.462502 12.575" width="66.462502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.76,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.79,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。并行计算是通过消息传递接口(MPI)一起流向方向(图域分解<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig2/" target="_blank">2</a>)。流动参数,包括马赫数和雷诺数是列在表中<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/tab1/" target="_blank">1</a>。在这里,<年代vg height="10.925" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.85 10.925" width="17.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>代表前缘和入口之间的距离,<年代vg height="10.475" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:19.7875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.7875 10.475" width="19.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="13.1875" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:18.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.9375 13.1875" width="18.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:28.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.125 14.2375" width="28.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.86,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>计算域的长度吗<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:8.7250004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 7.1624999" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -,<年代vg height="9.8625002" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -,<年代vg height="7.375" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:7.9250002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9250002 7.375" width="7.9250002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>方向,分别<年代vg height="14.3375" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:17.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.825001 14.3375" width="17.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>壁温。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="8"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left"><span style="width: 26.5875px;"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.5875 14.2375" width="26.5875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∞</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center">再保险</td><tdalign="center"><span style="width: 17.85px;"> <svg height="10.925" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.85 10.925" width="17.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><i>Lx</我></td><tdalign="center"><i>Ly</我></td><tdalign="center"><span style="width: 28.125px;"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.125 14.2375" width="28.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.86,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 17.825001px;"> <svg height="14.3375" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.825001 14.3375" width="17.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 19.475px;"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.475 14.2375" width="19.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∞</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="8"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">0.5</td><tdalign="center">1000年</td><tdalign="center">300.79<年代vg height="14.475" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.5 14.475" width="16.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.16,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">798.03<年代vg height="14.475" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.5 14.475" width="16.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.16,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">22<年代vg height="14.475" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.5 14.475" width="16.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.16,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">40<年代vg height="14.475" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.5 14.475" width="16.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.16,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">273.15 K</td><tdalign="center">273.15 K</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="8"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 流参数。</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.001" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 计算域。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.002" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 域分解计算空间中沿流向的方向。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。代码验证</h5> <p>DNS代码——“DNSUTA”已经被美国国家航空航天局兰利和验证UTA人员(<a href="#B26">24</a>,<a href="#B34">32</a>,<a href="#B19">34</a>小心),以确保DNS结果是正确的。</p><h6 id="sec2.2.1">2.2.1。与线性理论</h6> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>比较的速度剖面<年代vg height="10.325" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 10.325" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<年代vg height="10.725" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:11.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.375 10.725" width="11.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>波由我们的DNS结果线性理论。图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig4/" target="_blank">4</a>是一个比较DNS和LST之间的扰动放大率。协议之间的线性理论和数值结果相当好。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.003a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.003a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.003b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.003b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig3"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.003a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.003a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.003b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.003b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig3"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 比较的数值,在雷克斯= 394300 LST速度概要文件。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.004" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 比较的扰动放大DNS和LST之间。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec2.2.2">2.2.2。网格收敛性</h6> <p>的皮肤摩擦系数计算时均和spanwise-averaged概要粗和细网格显示在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>。表面摩擦系数的空间演化的层流也绘制了比较。从这些数据观察,表面摩擦系数后发生的急剧增长<年代vg height="14.7875" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:67.925003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.925003 14.7875" width="67.925003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> ≈</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.02,60.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>定义为“爆发点。“转型后的皮肤摩擦系数在良好的协议与平板湍流边界层理论于1989年由Cousteix [<a href="#B12">35</a>]。数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig5/" target="_blank">5(一个)</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (b)</a>还表明,我们得到网格收敛皮肤摩擦系数。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)粗网格(960×64×121)”name="619419.fig.005a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.005a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)粗网格(960×64×121)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)细网格(1920×128×241)”name="619419.fig.005b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.005b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)细网格(1920×128×241)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig5"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Coarse Grids (960 × 64 × 121)"><img alt="(一)粗网格(960×64×121)”name="619419.fig.005a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.005a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)粗网格(960×64×121)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Fine Grids (1920 × 128 × 241)"><img alt="(b)细网格(1920×128×241)”name="619419.fig.005b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.005b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)细网格(1920×128×241)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig5"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 回水区演进的时间——spanwise-averaged表面摩擦系数。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec2.2.3">2.2.3。与日志法</h6> <p>时均和spanwise-averaged流向速度配置文件不同流向位置在两个不同的网格如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig6/" target="_blank">6</a>。流入速度概要文件<年代vg height="14.6" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:87.462502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 87.462502 14.6" width="87.462502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.763618" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.39,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个典型的层流速度剖面。在<年代vg height="14.725" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:87.462502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 87.462502 14.725" width="87.462502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.763618" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.39,60.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,平均速度剖面的方法一个湍流速度剖面(日志法)。这从DNS结果比较表明,速度剖面是一个湍流速度剖面和网格融合已经实现了。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)粗网格(960×64×121)”name="619419.fig.006a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.006a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)粗网格(960×64×121)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)细网格(1920×128×241)”name="619419.fig.006b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.006b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)细网格(1920×128×241)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig6"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Coarse Grids (960 × 64 × 121)"><img alt="(一)粗网格(960×64×121)”name="619419.fig.006a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.006a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)粗网格(960×64×121)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Fine Grids (1920 × 128 × 241)"><img alt="(b)细网格(1920×128×241)”name="619419.fig.006b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.006b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)细网格(1920×128×241)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig6"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 对数线性情节的时候,spanwise-averaged速度剖面在墙单元。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec2.2.4">2.2.4。光谱和雷诺应力(速度)统计数据</h6> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>显示的光谱<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:8.7250004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 7.1624999" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - -<年代vg height="9.8625002" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的方向。光谱归一化了<年代vg height="7.375" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:7.9250002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9250002 7.375" width="7.9250002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在的位置<年代vg height="18.075001" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:109.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 109.5375 18.075001" width="109.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> e</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.06,57.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.27,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.683804" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.461388" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.712887" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,10.71,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="15.225" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:86.175003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 86.175003 15.225" width="86.175003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.82)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.75,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.78,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.159637" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.411137" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。一般来说,动荡的地区大约是定义的<年代vg height="15.225" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:58.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.825001 15.225" width="58.