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.expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .fpReqq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .fpReqq ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .fpReqq ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .fpReqq ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .fpReqq ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .fpReqq ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .fpReqq ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .fpReqq ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .fpReqq .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .fpReqq .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .fpReqq .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.fpReqq .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fpReqq .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.fpReqq .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.fpReqq{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.fpReqq{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.fpReqq{margin-bottom:100px;}} .fpReqq .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .fpReqq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .fpReqq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .fpReqq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .fpReqq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .fpReqq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active svg{fill:#007B8B;} .fpReqq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .fpReqq .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .fpReqq .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .fpReqq .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fpReqq .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .fpReqq .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .fpReqq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fpReqq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .fpReqq .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .fpReqq .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fpReqq .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:357px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fpReqq .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:417px;}} .fpReqq .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fpReqq .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:16px;}} .fpReqq .owl-nav,.fpReqq .owl-dots{display:none;} .fpReqq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{position:relative;height:auto;max-height:287px;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.fpReqq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fpReqq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:477px;}} .fpReqq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.fpReqq .owl-stage-outer,.fpReqq .owl-stage{max-height:287px;height:auto;} @media 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height="24"><span class="text">提交</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-krDsej ewCAZX hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-itybZL kdvWPs journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-fzsDOv hAFFGk journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK lkWWFY hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-kUaPvJ ehYbwJ"> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> </div> <div class="sc-jVODtj epgILe"></div> <span class="sc-fONwsr kCfRMJ"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-nrwXf byflLi breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/" aria-label="Journal of Probability and Statistics">概率论与数理统计》杂志上</一个>/<gydF4y2Ba一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/contents/year/2012/" aria-label="2012">2012年</一个>/<gydF4y2Ba年代p一个nclass="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</年代p一个n></div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</bgydF4y2Bautton> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p><年代p一个nclass="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#discussion" aria-label="">讨论</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <div class="sc-kxynE fgGykB"> <span class="sc-cooIXK gQxyld">特殊的问题</年代p一个n><h2 class="sc-fcdeBU bVtmCk">先进的设计和统计方法对复杂疾病的基因和基因组研究</gydF4y2Bah2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gmeYpB hSHJbi" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/si/634689/" aria-label="">把这个特殊的问题</一个><hr class="sc-clNaTc ktFfKO"> </div> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</p><dgydF4y2Baiv class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 935621年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/935621" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/935621</一个></div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>Chi-Hong Tseng Yongzhao邵<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> ”<年代p一个nclass="adjust-article-svg-size">样本容量增长和越来越多的比较</年代p一个n>”,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --><i>概率论与数理统计》杂志上</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 卷。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->935621年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 10<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->   页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->。<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/935621</p></dgydF4y2Baiv> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</bgydF4y2Bautton> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN llcjrt article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">样本容量增长和越来越多的比较</gydF4y2Bah1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>Chi-Hong曾</b><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><sup>1</年代up>和</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="">Yongzhao邵<年代up>2</年代up></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><span>加州大学洛杉矶分校医学院医学系,洛杉矶CA 90095,美国</年代p一个n></p><p><sup>2</年代up><span>生物统计学,纽约大学医学院,纽约,纽约10016,美国</年代p一个n></p></div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</bgydF4y2Bautton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>gydF4y2Ba魏t .锅</dgydF4y2Baiv> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年3月30</年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">08年6月2012年</年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年8月15日</年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ fpReqq article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>一个适当的样本量是至关重要的成功的许多研究涉及大量的比较。样本容量公式用于测试本文提供了多个假设。他们可以用来确定所需的样本大小提供足够的力量在控制familywise错误率或错误发现率,获得样本大小的增长率对越来越多的比较或减少影响的大小,并评估研究的可靠性设计。是证明实际样本大小通常可以实现即使在调整进行大量的比较如许多全基因组研究。</p><年代p一个nclass="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>最近发展的高通量技术,同时测试大量的假设已经成为一个常见的做法对于许多类型的全基因组研究。例子包括遗传关联研究和DNA微阵列研究。在全基因组关联分析中,大量的遗传标记检测与疾病的联系(<一个href="#B8">1</一个>]。在DNA微阵列研究中,利息通常是识别患者组之间的差异表达基因中大量的候选基因(<一个href="#B5">2</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba设计这样的大规模研究的挑战包括选择特性的科学调查的重要性,选择适当的样本容量提供足够的力量,和选择的方法适合多个测试的调整(<一个href="#B17">3</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B15">7</一个>]。最近存在方法论上的突破在多个比较,如控制边境的错误发现率(罗斯福)<一个href="#B2">8</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B14">9</一个>),这是特别有用的DNA微阵列研究和蛋白质阵列。它也越来越多地用于全基因组关联研究(<一个href="#B19">10</一个>]。另一方面,Bonferroni调整类型仍然是令人惊讶的是有用的。例如,克莱因et al。<一个href="#B8">1</一个>)成功地识别两个单核苷酸多态性与疾病年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)使用Bonferroni调整。Witte et al。<一个href="#B18">11</一个>)提供了一个有趣的观察,相对样本容量,基于Bonferroni调整,大约是在对数线性关系的数量比较。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba一个适当的样本量是至关重要的成功的研究涉及大量的比较。然而,最优可靠确定样本容量极具挑战性,因为它通常取决于其他设计参数,通常需要根据初步数据估计。初步数据通常是在设计阶段的研究有限,导致不可靠的设计参数估计和创建额外的样本量估算的不确定性。因此,感兴趣的实际检验样本大小和其他设计参数之间的关系,如数量的对比。在本文中,我们分析这个问题超出witte et al。(<一个href="#B18">11</一个>)观察通过提供明确的样本容量公式,研究各种基因分析,推导样本容量公式为罗斯福总统控制。明确的样本容量公式是有价值的,因为它们所说的其它设计参数的变化将如何影响样本规模。这是基本的重要的理解研究的可靠性设计。</p><gydF4y2Bah4 id="sample-size-formulas">2。样本容量公式</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>测试一个假设,样本容量的问题通常是制定像发现受试者的数量需要确保所需的力量<年代vg height="13.55" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.3125 13.55" width="34.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>检测尺寸产生影响<年代vg height="10.6625" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.4125 10.6625" width="11.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在一个预定的显著性水平<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。考虑平等的单侧检验两个正常均值假设已知方差<年代vg height="19.0375" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-4.22832pt;width:15.3875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.3875 19.0375" width="15.3875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.63" y="9.21"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="19.0375" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-4.22832pt;width:15.3875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.3875 19.0375" width="15.3875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.63" y="9.21"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,分别。每个组的样本大小(<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)如下<一个href="#B11">12</一个>]:<gydF4y2Ba年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq2.1"> <svg height="43.887501" id="M7" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 43.887501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,43.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-36.89)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164.61,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.92" y="-8.2299995"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.77" y="-10.74"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,199.62,55.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.83,58.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.729734" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.8,55.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.18,55.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.03,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 187.53,50.88 62.38,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.77,36.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.79,42.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.1,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.64999" y="-3.5599999"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="217.81349" y="-3.5599999"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.065" y="-3.5599999"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.19075" y="-3.5599999"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.44225" y="-3.5599999"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="30.025" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-7.7935pt;width:154.03751px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 154.03751 30.025" width="154.03751" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.490497" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> |</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.031487" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-37.67,52.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.02,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-11.44,52.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-6.56,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9699998" y="4.0799999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5006001" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 12.63,70.71 38.55,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,12.63,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,19.97,60.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.63" y="9.21"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,27.62,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,46.3,60.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.62" y="9.21"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.875" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:37.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 37.8125 10.875" width="37.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.3)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.852844" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.893232" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.7" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:84.050003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 84.050003 14.7" width="84.050003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5397892" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.703288" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.01,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.77,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.694386" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.034607" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="13.45" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:30.262501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.262501 13.45" width="30.262501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5397892" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.703288" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.942286" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是标准正态分布的分布函数(CDF)。