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<div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_middleColumn__sbd41"> <div class="ArticleMiddleSection_articleMiddleSection__gAv9z"> <div class="articleHeader"> <strong>研究文章|开放获取</strong> <div class="articleHeader__meta"> <span>体积2018年|</span> <span>文章的ID3406858|</span> <span class="articleHeader__meta_doiLink"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3406858" aria-label="Doi-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3406858</a></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="articleHeader__title">青蛙:一个健壮的和绿色的雾计算平台的无线传感器节点</h1> <div class="articleHeader__authors"> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">Manuel Castillo-Cara<a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7090" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve" width="1em" height="1em"> <path d="M256 128c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128S0 198.7 0 128 57.3 0 128 0s128 57.3 128 128z" fill="#a6ce39"></path> <path d="M86.3 186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v107.1zm22.6-107.1h41.6c39.6 0 57 28.3 57 53.6 0 27.5-21.5 53.6-56.8 53.6h-41.8V79.1zm15.4 93.3h24.5c34.9 0 42.9-26.5 42.9-39.7C191.7 111.2 178 93 148 93h-23.7v79.4zM88.7 56.8c0 5.5-4.5 10.1-10.1 10.1s-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6 4.5-10.1 10.1-10.1s10.1 4.6 10.1 10.1z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a>,<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">埃德加Huaranga-Junco<a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-0940" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve" width="1em" height="1em"> <path d="M256 128c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128S0 198.7 0 128 57.3 0 128 0s128 57.3 128 128z" fill="#a6ce39"></path> <path d="M86.3 186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v107.1zm22.6-107.1h41.6c39.6 0 57 28.3 57 53.6 0 27.5-21.5 53.6-56.8 53.6h-41.8V79.1zm15.4 93.3h24.5c34.9 0 42.9-26.5 42.9-39.7C191.7 111.2 178 93 148 93h-23.7v79.4zM88.7 56.8c0 5.5-4.5 10.1-10.1 10.1s-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6 4.5-10.1 10.1-10.1s10.1 4.6 10.1 10.1z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a>,<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">米尔纳Quispe-Montesinos,<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author"><strong>Luis Orozco-Barbosa</strong><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" aria-label="Mail Option"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-1608" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve" width="1em" height="1em"> <path d="M256 128c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128S0 198.7 0 128 57.3 0 128 0s128 57.3 128 128z" fill="#a6ce39"></path> <path d="M86.3 186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v107.1zm22.6-107.1h41.6c39.6 0 57 28.3 57 53.6 0 27.5-21.5 53.6-56.8 53.6h-41.8V79.1zm15.4 93.3h24.5c34.9 0 42.9-26.5 42.9-39.7C191.7 111.2 178 93 148 93h-23.7v79.4zM88.7 56.8c0 5.5-4.5 10.1-10.1 10.1s-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6 4.5-10.1 10.1-10.1s10.1 4.6 10.1 10.1z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a>,<sup>2</sup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">和恩里克·阿里亚斯·<a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1968-7108" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve" width="1em" height="1em"> <path d="M256 128c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128S0 198.7 0 128 57.3 0 128 0s128 57.3 128 128z" fill="#a6ce39"></path> <path d="M86.3 186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v107.1zm22.6-107.1h41.6c39.6 0 57 28.3 57 53.6 0 27.5-21.5 53.6-56.8 53.6h-41.8V79.1zm15.4 93.3h24.5c34.9 0 42.9-26.5 42.9-39.7C191.7 111.2 178 93 148 93h-23.7v79.4zM88.7 56.8c0 5.5-4.5 10.1-10.1 10.1s-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6 4.5-10.1 10.1-10.1s10.1 4.6 10.1 10.1z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a><sup>2</sup></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleHeader__academicEditor"> <strong>学术编辑器:</strong> <span>布鲁诺安藤</span> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline"> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>收到了</strong> <span>2017年9月30日</span> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>修改后的</strong> <span>2018年3月09</span> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>接受</strong> <span>2018年3月25日</span> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item articleHeader__timeline_item_sticky"> <strong>发表</strong> <span>2018年4月12日</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleBody"> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>在过去的几年中,我们已经目睹了无线传感器网络的广泛部署和分布式数据管理功能:两个主要构建块的物联网技术(物联网)。由于壮观的新型信息服务的需求增加,IoT-based基础设施越来越表现为地理稀疏和增加需求引起的需要从一个雾云模型:一种新颖的部署模式的特点是弹性资源的供应在地理上位于尽可能接近最终用户。尽管大量的无线传感器网络在市场上已经可用,仍有许多问题需要解决在设计和部署的网络平台能够满足需求和光纤陀螺仪的质量系统。在这篇文章中,我们进行一个无线传感器节点的设计和开发雾计算平台解决的两个主要问题向强大的通信服务的开发和部署,也就是说,能量消耗和网络弹性供应。我们的设计是引导通过检查相关macroarchitecture特性和操作网络平台面临的约束。我们我们的解决方案基于网络硬件平台的集成现有市场上辅以智能电源管理和网络弹性机制。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>在过去的几年中,无线网络的发展,移动设备,计算范例,引入大量的信息和communication-assisted服务。从智能城市应用程序管理的农村地区,物联网(物联网)技术正在部署监督或协助操作各种各样的控制和生产过程。如今,在城市交通控制和粮食生产任务,物联网系统被用于监测的资源和有效性的手动或自动被采取的行动应对所提供的资料微小的传感器部署在监测区域。例如,使用物联网系统已经用于监测环境条件的葡萄园和葡萄串的增长在一个赛季<a href="#B1">1</a>]。</p> <p>尽管取得了可喜的成果,最新的,仍有许多问题需要解决健壮IoT-based系统的设计和实现能够满足终端用户的应用需求。除了需要解决的问题,为了提高基础通信平台的操作,另一个重要问题必须处理一个可伸缩的设计和强大的数据处理架构。为此,数据处理架构的物联网系统已经从一个云范式雾范式。后者设计记住大量的应用程序,主要的消费者信息从传感器获得的数据可能会靠近数据源。此外,许多应用程序可能有严格的服务质量要求,如实时、安全、不间断运行的要求。一些应用程序也可能表现为高数据率;例如,城市交通监控系统可能需要报告事件上升在高峰时间:交通堵塞,交通事故等等。</p> <p>从上面的,很明显,物联网平台提供的服务将严重依赖于底层的通信设施。在本文中,我们集中在两个主要的网络设计参数:电源管理和网络弹性机制。前者起着关键作用的鲁棒性领域的无线传感器网络部署困难访问和通常只由电池提供动力。我们的解决方案考虑了应用程序概要文件来定义一个感知应用程序的电源管理机制(<a href="#B2">2</a>]。至于第二个问题,网络弹性,众所周知,这种网络经常会自我修复基于事件,如能源消耗的一个节点为其他节点提供传递服务;或由于升级或架构更改,如更改数量的节点覆盖一定区域或地理位置的变化的数据处理服务器。它应该清楚节点应该合作为了能够提供所需的数据服务最终用户应用程序。显然这两个设计参数都是相互关联的。一个给定节点的功耗很大程度取决于网络节点执行的机制;也就是说,一个节点作为一个路由器需要将生成的数据包转发他们的邻居,一个叶节点只需要照顾自己的流量。至于自愈网络机制,他们需要了解当时的电力资源的决定作用是分配给一个节点;例如,结束节点可能被称为经营作为一个路由器。</p> <p>因为我们的目标是开发一个健壮的和自愈雾平台用于各种智能城市和智能农业应用程序,我们将开源通信硬件平台为基础。这个决定已经被大量的动机不同的传感器市场上提供更大的覆盖范围:两个主要功能的部署全市应用的越来越多。</p> <p>了众多作品已经报道的使用开源硬件和软件技术在智能城市和智能农业应用程序(<a href="#B3">3</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B6">6</a>[],协议的实现机制<a href="#B7">7</a>),或使用数据融合减少功耗(<a href="#B8">8</a>]。</p> <p>由于越来越多的监控参数,我们也解决一个可配置的传感器节点平台的设计:一个平台组成的一个可配置的一系列传感器,传感器节点上从现在。这是一个重要的问题需要考虑在开发平台上部署的领域,例如,智能农业应用程序(<a href="#B9">9</a>)以及在许多应用程序和天气和污染监测,智能城市(<a href="#B10">10</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B12">12</a>]。因此我们的工作进行全面综合的方法,实现可配置的无线节点的设计平台集成电源管理和网络弹性机制。图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>显示了整个提出方法。最终目标是开发智能雾计算平台能够提供一个广泛的终端用户应用程序包括复杂事件处理(CEP)的监测和供应edge-to-core通信。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-1a3104774a2aa6423e1b2cf25bddf76e"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-1a3104774a2aa6423e1b2cf25bddf76e partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.001_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-1a3104774a2aa6423e1b2cf25bddf76e partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 整体模式的建议。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>在本文中,我们关注的设计和集成三个积木,底框如图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig1/" target="_blank">1</a>。我们开始通过设计一个可配置的节点平台集成现成的组件,也就是说,传感器和无线网络平台。然后我们融入我们的设计上述电源管理和网络弹性机制。</p> <p>下面,本文组织如下。部分<a href="#sec2">2</a>回顾了相关工作并描述了我们工作的主要贡献。部分<a href="#sec3">3</a>评价的原则和架构雾计算范型。我们还解释了每个节点所扮演的角色做一个边缘网络基础设施的一部分。部分<a href="#sec4">4</a>我们的提议的细节。我们首先介绍了电源管理机制和解释其实现基于Arduino平台的功能。在本节的第二部分,我们提供背后的基本原理的设计节能网络弹性机制。根据我们的讨论,我们指定的操作我们的建议。</p> <p>节<a href="#sec5">5</a>,我们首先评估机载电源管理机制的好处。第一个评价显示了我们的感知应用程序的电源管理机制的好处。然后我们评估节能弹性机制。我们终于拼出我们的结论和未来的研究计划<a href="#sec6">6</a>。