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.82)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.75,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.78,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="13.7375" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:66.824997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.824997 13.7375" width="66.824997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.01)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.201488" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.429663" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.470051" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.72155" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.847301" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.098801" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。在我们的例子中,的位置<年代vg height="13.7375" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:66.824997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.824997 13.7375" width="66.824997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.01)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.201488" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.429663" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.470051" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.72155" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.847301" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.098801" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>为<年代vg height="18.075001" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:109.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 109.5375 18.075001" width="109.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> e</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.06,57.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.27,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.683804" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.461388" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.712887" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,10.71,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是对应的<年代vg height="15.225" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:58.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.825001 15.225" width="58.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.82)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.75,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.78,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≈</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,所以点<年代vg height="15.225" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:58.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.825001 15.225" width="58.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.82)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.75,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.78,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="11.1" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:23.5625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.5625 11.1" width="23.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>应该在动荡的地区。一条直线的斜率<年代vg height="11.1" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:30.799999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.799999 11.1" width="30.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.816055" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>也显示了比较。光谱的切线<年代vg height="14.1625" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:30.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.6875 14.1625" width="30.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.17,65.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.804176" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>法律。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.007a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.007a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.007b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.007b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig7"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.007a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.007a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.007b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.007b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig7"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="7.1624999" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 7.1624999" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="9.8625002" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> (一)光谱方向(b)光谱方向。</table> </div> </div> </div> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig8/" target="_blank">8</a>显示了雷诺剪应力概要文件在不同流向位置,规范化墙剪切速度的平方。有10个流向位置的选择从前缘与后缘。正如所料,靠近入口<年代vg height="17.987499" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:117.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 117.35 17.987499" width="117.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> e</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.06,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.27,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.935303" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.712887" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.96439" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,16.96,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>流层流,雷诺应力的值要小得多比在动荡的地区。峰值的增加而增加<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:8.7250004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 7.1624999" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。在<年代vg height="17.987499" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:117.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 117.35 17.987499" width="117.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> e</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.06,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.27,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.935303" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.712887" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.96439" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,16.96,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>观察到,一大跳,这表明在过渡流。后<年代vg height="17.987499" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:117.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 117.35 17.987499" width="117.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> e</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.06,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.27,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.935303" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.712887" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.96439" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,16.96,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,雷诺应力剖面变得接近彼此在动荡的地区。所以在这种情况下,我们可以考虑流过渡后开始<年代vg height="17.987499" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:105.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 105.625 17.987499" width="105.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> e</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.06,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.27,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.558052" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.335636" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.587139" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,7.58,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.008" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.008.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 雷诺应力。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec2.2.5">2.2.5。比较与其他DNS</h6> <p>尽管我们无法比较我们的DNS结果与由Borodulin et al。<a href="#B3">4</a>定量,我们仍然可以发现剪切层结构在两个DNS计算图非常相似<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig9/" target="_blank">9</a>。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)我们的DNS”name="619419.fig.009a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.009a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)我们的DNS</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b) Borodulin等。[4]”name="619419.fig.009b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.009b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b) Borodulin等。[4]</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig9"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Our DNS"><img alt="(一)我们的DNS”name="619419.fig.009a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.009a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)我们的DNS</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Borodulin et al. [4]"><img alt="(b) Borodulin等。[4]”name="619419.fig.009b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.009b.jpg"><br><strong>(b) Borodulin等。[4]</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig9"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="9.3625002" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.0375 9.3625002" width="23.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8766499" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.077898" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 定性的比较轮廓的流向速度扰动u ()平面(光灰度的颜色对应于高值)。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec2.2.6">2.2.6款。与实验比较</h6> <p>由这个<年代vg height="14.475" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:14.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg><b>- - - - - -</b>特征值的可视化方法,涡结构的非线性演化的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 10.325" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<年代vg height="10.725" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:11.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.375 10.725" width="11.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在过渡过程如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig10/" target="_blank">10</a>。简要研究进化的细节在我们之前的论文(<a href="#B5">20.</a>)和环状的漩涡的形成链和实验工作是一致的([<a href="#B25">5</a>),图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig11/" target="_blank">11</a>)和前烤和他的合作者的数值模拟[<a href="#B2">15</a>]。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig10"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig10"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)= 6”name="619419.fig.0010a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0010a.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b> <svg height="11.0375" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.3125 11.0375" width="43.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b) = 6。2”name="619419.fig.0010b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0010b.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(b)</b> <svg height="11.0375" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 11.0375" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c) = 6。4”name="619419.fig.0010c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0010c.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(c)</b> <svg height="11.0375" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 11.0375" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d) = 7。0”name="619419.fig.0010d" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0010d.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(d)</b> <svg height="10.9125" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig10"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) 𝑡 = 6 𝑇 "><img alt="(一)= 6”name="619419.fig.0010a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0010a.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b> <svg height="11.0375" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.3125 11.0375" width="43.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) 𝑡 = 6 . 2 𝑇 "><img alt="(b) = 6。2”name="619419.fig.0010b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0010b.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(b)</b> <svg height="11.0375" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 11.0375" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c) 𝑡 = 6 . 4 𝑇 "><img alt="(c) = 6。4”name="619419.fig.0010c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0010c.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(c)</b> <svg height="11.0375" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 11.0375" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d) 𝑡 = 7 . 0 𝑇 "><img alt="(d) = 7。0”name="619419.fig.0010d" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0010d.