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba许多使用最广泛的统计检验也有类似的样本容量公式如(<一个href="#EEq2.1">2。1</一个>)。例如,常用Mann-Whitney测试比较两个连续分布没有常态假设具有相同形式的样本容量公式如(<一个href="#EEq2.1">2。1</一个>)。同样,用于测试两个二项比例平等、使用独立样本或使用相关McNemar检验法的测试样品,样本容量公式也形式(<一个href="#EEq2.1">2。1</一个>Ro年代ner)作为讨论(<一个href="#B11">12</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba测试一个假设的影响<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="13.425" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.6625" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.4125 10.6625" width="11.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在样本容量<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>可以很容易地推断出从上面的样本容量公式(<一个href="#EEq2.1">2。1</一个>),是众所周知的。当测试多个假设,一个人必须防止大量的假阳性结果。传统的标准误差控制在这种情况下是familywise错误率(弗兰克-威廉姆斯),这是拒绝的概率的一个或多个真正的零假设。最简单、最常用的方法控制弗兰克-威廉姆斯是Bonferroni调整,下一小节中讨论。</p><gydF4y2Bah5 id="sec2.1">2.1。弗兰克-威廉姆斯控制</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>在本节中,我们目前的样本大小的上下文中公式为多个比较控制familywise错误率(fw)。如果我们能多比较<年代vg height="10.6625" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.4125 10.6625" width="11.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是相同的。如果我们希望保留familywise错误率<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和权力<年代vg height="13.55" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:44.724998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.724998 13.55" width="44.724998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.507561" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,然后Bonferroni调整,<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:75.012497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.012497 14.7125" width="75.012497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.4,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> b</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> n</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.3,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.079578" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>相对应的样本大小(<一个href="#EEq2.1">2。1</一个>)成为<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq2.2"> <svg height="43.887501" id="M20" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 43.887501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,43.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-36.89)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.56,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.77,44.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.33,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.23" y="-8.2299995"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.08" y="-10.74"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.65,55.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.9273758" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.3604321" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.88,58.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.729734" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.85,55.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.23,55.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.08,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 186.56,50.88 74.4,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.81,36.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.83,42.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.15,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="202.60001" y="-3.5599999"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="206.7635" y="-3.5599999"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.015" y="-3.5599999"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.14075" y="-3.5599999"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="222.39224" y="-3.5599999"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>来看看<年代vg height="10.925" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>变化<年代vg height="10.325" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>增加时,我们可以使用以下众所周知的事实:当<年代vg height="11.25" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:47.862499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.862499 11.25" width="47.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.806911" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.932661" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="17.7875" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:271.95001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 271.95001 17.7875" width="271.95001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.064435" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.227934" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.48,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.05,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3269978" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.578498" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.054333" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.76,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.54,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.067554" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,11.77,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1199999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,17.2,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ≤</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.694386" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.047108" y="0"> Φ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.586899" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.750397" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,77.19,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,82.63,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ≤</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.731653" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.895153" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,120.77,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,126.2,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,140.08,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。自<年代vg height="14.75" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:125.7875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 125.7875 14.75" width="125.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.0391889" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.556372" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.59676" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.623928" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.964149" y="0"> Φ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.503937" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.667435" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,6.97,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.9273758" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.3604321" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,24.42,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们可以近似<年代vg height="11.2125" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:29.737499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.737499 11.2125" width="29.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.03)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.71,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.9273758" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.3604321" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>通过<年代vg height="16.950001" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-4.35121pt;width:29.737499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.737499 16.950001" width="29.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.95)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.44)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.71,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.2200003"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.9273758" y="9.2200003"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.3604321" y="9.2200003"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq2.3"> <svg height="30.487499" id="M28" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.487499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,88.93,56.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,95.17,61.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.0700002" y="-0.83999997"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.0700002" y="8.3800001"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.006128" y="8.3800001"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.439184" y="8.3800001"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,121.17,56.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.52" y="4.9200001"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.080002" y="-7.2600002"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≡</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.843222" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.094721" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 170.25,59.66 13.69,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.57,47.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.57" y="-3.8299999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.08" y="-3.8299999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="128.64" y="-16.01"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.950001" y="-8.75"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.277718" y="-8.75"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.753551" y="-8.75"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.005051" y="-8.75"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.439999" y="-8.7600002"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.6035" y="-8.7600002"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.855" y="-8.7600002"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.444321" y="-8.7600002"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.695824" y="-8.7600002"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.171654" y="-8.7600002"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="87.423157" y="-8.7600002"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="99.926155" y="-8.7600002"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.40199" y="-8.7600002"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.65349" y="-8.7600002"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 302.21,59.66 13.69,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,305.53,47.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.56" y="-3.8299999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.25" y="-8.75"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="159.22" y="-8.8999996"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="163.3835" y="-8.8999996"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="169.63499" y="-8.8999996"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="172.76074" y="-8.8999996"> 3</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="179.01225" y="-8.8999996"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>的显式近似<年代vg height="19.200001" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-4.35121pt;width:29.737499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.737499 19.200001" width="29.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.71,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.21"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.9273758" y="9.21"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.3604321" y="9.21"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在(<一个href="#EEq2.3">2。3</一个>工程非常好)<年代vg height="10.325" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>从10到<年代vg height="14.2" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:27.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.3125 14.2" width="27.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。把(<一个href="#EEq2.3">2。3</一个>)(<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#EEq2.2">2。2</一个>)收益率近似后所需的样本量<年代vg height="10.925" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq2.4"> <svg height="43.887501" id="M33" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 43.887501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,43.