</p> <h4 id="related-work">2。相关工作</h4> <p>无线传感器网络的功耗管理长期以来吸引了许多研究小组的注意。虽然许多研究已经调查解决方案从替代能源的使用,也就是说,太阳能(<a href="#B13">13</a>),其他的研究也集中在节能协议机制的设计(<a href="#B14">14</a>,<a href="#B15">15</a>]。提高整体网络的主要目标操作,雾计算出现了扩展云计算模式网络的边缘(<a href="#B16">16</a>]。雾计算创建地址等,流动性,地理,和大多数物联网应用程序的延迟需求<a href="#B17">17</a>]。由于要求当部署越来越多的互联设备,电源管理和自我修复机制已经成为雾的两个关键的设计参数计算平台(<a href="#B18">18</a>- - - - - -<a href="#B20">20.</a>]。在[<a href="#B18">18</a>),作者发现的主要特色雾计算平台的底层网络机制,即位置、分布、可伸缩性、密度的设备,流动性支持,实时和标准化。此外,雾计算平台的网络基础设施必须自主、高效的能源消耗和网络弹性(<a href="#B21">21</a>]。</p> <p>可用的通信技术,内部IEEE 802.15.4无线个域网提供服务标准,从现在起无线个域网,吸引了许多设计师的关注。各种研究表明无线个域网的好处在各种智能城市和智能农业应用程序。在[<a href="#B22">22</a>],作者评价了连通性、丢包率、吞吐量和传输在室内实验区域。混合网络的方法,无线个域网/ 5克,被描述在<a href="#B23">23</a>]。作者显示集成各种协议机制的有效性,旨在降低功耗。另一方面,作者从[<a href="#B24">24</a>)评估和比较的功耗无线个域网和先进的网络技术和自适应(蚂蚁)。根据他们的分析,蚂蚁优于无线个域网的能量消耗通过睡眠/唤醒算法实现。然而,他们的研究也表明,通过适当地管理整个平台,收音机,和传感器,报告的功耗无线个域网系统可以大大减少。这些结果使无线个域网一个很好的实验平台研究整合功耗管理机制的好处。此外,无线个域网的广泛的覆盖范围使其成为一个优秀的发展平台,智能城市的发展和智能农业的应用。</p> <p>在最近的一次工作,Piromalis Arvantis已经推出了一个可扩展的硬件架构中使用无线传感器和致动器网络智能农业应用程序(<a href="#B21">21</a>]。我们工作遵循类似的方法在传感器节点平台的设计,我们的工作着重于功耗管理和网络弹性机制考虑最新的趋势在雾中计算范例。也就是说,我们的方法将传感器节点的设计平台,雾的一些主要特征计算范式,主要地理位置,延迟和电源管理。</p> <h4 id="fog-computing:-principles-and-technologies">3所示。雾计算:原则和技术</h4> <p>雾计算范例可以简单地定义为一个云计算模式的自然延伸。雾计算模式下,数据处理和用户服务是由智能设备,称为雾节点,密切位于终端用户。</p> <p>在这种背景下,雾计算架构分为两个水平,核心和边缘<a href="#B19">19</a>]。每个级别的组件和技术适应每一个人提供的服务,见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig2/" target="_blank">2</a>。系统的核心包括的主要计算组件,例如,主数据库和代理等(<a href="#B18">18</a>),而边缘水平由其他组件:无线传感器和执行器网络和雾节点。后者由当地代理本地数据库,处理和可视化服务器(<a href="#B18">18</a>,<a href="#B25">25</a>,<a href="#B26">26</a>]。雾节点负责处理时间敏感的数据,更好地利用底层网络基础设施。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-6196c66ba5ee7542a3138e880a66f384"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-6196c66ba5ee7542a3138e880a66f384 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.002_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-6196c66ba5ee7542a3138e880a66f384 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 一般的雾计算架构。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>在这项工作中,我们专注于雾的边缘水平计算架构,特别是在边缘的特性和操作的每一个元素。事实上,这项工作贡献提高智能网络节点和自主权,包括自我修复机制,无线网络基础设施。为了充分证明我们的贡献,我们先简要描述的主要处理任务的两个主要组件的优势基础设施:雾节点和无线传感器网络。我们还将突出的特性和过程从我们的建议中获益。</p> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。雾节点</h5> <p>雾中节点的主要处理单元位于密切的数据节点。他们处理数据被传感器节点,还负责过滤和交付相关的数据存储在云上。他们的两个主要任务可以描述如下:<span class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</span><span class="list-content">复杂事件处理(CEP)。这个任务是指处理融合的传感器节点收集的数据。这个任务的主要结果是通知利益相关者模式来自事件的低水平<a href="#B25">25</a>]。使用工具,比如Apache Flink,作为当地的CEP电机在雾中节点事件和云中的水平一般事件。雾节点处理不同的事件的基础上,从收集的数据中提取信息的传感器节点。在边缘层面,进行初步分析。第二步,雾节点发送数据和事件到通过互联网核心级减少处理和分析在核心层面。</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</span><span class="list-content">边缘和edge-to-core通信。雾节点负责将(1)本地警报发送到订阅者和(2)的感知数据和事件通过互联网核心级(<a href="#B26">26</a>]。如今,许多平台用MQTT协议:一个轻量级协议的设备发送信息(发布)与一个标签(主题)的服务器作为代理。代理将信息发送给所有用户提到的话题(<a href="#B19">19</a>];(我)的通信机制实现在一个本地代理在雾实现节点和(2)一个全球代理建在云设施(<a href="#B26">26</a>]。</span></span></span></p> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。无线传感器网络</h5> <p>在下面的例子中,我们我们的设计基于ZigBee标准。本标准为我们的建议提供了以下优点:(i)之间的长距离传感器由于低频;(2)分层拓扑可以部署在环境与高智能城市、智能农业等维度;和(iii)所扮演的角色的层次定义各种节点元素使自然与雾节点互连。三个节点的角色可以简单描述如下:<span class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</span><span class="list-content">协调器节点。每个无线个域网网络都需要有一个协调器节点。这个设备具有以下特性的主要功能是网络初始化、地址分配和管理操作。</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</span><span class="list-content">路由器节点。路由器节点接收到数据包由传感器节点生成并交付到协调器节点。为了确保数据的可靠传递最终生成的节点,每个终端节点应该能够与至少一个路由器节点。在我们的配置,路由器节点已经使用现成的硬件平台实现配备不同的传感器设备和远程射频接口。一个定制的可编程<我>在</我>/<我>从</我>开关被设计为了实现电源管理机制。后者的实现开关被认为有必要启用模拟传感器设备的使用。路由器也实现自愈网络机制。</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</span><span class="list-content">结束节点。结束节点的主要任务是监测环境。结束节点总是依赖于路由器节点或协调者节点网络的一部分。终端节点也被使用现成的硬件平台上实现。类似于路由器节点,终端节点也实现动态电源管理机制。</span></span></span></p> <p>基于上面的讨论,我们将进行解释的两个主要贡献我们的建议,即电源管理机制和自我修复的协议。</p> <h4 id="frog:-a-robust-and-green-wireless-sensor-platform">4所示。青蛙:一个健壮的和绿色无线传感器平台</h4> <p>在本节中,我们首先介绍了电源管理机制的建议。我们的设计还包括实施妥善一些传感器节点所需的电子平台。在第二部分中,我们描述了网络resilience-provisioning机制。</p> <h5 id="sec4.1">4.1。电源管理</h5> <p>大量的工作已经在文献中报道旨在管理传感器节点的能耗。许多这样的作品将定义机制<我>在</我>/<我>从</我>无线电系统,例如看到[<a href="#B27">27</a>]。许多作品被启动时,传感器节点由有限数量的传感器,通常包括两个或三个传感器之间。在过去的几年里,传感器,可以集成到一个节点平台已大大增加。这个趋势背后的主要原因是出于小说的发展应用领域,如智能城市、智能农业。能源需求增加导致更高的权力在处理和监视功能<a href="#B2">2</a>]。此外,数据采集需求、时间和要处理的数据量,极大地变化从一个应用程序到另一个地方。</p> <p>在这项工作中,我们遵循最新趋势发展多种目的的传感器平台能够动态地适应其工作周期到应用程序(<a href="#B28">28</a>]。不同于早期的提议中引入文学,包括基本上把该电源管理机制<我>在</我>/<我>从</我>权力交付给传感器,而不是处理无线电系统。这种选择也考虑了低功率无线电收发器的最新发展。</p> <p>为了说明建议的机制所带来的好处,我们将图中描述<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>我们策划的水平有限公司吗<sub>2</sub>报告的传感器放置在我们的前提使用三种不同的采样时间,5 s, 10 s, 20多岁。可以看到从图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig3/" target="_blank">3</a>,数据的趋势是最可预测的;从数据报道,最低的采样分辨率,我们可以很容易地预测其他值。我们进一步发现有少数例外,那里是一个重要的变化对报告的传感器的值。基于前面的分析和考虑到广泛的应用,包括敏感数据的监控,我们继续定义一个动态功率管理方案会议的要求大量的潜在的应用。换句话说,设计应该考虑到所有的安全要求妥善固定采样率和传输时间。因此,管理机制只适用于传感器节点;主控制器应该启动。通过这种方式,我们应该能够融入我们的平台模式:同步和异步事件调度。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-826f5d84520a10ce8dcd9fea566d3ca8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-826f5d84520a10ce8dcd9fea566d3ca8 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.003_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-826f5d84520a10ce8dcd9fea566d3ca8 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 数据追踪公司<sub>2</sub>集中使用三种不同的采样周期,从上到下:5、10和20秒。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>在这种背景下,许多商业传感器已经数与逻辑程序<我>在</我>/<我>从</我>期。例如,图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig4/" target="_blank">4</a>描述了数字传感器的连接图基于著名的I2C协议。然而,简单的传感器设备的连接需要一个可编程的数字开关的发展,见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig5/" target="_blank">5</a>。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-8d53dd2e6233c3ad1a58c59473a3aa4b"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-8d53dd2e6233c3ad1a58c59473a3aa4b partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.004_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-8d53dd2e6233c3ad1a58c59473a3aa4b partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 物理连接数字传感器使用I2C协议。</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-fb70da0a22da5bc038742cac11296134"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.005.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-fb70da0a22da5bc038742cac11296134 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.005_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-fb70da0a22da5bc038742cac11296134 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 数字<我>在</我>/<我>从</我>开关。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>开关是由可编程电源管理控制机制。责任周期使用生成的数字信号指挥主要机载处理器连接到基地的NPN型晶体管(negative-positive-negative)<我>问</我>1。当脉冲生成时,电路被激活。传感器是由连接的电源输入传感器的收集器<我>问</我>2和共同点,接地。提到很重要的集电极电压降低虽然晶体管发射极<我>问</我>2连接到5 V的来源。这是因为当晶体管开关<我>在</我>模式,有一个潜在的发射极和集电极之间的下降<我>问</我>2,其价值是<我>V<sub>电子商务</sub></i>= 0<我>。</我>7V左右。然而,传感器操作不受此影响轻微的电位降(<a href="#B29">29日</a>]。事实上,可以将多个传感器连接到晶体管集电极<我>问</我>2,一个共同点。</p> <p>最后,图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig6/" target="_blank">6</a>显示了传感器节点平台开发的这项工作。同样的平台可用于实现路由器节点和结束节点。至于包装,我们设计了一个盒子促进各种传感器的安装。我们还设计了钱伯斯存储所需的空气的体积来确定浓度水平的会议大多数气体传感器的规格。此外,我们还提供电池充电器的平台集成的后续项目。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-2ea22bd1a91cf11d5a3aabef7e81014a"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.006.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-2ea22bd1a91cf11d5a3aabef7e81014a partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.006_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-2ea22bd1a91cf11d5a3aabef7e81014a partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 青蛙节点平台。</div> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec4.2">4.2。