连续协变量的平衡处理分配:一种新的不平衡最小化方法</t我tle><l在khref="//www.newsama.com/static/themes/hindawi/base.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/static/lib/basictable.css" rel="stylesheet" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/static/lib/owl.carousel.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/static/lib/owl.theme.default.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.18/bib-related-content.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.18/bib-related-content.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/css/common.ee53122b.chunk.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/css/static/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/pages/journal_article.js.3d6e6037.chunk.css"> <style data-styled="NQpXC gnduKR jzXSTA bNmdOy epRoim bUhGXt gjctdt jGJLow kAzjOl ivbKJD fopjOz hbVEoI khbeDd gvAGTV kNoiZu diutvq bqeMOy bMdQcY ldSkVQ cmzomn bomGMi kuxTps prcY bJcSpM hdSPnx fTkdCR dDYYdJ EwsTm hYnXNL hGCBfz dfaOeH jOLhQl TsaZF iiusBg cqhPZs gaRePw dEfJbW eBepOs fSPaCp bVEEaH etauus ctePXh gCIfTO hHKuAX dIjoCg jUTgTa eujois cQgXqt ewCAZX kdvWPs hAFFGk lkWWFY ehYbwJ legory epgILe kCfRMJ bjwAQR byflLi jXeALb UVThf dDyxFF fkVFlF dzZrgS jLUVhb dVCLgr bBmZJZ ewHMLz bbzREB jknsZc eSvjPB jntdRu hAzjHP mBGSe bkiEfx ztvYg cUsFHx duuwge lcOiDF gsmOCv kPshFw gaKwvw jZOxOO eHMFfo XkrFe irNWJI dMuGGA kfDwZY evMkvU fYrLtk fjviok hgKieC cIribm khHUcu pzSfk dbAANp eyHfWh cBTaXT kgAKHb jgHHJS jzTMLK gbrQxi hRnXob hymroZ cbcyj hmDWcT isgRZA ihmyEq itFKcQ cGuwDn jrsDZP gWTCXQ jGPvPL etzuBr gWgCNb WHkfb ibWUzs kdRRST cHatnS kxdGAZ jHPgUP fXBKFa hNPrIr bnbfTS cYsVdk inBNwS dkutRV hlGpbO filPdg ecHxGW gCiATD eEFYIL dsXEHZ iXKuYd" data-styled-version="4.4.1"> /* sc-component-id: sc-bdVaJa */ .EwsTm{height:200vh;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:1;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.8);} .EwsTm.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){} @media (min-width:992px){.EwsTm{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-htpNat */ .bUhGXt{color:black;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;} .bUhGXt:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bxivhb */ .ivbKJD{display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-ifAKCX */ .fopjOz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0;} .fopjOz li{padding:0 10px;} .fopjOz li a{padding:0;} .fopjOz a{-webkit-transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;border-bottom:2px solid #fff;border-radius:0;} .fopjOz a:hover{border-bottom:2px solid #9b9b9b;padding-bottom:4px;} .fopjOz .active{border-bottom:2px solid #57a61e;} /* sc-component-id: sc-EHOje */ .jOLhQl{vertical-align:middle;height:24px;}.TsaZF{vertical-align:middle;height:40px;}.iiusBg{vertical-align:middle;height:16px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bZQynM */ .bNmdOy{max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;width:100%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-htoDjs */ .khbeDd{vertical-align:middle;font-size:24px;}.gvAGTV{vertical-align:middle;font-size:9px;}.kNoiZu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;}.diutvq{vertical-align:middle;font-size:22px;}.bqeMOy{vertical-align:middle;font-size:20px;}.bMdQcY{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjdhpX */ .jzXSTA{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:1000;background:#fff;height:70px;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;-webkit-transition:all 0.5s;transition:all 0.5s;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;}} @media (max-width:767px){.jzXSTA{margin-bottom:70px;height:60px;}} .jzXSTA .header__padding{padding:0 20px;box-sizing:border-box;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA .header__padding{padding:0 0 0 20px;}} .jzXSTA .menu{position:fixed;top:60px;right:0;width:100%;background:white;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA .menu{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu{width:500px;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jzXSTA .menu{display:none;}} .jzXSTA .menu ul{list-style-type:none;text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0;} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu ul{padding:0;border-left:1px solid #e3e3e3;}} .jzXSTA .menu ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;padding:10px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;} .jzXSTA .menu .button_wrap{width:90%;margin:10px auto;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu .button_wrap{display:none;}} .jzXSTA .menu .button__publishing{background-color:#6ba439;color:#fff;border-color:#6ba439;} .jzXSTA .menu .button__login{display:none;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#e3e3e3;} .jzXSTA.headerUp{-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);-ms-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-jzJRlG */ .jGJLow{-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .jGJLow a{padding:10px;} .jGJLow nav{-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} @media (max-width:991px){.jGJLow nav{display:none;}} .jGJLow nav ul{margin-right:16px;} .jGJLow nav ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;padding:10px 0px 