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-36.89)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.56,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.77,52.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.33,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.23" y="-8.2299995"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.08" y="-10.74"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.65,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.2200003"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.9273758" y="9.2200003"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.3604321" y="9.2200003"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.88,58.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.729734" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.85,55.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.23,55.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.08,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 186.56,50.88 74.4,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.81,36.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.83,42.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.15,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="202.60001" y="-3.5599999"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="206.7635" y="-3.5599999"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.015" y="-3.5599999"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.14075" y="-3.5599999"> 4</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="222.39224" y="-3.5599999"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>然后,固定<年代vg height="13.55" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:52.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.375 13.55" width="52.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.202688" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.416439" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.393112" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.606865" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.634029" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,从(<一个href="#EEq2.3">2。3</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq2.4">2。4</一个>),我们有<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq5"> <svg height="33.287498" id="M35" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.287498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-45.37)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,102.46,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,108.68,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.23,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≈</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,140.49,61.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,154.04,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≈</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.059999" y="-7.25"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 167.27,59.37 13.9,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,167.27,45.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.3,50.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.45,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.26" y="-7.25"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 203.71,59.37 13.69,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.03,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.57" y="-8.7600002"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.736139" y="-8.7600002"> 一个</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.287472" y="-8.7600002"> 年代</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.314636" y="-8.7600002"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.355988" y="-8.7600002"> ⟶</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.287209" y="-8.7600002"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="94.627426" y="-8.7600002"> ∞</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="106.20521" y="-8.7600002"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="257.72" y="-8.0699997"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="261.88348" y="-8.0699997"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="268.13501" y="-8.0699997"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="271.26074" y="-8.0699997"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="277.51224" y="-8.0699997"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>从上面几个事实是不言而喻的近似。首先,<年代vg height="10.925" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个近似的线性函数的<年代vg height="14.2" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt;width:42.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(以10为底)的斜率<年代vg height="14.175" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:29.6625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.6625 14.175" width="29.6625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.2,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。第二,所带来的影响<年代vg height="13.425" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在<年代vg height="10.925" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(或<年代vg height="16.549999" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-4.02643pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 16.549999" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)是可以忽略的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>很大。第三,减少<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>相当于增加了吗<年代vg height="10.325" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在<年代vg height="10.925" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(或<年代vg height="16.549999" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-4.02643pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 16.549999" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。的影响<年代vg height="10.6625" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.4125 10.6625" width="11.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在<年代vg height="10.925" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(或<年代vg height="16.549999" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-4.02643pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 16.549999" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)是显示在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>与<年代vg height="11.1" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:55.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.674999 11.1" width="55.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.806911" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.932661" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.184162" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="13.55" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:81.050003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81.050003 13.55" width="81.050003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.819895" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.847782" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.099281" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.225033" y="0"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.476532" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="13.075" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:64.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 13.075" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.490497" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.159637" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.6875" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:7.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9375 10.6875" width="7.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,分别。这表明<年代vg height="10.925" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(打开圆圈)确实可以近似的线性函数<年代vg height="14.2" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt;width:42.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。行计算基于近似正常的分位数(<一个href="#EEq2.4">2。4</一个>)<gydF4y2Ba年代vg height="16.549999" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-4.02643pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 16.549999" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。此外,当<年代vg height="10.6625" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.4125 10.6625" width="11.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>大(例如,<年代vg height="10.6875" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:38.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.612499 10.6875" width="38.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.490497" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),斜率是非常小的。</p><dgydF4y2Baiv class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="935621.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/935621/figures/935621.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.2" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.075" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 13.075" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.490497" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.159637" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.0125" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81 14.0125" width="81" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.79)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.819895" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.847782" y="0"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.099281" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.35078" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.45" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-0.23827pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.8125 11.45" width="47.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.806911" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <a href="#EEq2.2">2。2</一个><table> 样本大小和(gydF4y2Ba基地10)检测尺度效应gydF4y2Ba或2gydF4y2Ba权力在familywise显著性水平gydF4y2Ba当Bonferroni调整使用。开放的圆圈表示样本大小计算基于完全正常的分位数()gydF4y2Ba。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>简单的Bonferroni调整是非常有用的,当真正的替代品的数量很小。这经常发生,例如,在候选基因关联研究。Bonferroni方法很容易适用,例如,它很方便当协变量假设涉及许多和讨厌的参数,而置换方法可能不适用,因为他们需要一些对称或可交换性零假设(<一个href="#B4">13</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B7">14</一个>]。接下来,我们给出两个实例来说明样本容量的增长速度相对于测试的数量<年代vg height="10.325" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>要执行。</p><p><年代p一个nclass="statement" id="head1"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">AMD的例子</gydF4y2Bai></span><br>年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)是老年人失明的主要原因。克莱恩et al。<一个href="#B8">1</一个>]报道96例和控制的全基因组屏幕多态性与AMD有关。他们检查了116204单核苷酸多态性(snp)。发现的两个单核苷酸多态性与疾病表型紧密相关。这是一个测试例子平等的两个二项的比例两个独立的团体(病例和控制)。给出所需的样本量为每一个标记(<一个href="#EEq2.2">2。2</一个>)或(<一个href="#EEq2.4">2。4</一个>),<gydF4y2Ba年代vg height="17.887501" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:124.3625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 124.3625 17.887501" width="124.3625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,66.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.58,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.455387" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.01,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-18.36,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-0.9,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,3.98,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,8.14,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 13.01,69.27 6.12,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,13.01,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 21.21,69.27 6.23,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,21.21,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="20.4125" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-3.53008pt;width:172.35001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 172.35001 20.4125" width="172.35001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.9" y="0.28"> √</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.852844" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m -36.45,70.71 102.28,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.45,59.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.17,56.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-17.13,59.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-11.4,56.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-3.75,59.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,13.71,56.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,18.58,59.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,24.31,56.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,29.18,59.