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(d)</b> <svg height="10.9125" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig10"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.325" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 10.325" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.325" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 10.325" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.725" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.375 10.725" width="11.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 涡结构演化的晚期(过渡的时间是- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -波)。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig11"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig11"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0011a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0011a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0011b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0011b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”name="619419.fig.0011c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0011c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)”name="619419.fig.0011d" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0011d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig11"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0011a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0011a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0011b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0011b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”name="619419.fig.0011c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0011c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)”name="619419.fig.0011d" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0011d.jpg"><br><strong>(d)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig11"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图11</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig11/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B25">5</a> <table> 进化的环状涡链实验(]。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec2.2.7">2.2.7。u型涡与实验结果比较</h6> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig12/" target="_blank">12</a>(一)<a href="#B16">19</a>)代表一个实验调查包括环状涡的涡结构和筒状的头(u型涡)。的涡结构的非线性演化<年代vg height="10.325" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 10.325" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<年代vg height="10.725" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:11.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.375 10.725" width="11.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>波在过渡过程中由DNS图给出<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig12/" target="_blank">12</a>(b)。通过仔细对比实验工作和DNS,我们注意到实验和DNS同意对方详细的流动结构比较。这不能获得的事故,但提供了以下线索:(1)DNS和实验都是正确的,(2)无视流入边界条件的差异(随机噪声与执行<年代vg height="10.325" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 10.325" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<年代vg height="10.725" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:11.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.375 10.725" width="11.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>波)和知识之间的边界条件(非周期的和周期性)实验和DNS,涡结构一样,(3)无论K - H -或其他类型的转变,最后涡结构相同,(4)有一个对已故的边界层转捩的普遍结构;(5)湍流具有一定的相干结构(CS)生成和维持。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig12"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig12"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0012" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0012.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图12</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig12/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 定性的涡结构与实验进行比较。</table> </div> </div> </div> <p>上面所有这些验证和验证表明,我们的代码是正确的,我们的DNS结果是可靠的。</p><h4 id="observation-and-analysis-done-by-our-dns">3所示。观察和分析由我们的DNS</h4> <p>后观察,报道了我们之前的出版物(<a href="#B5">20.</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B30">28</a>,<a href="#B32">30.</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B34">32</a>,<a href="#B35">36</a>,<a href="#B36">37</a>]。</p><h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。机制的大型相干涡旋结构</h5> <p>晚边界过渡从第一个涡环的形成。</p><h6 id="sec3.1.1">3.1.1。在流场涡环<a href="#B8">23</a>]</h6> <p>根据亥姆霍兹涡度守恒定律,在流场涡流管不能有结束。现有的唯一形式涡流管内部流动必须提起环有或没有腿(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig13/" target="_blank">13</a>)。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig13"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig13"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)涡环没有腿”name="619419.fig.0013a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0013a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)涡环没有腿</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)涡环与腿”name="619419.fig.0013b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0013b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)涡环与腿</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig13"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Vortex ring without legs"><img alt="(一)涡环没有腿”name="619419.fig.0013a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0013a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)涡环没有腿</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Vortex ring with legs"><img alt="(b)涡环与腿”name="619419.fig.0013b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0013b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)涡环与腿</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig13"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图13</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig13/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 涡环有或没有腿。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.1.2">3.1.2。(第一环状涡形成的机理<a href="#B8">23</a>]</h6> <p>第一环状涡环的形状是由之间的交互主要流向涡和二次涡流回水区(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig14/" target="_blank">14</a>),这是完全不同于一个由Moin et al。<a href="#B39">38</a>]。环状涡位于边界层的边缘或换句话说位于非粘性的区域<年代vg height="13.6375" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:147.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 147.3125 13.6375" width="147.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.865827" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.906216" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.157715" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.283466" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.534966" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.786465" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.000217" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.27816" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.31855" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.570053" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.695801" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.947304" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="99.198799" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="108.01342" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.57726" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。涡环垂直地站和环的形状几乎完美的圆形,这将产生最强的向下运动清洁工(数字<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig14/" target="_blank">14</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig15/" target="_blank">15</a>)。更重要的是,没有观察到漩涡“修剪”。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig14"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig14"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0014a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0014a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0014b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0014b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig14"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0014a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0014a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0014b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0014b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig14"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图14</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig14/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 第一个环状涡的形成过程。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig15"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig15"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0015" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0015.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图15</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig15/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="13.075" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 136.89999 13.075" width="136.89999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7023277" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.742718" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.994217" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.119967" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.371468" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.622967" y="0"> ,</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.83672" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.114662" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.155052" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.406555" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.532303" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.783806" y="0"> 9</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.035301" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.84991" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 环状的漩涡的形状和位置在边界层()。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.1.3">3.1.3。(多个环形成的机理<a href="#B36">37</a>]</h6> <p>弹出主涡的旋转双腿带来低速从降低边界层流动起来,形成一个cylinder-like动量赤字区中间的两条腿(绿色图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig16/" target="_blank">16</a>)。动量赤字区也是上方的腿和形式剪切层由于stream-wise速度区别周围高速流和低速流赤字区。这些剪切层不稳定和多个环状漩涡(黄色图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig16/" target="_blank">16</a>)产生的剪切层(图一个接一个<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig17/" target="_blank">17</a>)。这个过程必须满足亥姆霍兹涡度守恒和主要流向涡度必须减少当一个新的spanwise-oriented环形成(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig18/" target="_blank">18</a>)。不同于Borodulin et al。<a href="#B3">4</a>),“涡破裂和重新连接”和“乌鸦”理论”是我们新的DNS观察到。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig16"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig16"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0016" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0016.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图16</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig16/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 三维动力赤字和多个环状涡的形成。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig17"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig17"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0017a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0017a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0017b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0017b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig17"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0017a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0017a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0017b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0017b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig17"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图17</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig17/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> (a)素描multiring生成机制,(b)多个环的形成。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig18"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig18"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0018" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0018.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图18</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig18/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="7.1624999" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 7.1624999" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 最大回水区高空涡度协调(Helmoholtz涡度守恒)。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.1.4">3.1.4。小学,中学,和u型漩涡<a href="#B33">31日</a>]</h6> <p>u型涡是大相干涡旋结构的一部分,是由二次涡流诱导的主涡。从郭et el与众不同。(<a href="#B16">19</a>),u型涡不是波引起的,而不是第二个清洁工和积极的峰值。实际上,u型涡是一个三级(不是二级)涡涡量与原始信号相同环腿(数字<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig19/" target="_blank">19</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig20/" target="_blank">20.</a>)。此外,u型漩涡作为提供额外渠道涡度多环结构(<a href="#B34">32</a>]。