4px;margin:0 6px;} @media (max-width:991px){.jGJLow .icon-themeable{border-left:1px solid #e3e3e3;padding:23px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767px){.jGJLow .icon-themeable{padding:18px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.jGJLow.mobileButtonFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 51%;-webkit-flex:0 0 51%;-ms-flex:0 0 51%;flex:0 0 51%;max-width:51%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cSHVUG */ .ldSkVQ{display:none;padding:0;background-color:#fff;border:none;height:59px;} @media (min-width:768px){.ldSkVQ{height:69px;}} .ldSkVQ img{box-sizing:content-box;width:28px;padding:17px 20px;} @media (min-width:768px){.ldSkVQ img{padding:22px 20px;}} @media (max-width:991px){.ldSkVQ{display:inline-block;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kAzzGY */ .epRoim a{display:inline-block;padding:15px 0;} @media (max-width:767px){.epRoim a{padding:10px 0;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.epRoim.mobileLogoFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 49%;-webkit-flex:0 0 49%;-ms-flex:0 0 49%;flex:0 0 49%;max-width:49%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-chPdSV */ .hbVEoI{border:none;height:50px;background-color:#fff;margin:10px 0 0 17px;position:relative;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.hbVEoI{margin:0 3px 0 16px;padding:0;height:69px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hbVEoI{height:59px;}} .hbVEoI img{box-sizing:content-box;} .hbVEoI .icon__cross{width:24px;height:24px;} @media (min-width:768px){.hbVEoI .icon__cross{padding:23px 20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hbVEoI .icon__cross{padding:0px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ckVGcZ */ .gjctdt{vertical-align:middle;height:39px;} @media (max-width:401px){.gjctdt{max-width:100%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jKJlTe */ .inBNwS{background-color:#0d2934;font-size:16px;position:relative;z-index:3;} @media (max-width:991px){.inBNwS{z-index:0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eNQAEJ */ .dkutRV{border-bottom :1px solid;border-color:#828282;padding:29px 40px 30px 40px;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV{padding:40px 40px 40px 35px;}} .dkutRV .primary__footer .mobile{display:block;} .dkutRV .primary__footer .desktop{display:none;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV .primary__footer{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;}.dkutRV .primary__footer .mobile{display:none;}.dkutRV .primary__footer .desktop{display:block;}} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV .col5{-webkit-flex:0 0 18%;-ms-flex:0 0 18%;flex:0 0 18%;max-width:18%;}} .dkutRV address{font-style:inherit;line-height:1.5;font-size:16px;display:none;border-right:1px solid #EBEBEB;} @media (max-width:767px){.dkutRV address{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-bottom:20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV address{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-right:50px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.dkutRV address{margin-right:70px;}} .dkutRV address p{margin:0;font-size:14px;} @media (max-width:767px){.dkutRV address p{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.dkutRV address p{font-size:16px;}} .dkutRV nav ul{list-style:none;padding:0;line-height:2;font-size:16px;margin:18px 0 0 0;} .dkutRV nav ul:first-child{margin:0;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV nav ul{margin:0;}} .dkutRV nav ul li{line-height:22px;padding:5px;} .dkutRV nav ul li a{color:#d8d8d8;font-weight:500;display:block;font-size:16px;} .dkutRV nav ul li img{padding:2.5px 0 0 10px;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-hMqMXs */ .hlGpbO{padding-top:6px;color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:500;margin-bottom:29px;} @media (min-width:992px){.hlGpbO{-webkit-flex:0 0 25%;-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:-webkit-fit-content;max-width:-moz-fit-content;max-width:fit-content;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kEYyzF */ .ecHxGW{margin-right:20px;} .ecHxGW:last-child{margin-right:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kkGfuU */ .filPdg{margin-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iAyFgw */ .gCiATD{line-height:30px;font-size:11px;padding:10px 20px;text-align:center;} .gCiATD .textright{text-align:right;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:767px){.gCiATD .textright{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gCiATD .textright{font-weight:100;}} .gCiATD a{font-size:13px;color:#fff;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hSdWYo */ .etauus{display:inline-block;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#E3E3E3;width:auto;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;} .etauus:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eHgmQL */ .fTkdCR{font-size:22px;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fTkdCR{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fTkdCR{font-size:25px;}} .fTkdCR:after{content:'';display:inline-block;margin-top:0.2em;margin-left:0.5em;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iRbamj */ .jZOxOO{font-size:30px;font-weight:500;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;-ms-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1;margin-top:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jZOxOO{font-size:40px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jZOxOO{font-size:40px;}} .jZOxOO sup,.jZOxOO sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:-10px;} .jZOxOO sub{top:10px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-Rmtcm */ .hNPrIr{font-size:20px;font-weight:500;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bRBYWo */ .fXBKFa{display:inline-block;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.fXBKFa{width:100%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fXBKFa.