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 47.24,67.64 6.11,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,47.24,59.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 55.44,67.64 6.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,55.44,59.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2139912" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="16.0875" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:94.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 94.849998 16.0875" width="94.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.0875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.13)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.11,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.781185" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.05,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.4,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-14.94,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.06,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。说明样本容量增长Bonferroni调整绘制在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>对<年代vg height="14.2" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt;width:42.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>使用苏格兰民族党rs1329428(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>Klein)中标识等。<一个href="#B8">1</一个>]。使用Bonferroni调整,提供的样本大小的计算<年代vg height="11.5" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt;width:27.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.424999 11.5" width="27.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.8)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>权力检测协会familywise显著性水平<年代vg height="11.45" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.23827pt;width:47.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.8125 11.45" width="47.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.806911" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。开放的圈子和加号是样本大小<年代vg height="10.925" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>使用(<一个href="#EEq2.2">2。2</一个>)根据显性和隐性的优势比,分别。相应的行是样本大小<年代vg height="16.549999" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-4.02643pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 16.549999" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>基于(<一个href="#EEq2.4">2。4</一个>)。</年代p一个n></p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">属性</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">rs1329428 (C / T)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">风险等位基因</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">C</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">或(主导)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.7</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">在人类基因组单体型图CEU频率</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">82%</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">或(隐性)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">6.2</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">在人类基因组单体型图CEU频率</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">41%</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="2"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 克莱恩的SNP et al。<一个href="#B8">1</一个>]。</dgydF4y2Baiv> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="935621.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/935621/figures/935621.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 样本大小来检测协会rs1329428与数字基因组snp的宽屏幕AMD的研究。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p><span class="statement" id="head2"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">TDT的例子</gydF4y2Bai></span><br>测试链接或家庭研究协会,传输/不平衡测试(TDT) Spielman et al。<一个href="#B13">15</一个>)检查传输一个等位基因的杂合的父母对他们的影响后代。如果一个等位基因与疾病风险相关,其传播可能出现超过50%的时间。Risch和Merikangas<一个href="#B10">16</一个>]研究了所需的样本量影响sib对TDT)。TDT)相当于两个相关比例McNemar检验法的假设<年代vg height="14.9375" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:83.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 83.099998 14.9375" width="83.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.69,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∶</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8523636" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.442165" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.482553" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.734055" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.859802" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>与<年代vg height="14.7875" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:83.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 83.099998 14.7875" width="83.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.69,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∶</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8523636" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.442165" y="0"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.482553" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.734055" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.859802" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>为指定的替代<年代vg height="10.925" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:43.262501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.262501 10.925" width="43.262501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.21,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="10.925" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.237499 10.925" width="16.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的概率是一个<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:27.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.174999 10.9125" width="27.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9646511" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.440485" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>父母传递等位基因<年代vg height="10.55" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>一个影响后代。样本大小(配对)需要在(<一个href="#EEq2.1">2。1</一个>),<gydF4y2Ba年代vg height="20.4125" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-4.12569pt;width:120.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 120.4125 20.4125" width="120.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.15" y="0.87"> √</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.852844" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.893232" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m -30.2,70.71 54.48,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.2,59.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.08,56.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-17.31,59.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,13.34,56.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,20.12,59.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="17.887501" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:131.575px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 131.575 17.887501" width="131.575" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,66.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.58,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.455387" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.01,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.46,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.71747" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.968971" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,14.68,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,19.55,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,25.67,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.925" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.200001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.200001 10.925" width="17.200001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是预计的不和谐的比例对所有配对。如果我们假设分析中使用的每个家庭只有一个杂合的家长,标志<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的家庭数量是必需的。示范TDT)绘制在图的样本大小<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>使用设置在Risch和Merikangas [<一个href="#B10">16</一个>]。使用Bonferroni调整,提供的样本大小的计算<年代vg height="14.0125" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:81px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81 14.0125" width="81" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.79)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.819895" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.847782" y="0"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.099281" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.35078" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>权力来识别疾病基因familywise显著性水平<年代vg height="11.45" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.23827pt;width:47.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.8125 11.45" width="47.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.806911" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。加号和开放的三角形是样本容量<年代vg height="10.925" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>基于计算(<一个href="#EEq2.2">2。2</一个>)相应疾病的频率等于0.1和0.5,分别。相应的行<年代vg height="16.549999" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-4.02643pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 16.549999" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>基于(<一个href="#EEq2.4">2。4</一个>)。</年代p一个n></p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="935621.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/935621/figures/935621.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.2" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <a href="#B10">16</一个><table> 的家庭数量需要对比(gydF4y2Ba基地10)。样本大小的TDT Risch和Merikangas [),gydF4y2Ba疾病的频率为0.1(加号)和0.5(开放的三角形)。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。罗斯福控制</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>多个测试的假设,如使用微阵列分析许多基因,结果可以在表进行描述<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。</p><dgydF4y2Baiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left" rowspan="2">真理</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center" colspan="2">测试决定</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center" rowspan="1">总</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="center">拒绝<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.862499 14.3875" width="19.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">接受<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.862499 14.3875" width="19.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span style="width: 19.862499px;"> <svg height="14.3875" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.862499 14.3875" width="19.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 12.625px;"> <svg height="10.575" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.625 10.575" width="12.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 47.474998px;"> <svg height="14.3875" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.474998 14.3875" width="47.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.42,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 17.3125px;"> <svg height="11.075" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 11.075" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span style="width: 19.862499px;"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.862499 14.2375" width="19.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 12.8625px;"> <svg height="10.5375" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.8625 10.5375" width="12.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 47.700001px;"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M96" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.700001 14.2375" width="47.700001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.42,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 17.3125px;"> <svg height="10.925" id="M97" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">总</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"><span style="width: 11.6875px;"> <svg height="10.325" id="M98" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 45.049999px;"> <svg height="10.325" id="M99" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.049999 10.325" width="45.049999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.341181" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.681402" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 17.237499px;"> <svg height="10.325" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 可能的结果进行测试<年代vg height="10.325" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>假设。</dgydF4y2Baiv> </div> </div> <p>可能许多人在微阵列基因差异表达研究[<一个href="#B15">7</一个>]。一个自然的方式来控制整个假阳性是控制预期的比例的假阳性。