节能网络弹性管理机制</h5> <p>基于底层可编程电源管理设备提出了部分<a href="#sec4.1">4所示。1</a>这里,我们开发了一个节能网络范围的弹性机制。这一机制的主要目标是提供的手段提高无线传感器网络的鲁棒性。</p> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>描述了一般拓扑结构的无线传感器网络基础的描述我们的建议。见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>,网络由三种类型的传感器节点,即协调器、路由器和终端节点。初始化传感器网络的协调器节点负责,并确保其连接到雾的前提。这种类型的节点通常是由一个高度可靠节点实现。另两种类型的节点、路由器和终端节点,是我们建议的主题。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-9957feaacec3c21aac018794b060776f"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.007.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-9957feaacec3c21aac018794b060776f partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.007_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-9957feaacec3c21aac018794b060776f partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 无线传感器网络拓扑结构。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>由于路由器转发数据的节点负责收集的终端节点和监控环境,很明显,他们暴露在高负载的要求比由最后的节点。然后我们打算复制路由器节点的数量为给定的结束节点提供服务。在任何时候,为了得到最可用的资源,路由器和结束节点将监测环境利用机载传感器。</p> <p>为了显示收益和收益在能耗方面,让我们定义以下假设传感器节点的关系最初是完全充电:<span class="equation_break" id="eq1"><span class="left_break" id="L1"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M1"> <svg height="34.1673pt" id="M1-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 109.654 34.1673" width="109.654pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0.5,9.184)"> <path d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z" id="g113-70"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.44,12.316)"> <path d="M185 344V453C137 433 92 421 41 413V386C100 378 104 375 104 310V106C104 41 97 35 33 30V0H268V30C190 35 185 41 185 107V283C206 340 240 371 267 371C282 371 296 364 310 351C316 344 325 343 336 348C357 357 369 378 369 399C369 424 345 451 310 451C262 451 219 397 187 344H185Z" id="g58-112"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.59,9.367)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z" id="g113-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.1,9.184)"> <path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.53,9.367)"> <path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z" id="g113-42"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.7,9.184)"> <path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.96,9.184)"> <path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.2,9.184)"> <path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.44,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.59,9.184)"> <path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.12,9.184)"> <path d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 0H271L277 28C193 35 192 39 208 133L239 316C264 328 280 325 303 288C368 183 435 90 502 0H652L659 28C602 34 584 43 543 94C495 154 403 283 347 369L574 554C634 603 659 612 735 624L743 650Z" id="g113-76"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,84.35,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.23,9.184)"> <path d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z" id="g117-42"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,101.76,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.2,9.184)"> <path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z" id="g113-45"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.95,33.335)"> <path d="M384 109C349 76 310 59 268 59C197 59 123 113 120 245C240 248 367 259 384 262C403 266 407 275 407 296C407 376 338 451 254 451H253C201 451 148 425 105 378C65 334 39 272 39 203C39 88 112 -12 235 -12C266 -12 339 5 402 84L384 109ZM230 411C285 411 319 365 319 313C319 298 313 293 294 293C236 291 180 290 125 290C141 370 185 411 230 411Z" id="g58-99"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.59,30.386)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.1,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.53,30.386)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.7,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.96,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.2,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.44,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.59,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.12,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,84.35,33.335)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.72,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.26,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.69,30.203)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R1"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M1-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.398 11.44" width="13.398pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B1-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 611 70 451 70 272V271C70 90 136 -71 282 -169L300 -147Z" id="g190-41"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M311 0V25C221 32 216 41 216 113V635C162 613 103 594 39 583V559L88 556C131 552 135 546 135 500V113C135 41 131 32 40 25V0H311Z" id="g190-213"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.9,9.26)"> <path d="M275 271C275 451 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 269V271Z" id="g190-42"></path> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>E</我><sub>r</sub>路由器节点的能量在时间吗<我>t</我>,<我>E</我><sub>e</sub>结束节点的能量在时间吗<我>t</我>,<我>K</我><sub>r</sub>放电率是路由器节点,然后呢<我>K</我><sub>e</sub>放电率为结束节点。</p> <p>由于放电率取决于传感器节点所执行的任务,很明显,考虑到一个路由器节点提供服务到一个或多个终端节点,路由器节点的放电率高于放电结束节点。放电率之间的关系的一个路由器节点和结束节点可以简单表示如下:<span class="equation_break" id="eq2"><span class="left_break" id="L2"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M2"> <svg height="13.8661pt" id="M2-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 98.974 13.8661" width="98.974pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B2-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.23,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.84,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.1,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.33,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.7,9.184)"> <path d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z" id="g117-36"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.23,9.184)"> <path d="M822 650H589L583 622C660 617 677 607 674 561C672 534 664 481 647 390L600 137H596L273 650H126L120 622C176 620 194 615 207 594C221 571 225 557 214 504L161 257C141 166 129 112 121 85C108 42 83 30 29 28L23 0H260L266 28C193 33 173 42 176 89C178 122 186 172 202 255L256 527H259L583 -8H612L690 390C708 481 720 535 728 558C744 603 756 619 816 622L822 650Z" id="g113-79"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,65.29,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.66,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,83.2,9.184)"> <path d="M962 650H795L470 145L347 650H176L170 622C268 613 275 606 244 503L190 322C150 188 132 126 118 91C102 50 80 33 18 28L12 0H245L251 28C175 35 170 48 174 93C177 128 191 180 220 284L292 542H294C331 392 383 150 409 4H432L774 555H776L714 137C700 40 694 34 612 28L606 0H868L874 28C793 34 784 37 797 137L849 533C859 612 863 616 956 622L962 650Z" id="g113-78"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.01,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R2"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M2-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.038 11.44" width="15.038pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B2-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M411 139C381 76 368 73 314 73H129L267 224C351 317 400 380 400 469C400 574 322 635 233 635C176 635 128 610 98 576L40 495L63 476C89 515 130 568 198 568C274 568 316 519 316 436C316 347 251 264 191 192C142 134 85 76 30 21V0H403C415 45 425 89 438 131L411 139Z" id="g190-243"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<我>N</我><sub>e</sub>是连接到路由器节点和结束节点的吗<我>米</我>表示路由器节点的平均能量消耗通过两端节点连接起来<我>t</我>。