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hzDkRC */ .bnbfTS{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;width:100%;padding:0 !important;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .bnbfTS li{width:100%;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;padding:17px 0px;min-height:48px;} .bnbfTS li a{display:block;} .bnbfTS .iconBorder{border-right:1px solid #fff;} .bnbfTS img{width:23px;} .bnbfTS img.socialLinkedin{width:28px;} .bnbfTS .wechat-container{position:relative;} .bnbfTS .wechat-container .addthis_inline_share_toolbox{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:0 !important;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtRfpW */ .hHKuAX{background-color:#6BA439;color:#fff;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .hHKuAX img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .hHKuAX span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .hHKuAX span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.hHKuAX span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.hHKuAX span.text{padding-left:20px;}}.dIjoCg{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .dIjoCg img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .dIjoCg span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .dIjoCg span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.dIjoCg span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.dIjoCg span.text{padding-left:20px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kTUwUJ */ .eujois{width:20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dqBHgY */ .cQgXqt{width:20px;height:16px;color:#6ba439;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cbkKFq */ .kuxTps{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;position:fixed;top:60px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kuxTps{position:fixed;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.kuxTps{position:fixed;top:70px;}}.prcY{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;top:0px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.prcY{top:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.prcY{position:fixed;top:241px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hGoxap */ .dEfJbW{position:relative;background:#007d8d;} @media (max-width:991px){.dEfJbW{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW{width:50%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;border-top:1px solid white;}} .dEfJbW.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW.isHide{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .dEfJbW .submit__button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.5);padding:0 20px;min-height:45px;} .dEfJbW .submit__button span.text{font-size:16px;} .dEfJbW .submit__button img{width:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dEfJbW .submit__button{min-height:58px;}.dEfJbW .submit__button img{width:22px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW .submit__button{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjmCvl */ .fSPaCp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fSPaCp{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp{border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.fSPaCp{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} .fSPaCp .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(0);-ms-transform:rotateZ(0);transform:rotateZ(0);}} .fSPaCp.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .fSPaCp .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);}} .fSPaCp .icon__hidden{display:none;}.bVEEaH{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bVEEaH{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH{border-top:none;border-right:0;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.bVEEaH{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} .bVEEaH .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(0);-ms-transform:rotateZ(0);transform:rotateZ(0);}} .bVEEaH.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .bVEEaH .