Benjamini和业务<一个href="#B2">8</一个>)定义了错误发现率(罗斯福),用表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>,因为<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq6"> <svg height="30.5375" id="M101" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.5375" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,64.55,56.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="104.4" y="4.9200001"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="111.43" y="-7.2600002"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> F</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9516678" y="0"> D</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.978834" y="0"> R</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.781666" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.822056" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.212288" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.375786" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.091339" y="0"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.131729" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.383224" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.634727" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 175.88,59.66 10.19,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.88,47.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.68" y="-3.8299999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.86" y="-8.75"> ∣</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.661633" y="-8.75"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.377182" y="-8.75"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.417572" y="-8.75"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.5" y="-8.75"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.666138" y="-8.75"> F</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.617805" y="-8.75"> D</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.644974" y="-8.75"> R</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.4603" y="-8.75"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="115.50069" y="-8.75"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="125.9157" y="-8.75"> f</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="129.6916" y="-8.75"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="135.9431" y="-8.75"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.2576" y="-8.75"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="156.98566" y="-8.75"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="169.02605" y="-8.75"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="175.27754" y="-8.75"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="288.87" y="-8.8800001"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="293.03351" y="-8.8800001"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="299.285" y="-8.8800001"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="302.41074" y="-8.8800001"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="308.66226" y="-8.8800001"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>层(<一个href="#B14">9</一个>)定义了积极的罗斯福(pFDR)<年代vg height="14.075" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-2.72116pt;width:150.925px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 150.925 14.075" width="150.925" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> p</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> F</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.203168" y="0"> D</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.230333" y="0"> R</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.033165" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.073555" y="0"> F</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.025223" y="0"> D</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.052387" y="0"> R</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.391891" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.867722" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.294502" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.458008" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.186058" y="0"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="110.22645" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="116.47795" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。当<年代vg height="10.325" id="M103" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是大的假设下,<年代vg height="13.45" id="M104" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:85.787498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 85.787498 13.45" width="85.787498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4267821" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.590281" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.305832" y="0"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.346222" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.597721" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.237053" y="0"> ≈</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.277443" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,除非<年代vg height="13.55" id="M105" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.3125 13.55" width="34.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>太小,罗斯福吗<年代vg height="7.5500002" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:15.175px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.175 7.5500002" width="15.175" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-65.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≈</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>pFDR。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba取决于所需的样本量为多个测试<年代vg height="13.55" id="M107" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:60.049999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.049999 13.55" width="60.049999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.0391889" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.25294" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.416439" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.443605" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.796329" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.773003" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.325" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.6625" id="M109" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.4125 10.6625" width="11.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>每个个体的基因。对于简单的博览会,我们承担同等的效果<年代vg height="10.6625" id="M110" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.4125 10.6625" width="11.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>对于所有的差异表达基因,说<年代vg height="10.925" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>基因;因此,权力<年代vg height="13.55" id="M112" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:44.724998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.724998 13.55" width="44.724998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.507561" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>检测任何个人差异表达基因是相同的所有<年代vg height="10.925" id="M113" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>基因之间的样本大小的两个条件<年代vg height="10.925" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:13.9875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.9875 10.925" width="13.9875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.925" id="M115" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:13.9875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.9875 10.925" width="13.9875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。预期的结果在多个测试可以表示为的函数<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M116" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="13.425" id="M117" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="11.075" id="M118" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 11.075" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.925" id="M119" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>总结在表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>。</p><dgydF4y2Baiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left" rowspan="2">真理</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center" colspan="2">测试决定</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center" rowspan="1">总</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="center">拒绝<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M121" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.862499 14.3875" width="19.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">拒绝<年代vg height="14.35" id="M122" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.887501 14.35" width="19.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span style="width: 19.862499px;"> <svg height="14.3875" id="M123" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.862499 14.3875" width="19.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 26.125px;"> <svg height="11.075" id="M124" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.125 11.075" width="26.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.0391889" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.02,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 62px;"> <svg height="14.75" id="M125" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 62 14.75" width="62" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.582579" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.746078" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.32,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 17.3125px;"> <svg height="11.075" id="M126" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 11.075" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span style="width: 19.862499px;"> <svg height="14.2375" id="M127" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.862499 14.2375" width="19.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.03,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 61.912498px;"> <svg height="14.6" id="M128" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 61.912498 14.6" width="61.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.507561" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.671059" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.4,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 26.0375px;"> <svg height="14.475" id="M129" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.0375 14.475" width="26.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9641709" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.1,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 17.3125px;"> <svg height="10.925" id="M130" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">总</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"><span style="width: 105.5625px;"> <svg height="14.75" id="M131" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 105.5625 14.75" width="105.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.0391889" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.37,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.50372" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.871105" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.847782" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.01128" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,7.53,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 105.5625px;"> <svg height="14.75" id="M132" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 105.5625 14.75" width="105.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.582579" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.746078" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.32,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.67,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.316895" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,7.53,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 17.237499px;"> <svg height="10.325" id="M133" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 预期结果进行测试<年代vg height="10.325" id="M120" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>假设。