</p> <p>见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>,三个传感器节点可能扮演的角色的路由器节点,而六个传感器节点总是操作结束节点。我们的目标是找到路由器的数量需要保证网络的鲁棒性,没有留下任何结束节点的服务。让我们采取以下三种情况。注意,在我们的分析中,我们不包括路由器节点消耗的能量(s)为六个节点结束,因为这个能源消耗将是相同的所有三种情况下的研究。<span class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</span><span class="list-content">一个路由器节点和两个终端节点:只有一个路由器的三个传感器节点位于集团/结束节点作为一个路由器节点。另外两个终端节点连接到活跃路由器节点。这种情况下的功耗可以简单表示如下:<span class="equation_break" id="eq3"><span class="left_break" id="L3"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M3"> 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class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</span><span class="list-content">两个路由器节点和结束节点:<我>l</我>结束节点位于集团的节点连接到路由器的两个节点,而(<svg height="8.98583pt" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.3499308pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 27.0496 8.98583" width="27.0496pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <path d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z" id="g113-57"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.145,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.682,0)"> <path d="M541 160L512 170C485 116 462 88 439 67C411 41 376 35 318 35C272 35 238 37 224 48C207 61 205 85 212 121L290 533C305 611 308 615 391 622L397 650H139L133 622C217 615 221 612 206 533L126 118C111 41 103 34 23 26L17 0H474C489 31 528 124 541 160Z" id="g113-77"></path> </g> </svg>)传感器节点连接到第二个路由器节点。第三个传感器节点位于群路由器/结束节点连接到两个活跃路由器节点之一。总体能源需求可以简单表示如下:<span class="equation_break" id="eq4"><span class="left_break" id="L5"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M5"> <svg height="16.0778pt" id="M5-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 164.425 16.0778" width="164.425pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.01,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.96,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.31,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.93,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.75,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-114"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.54,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.49,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.89,5.85)"> <path d="M327 325C324 350 312 408 304 433C283 442 256 451 213 451C120 451 59 391 59 320C59 243 125 210 188 181C237 158 266 136 266 93C266 52 231 24 195 24C134 24 93 81 74 148L42 143C42 106 51 37 59 23C78 8 125 -12 177 -12C257 -12 345 35 345 127C345 198 292 234 216 264C171 283 131 305 131 348C131 387 156 416 195 416C243 416 277 378 297 317L327 325Z" id="g58-113"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.94,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.31,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.32,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.68,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.59,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.48,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.11,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.62,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.06,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.22,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.48,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.63,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.16,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.19,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.43,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,108.67,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,117.81,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,128.35,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,137.58,15.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,144.45,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,154.99,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,159.42,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="16.0778pt" id="M5-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.26 16.0778" width="29.26pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.78,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.02,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="16.0778pt" id="M5-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.719 16.0778" width="23.719pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.54,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.77,15.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="16.0778pt" id="M5-4" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.963 16.0778" width="14.963pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-4"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="16.0778pt" id="M5-5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 109.744 16.0778" width="109.744pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-5"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.5,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.74,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.89,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.42,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.45,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.69,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.92,15.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.79,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.33,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,90.56,15.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.02,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.35,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,106.78,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="60.5211pt" id="I5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 170.15 60.5211" width="170.15pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B5-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 74.45 21.02)" xlink:href="#B5-2"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 106.61 21.02)" xlink:href="#B5-3"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 133.74 21.02)" xlink:href="#B5-4"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 60.25 44.44)" xlink:href="#B5-5"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R5"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M5-6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.458 11.44" width="15.458pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B5-6"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M465 179V225H369V632H330C227 497 124 346 29 205V179H289V107C289 37 284 33 198 26V0H454V26C374 33 369 37 369 107V179H465ZM289 225H92C156 335 222 430 287 520H289V225Z" id="g190-166"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.96,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="60.5211pt" id="IL5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.52 60.5211" width="15.52pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 24.33)" xlink:href="#B5-6"></use> </svg></span></span></span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</span><span class="list-content">三个路由器节点:<我>l</我><sub>1</sub>结束节点连接到第一个路由器节点,<我>l</我><sub>2</sub>第二个路由器节点,<我>l</我><sub>3</sub>第三路由器节点。