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig19"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig19"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0019" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0019.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图19</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig19/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> u型涡与流向速度扰动轮廓。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig20"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig20"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0020" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0020.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图20</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig20/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.475" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.1" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 78.900002 11.1" width="78.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.763618" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.475" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.5 14.475" width="16.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.16,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 的等值面和流跟踪。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。长度的小漩涡生成机制</h5> <p>湍流有两个期货:(1)小漩涡长度;(2)非对称结构(随机)。</p><h6 id="sec3.2.1">3.2.1之上。“湍流涡破裂”是挑战<a href="#B31">29日</a>,<a href="#B32">30.</a>]</h6> <p>在新的DNS (<a href="#B29">27</a>,<a href="#B30">28</a>),发现多涡结构是一个相当稳定的结构和永远不会分解。之前报道“涡破裂”是基于二维可视化或由使用低压中心(图的漩涡中心<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig21/" target="_blank">(21日)</a>)。我们可以使用一个不同的<年代vg height="14.475" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:14.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>价值得到类似“涡破裂”(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig21/" target="_blank">21 (b)</a>),这是伪造的。在这里,我们定义涡管旋转核心和等位面不断的涡度通量。然而,没有证据表明,涡破裂。让我们看看所谓的“湍流点”从不同方向的视图(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig22/" target="_blank">22</a>)。由于环(桥)数量的增加和涡度守恒,领先的戒指会变得越来越弱,直到他们无法检测到,但是他们不会打破(见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig23/" target="_blank">23</a>)。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig21"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig21"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0021a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0021a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0021b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0021b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig21"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0021a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0021a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0021b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0021b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig21"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图21</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig21/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B44">9</a> <svg height="10.8125" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> (一)u型涡),(b)与不同的DNS价值(假)。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig22"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig22"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)顶视图”name="619419.fig.0022a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0022a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)顶视图</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)侧视图”name="619419.fig.0022b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0022b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)侧视图</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)角度的观点”name="619419.fig.0022c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0022c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)角度的观点</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig22"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Top view"><img alt="(一)顶视图”name="619419.fig.0022a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0022a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)顶视图</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Side view"><img alt="(b)侧视图”name="619419.fig.0022b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0022b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)侧视图</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c) Angle view"><img alt="(c)角度的观点”name="619419.fig.0022c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0022c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)角度的观点</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig22"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图22</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig22/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.9125" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 年轻的湍流点从不同的方向()。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig23"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig23"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)角度视图”name="619419.fig.0023a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0023a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)角度视图</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)高级视图”name="619419.fig.0023b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0023b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)高级视图</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig23"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Angle view"><img alt="(一)角度视图”name="619419.fig.0023a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0023a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)角度视图</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Top view"><img alt="(b)高级视图”name="619419.fig.0023b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0023b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)高级视图</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig23"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图23</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig23/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.9125" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 三维角度视图和2 d顶视图年轻的湍流点()。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.2.2">3.2.2。机制短量表(湍流)一代“剪切层”[<a href="#B32">30.</a>,<a href="#B34">32</a>]</h6> <p>问题将提高小长度尺度是从哪里来的,如果小漩涡不是由“涡破裂”?因为我们相信小漩涡所产生的剪切层附近的墙面,我们把摄像镜头的方向视图从底部到顶部(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig24/" target="_blank">24</a>)。我们新的DNS提供的证据证实小长度尺度漩涡产生边界层的底部附近。是不同于经典理论认为动荡是由“涡破裂”,我们新的DNS发现所有小长度尺度(湍流)产生高剪切层的底部边界附近(HS)层。没有例外。当我们看流过渡的后期<年代vg height="11.1" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:51.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.125 11.1" width="51.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.920158" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们可以看到,所有小长度尺度是坐落在高剪切层,尤其是那些靠近墙面(数字<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig25/" target="_blank">25</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig26/" target="_blank">26</a>)。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig24"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig24"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)= 7。0”name="619419.fig.0024a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0024a.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b> <svg height="10.9125" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b) = 8。0”name="619419.fig.0024b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0024b.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(b)</b> <svg height="10.9125" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c) = 8。8”name="619419.fig.0024c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0024c.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(c)</b> <svg height="10.9125" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig24"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) 𝑡 = 7 . 0 𝑇 "><img alt="(一)= 7。0”name="619419.fig.0024a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0024a.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b> <svg height="10.9125" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 7</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) 𝑡 = 8 . 0 𝑇 "><img alt="(b) = 8。0”name="619419.fig.0024b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0024b.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(b)</b> <svg height="10.9125" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c) 𝑡 = 8 . 8 𝑇 "><img alt="(c) = 8。8”name="619419.fig.0024c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0024c.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(c)</b> <svg height="10.9125" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.037498 10.9125" width="55.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.794409" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig24"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图24</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig24/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 小尺度涡生成在不同的时间步骤(视图从底部):小长度尺度漩涡产生的实体墙附近的环的脖子从开始到结束。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig25"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig25"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)2等位面”name="619419.fig.0025a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0025a.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b> <svg height="14.475" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>等值面</td></tr></tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)等高线的速度扰动”name="619419.fig.0025b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0025b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)等高线的速度扰动</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig25"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) 𝜆 2 isosurfaces "><img alt="(一)2等位面”name="619419.fig.0025a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0025a.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b> <svg height="14.475" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>等值面</td></tr></tbody> </table></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Contour of velocity perturbation"><img alt="(b)等高线的速度扰动”name="619419.fig.0025b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0025b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)等高线的速度扰动</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig25"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图25</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig25/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.475" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.1" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 78.900002 11.1" width="78.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.763618" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.325" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6125 10.325" width="11.6125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.325" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.1" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.125 11.1" width="51.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.920158" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 可视化的等值面和速度扰动(,)飞机。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig26"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig26"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0026" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0026.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图26</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig26/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.475" id="M96" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.55" id="M97" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.075001 13.55" width="35.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6648188" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.705208" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.325" id="M98" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.325" id="M99" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.1" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.125 11.1" width="51.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.920158" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 可视化的等值面和速度扰动(,)飞机。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.2.3">3.2.3。