</dgydF4y2Baiv> </div> </div> <p>大数定律,从表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba年代vg height="14.75" id="M134" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:261.96249px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 261.96249 14.75" width="261.96249" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> F</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9516678" y="0"> D</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.978834" y="0"> R</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.781666" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.822056" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.749195" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.912697" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.101921" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.577755" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.829971" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.469307" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.509697" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,29.44,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,34.31,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.051692" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.527526" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.691025" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,57.88,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,62.76,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8148546" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.16758" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,92.81,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,97.68,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.507561" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.671059" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。表示所需的罗斯福水平<年代vg height="13.4875" id="M135" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:10.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.675 13.4875" width="10.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。然后从上面的方程,我们有<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq2.5"> <svg height="38.575001" id="M136" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,107.19,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.74,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> d</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,127.92,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.42" y="-8.3500004"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 141.15,56.57 28.82,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,141.15,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.099998" y="-1.4299999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.450001" y="-3.8399999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.379997" y="-17.9"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.810001" y="-8.7600002"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.837166" y="-8.7600002"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.41,59.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 208.53,56.57 13.75,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.56,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.92" y="-3.8399999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.08,64.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.73,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="7.3299999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.030001" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.193499" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.20816" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.560886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.53756" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.776558" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.02" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.1835" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.435" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.56075" y="0"> 7</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.81226" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>占测试之间的依赖,我们遵循邵和曾<一个href="#B12">17</一个>]。让<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M137" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:12.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.75 14.3625" width="12.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个片面的两个样本的检验统计量<gydF4y2Bai>z</gydF4y2Bai>以及对<年代vg height="9.9250002" id="M138" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:4.9875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.9875002 9.9250002" width="4.9875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>备择假设,让<年代vg height="11.05" id="M139" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:11.7875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.7875 11.05" width="11.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是它的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M140" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.75 10.325" width="11.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>价值,让<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:88.724998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 88.724998 14.7125" width="88.724998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.33,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.029325" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.192825" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-31.01,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.32,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.079578" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>被拒绝的状态水平<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M142" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>;<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M143" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:38.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.762501 14.7125" width="38.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.33,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>如果<年代vg height="9.9250002" id="M144" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:4.9875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.9875002 9.9250002" width="4.9875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>测试结果是拒绝和0否则。此外,如果我们之间的两两相关系数表示两个测试<年代vg height="20.487499" id="M145" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:109.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 109.625 20.487499" width="109.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,66.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="10.65"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.57,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.618887" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.107464" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.270962" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.434464" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-8.25,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-5.03,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,7.06,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,11.49,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,那么它可以表明之间的关系<年代vg height="11.05" id="M146" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:11.5625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.5625 11.05" width="11.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="12.975" id="M147" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:13.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.0625 12.975" width="13.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="20.487499" id="M148" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:106.9875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 106.9875 20.487499" width="106.9875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.4,66.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.5" y="10.65"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.78,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.37989" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.63139" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.119967" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.283466" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.446964" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.4,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-6.18,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,4.95,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,9.38,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>可以从测试数据的相关性如下:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq8"> <svg height="41.637501" id="M149" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 41.637501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,41.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-38.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.04,49.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,135.59,55.92)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.5" y="10.66"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.22,49.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.23" y="-10.64"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.85" y="-8.1300001"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.330002" y="-10.64"> ̃</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.715914" y="-10.64"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.16,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.6,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.827838" y="0"> ̃</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2137508" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.05,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.48,60.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ;</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.32,66.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="10.65"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.95,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.51"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.970221" y="-2.51"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.13372" y="-2.51"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.160885" y="-2.51"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.501106" y="-2.51"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.477779" y="-2.51"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,280.6,65.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 159.45,52.9 126.02,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.09,41.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.580002" y="-8.75"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0521717" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.215671" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.255341" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.595562" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.572235" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="264.66" y="-11.19"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="268.82349" y="-11.19"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="275.07501" y="-11.19"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="278.20074" y="-11.19"> 8</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="284.45224" y="-11.19"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="10.325" id="M150" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>提供标准的二元正态分布,然后呢<年代vg height="30.025" id="M151" style="vertical-align:-7.7935pt;width:169.5625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 169.5625 30.025" width="169.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.32,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̃</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-6.6265898" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.71,52.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.8,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.592442" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.96,52.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-21.75,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.85" y="4.0799999"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> Δ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 15.31,70.71 48.29,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,15.31,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,21.53,60.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.21"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,35.17,55.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,52.73,60.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.21"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(<一个href="#B1">18</一个>]。在当地的依赖的假设下,真正的发现,总数<年代vg height="19.325001" id="M152" style="vertical-align:-4.82648pt;width:75.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.837502 19.325001" width="75.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.33" y="0.02"> ∑</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.277946" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.2,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.98,65.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.2,56.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-20.52,61.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-14.6,58.