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);}} .bVEEaH .icon__hidden{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-TFwJa */ .gCIfTO{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gCIfTO{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gCIfTO{-webkit-transition:all 0.25s;transition:all 0.25s;border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;border-left:0;padding:14.5px 30px 14.5px 20px;width:calc(100% / 6);font-size:14px;}.gCIfTO:hover{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.gCIfTO{font-size:16px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bHwgHz */ .ctePXh{width:18px;margin-right:-4px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ctePXh{width:7px;font-size:7px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.ctePXh{width:18px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-krDsej */ .ewCAZX{position:absolute;top:0;width:calc(100% - 20px);right:0;bottom:0;background:#fff;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;min-height:290px;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);} .ewCAZX.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);-ms-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.ewCAZX.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(-200%);-ms-transform:translateX(-200%);transform:translateX(-200%);}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.ewCAZX{left:100%;width:100%;padding-top:20px;z-index:-1;min-height:375px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ewCAZX{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dTdPqK */ .lkWWFY{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.lkWWFY.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-300%);-ms-transform:translateY(-300%);transform:translateY(-300%);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.lkWWFY{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:186px;top:49px;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;background:#fff;z-index:-1;box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.21);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-itybZL */ .kdvWPs{font-weight:700;border:0;color:#4A4A4A;padding:10px 0;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;} .kdvWPs:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kdvWPs{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fzsDOv */ .hAFFGk{margin:0px 10px 2px 20px;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gPWkxV */ .legory{width:50%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jVODtj */ .epgILe{color:#007B8B;width:50%;font-size:16px;line-height:26px;margin:auto;padding:0 6%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kUaPvJ */ .ehYbwJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:50%;padding:24.5px 2% 0;-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;} @media (min-width:1024px){.ehYbwJ{padding:24.5px 3% 0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-giadOv */ .eBepOs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eBepOs{width:calc(100% / 6);}.eBepOs:first-child{border-left:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fONwsr */ .kCfRMJ{background-color:#D8D8D8;position:absolute;left:50%;display:inline-block;height:121px;width:2px;top:33px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-LKuAh */ .lcOiDF{padding:0;margin:10px 0 25px 0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iBEsjs */ .kPshFw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .kPshFw:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kPshFw{margin-top:10px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hzNEM */ .gsmOCv{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;background-color:#F2F2F2;padding:0 16px;} .gsmOCv.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .gsmOCv p{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .gsmOCv sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-chbbiW */ .mBGSe{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kZmsYB */ .bkiEfx{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:16px;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.58px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.58px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.58px;letter-spacing:0.58px;margin:23px 0 0px !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bkiEfx{margin:34px 0 0px !important;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bkiEfx{margin:-4px 0 0 !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-RcBXQ */ .ztvYg{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .ztvYg a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .ztvYg a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iSDuPN */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Bold.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .gaKwvw{font-weight:700;font-family:STIXGeneral-Bold;margin:19px 0 22px;font-size:25px;line-height:28px;-webkit-letter-spacing:normal;-moz-letter-spacing:normal;-ms-letter-spacing:normal;letter-spacing:normal;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gaKwvw{font-size:25px;margin:20px 0 23px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gaKwvw{font-size:30px;line-height:34px;margin:19px 0 22px;}} .gaKwvw p{margin:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fZwumE */ .cUsFHx{padding:0 3px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fQejPQ */ .duuwge{font-size:14px;} .duuwge:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtRlXQ */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .pzSfk{font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;text-align:justify;} .pzSfk a{word-break:break-all;} .pzSfk