然后,总体能源需求表达如下:<span class="equation_break" id="eq5"><span class="left_break" id="L6"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M6"> <svg height="16.0778pt" id="M6-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 164.425 16.0778" width="164.425pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B6-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-70"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.01,5.85)"> <path d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z" id="g50-52"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.96,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.31,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-109"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.93,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.74,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-114"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,29.54,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.49,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,36.89,5.85)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-113"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.94,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.31,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.32,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-116"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.68,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.59,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,26.48,15.897)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.11,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.62,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.05,12.296)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.22,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.48,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.63,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.16,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.19,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,102.43,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,108.67,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,117.81,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,128.35,12.113)"> <use 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.88,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-33"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.42,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-5"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.45,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.69,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,63.92,15.245)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,67.88,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-6"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.15,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.58,12.113)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_equation" height="39.5022pt" id="I6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 164.74 39.5022" width="164.74pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0)" xlink:href="#B6-1"></use> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 60.25 23.42)" xlink:href="#B6-2"></use> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R6"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M6-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.898 11.44" width="14.898pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B6-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M130 550H367L393 615L386 623H101L63 323C82 331 123 342 165 342C275 342 328 277 328 188C328 107 283 40 201 40C141 40 99 72 78 91C69 99 59 98 51 91C39 81 30 67 29 58C28 48 33 37 46 24C60 10 104 -12 149 -12C203 -11 269 14 323 59C384 109 412 165 412 225C412 308 347 399 219 399C193 399 146 382 104 367L130 550Z" id="g190-161"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.4,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg class="alt_label" height="39.5022pt" id="IL6" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.96 39.5022" width="14.96pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 13.82)" xlink:href="#B6-3"></use> </svg></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>总结,为每一个可能的配置在第二个层面上,我们有以下功耗:<span class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</span><span class="list-content">一个路由器节点+两个终端节点=<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.584pt" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-3.29567pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 28.234 12.584" width="28.234pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.728,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.603,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ibiop"></span> <svg height="12.584pt" style="vertical-align:-3.29567pt" version="1.1" viewbox="31.0891838 -9.28833 29.135 12.584" width="29.135pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.139,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.379,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.609,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.071,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.569,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </svg></span></span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</span><span class="list-content">两个路由器节点+一个结束节点=<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="12.584pt" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.29567pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.474 12.584" width="34.474pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.738,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.968,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.843,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> </svg><span class="ibiop"></span> <svg height="12.584pt" style="vertical-align:-3.29567pt" version="1.1" viewbox="37.329183799999996 -9.28833 22.895 12.584" width="22.895pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.379,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.609,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.071,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.569,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </svg></span></span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</span><span class="list-content">三个路由器节点=<svg height="12.4698pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 33.0761 12.4698" width="33.0761pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.738,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.968,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.937,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-42"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.435,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> </svg></span></span></span></p> <p>自<span class="inline_break"> <svg height="11.9316pt" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-3.2957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 24.462 11.9316" width="24.462pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.23,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.831,0)"> <path d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230Z" id="g117-92"></path> </g> </svg><span class="irelop"></span> <svg height="11.9316pt" style="vertical-align:-3.2957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="28.044183800000003 -8.6359 13.89 11.9316" width="13.89pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.094,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.324,3.132)"> <use xlink:href="#g58-99"></use> </g> </svg></span>,我们有以下功耗:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq1"><span class="left_break" id="L11"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M11"> <svg height="13.8661pt" id="M11-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 146.414 13.8661" width="146.414pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.23,12.316)"> <path d="M397 380C406 395 404 411 396 425S369 451 350 451C302 451 239 372 192 294H189L199 338C214 407 207 451 180 451C152 451 83 405 30 345L48 318C87 354 117 372 125 372S135 362 127 324L55 -5L61 -12C87 -5 117 3 139 5C154 87 168 162 179 207C198 250 240 310 260 332C281 355 297 366 307 366C321 366 333 360 347 346C351 342 360 342 369 348C379 355 389 366 397 