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>有一个近似正态分布:<年代vg height="18.9375" id="M153" style="vertical-align:-4.14055pt;width:152.6125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 152.6125 18.9375" width="152.6125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.85)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.829279" y="0"> ∼</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.033165" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.673218" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.83672" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-14.23,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.36,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.507561" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.671059" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.884811" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,38.87,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.63" y="9.0100002"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,45.87,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="20.887501" id="M154" style="vertical-align:-4.14055pt;width:214.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 214.625 20.887501" width="214.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,64.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.63" y="9.0100002"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.13,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-33.22,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-28.34,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9641709" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.12767" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.167339" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.507561" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.484234" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.647732" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.811234" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.838398" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 38.85,70.71 6.55,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,38.85,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,45.4,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,53.03,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,66.07,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,73.72,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> ]</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="22.4" id="M155" style="vertical-align:-5.35329pt;width:188.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 188.1875 22.4" width="188.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.4)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.08)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.55,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.4,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.29,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.22,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.34,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-11.3,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-3.65,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,22.27,64.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,35.23,59.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∑</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,46.65,55.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1834559" y="0"> ≠</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.631408" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,64.8,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,71.35,65.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.5" y="10.65"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>平均之间的相关性是真的发现。当地的依赖的假设可以简化公式的“强烈混合”下的中心极限定理给出了定理27.4 Billingsely [<一个href="#B3">19</一个>]。“混合”的方式,大致上,随机变量暂时远从一个另一个几乎是独立的。我们认为当地的依赖在许多基因研究的假设是合理的。例如,连锁不平衡会导致当地遗传标记的依赖。在生物标记研究中,生物标记相同的途径往往相关,导致当地的依赖。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba通常需要找到样本容量,确保familywise权力<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M156" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.7875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.7875 10.9125" width="11.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>确定至少一个给定的分数<年代vg height="13.45" id="M157" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:58.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.4375 13.45" width="58.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> ∈</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.768442" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.019943" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.233692" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.485195" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的<年代vg height="10.925" id="M158" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>真正的发现:<年代vg height="14.8125" id="M159" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:115.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 115.25 14.8125" width="115.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.790569" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.830957" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.25774" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.421238" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.711689" y="0"> ≥</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.752075" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.915573" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,1.84,60.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,6.72,63.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.1012239" y="0"> ]</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2647228" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。上述正常近似<年代vg height="10.5375" id="M160" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:12.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.8625 10.5375" width="12.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>comparison-wise允许一个封闭形式的解决方案<年代vg height="13.425" id="M161" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq2.6"> <svg height="44.762501" id="M162" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 44.762501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,44.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-36.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,101.17,49.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,107.33,46.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> d</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,121.51,49.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.669998" y="-9.25"> √</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.055052" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.395271" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.284664" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.82" y="-10.83"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.847164" y="-10.83"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.187386" y="-10.83"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.438889" y="-10.83"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="87.328278" y="-10.83"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 231.78,70.71 81.57,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.78,60.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.91,65.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.2200003"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.99,60.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1799998" y="-0.0099999998"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.343499" y="-0.0099999998"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.370665" y="-0.0099999998"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.710886" y="-0.0099999998"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.812111" y="-0.0099999998"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.763779" y="-0.0099999998"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.104" y="-0.0099999998"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 174.33,52.83 139.02,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.55,40.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.68,45.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.2200003"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.54,40.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68" y="-8.7600002"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.21001" y="-10.02"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="222.3735" y="-10.02"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="228.625" y="-10.02"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.75075" y="-10.02"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="238.00224" y="-10.02"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="21.15" id="M163" style="vertical-align:-4.35121pt;width:209.71249px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 209.71249 21.15" width="209.71249" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.15)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.08)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,64.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.21"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.52,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-33.61,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-28.74,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> {</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4772739" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.640773" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.667938" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 5.28,70.71 6.55,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,5.28,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,11.83,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,19.46,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,32.5,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,40.15,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> ]</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.918718" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,72.32,64.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.3400002"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="9.3400002"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="9.3400002"> Ψ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,89.71,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> }</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。当<年代vg height="10.925" id="M164" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>很大,有一个family-wise权力<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M165" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.7875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.7875 10.9125" width="11.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>至少在检测<年代vg height="11.45" id="M166" style="vertical-align:-0.23827pt;width:41.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.625 11.45" width="41.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.855724" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的<年代vg height="10.925" id="M167" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>真正的选择,罗斯福<年代vg height="13.4875" id="M168" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:10.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.675 13.4875" width="10.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>片面的所需样本量<gydF4y2Bai>z</gydF4y2Bai>以及由(<一个href="#EEq2.1">2。1</一个>),<gydF4y2Ba年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M169" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="13.425" id="M170" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>由(<一个href="#EEq2.5">2。7</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq2.6">2。9</一个>)迭代。</p><p><年代p一个nclass="statement" id="head3"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">一个微阵列的例子。</gydF4y2Bai></span><br>我们现在考虑一个著名的从研究白血病数据集Gloub et al。<一个href="#B5">2</一个>)展示多个比较的样本大小和数量之间的关系当控制罗斯福。中所描述的实验的原始目的Gloub et al。<一个href="#B5">2</一个>)是识别与临床相关的易感基因异质性在白血病的两个子类:急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)和急性髓系白血病(AML)。数据集包含7129个属性来自47个所有患者和25 AML患者。我们可以应用(<一个href="#EEq2.1">2。1</一个>),(<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#EEq2.5">2。7</一个>)和(<一个href="#EEq2.6">2。9</一个>)迭代获得所需的样本量时控制罗斯福。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>提供3种不同的设置控制罗斯福<年代vg height="14.075" id="M171" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:47.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.674999 14.075" width="47.