h4:first-of-type{border-top:0px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:0;} .pzSfk h4{font-size:20px;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans",sans-serif;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:-3px;} .pzSfk h4#abstract{margin-top:-7px;margin-bottom:-3px;} @media (min-width:767.5){.pzSfk h4#abstract{margin-top:-6px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.pzSfk h4#abstract{margin-top:34px;}} .pzSfk h4.references,.pzSfk h4.copyright{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;} .pzSfk h4.references{margin-bottom:-8px;} .pzSfk h5,.pzSfk h6{margin:22px 0;font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .pzSfk h6{margin:25px 0;text-align:left;} .pzSfk p{font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:25px auto;} @media (max-width:767px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section{margin:0 auto;overflow-x:hidden;}} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:19px 0px 19px 0px;height:254px;width:96%;overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;position:relative;cursor:pointer;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content table{margin:0 auto;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table object{z-index:-1;position:relative;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td{padding:4px 7px;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_left{text-align:left;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_center{text-align:center;} @media (min-width:768px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:22px 0px 0 0px;height:197px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:23px 0px 13px 0px;height:215px;}} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content:after{content:"";height:20%;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;background:-moz-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,color-stop(0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(100%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)));background:-webkit-linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.5) 30%,rgba(255,255,255,0.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,0.9) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);background:-o-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-ms-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);-webkit-filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer{background-color:#F2F2F2;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;} @media (min-width:768px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{display:none;}} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iMjAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjAiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMCAyMCI+PGRlZnM+PGNsaXBQYXRoIGlkPSJhIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMGEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjZBMywzLDAsMCwxLDMsM0g5QTEsMSwwLDAsMSw5LDVIM0ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMiw2VjE3YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLDFIMTRhMSwxLDAsMCwwLDEtMVYxMWExLDEsMCwxLDEsMiwwdjZhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMsM1ptNC4yOTMtNy4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMS40MTRMMTYuNTg1LDJIMTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMmg2YTEsMSwwLDAsMSwuNC4wODJoMGwuMDE4LjAwOC4wMDgsMEwxOS40MzguMWwuMDE0LjAwNy4wMDYsMCwuMDE5LjAxaDBBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDIwLDEuMDI4VjdhMSwxLDAsMSwxLTIsMFYzLjQxNUw4LjcwOCwxMi43MDdhMSwxLDAsMCwxLTEuNDE1LDBaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyIDIpIi8+PC9jbGlwUGF0aD48L2RlZnM+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTIgLTIpIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMGEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjZBMywzLDAsMCwxLDMsM0g5QTEsMSwwLDAsMSw5LDVIM0ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMiw2VjE3YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLDFIMTRhMSwxLDAsMCwwLDEtMVYxMWExLDEsMCwxLDEsMiwwdjZhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMsM1ptNC4yOTMtNy4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMS40MTRMMTYuNTg1LDJIMTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMmg2YTEsMSwwLDAsMSwuNC4wODJoMGwuMDE4LjAwOC4wMDgsMEwxOS40MzguMWwuMDE0LjAwNy4wMDYsMCwuMDE5LjAxaDBBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDIwLDEuMDI4VjdhMSwxLDAsMSwxLTIsMFYzLjQxNUw4LjcwOCwxMi43MDdhMSwxLDAsMCwxLTEuNDE1LDBaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyIDIpIi8+PGcgY2xpcC1wYXRoPSJ1cmwoI2EpIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiIGZpbGw9InJnYmEoMCwwLDAsMCkiLz48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiIGZpbGw9IiM2YmE0MzkiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .pzSfk ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .pzSfk ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .pzSfk ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .pzSfk ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .pzSfk ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .pzSfk ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .pzSfk ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .pzSfk .