高剪切层形成的清洁工(<a href="#B32">30.</a>]</h6> <p>实验和数值结果证实,还有一个每环状涡(图扫描兴奋不已<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig27/" target="_blank">27</a>)。结合第一次扫描生成的原始<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M101" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>涡的腿,它形成强烈的正峰值产生强烈的高剪切机的底部边界层(红色在图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig28/" target="_blank">28</a>)。数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig29/" target="_blank">29日</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig30/" target="_blank">30.</a>轮廓的等值面吗<年代vg height="14.475" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:14.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和速度扰动<年代vg height="11.1" id="M103" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:71.087502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.087502 11.1" width="71.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。第二扫描运动引起的环状漩涡一起工作与第一扫描将导致巨大的能量和动量转换从高能非粘性的区域边界层的底部附近低能区,我们可以观察到,所有小长度尺度在高剪切层之间产生积极的飙升(动量增量)和固体壁表面。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig27"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig27"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0027" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0027.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图27</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig27/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 速度矢量场。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig28"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig28"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0028" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0028.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图28</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig28/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="11.1" id="M104" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 78.900002 11.1" width="78.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.763618" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 涡量分布。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig29"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig29"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0029" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0029.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图29</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig29/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.475" id="M105" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.1" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.087502 11.1" width="71.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> :等值面和速度。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig30"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig30"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0030" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0030.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图30</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig30/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.475" id="M107" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.1" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.087502 11.1" width="71.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 的等值面和流痕迹。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.2.4">3.2.4。多层扫描,正面和负面的峰值(<a href="#B34">32</a>]</h6> <p>积极的峰值(动量增量)可能产生新的环状的漩涡。新的环状漩涡可以进一步生成新的扫荡,并形成新的积极的峰值(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig31/" target="_blank">31日</a>)的位置非常接近的底部边界层(层流亚层)。新的积极上涨有可能诱发新的小涡环不稳定的剪切层。这些多层次清洁工和多级正面和负面的峰值提供能量传递渠道的非粘性的区域(高能区)底部(低能量区)。这是为什么可以生成湍流和持续的机制。这种机制可以解释为一个通用的机制过渡和湍流边界层。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig31"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig31"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)流向速度扰动和流跟踪”name="619419.fig.0031a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0031a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)流向速度扰动和流跟踪</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)由涡量分布”name="619419.fig.0031b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0031b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)由涡量分布</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig31"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Streamwise velocity perturbation and stream trace"><img alt="(一)流向速度扰动和流跟踪”name="619419.fig.0031a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0031a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)流向速度扰动和流跟踪</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Spanwise vorticity distribution"><img alt="(b)由涡量分布”name="619419.fig.0031b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0031b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)由涡量分布</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig31"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图31</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig31/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> (一)多级清洁工;(b)多级积极的峰值。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.2.5">3.2.5。能量传递路径和环球湍流点结构(<a href="#B34">32</a>]</h6> <p>数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig32/" target="_blank">32</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig33/" target="_blank">33</a>草图描述能量转移和可能是普遍的湍流结构。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig32"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig32"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0032" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0032.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图32</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig32/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 能量传递路径和通用结构动荡。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig33"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig33"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0033" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0033.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图33</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig33/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 素描的多个环的形成机制和小漩涡的形成。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.2.6">3.2.6。表面摩擦</h6> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig34/" target="_blank">34</a>是一个高空平均表面摩擦系数(CF)。从图中,清楚地看到,有一个开始<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M109" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:51.549999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.549999 10.9125" width="51.549999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>这表明流过渡,达到一个最大值的出现<年代vg height="11.1" id="M110" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:78.900002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 78.900002 11.1" width="78.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.763618" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。传统认为,CF大动荡的地区和小在层流区由于强烈的湍流混合。这就是为什么大多数湍流模型是制定基于湍流粘度的变化。然而,从图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig34/" target="_blank">34</a>,很容易发现,在层流区和CF达到最大混合并不直接相关。进一步分析发现粘性不可压缩流没有改变,但剪切层是大幅改变当第一和第二扫描引起积极的峰值(动量增量),HS层和顺向小漩涡代。速度梯度突然跳转到一个非常大的水平层流子层然后CF变得非常大。因此,CF跳不是由混合或粘度系数增加,但是,基本上,速度梯度引起的跳由于小漩涡的形成。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig34"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig34"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0034" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0034.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图34</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig34/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="11.1" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 78.900002 11.1" width="78.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0"> 6</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.763618" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 最大CF在(层流)。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。失去对称性(随机)</h5> <p>现有的理论(<a href="#B38">41</a>]认为流随机DNS是背景噪音和删除造成的周期性边界条件。他们认为随机从对称的损失,这是造成的背景噪音。根据他们的理论,环技巧是影响首先,迅速影响小长度尺度结构。这将导致损失的对称和随机化迅速对整个流场。</p><p>然而,我们观察到新的DNS是对称的损失从二级环(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig35/" target="_blank">35</a>),而顶部和底部环仍对称(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig36/" target="_blank">36</a>)。二级环的非对称结构会影响迅速底部的小长度尺度。对称性的变化的底部边界层通过抛射迅速蔓延至水平。这将导致整个流场的随机化。因此,多个层面的内部不稳定环位置重叠结构,尤其是中间环周期,流随机化是一个重要的原因,但主要是背景噪音。此外,对称的损失从中间开始流动领域,不流入和流出(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig37/" target="_blank">37 (a)</a>)。正如前面提到的,我们改变不了周期性边界条件和解决方案仍然是周期性的方向(<年代vg height="14.1875" id="M112" style="vertical-align:-2.72116pt;width:77.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 77.0625 14.1875" width="77.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.65)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> p</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.918718" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.646053" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.686443" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.937943" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是执行)。此外,我们没有添加任何额外的背景噪音或流入扰动。然而,我们发现,失去了对称性的第一,然后是流随机一步一步(见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig38/" target="_blank">38(一个)</a>- - - - - -<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig38/" target="_blank">38 (d)</a>)。第一次周期(流<年代vg height="14.1875" id="M113" style="vertical-align:-2.72116pt;width:69.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 69.25 14.1875" width="69.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.65)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> p</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.918718" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.646053" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.686443" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)和对称的方向,<年代vg height="17.525" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-3.8347pt;width:116.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 116.625 17.525" width="116.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.525)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∑</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.52,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.9300003"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="9.9300003"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="9.9300003"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.83,61.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.55,58.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.22,61.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.905497" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.068995" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.320496" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.097122" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.298611" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,但后来失去了对称性在一些地区,最后无处不在。这是用一段时间的周期<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M115" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:9.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.625 7.0124998" width="9.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>一样的流入,但改变了一段2<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M116" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:9.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.625 7.0124998" width="9.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。流仍是周期性的,因为我们执行周期性边界条件的方向与一段2<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M117" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:9.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.625 7.0124998" width="9.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。这意味着不仅有流动<年代vg height="17.525" id="M118" style="vertical-align:-3.8347pt;width:116.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 116.625 17.525" width="116.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.525)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∑</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.52,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.9300003"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="9.9300003"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="9.9300003"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.83,61.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.55,58.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.22,61.