380Z" id="g50-115"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.54,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.07,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.31,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.54,12.316)"> <path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z" id="g50-102"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.53,9.184)"> <path d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z" id="g117-91"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,61.79,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-51"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,68.03,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,77.26,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.57,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,95.1,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.33,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-102"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,112.32,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,123.58,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,129.82,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-76"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,139.05,12.316)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-115"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,143.45,9.184)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R11"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M11-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.428 11.44" width="15.428pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B11-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.49,9.26)"> <path d="M143 344C173 483 265 547 326 576C363 593 402 605 434 611L429 641C389 634 343 623 301 608C195 570 43 456 43 236C43 81 135 -12 245 -12C368 -12 453 88 453 208C453 310 380 393 273 393C253 393 232 386 211 376L143 344ZM234 338C325 338 367 255 367 172C367 102 346 21 264 21C184 21 132 113 132 239C132 267 133 291 138 312C164 327 197 338 234 338Z" id="g190-227"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.93,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>从(<a href="#EEq1">6</a>),很明显,一个路由器节点的使用表现出最好的结果的电力需求。轻量级协议的实现应该提供的手段接管路由器节点的角色,另一个传感器节点位于当前的路由器节点的覆盖范围。</p> <p>为了设计和开发网络弹性算法,我们必须考虑到协调器节点是负责控制网络。为了取代路由器节点的决定,我们必须验证电池的状态的电流传感器节点和一个所有的传感器节点可以接管路由任务。算法<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/alg1/" target="_blank">1</a>指定的操作我们的网络弹性机制。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <table class="algorithm-group"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="algorithm" id="alg1"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">1:<b>过程</b>B<small class="sc">平衡</small>G<small class="sc">AME</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">2:<我>t我meLoop</我>←1</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">3:<我>lookForRouter</我>←<我>假</我></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">4:<b>而</b><i>真正的</我><b>做</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">5:<我>secondLevelDevices</我>←<我>coordinatorDevice.findConnectedDevices</我>()</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">6:<我>我ndexDevice</我>←0</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">7:<b>为</b><i>indexDevice < secondLevelDevices.size</我>()<b>做</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">8:<我>设备</我>←<我>secondLevelDevices</我>(<我>我ndexDevice</我>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">9:<b>如果</b><i>device.getRole</我>()= =路由器节点<b>然后</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">10<b>如果</b><i>device.getBatteryLevel</我>()<我><</我>= 50<b>然后</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">11:<我>device.setRole</我>(<我>结束</我>−<我>节点</我>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">12:<我>lookForRouter</我>←<我>真正的</我></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">13:<b>如果</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">14:<b>其他的</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">15:<b>如果</b><i>lookForRouter</我>= =<我>真正的</我><b>然后</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">16:<b>如果</b><i>device.getBatteryLevel</我>()<我>></我>= 70<b>然后</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">17:<我>device.setRole</我>(<我>路由器</我>−<我>节点</我>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">18:<我>lookForRouter</我>←<我>假</我></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">19:<b>如果</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">20:<b>如果</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">21:<b>如果</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">22:<b>结束了</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">23:睡眠(timeLoop)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">24:<b>结束时</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">25:<b>结束程序</b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">算法1</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/alg1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> (网络弹性算法)。</div> </div> </div> <p>我们的建议的主要特征之一是它的简单。由于传感器节点的数量涉及的角色转变的任务是固定三个传感器节点的可靠性机制实际上是保证。事实上,这样的配置允许我们安排维护任务,同时确保备份节点的存在。也就是说,传感器节点在路由任务将负责接管在途的交通确保没有数据包迷路。此外,我们的算法可以防止潜在的存在循环结束节点和路由器/结束节点。</p> <h4 id="experimental-evaluation">5。实验评价</h4> <p>在本节中,我们首先描述了实验装置。我们第一次进行的传感器节点平台的评价上可以节省电能,然后,节能网络弹性的评价机制。</p> <h5 id="sec5.1">5.1。实验设置</h5> <p>实验设置计算使用以下元素:<span class="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</span><span class="list-content">青蛙平台。我们已经组建了9个青蛙单位。每个青蛙单元由一组传感器总电流消耗475.48 mA的要求。我们实现了处理器和通信平台使用Arduino Fio V3和XBee-PRO XSC无线电系统的当前消费需求添加266.5 mA。青蛙节点总消费量是,处理器+传感器,741.98 mA。基线后拓扑描述图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig7/" target="_blank">7</a>,我们有三只青蛙平台内的路由器/结束节点。在我们的实验,基于我们之前的分析,我们考虑的情况下,只有一个三个传感器节点作为一个路由器节点在给定的时间。在启用电源管理机制时,责任周期设置的<我>从</我>的5 s和一个时期<我>在</我>1s的时期。我们有进一步实现了一个协调者节点使用一个单板计算机,覆盆子π3模型b .后者系统已经插入电源线。正如前面提到的,我们将添加一个电池充电器是我们未来计划的一部分。</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</span><span class="list-content">电池。表<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/tab1/" target="_blank">1</a>总结了李白电池的主要特点在我们的试验。</span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</span><span class="list-content">监控电路电压水平。Arduino UNO盾是用于监控电池的电压水平在我们的实验。为了监控电压值在0到5 V的范围使用12 V电池,我们实现了一个分压器组成的2 k<我>Ω</我>电阻器和电位计,<我>R</我><sub>2</sub>,见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig8/" target="_blank">8</a>。</span></span></span></p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 技术规格的电池。</div> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/tab1" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-fed883d6f9c31692ad1c7058891fbf79"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.008.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-fed883d6f9c31692ad1c7058891fbf79 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.008_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-fed883d6f9c31692ad1c7058891fbf79 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 电压监控电路。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>因为电池电压减少实验期间,电位计的设置必须相应调整。使用Matlab脚本动态更改的设置<我>R</我><sub>2</sub>。第二个Matlab脚本是用于监视和情节电池电压作为时间的函数。</p> <h5 id="sec5.2">5.2。机载功耗评估</h5> <p>在第一组实验中,我们监控电池的放电首先禁用电源管理机制,然后使青蛙的电源管理机制。我们重复实验的十倍。值得一提的是,所有10个试验的结果非常相似。</p> <p>数据<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig9/" target="_blank">9(一个)</a>和<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig9/" target="_blank">9 (b)</a>显示结果为两个平台配置使用李白电池。在平台没有实现的情况下提出了电源管理机制,第一个深压降是报道后3<我>。</我>5×10<sup>4</sup>从一开始的测试。见图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig9/" target="_blank">9(一个)</a>,这种类型的电池的放电时间大约是9×10<sup>4</sup>年代。这个结果证实的理论束缚所使用电池的比速度,20 c除以电流消耗我们的平台,741.98 mA (<a href="#B30">30.</a>]。在我们的例子中,这个比例约等于9<我>。</我>7×10<sup>4</sup>s(26小时)。