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .pzSfk .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .pzSfk .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.pzSfk .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.pzSfk .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.pzSfk .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.pzSfk{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.pzSfk{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.pzSfk{margin-bottom:100px;}} .pzSfk .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active svg{fill:#007B8B;} .pzSfk .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:357px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:417px;}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:16px;}} .pzSfk .owl-nav,.pzSfk .owl-dots{display:none;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{position:relative;height:auto;max-height:287px;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:477px;}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.pzSfk .owl-stage-outer,.pzSfk .owl-stage{max-height:287px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.pzSfk .owl-stage-outer,.pzSfk .owl-stage{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.pzSfk .owl-stage-outer,.pzSfk .owl-stage{max-height:477px;}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content::after,.pzSfk .owl-stage-outer::after,.pzSfk .owl-stage::after{background:transparent;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-align-items:self-start;-webkit-box-align:self-start;-ms-flex-align:self-start;align-items:self-start;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:calc(100% - 110px);}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:100%;position:relative;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:20%;}} .pzSfk .floats-partial-middle{position:relative;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 17.5px;height:50px;width:61px;display:inline-block;border:0;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background-position-y:54.35%;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:51px;background-position-x:8px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:59px;background-position-x:16px;}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iMTgiIGhlaWdodD0iMTQiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxOCAxNCI+PGRlZnM+PGNsaXBQYXRoIGlkPSJhIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMTAuMjkzLDEzLjcwN2ExLDEsMCwwLDEsMC0xLjQxNEwxNC41ODYsOEgxQTEsMSwwLDAsMSwxLDZIMTQuNTg2TDEwLjI5MywxLjcwN0ExLDEsMCwwLDEsMTEuNzA3LjI5M2w2LDZhMSwxLDAsMCwxLC4xNzIuMjMxaDBsLjAxLjAxOSwwLC4wMDUuMDA3LjAxNC4wMDYuMDEyLDAsLjAwOC4wMDguMDE4djBhMSwxLDAsMCwxLS4wMDkuODE3bDAsMEwxNy45LDcuNDRsMCwuMDA5LS4wMDUuMDExLS4wMDcuMDEzLDAsLjAwOC0uMDA4LjAxNSwwLC4wMDUtLjAxLjAxNiwwLDAtLjAxMS4wMTcsMCwwLS4wMTIuMDE4LDAsMC0uMDEyLjAxNywwLDBMMTcuOCw3LjZsMCwwLS4wMTEuMDE0LDAsLjAwNi0uMDEuMDEyLS4wMDkuMDExLS4wMDYuMDA3LS4wMTUuMDE3aDBsLS4wNC4wNDItNiw2YTEsMSwwLDAsMS0xLjQxNCwwWiIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMyA1KSIvPjwvY2xpcFBhdGg+PC9kZWZzPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKC0zIC01KSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTEwLjI5MywxMy43MDdhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMS40MTRMMTQuNTg2LDhIMUExLDEsMCwwLDEsMSw2SDE0LjU4NkwxMC4yOTMsMS43MDdBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDExLjcwNy4yOTNsNiw2YTEsMSwwLDAsMSwuMTcyLjIzMWgwbC4wMS4wMTksMCwuMDA1LjAwNy4wMTQuMDA2LjAxMiwwLC4wMDguMDA4LjAxOHYwYTEsMSwwLDAsMS0uMDA5LjgxN2wwLDBMMTcuOSw3LjQ0bDAsLjAwOS0uMDA1LjAxMS0uMDA3LjAxMywwLC4wMDgtLjAwOC4wMTUsMCwuMDA1LS4wMS4wMTYsMCwwLS4wMTEuMDE3LDAsMC0uMDEyLjAxOCwwLDAtLjAxMi4wMTcsMCwwTDE3LjgsNy42bDAsMC0uMDExLjAxNCwwLC4wMDYtLjAxLjAxMi0uMDA5LjAxMS0uMDA2LjAwNy0uMDE1LjAxN2gwbC0uMDQuMDQyLTYsNmExLDEsMCwwLDEtMS40MTQsMFoiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDMgNSkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0iIzZiYTQzOSIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+') no-repeat 18.5px;height:52px;width:61px;display:inline-block;padding:0px;cursor:pointer;border:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:51px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:59px;}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:-50px;height:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{bottom:0;}} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content{padding:12px;} .pzSfk .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{border-left:none;} .pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-content{display:none;} .pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer{background-image:url(https://w2o-xhtml-parsed-preprod.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/table_thumb.