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.905497" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.068995" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.320496" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.097122" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.298611" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>但也有<年代vg height="17.525" id="M119" style="vertical-align:-3.8347pt;width:113.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 113.5375 17.525" width="113.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.525)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∑</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.52,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.9300003"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="9.9300003"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="9.9300003"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.83,61.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.95,58.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.62,61.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.863667" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.829998" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.021622" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.22311" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>这是新生成的。与此同时,与周期=失去了周期性流动<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M120" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:9.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.625 7.0124998" width="9.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,但必须周期与= 2<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M121" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:9.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.625 7.0124998" width="9.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig38/" target="_blank">38 (c)</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig38/" target="_blank">38 (d)</a>),我们执行。由于DNS研究集中在随机化的机理和DNS计算只允许使用两个时期的方向,我们考虑到流随机丢失和周期对称时改变<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M122" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:9.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.625 7.0124998" width="9.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>到2<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M123" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:9.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.625 7.0124998" width="9.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig38/" target="_blank">38(一个)</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig38/" target="_blank">38 (b)</a>):<年代pan class="equation" id="eq2"> <svg height="112.9875" id="M124" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 112.9875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,112.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,18.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,71.86,47.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.678522" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.880011" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> =</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,121.1,63.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.2,41.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.72,33.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,133.44,47.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,139.72,44.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.04,47.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.829998" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.021622" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.22311" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.162277" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.27,63.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.55,41.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.07,33.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.79,47.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.67,44.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.99,47.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-125.09" y="49.630001"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.863667" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.917999" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.169498" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.946125" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.147614" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,127.96,13.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,127.24,-8.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,127.76,-15.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,145.48,-2.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,150.67,-5.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157.99,-2.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.829998" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.021622" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.998775" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.338997" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.540489" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.492157" y="0"> +</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.54,13.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.83,-8.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.35,-15.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.07,-2.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,265.72,-5.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.04,-2.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.863667" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.917999" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.169498" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.946125" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.923279" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.2635" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.464989" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.716492" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="201.08" y="-25.690001"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="205.2435" y="-25.690001"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="211.495" y="-25.690001"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在实际流程,没有这样的周期性边界条件的限制的方向。更详细的讨论流随机化的机制将张仁由另一个2012年的论文(<a href="#B35">36</a>]。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig35"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig35"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(a)部分视图——平面”name="619419.fig.0035a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0035a.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b>部分视图<年代vg height="9.8625002" id="M126" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<年代vg height="7.375" id="M127" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9250002 7.375" width="7.9250002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>飞机</td></tr></tbody> </table></strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)积极上升的底视图”name="619419.fig.0035b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0035b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)积极上升的底视图</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig35"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Section view in 𝑦 - 𝑧 plane "><img alt="(a)部分视图——平面”name="619419.fig.0035a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0035a.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(一)</b>部分视图<年代vg height="9.8625002" id="M126" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<年代vg height="7.375" id="M127" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9250002 7.375" width="7.9250002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>飞机</td></tr></tbody> </table></strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Bottom view of positive spike"><img alt="(b)积极上升的底视图”name="619419.fig.0035b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0035b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)积极上升的底视图</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig35"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图35</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig35/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="11.1" id="M125" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 62.849998 11.1" width="62.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.920158" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.297409" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 流在二级环失去了对称性和底部结构。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig36"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig36"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0036" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0036.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图36</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig36/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="11.1" id="M128" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 62.849998 11.1" width="62.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.920158" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.297409" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 顶部环形结构仍然是对称的。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig37"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig37"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)顶圈结构失去对称性(蓝色区域是对称的,但红色区域不是)”name="619419.fig.0037a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0037a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)顶圈结构失去对称性(蓝色区域是对称的,但红色区域不是)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)对称损失——飞机的整个部分”name="619419.fig.0037b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0037b.jpg"> <br> <strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(b)</b>对称在整个部分的损失<年代vg height="9.8625002" id="M130" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<年代vg height="7.375" id="M131" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9250002 7.375" width="7.9250002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>飞机</td></tr></tbody> </table></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig37"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a) Top ring structure lost symmetry (blue area is symmetric but red area is not)"><img alt="(一)顶圈结构失去对称性(蓝色区域是对称的,但红色区域不是)”name="619419.fig.0037a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0037a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)顶圈结构失去对称性(蓝色区域是对称的,但红色区域不是)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b) Symmetry loss in the whole section of 𝑦 - 𝑧 plane"><img alt="(b)对称损失——飞机的整个部分”name="619419.fig.0037b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0037b.jpg"><br><strong> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>(b)</b>对称在整个部分的损失<年代vg height="9.8625002" id="M130" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>- - - - - -<年代vg height="7.375" id="M131" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9250002 7.375" width="7.9250002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>飞机</td></tr></tbody> </table></strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig37"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图37</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig37/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="11.1" id="M129" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 70.662498 11.1" width="70.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.920158" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.04591" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.297409" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.548908" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 整个流场失去对称性。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig38"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig38"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0038a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0038a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0038b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0038b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”name="619419.fig.0038c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0038c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)”name="619419.fig.0038d" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0038d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig38"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="619419.fig.0038a" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0038a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="619419.fig.0038b" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0038b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”name="619419.fig.0038c" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0038c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)”name="619419.fig.0038d" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0038d.jpg"><br><strong>(d)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig38"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图38</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig38/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="13.55" id="M132" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 79.537498 13.55" width="79.537498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> - - - - - -</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.088001" y="0"> - - - - - -</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> - - - - - -</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3269978" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.366667" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.232254" y="0"> c</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.783585" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.035088" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.074757" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.326256" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="7.0124998" id="M133" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.625 7.0124998" width="9.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.325" id="M134" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.362503 11.325" width="76.362503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.629709" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.670099" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.34742" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.38781" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.55" id="M135" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.637501 13.55" width="59.637501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6648188" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.705208" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.269764" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.871586" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.34742" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.9125" id="M136" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.7875 10.9125" width="21.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.5893211" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.065155" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.6125" id="M137" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.974998 13.6125" width="76.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.25654" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.732374" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.772041" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.112263" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.313751" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.6125" id="M138" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.974998 13.6125" width="76.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.25654" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.732374" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.772041" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.112263" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.313751" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.6125" id="M139" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 37.662498 13.6125" width="37.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.868708" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.6125" id="M140" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.9625 13.6125" width="26.9625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.304152" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.6125" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.275002 13.6125" width="66.275002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.691984" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.167818" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.207487" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.54771" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.749195" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.6125" id="M142" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.275002 13.6125" width="66.275002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.691984" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.167818" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.207487" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.54771" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan 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</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.1875" id="M151" style="vertical-align:-2.72116pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 77.0625 14.1875" width="77.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.65)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> p</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.918718" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.646053" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.686443" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.937943" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.325" id="M152" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.362503 11.325" width="76.362503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.629709" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.670099" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.34742" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.38781" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> (一)全域是对称和周期性(这段时间=;由域是),(b)对称和asymmetric-redrectangular:定期和对称0,,也就是说,=,=,=;黄色的钻石:周期,=时间=;但不对称;的域名是,(c)周期性但asymmetric-yellow钻石:周期,=;黑盒:周期但= 2;的域名是。(d)定期但asymmetric-all黑匣子:定期但不对称();的域名是。</table> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="summary-of-our-dns-findings">4所示。总结我们的DNS的发现</h4> <h5 id="sec4.1">4.1。我们的新观察</h5> <p>由于湍流生成和维持是大自然的最高机密之一,本研究将显著影响基本的流体力学经典理论和主要概念过渡流和湍流结构挑战。表<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/tab2/" target="_blank">2</a>给出了经典理论的比较,目前占主导地位的结论与观察我们的DNS。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">主题</td><tdalign="center">经典或现有的理论</td><tdalign="center">观察我们的域名</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">湍流的一代</td><tdalign="left">通过“涡破裂”</td><tdalign="left">不是“涡破裂”,但剪切层不稳定</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">一环一代</td><tdalign="left">自我、变形、倾斜和掐掉</td><tdalign="left">由counter-rotated漩涡相互作用、循环、垂直,不夹止</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">Multiple-ring结构</td><tdalign="left">“乌鸦理论”或分解,然后重新连接</td><tdalign="left">没有崩溃,“乌鸦理论”,但势头赤字造成的弹射,涡度守恒</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">多层高剪切机</td><tdalign="left">没有报告</td><tdalign="left">多层扫描和抛射</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">能量传递通道,气流粮</td><tdalign="left">能量转移大漩涡通过“漩涡崩溃”没有小直到粘性耗散</td><tdalign="left">从非粘流到下的多级清洁工</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">u型涡</td><tdalign="left">头波、二次涡,第二次扫描,新成立的,崩溃</td><tdalign="left">不是头波,三级漩涡,通过二次涡,现有从头,从来没有崩溃</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">随机化</td><tdalign="left">背景噪音,从顶部环然后去底部</td><tdalign="left">内部属性,从二级圈在中间,影响下,然后向上影响上戒指。对称损失可能造成ck转变</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">摩擦系数</td><tdalign="left">湍流大摩擦由于强烈的边界层混合</td><tdalign="left">这只取决于速度剖面层磷层的变化,无论紊流和层流</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">理查森艾迪级联</td><tdalign="left">经典理论</td><tdalign="left">没有观察到</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">涡破裂</td><tdalign="left">经典理论</td><tdalign="left">没有观察到</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">柯尔莫哥洛夫规模</td><tdalign="left">经典理论</td><tdalign="left">最小长度范围应该由最小剪切层不稳定</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="3"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 经典理论的比较和DNS的观察。</d我v> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.2">4.2。刘新理论在湍流的形成和维持</h5> <h6 id="sec4.2.1">4.2.1。准备经典理论在动荡</h6> <p>尺度的湍流的特点是层次结构的能量级联。根据理查森,湍流是随机交互的“漩涡”“大螺环小螺环、小螺环有较小的螺环,以他们的速度,所以粘度”(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig39/" target="_blank">39</a>由(<a href="#B15">39</a>])。另一方面,涡伸展是湍流能量级联的核心机制是建立结构函数。根据理查森(1928)和柯尔莫哥洛夫(<a href="#B24a">6</a>,<a href="#B24b">7</a>],漩涡减少的径向长度尺度和更大的流结构分解成更小的结构(图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig40/" target="_blank">40</a>由(<a href="#B14">40</a>])。这个流程将继续,直到小规模结构是足够小的程度被流体动能的分子粘度和消散成热。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig39"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig39"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0039" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0039.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图39</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig39/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B15">39</a> <table> 涡破裂的草图](Tsubota等,2009)。涡环(一个)可以分解成更小的平台之间的过渡状态(b)和(c)允许当分离涡线的原子尺寸。最终小环旋子(d)可能是相同的。</table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig40"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig40"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="619419.fig.0040" src="https://static-02.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0040.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图40</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419/fig40/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B14">40</a> <table> 理查森级联过程的草图]。</table> </div> </div> </div> <p>理查森的能量级联理论有几个重要的观点可以概括如下:<年代pan class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(1)</年代pan><span class="list-content">stremwise涡拉伸;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</年代pan><span class="list-content">涡必须打破小结构由于拉伸;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</年代pan><span class="list-content">能量转移从大涡小到“涡破裂;”</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(4)</年代pan><span class="list-content">这些小漩涡继续相同的过程,直到最小的一个出现(Kolmgorov长度尺度)粘度是占主导地位的;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(5)</年代pan><span class="list-content">微观层次上<年代vg height="9.875" id="M153" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9375 9.875" width="7.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(柯尔莫哥洛夫规模)是几个订单小于宏观尺度<年代vg height="10.325" id="M154" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1875 10.325" width="11.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(主要flowscale)和中间的长度尺度<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M155" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(<年代vg height="13.1875" id="M156" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:71.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.912498 13.1875" width="71.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ≪</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.855965" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.433022" y="0"> ≪</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.574154" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)基本上是惯性。</年代pan></span></span></p> <h6 id="sec4.2.2">4.2.2。新的观察和分析</h6> <p>另一方面,我们的新观测可以描述如下:<年代pan class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(1)</年代pan><span class="list-content">stremwise涡拉伸但从未分解;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</年代pan><span class="list-content">涡强旋转导致强混合;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</年代pan><span class="list-content">两个涡的腿,中间有一个低速区由从边界层下弹射将动量赤字这一领域。这一势头赤字形成long-shear层;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(4)</年代pan><span class="list-content">这个剪切层中间的两条腿是不稳定的和多个戒指由涡度将形成一个接一个来生成多个环附近的非粘性的地区由于缩小漩涡附近的剪切层不稳定,特别是颈部旋转很强,低速动力赤字很大。在这个过程中,必须满足亥姆霍兹涡度守恒;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(5)</年代pan><span class="list-content">双方的涡腿,高速区是由清洁工把高能(能量增量)从非粘面积近壁区。