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-61a0306f74bb5c2082dece37340eb6ce"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)平台没有电源管理机制" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.009a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)平台没有电源管理机制</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)青蛙" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.009b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)青蛙</strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-61a0306f74bb5c2082dece37340eb6ce partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) Platform without the power management mechanism" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)平台没有电源管理机制" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.009a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)平台没有电源管理机制</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) FROG" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)青蛙" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.009b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)青蛙</strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-61a0306f74bb5c2082dece37340eb6ce partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 李白电池电压与时间的结果。</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig9/" target="_blank">9 (b)</a>青蛙平台显示了结果。可以看到从图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig9/" target="_blank">9 (b)</a>,电池电压慢慢减少,在评估期间没有深下降的报道。这些结果清楚地表明我们的建议的好处。然而,我们应该意识到的最优设置电源管理机制取决于各种因素,如采样率(延迟)的实际数据报告的数量和传感器集成到一个给定的目标应用程序的平台。此外,集成异步处理的事件,比如CEP集成到我们的系统,将发挥重要作用在传感器上的实际工作周期和更特别的是在给定的时间内动力。举个例子,一般情况下,每个传感器可能会在不同时间打开实例和可变长度的时期。在[相似的讨论后<a href="#B30">30.</a>),电源管理策略将被证明是有益的,如果以下条件适用于操作系统的,<我>t</我>:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq2"><span class="left_break" id="L12"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M12"> <svg height="35.6587pt" id="M12-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 146.049 35.6587" width="146.049pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-1"> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.25,5.65)"> <path d="M504 89L488 119C453 85 428 69 416 69C408 69 405 75 412 102L462 304C492 438 460 451 436 451S388 441 356 423C311 397 229 336 170 256H168L189 340C208 418 200 451 177 451C144 451 82 413 24 352L40 322C65 345 98 369 108 369C114 369 119 363 112 335L28 -3L36 -12C54 -3 83 4 112 10C125 73 138 122 153 174C205 258 328 382 376 382C395 382 399 369 384 305L330 93C312 25 323 -12 351 -12C378 -12 439 21 504 89Z" id="g50-111"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.421)"> <path d="M956 -188L922 -180C881 -295 847 -317 759 -317H196L640 311L259 873H678C777 873 812 865 833 838C853 816 869 781 885 721L918 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</g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,99.81,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.14,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,112.29,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,118.16,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,122.6,14.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,122.53,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,125.94,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,130.04,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,134.9,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,137.06,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,141.39,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="35.6587pt" id="M12-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.784 35.6587" width="56.784pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <path d="M531 71V127L115 310L531 494V550L57 335V285L531 71ZM531 -40V10H57V-40H531Z" id="g117-93"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.51,5.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.27,20.421)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.56,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.1,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.66,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.43,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.46,14.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.09,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,35.42,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.52,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.39,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.82,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-45"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R12"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M12-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.028 11.44" width="15.028pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B12-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M430 623H48C43 580 39 534 30 478H57C80 544 84 550 152 550H369C286 366 187 178 74 -1L81 -12L156 -2C249 201 343 408 438 611L430 623Z" id="g190-223"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.53,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span>在哪里<svg height="15.7176pt" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 14.0066 15.7176" width="14.0066pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.433,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.368,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.7,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </svg>表示这段时间传感器,<我>我</我>启动;相应的权力被传感器<我>我</我>在这段时间里<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="15.7176pt" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-3.9435pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 16.3032 15.7176" width="16.3032pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.026,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.988,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </svg>,</span>和过渡的成本和时间延误<我>从</我>来<我>在</我>表达的是<svg height="17.9555pt" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-6.181399pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 33.6488 17.9555" width="33.6488pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.026,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.656,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.065,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.167,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.032,3.784)"> <path d="M381 704H317L48 -163H112L381 704Z" id="g50-48"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,23.939,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.271,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </svg>和<span class="nowrap"> <svg height="17.9555pt" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-6.181399pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.7741 31.3522 17.9555" width="31.3522pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.433,-5.741)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.368,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.777,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.879,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.744,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-48"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.651,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.983,3.784)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </svg>,</span>分别。最后,<我>t</我>表示总运行时间。我们的实验结果表明,相当多的节电可以通过同时转动<我>在</我>/<我>从</我>所有的传感器设备。事实上,一些传感器设备我们使用包含大量的传感器。此外,时的电力消耗<我>从</我>/<我>在</我>转变是由于我们已经开发出的电子开关。因此,我们可以重写(<a href="#EEq2">7</a>),以反映我们的平台操作如下:<span class="equation_break" id="EEq3"><span class="left_break" id="L17"></span><span class="middle_break"><span class="center_break" id="M17"> <svg height="35.6587pt" id="M17-1" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 128.499 35.6587" width="128.499pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-1"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.37,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.7,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.14,5.