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.402496" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.442884" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.694386" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>与<年代vg height="11.5" id="M172" style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt;width:58.474998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.474998 11.5" width="58.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.8)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.790569" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.830957" y="0"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.082458" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.333958" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。基于100年最差异表达基因Gloub et al。<一个href="#B5">2</一个>),<gydF4y2Ba年代vg height="19.775" id="M173" style="vertical-align:-3.24916pt;width:64.587502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.587502 19.775" width="64.587502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.18)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.55,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.4,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.29,59.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 7</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(见(<一个href="#EEq2.6">2。9</一个>))。开放的圆圈表示样本大小<年代vg height="10.925" id="M174" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>当真正的替代品的数量<年代vg height="10.925" id="M175" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>保持不变(<年代vg height="14.6" id="M176" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:52.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.325001 14.6" width="52.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.73,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 4</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。在这种情况下,我们观察到的样本大小是一个线性函数<年代vg height="14.2" id="M177" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt;width:42.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>作为<年代vg height="10.325" id="M178" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>增加。“+”符号表示的样本大小<年代vg height="10.925" id="M179" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>当真正的替代品的数量增加速度有所放缓<年代vg height="10.325" id="M180" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M181" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:89.412498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 89.412498 14.7125" width="89.412498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.73,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.843222" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.094721" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.522224" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>);样本大小也大约一个线性函数的日志<年代vg height="10.325" id="M182" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。样本大小的三角形表示<年代vg height="10.925" id="M183" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 10.925" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>当真正的选择是常数的比例(<年代vg height="15.0625" id="M184" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:84.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 84.0625 15.0625" width="84.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.95)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,60)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.2,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.504681" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.545069" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.79657" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.048069" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),样本大小大致保持不变,测试数量的增加预计从(<一个href="#EEq2.5">2。7</一个>)。线条图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>代表样本大小<年代vg height="16.549999" id="M185" style="vertical-align:-4.02643pt;width:20.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.5 16.549999" width="20.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.74,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0200005"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>基于(<一个href="#EEq2.4">2。4</一个>)。</年代p一个n></p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="935621.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/935621/figures/935621.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代p一个n><一个一个ria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.2" id="M186" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.075" id="M187" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.674999 14.075" width="47.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.402496" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.442884" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.694386" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.5" id="M188" style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.474998 11.5" width="58.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.8)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.790569" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.830957" y="0"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.082458" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.333958" y="0"> %</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.925" id="M189" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 10.925" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.6" id="M190" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.325001 14.6" width="52.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.73,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 4</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.7125" id="M191" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 89.412498 14.7125" width="89.412498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.73,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.843222" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.094721" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.522224" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.6" id="M192" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.387497 14.6" width="72.387497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.73,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.605904" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.081738" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.333237" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 样本大小和(10)gydF4y2Ba基础控制罗斯福gydF4y2Ba与gydF4y2Ba。开放的圆圈表示所需的样本量时真正的替代品的数量gydF4y2Ba保持为常数(),gydF4y2Ba加上迹象时样本大小gydF4y2Ba时,三角形的样本大小的比例真正的选择是常数()gydF4y2Ba。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="discussion">3所示。讨论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>在这个简短的纸,我们表明,大量增加的比较往往只需要一个小数量的增加样本量。我们进一步证明,当控制罗斯福,样本大小有时甚至可能保持不变比较数量的增加(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>)。测试所需的样本量<年代vg height="10.325" id="M193" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>假设一般不增长速度超过了一个线性的函数<年代vg height="14.2" id="M194" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt;width:42.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,即使一个简单的使用Bonferroni调整,和斜率的线性增长率(<年代vg height="14.2" id="M195" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt;width:42.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.424999 14.2" width="42.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)是小当检测大效果。这些结果在实践中具有重要意义,由于广泛使用的多重比较。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba在本文中,我们讨论了样本容量公式基于固定效果替代假说。在现实中,影响大小可能遵循一个分布,模拟方法可能是有用的在确定样本的大小。我们使用<年代vg height="7.375" id="M196" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:7.9250002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9250002 7.375" width="7.9250002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>以及获得的样本容量公式,因为通常需要大样本大小与多个比较研究。如果效果很大和样本容量很小,<年代vg height="9.125" id="M197" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>以及可能更合适。然而,我们预计样本大小和数量的对数之间的关系的比较仍然是线性的。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba在实践中,如果可行,使用保守的样本大小可以减少的机会获得假阳性结果,确保再现性(<一个href="#B9">6</一个>]。本文中提供的简单的样本容量公式可以用来选择一个合适的样本量不同其他设计参数和考虑提出的可靠性设计。虽然罗斯福是非常有用的和越来越多的用于多个比较,我们的经验帮助生物医学研究者和本文的分析表明,简单Bonferroni方法通常可以提供在很多情况下保守但有用的样本大小。</p></dgydF4y2Baiv> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</gydF4y2Bah4> <ol> <li id="B8">r . j . 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Merikangas&publication_year=1996" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B12">y邵和c·h·曾与依赖调整样本量计算FDR-control在微阵列研究中,“<gydF4y2Bai>医学统计</gydF4y2Bai>,26卷,不。23日,第4237 - 4219页,2007年。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2862">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sample%20size%20calculation%20with%20dependence%20adjustment%20for%20FDR-control%20in microarray%20studies&author=Y. Shao &author=C. H. Tseng&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B1">安和j·j·h·陈,“代over-dispersed, under-dispersed二项变量。”<gydF4y2Bai>计算和图形统计杂志》上</gydF4y2Bai>,4卷,不。1,55 - 64、1995页。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1390627">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Generation%20of%20over-dispersed%20and%20under-dispersed%20binomial%20variates&author=H. Ahn &author=J. J. Chen&publication_year=1995" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B3">p .首度登场,<gydF4y2Bai>概率和测量</gydF4y2Bai>约翰·威利& Sons,纽约,纽约,美国,1995年。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks"></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>版权©2012 Chi-Hong曾和Yongzhao邵。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p></dgydF4y2Baiv> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</gydF4y2Bah4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 cQzzwB"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jps/2012/935621.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/B-ZoyQIR0c5uEhNxiW1wv/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-kcDeIU cbcyj ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavLarge"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iMTgiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxOCAyMiI+PGRlZnM+PGNsaXBQYXRoIGlkPSJhIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMmEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjNBMywzLDAsMCwxLDMsMGg4YS45OTEuOTkxLDAsMCwxLC41NzMuMTgxbDAsMCwuMDA4LjAwNmEuOTU1Ljk1NSwwLDAsMSwuMTIyLjFsNiw2YTEuMDI1LDEuMDI1LDAsMCwxLC4xLjEyMmwuMDA2LjAxLDAsMEExLDEsMCwwLDEsMTgsNi45NzVWMTlhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMsM1pNMiwzVjE5YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLDFIMTVhMSwxLDAsMCwwLDEtMVY4SDExYTEsMSwwLDAsMS0xLTFWMkgzQTEsMSwwLDAsMCwyLDNaTTEyLDZoMi41ODdMMTIsMy40MTRaTTUsMTdhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAtMmg4YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLDJabTAtNGExLDEsMCwxLDEsMC0yaDhhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAsMlpNNSw5QTEsMSwwLDEsMSw1LDdIN0ExLDEsMCwwLDEsNyw5WiIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMyAxKSIvPjwvY2xpcFBhdGg+PC9kZWZzPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKC0zIC0xKSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTMsMjJhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMtM1YzQTMsMywwLDAsMSwzLDBoOGEuOTkxLjk5MSwwLDAsMSwuNTczLjE4MWwwLDAsLjAwOC4wMDZhLjk1NS45NTUsMCwwLDEsLjEyMi4xbDYsNmExLjAyNSwxLjAyNSwwLDAsMSwuMS4xMjJsLjAwNi4wMSwwLDBBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDE4LDYuOTc1VjE5YTMsMywwLDAsMS0zLDNaTTIsM1YxOWExLDEsMCwwLDAsMSwxSDE1YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLTFWOEgxMWExLDEsMCwwLDEtMS0xVjJIM0ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMiwzWk0xMiw2aDIuNTg3TDEyLDMuNDE0Wk01LDE3YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLTJoOGExLDEsMCwxLDEsMCwyWm0wLTRhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAtMmg4YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLDJaTTUsOUExLDEsMCwxLDEsNSw3SDdBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDcsOVoiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDMgMSkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/935621.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</年代p一个n></年代p一个n> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jps/2012/935621.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</dgydF4y2Baiv><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<年代p一个n>3628年年</年代p一个n></div> <div> 下载<年代p一个n>1077年年</年代p一个n></div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2012/935621" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</dgydF4y2Baiv> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</gydF4y2Bah3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/935621&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" 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