附近的能量增量将形成剪切层墙;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(6)</年代pan><span class="list-content">动量增量墙附近的剪切层不稳定(剪切层不稳定),将形成多个小环状漩涡;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(7)</年代pan><span class="list-content">这些新生成的大、小漩涡将继续类似的过程生成环状小漩涡,直到涡大小太小和新的剪切层变得稳定。应该进一步研究剪切层稳定性分析;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(8)</年代pan><span class="list-content">大尺寸的漩涡的能量转移的规模小漩涡通过多个水平清洁工。损耗是不可避免的在能量转移;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(9)</年代pan><span class="list-content">新生成的所有小漩涡剪切层不稳定,但不是通过原始涡破裂;“</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(10)</年代pan><span class="list-content">生成最小长度尺度都是附近的墙面必须表面相关配置,不能“各向同性;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(11)</年代pan><span class="list-content">表面阻力是由小长度尺度的一代,必须密切相关的湍流建模;</年代pan></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(12)</年代pan><span class="list-content">“剪切层”的关键问题是控制流过渡控制湍流控制和减阻。</年代pan></span></span></p> <h5 id="sec4.3">4.3。可能影响流体力学</h5> <h6 id="sec4.3.1">4.3.1。对基本的流体力学的影响</h6> <p>由于湍流生成和维持是自然界中最大的谜团之一,本研究将显著影响基本的流体力学的经典理论过渡流和湍流结构挑战。LBLT经典理论,理查森艾迪级联,柯尔莫哥洛夫第一和第二假设应该重新审视。</p><h6 id="sec4.3.2">4.3.2。对DNS和莱斯的影响</h6> <p>如图所示的新域名,没有观察到“柯尔莫哥洛夫规模”是最小的湍流尺度但发现长度最小的规模是由“剪切层不稳定”。包含规模估计的能源,<年代vg height="18" id="M157" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:132.02499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 132.02499 18" width="132.02499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.2,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.16,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.94,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> f</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.27,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.442884" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.00672" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.346222" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.985554" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,21.88,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,太保守。例如,一个通常雷诺数,工程流体力学问题<年代vg height="14.2" id="M158" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:61.200001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 61.200001 14.2" width="61.200001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> e</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.442165" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.482553" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.734055" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.96,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。考虑三维空间和一维时间,要求计算<年代vg height="16.75" id="M159" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:180.35001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 180.35001 16.75" width="180.35001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.228174" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.268562" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.608063" y="0"> e</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.78,65.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> ×</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.9772797" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.35328" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.786337" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-7.65,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.442884" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,21.05,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,25.93,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,30.09,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,38.44,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,62.98,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。这显然是不可能的对于任何现有计算机或任何未来的电脑。然而,研究人员在美国国家实验室和世界各地的许多人“隐式”,这是真的“粗网格DNS”。他们做的DNS,但害怕叫DNS但是“ILES”。原因是他们害怕“柯尔莫哥洛夫规模。“既然我们不能发现能量从大漩涡变成小漩涡”涡破裂”、“柯尔莫哥洛夫规模”将失去坚实的科学基础,必须重新审视。这将提供指导DNS应该解决所有能小长度尺度和莱斯预计解决大漩涡和模型subgird尺度。</p><h6 id="sec4.3.3">4.3.3。对湍流的影响建模</h6> <p>湍流涡粘性模型主要是基于“布西涅斯克假设”(1872),非线性扰动项可以通过解析建模意味着尺度新的湍流粘性系数。然而,大多数湍流模型仍经验和这些台词。合适的湍流模型可以开发的深刻理解湍流生成和维持。如图所示,我们的DNS,扰动和小长度尺度不是各向同性但是配置相关。是的,普朗特也许是对的,可以描述湍流混合长度”,它代表的不同大小的漩涡的长度。尽管普朗特混合长度”模型是一个古老的概念(<a href="#B41">42</a>],动荡是由混合各种不同大小的漩涡和“混合长度”概念的同时,物理。严重的问题是如何找到合适的“混合长度”的大小。我们应该开发一个新的基于DNS的“混合长度模型数据和“剪切层稳定”分析。</p><h6 id="sec4.3.4">4.3.4。影响流的控制流过渡和动荡</h6> <p>过渡流和湍流控制应基于正确理解过渡流和湍流结构。根据我们的观察,提出了减少能量传递渠道高剪切层代停止或推迟动荡的一代。它也发现“剪切层不稳定”是“母亲的动荡。“显然,控制剪切层的形成和结构控制的关键问题的过渡流和充分发展湍流。也是一种很重要的方式,拖湍流的生产,例如,为什么振荡墙壁和表面粗糙的墙壁与肋条可以减少阻力。</p><h4 id="conclusions">5。结论</h4> <p>在我们最近的DNS的工作<a href="#B5">20.</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B34">32</a>,<a href="#B35">36</a>,<a href="#B36">37</a>]我们已经取得许多新发现在后期流过渡边界层包括大涡结构形成的机理、短尺度生成和流随机化(对称)的损失。</p><p>新理论在过渡流和湍流生成和维持已由刘。而不是四个步骤,即接受,线性不稳定、非线性增长,湍流涡破裂,所描述的经典理论,刘提出了一种新的理论与5个步骤,即接受,线性不稳定,大漩涡的形成,小长度尺度的一代,对称和随机扰动的损失。湍流生成和维持,经典理论,描述了理查森的能源梯级和柯尔莫哥洛夫长度尺度,没有观察到我们的DNS。刘提出一个新理论在动荡的一代,所有小长度尺度是由“剪切层不稳定”通过多个水平抛射和清洁工和顺向多个正面和负面的峰值水平,但不是通过“涡破裂”这可能永远不会发生。我们相信“剪切层不稳定”是“母亲的动荡。“流随机化是由不稳定的内部产权结构的多个vortex-ring-spot重叠。</p><h4 id="nomenclature">命名法</h4> <table class="gloss-abbr" style="font-size:12px"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M160" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:26.5875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.5875 14.2375" width="26.5875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∞</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">马赫数</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.625" id="M161" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:20.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.0875 10.625" width="20.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> e</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">雷诺数</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.475" id="M162" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.5 14.475" width="16.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.16,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">流入位移厚度</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.3375" id="M163" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:17.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.825001 14.3375" width="17.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">壁温</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M164" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.475 14.2375" width="19.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∞</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">自由流温度</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M165" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:28.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.125 14.2375" width="28.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.86,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">高度在流入边界</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.35" id="M166" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:33.587502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.587502 14.35" width="33.587502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.86,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> o</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> u</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">高度在流出边界</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.475" id="M167" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:19.7875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.7875 10.475" width="19.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">计算域的长度<我>x</我>方向</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.1875" id="M168" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:18.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.9375 13.1875" width="18.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">计算域的长度<我>y</我>方向</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.925" id="M169" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.85 10.925" width="17.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4330561" y="0"> n</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">前缘平板和上游边界之间的距离计算域</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.5875" id="M170" style="vertical-align:-3.24037pt;width:23.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.9 14.5875" width="23.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.99,60.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">二维进气扰动幅度</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.6125" id="M171" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:23.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.9 14.6125" width="23.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.31)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.99,60.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">三维进气扰动幅度</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="7.1875" id="M172" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:10.7625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.7625 7.1875" width="10.7625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">入口扰动的频率</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="11.05" id="M173" style="vertical-align:-3.24037pt;width:20.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.887501 11.05" width="20.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.4,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="11.075" id="M174" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:20.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.887501 11.075" width="20.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.4,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">2和3维流向入口扰动波数</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.425" id="M175" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">由入口扰动波数</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.325" id="M176" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">理想气体常数</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="9.9375" id="M177" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">比热比</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.725" id="M178" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.924999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.924999 10.725" width="19.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.71,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∞</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:</td><tdalign="left">粘度。</td></tr></tbody> </table> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>这项工作是由AFOSR格兰特fa9550 - 08 - 1 - 0201由约翰·Schmisseur和数学系博士在德克萨斯大学阿灵顿。作者感谢得克萨斯高级计算中心(TACC)提供计算时间。这工作是通过使用代码DNSUTA,超群解释道刘博士公布了2009年德克萨斯大学阿灵顿。</p></d我v> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4> <ol> <li id="B37">a . 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-exkUMo ikaeWC ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/mse/2012/619419.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-t08z80-1 biDsJe article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-iYUSvU xdFeU article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cHSUfg hlwZCh accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-iNhVCk fhBqDd" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-bfYoXt jLRaNL">下载其他格式</年代pan><span class="sc-gbOuXE kvCIiS">更多的</年代pan></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-eAKXzc bmKKdh icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-cTjmhe fEoWte"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-cugefK irOfVO open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/mse/2012/619419.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-fnwBNb gUqhXf"> ePub</d我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-iNhVCk fhBqDd" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-bfYoXt jLRaNL">订单打印副本</年代pan><span class="sc-gbOuXE kvCIiS">订单</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-eAKXzc bmKKdh right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-bFADNz dxRcBT"> <div class="sc-cqpYsc bTgkQB"> <div> 的观点<年代pan>3828年</年代pan> </div> <div> 下载<年代pan>2034年</年代pan> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-hBbWxd exhBez"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2012/619419" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</d我v> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-dRFtgE evqjui" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/619419&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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