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.89,20.421)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.18,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.73,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.29,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.06,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,35.08,14.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.71,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,38.05,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.14,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-36"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.68,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,61.05,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,64.46,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,68.56,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,73.42,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,75.57,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,79.91,23.547)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,89.4,5.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,85.16,20.421)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,85.45,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,87.99,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,93.55,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,98.32,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,106.35,14.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,104.98,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,108.39,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,112.49,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-103"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,117.35,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-45"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,119.51,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,123.84,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="35.6587pt" id="M17-2" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.784 35.6587" width="56.784pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-2"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g117-93"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.51,5.65)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.26,20.421)"> <use xlink:href="#g119-73"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.55,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.1,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g54-34"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.66,34.064)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-50"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.43,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-81"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.46,14.152)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-106"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,31.08,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-112"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,35.42,24.199)"> <use xlink:href="#g50-111"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.51,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-46"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.38,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-117"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.82,20.415)"> <use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span><span class="right_break" id="R17"> <svg class="label" height="11.44pt" id="M17-3" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.168 11.44" width="15.168pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="B17-3"> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-41"></use> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.5,9.26)"> <path d="M246 635C138 635 67 554 67 471C67 401 116 348 178 315C143 296 103 268 87 252C65 231 42 203 42 157C42 50 128 -12 234 -12C319 -12 432 52 432 169C432 256 370 303 299 344C347 376 373 399 381 408C399 430 408 459 408 487C408 569 341 635 246 635ZM235 603C284 603 334 567 334 483C334 420 306 383 273 358C202 393 142 427 142 503C142 552 173 603 235 603ZM245 21C179 21 122 70 122 163C122 219 155 270 204 300C279 263 352 219 352 144C352 66 308 21 245 21Z" id="g190-152"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.67,9.26)"> <use xlink:href="#g190-42"></use> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></p> <p>从最后一个表达式,打开所有的传感器同时大大降低了功耗。左边的第二个任期(<a href="#EEq3">8</a>在工作周期)只提供一次。</p> <p>从上面的分析,很明显,数据采集过程的适当的调度和设置的工作周期中发挥重要作用的功耗。然而,解决方案最佳拟合的需要一个特定的应用程序将不得不考虑其他需求,如延迟和采样率。此外,CEP引擎的实现需要处理的同步和异步事件。</p> <h5 id="sec5.3">5.3。网络弹性机制评价</h5> <p>在本节中,我们评估的性能,在能源消耗方面,青蛙在每一个平台操作的两个角色:路由器节点和结束节点。在这种情况下,我们把九个青蛙节点在整个大厅的教员。设置一个工作周期<我>在</我>1和一个时期<我>从</我>5s的时期。所有节点传输一个数据包传递由16个传感器生成的数据:一个为每一个样本的九个传感器设备。类似于前面的评价试验,我们重复十次试验在一个给定的设置。在每个试验的开始,取而代之的是全新的电池。</p> <p>实验跑一段8<我>。</我>5×10<sup>4</sup>年代(23<我>。</我>61小时)。图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig10/" target="_blank">10 ()</a>显示了结束节点的能量消耗和图<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig10/" target="_blank">10 (b)</a>路由器节点的显示结果。从结果看,路由器节点比结束节点消耗更多的能量。我们也监控已经成功接收数据包的数量。没有损失的报道,尽管交接的电池进行路由器跨越中定义的阈值算法。这些结果证实再次需要动态改变传感器节点所扮演的角色,按照算法<a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/alg1/" target="_blank">1</a>,当他们遇到电力供应问题。</p> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-9cbb225243512c2aae1ac17bd8a0a7c1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)结束节点" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.0010a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)结束节点</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)路由器节点" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/figures/3406858.fig.0010b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)路由器节点</strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-9cbb225243512c2aae1ac17bd8a0a7c1 partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) End node" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)结束节点" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.0010a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)结束节点</strong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) Router node" class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)路由器节点" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/js/volume-2018/3406858/thumbnails/3406858.fig.0010b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)路由器节点</strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-9cbb225243512c2aae1ac17bd8a0a7c1 partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图10</span> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/js/2018/3406858/fig10/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 李白电池电压与时间的结果。</div> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="conclusions-and-future-plans">6。结论和未来的计划</h4> <p>在本文中,我们开发了青蛙:一个健壮的和绿色的无线传感器网络平台集成到雾架构。之后我们的设计已经完全合理的审查目前的趋势在物联网技术的使用在各种类型的智能城市和智能农业的应用。</p> <p>我们我们的设计基于开放软件和开放硬件平台的使用。因此,我们利用可用的一些设施和功能已经在市场上。然后,我们设计和开发一个电源管理机制和网络恢复算法。我们表明,减少数量的传感器节点的使用能够充当一个继电器或结束节点的要求将提供的手段大大提高网络操作而降低整体网络操作所需的力量。</p> <p>我们当前的研究重点是开发一个实验平台包括智能城市应用程序。该系统将包括各种终端用户服务基于复杂事件处理(CEP)系统和雾计算范例。我们还将探索软件定义网络的使用(sdn)。</p> <h4 id="conflicts-of-interest">的利益冲突</h4> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突,关于这篇文章的出版。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>这项工作已经被“Cienciactiva CONCYTEC”部分资助的秘鲁政府,批准号下138 - 2017 fondecyt和西班牙经济和竞争力在批准号tin2015 - 66972 c5 - 2 r。</p> </div> </div> <div class="ArticleReferences_xmlContent__p_40j"> <h4 class="ArticleReferences_references__GH2t_" id="references">引用</h4> <ol class="ArticleReferences_orderedReferences__mJr9M"> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B1"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">l . 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