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:17px 17px;background-size:100px 70px;border-top:none;min-height:110px;position:relative;} .pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .table-thumb-overlay{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;left:17px;top:17px;height:70px;width:100px;} .pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text{padding-left:137px;padding-right:0px;position:relative;} .pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text .caption-text-overlay{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;top:20px;left:135px;height:20px;width:60px;} .pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{color:black;display:block !important;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:auto;margin-left:140px;margin-right:20px;padding:0px 0px 15px 0px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .minimize_btn{display:none !important;} .pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .expand_btn{display:none !important;} @media (max-width:567px){.pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer{background-size:60px 45px;}.pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .table-thumb-overlay{height:45px;width:60px;}.pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text{padding:30px 0px 15px 95px;}.pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text .caption-text-overlay{top:30px;left:95px;}.pzSfk .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{margin:0px 20px;}} .pzSfk .owl-item{overflow-y:hidden;margin-bottom:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;} .pzSfk .supplementary--docs{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:2em;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk .supplementary--docs{padding-left:1em;}} .pzSfk .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;-webkit-flex:0 0 100%;-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.pzSfk .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;-webkit-flex:0 0 50%;-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%;}} .pzSfk .supplementary--docs li a::after{content:'';background :url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) no-repeat 5px;padding-right:35px;background-size:14px;} .pzSfk .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc{padding-left:19px;} .pzSfk .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc p{margin:10px 0;} .pzSfk .table-group.fixed-width,.pzSfk .table-group.sidewaystable{min-width:auto;} .pzSfk .noliststyle{padding-left:1em;} .pzSfk .noliststyle li{padding-left:0;} .pzSfk .xml-content > hr{display:none;} .pzSfk sup,.pzSfk sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:5px;} .pzSfk sup{top:-5px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk a{position:relative;}} .pzSfk a div.tooltip{cursor:auto;position:absolute;width:280px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #adadad;padding:20px;margin:0;display:none;z-index:2;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk a div.tooltip{width:400px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.pzSfk a div.tooltip{width:572px;}} .pzSfk a div.tooltip .cross{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;display:block;height:14px;width:14px;cursor:pointer;} .pzSfk a div.tooltip ol{margin:0;padding:0 0 10px 20px;} .pzSfk a div.tooltip ol li{text-align:left;margin:0;} .pzSfk a div.tooltip.left{left:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk a div.tooltip.left{left:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.pzSfk a div.tooltip.left{left:-100px;}} .pzSfk a div.tooltip.right{right:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.pzSfk a div.tooltip.right{right:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.pzSfk a div.tooltip.right{right:-100px;}} .pzSfk a div.tooltip a.seeRef{padding-left:30px;} .pzSfk .gloss-abbr tr td:first-child{white-space:nowrap;} .pzSfk table.algorithm td{word-break:keep-all;} .pzSfk h4#copyright + p a{word-break:break-word;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bGbJRg */ .dVCLgr{width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dVCLgr{width:19%;}} @media (min-width:1280px){.dVCLgr{width:24%;max-width:350px;}} .dVCLgr p{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bEjcJn */ .jLUVhb{-webkit-flex:1 0 30%;-ms-flex:1 0 30%;flex:1 0 30%;list-style:none;padding:0;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:2;margin:0;margin-top:50px;top:169px;max-height:calc(100vh - 165px);overflow-y:auto;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1200px){.jLUVhb{max-width:354px;-webkit-flex:1 0 20%;-ms-flex:1 0 20%;flex:1 0 20%;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.jLUVhb{-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;max-width:354px;}} .jLUVhb p{margin:0;padding:10px 0;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:24px;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb p{display:block;padding:10px 20px;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}} .jLUVhb.links__hidden{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb.links__hidden{display:block;}} .jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:768px){.jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}.jLUVhb.translate #leftSectionMenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ePZHVD */ .ewHMLz{color:#4A4A4A;} /* sc-component-id: sc-likbZx */ .bBmZJZ{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;color:#4A4A4A;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:list-item;} @media (min-width:991px){.bBmZJZ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.bBmZJZ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .bBmZJZ:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .bBmZJZ a{display:block;padding:10px 20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eKZiaR */ .dzZrgS{position:fixed;width:100%;height:50px;color:#4D8A17;background-color:#F2F2F2;border:none;font-size:16px;line-height:18px;font-weight:500;z-index:2;top:170px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;text-align:left;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS{padding-left:15px;border-bottom:4px solid #FFFFFF;}.dzZrgS.is-open{border-bottom:4px solid #F2F2F2;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dzZrgS{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS{display:none;}} .dzZrgS .icon__dots{cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);margin-right:15px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS .icon__dots{padding-right:20px;margin-bottom:2px;-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}} .dzZrgS.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);top:170px;} @media(min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);-ms-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jrIrqw */ .eHMFfo{padding:0;margin:20px 0;} .eHMFfo span{font-size:14px;} .eHMFfo span.isHide{display:none;} .eHMFfo span i{font-style:italic;} .eHMFfo span i.isHide{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hjRWVT */ .irNWJI{width:16px;margin:0 2px 2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iQtOjA */ .kfDwZY{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .kfDwZY:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kfDwZY{margin-top:5px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fHxwqH */ .dMuGGA{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .dMuGGA.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .dMuGGA p:first-child{margin-top:15px;} .dMuGGA p{font-size:14px;line-height:23px;display:block;} .dMuGGA sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cEvuZC */ .XkrFe{border:none;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;height:2px;margin:15px 0;} .XkrFe.hr__author{margin-bottom:12px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cBdUnI */ @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.hRnXob{display:none;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hRnXob{z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-exkUMo */ .hymroZ{background-color:#6ba339;color:#ffffff;display:none;} .hymroZ span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.hymroZ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.hymroZ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kcDeIU */ .cbcyj{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:none;} .cbcyj span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.cbcyj{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.cbcyj{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.cbcyj:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cbcyj.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-BngTV */ .hmDWcT{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:none;} .hmDWcT span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.hmDWcT{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.hmDWcT{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.hmDWcT:hover{background-color :#5D9230;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hmDWcT.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hBbWxd */ .kdRRST{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-top:1px solid #ffffff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:14px;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:20px 55px 20px 25px;} @media (max-width:1279.5px){.kdRRST{padding-right:20px;}} @media (max-width:991.5px){.kdRRST{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dyGzUR */ .cHatnS div{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} .cHatnS div:last-of-type{padding-top:20px;} .cHatnS span{color:#4F4F4F;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:26px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-drKuOJ */ .kxdGAZ{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse;height:100%;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .kxdGAZ span{padding-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cTjmhe */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.ihmyEq{width:100%;z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cugefK */ .itFKcQ{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:991px){.itFKcQ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.itFKcQ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.itFKcQ.hide{display:none !important;}} .itFKcQ.active .icon-themeable{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-fnwBNb */ .etzuBr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iNhVCk */ .gWgCNb{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;font-size:16px;color:#4a4a4a;font-weight:500;padding:11px 20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;} @media (min-width:991px){.gWgCNb{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.gWgCNb:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eAKXzc */ .WHkfb{-webkit-flex:1 0 90%;-ms-flex:1 0 90%;flex:1 0 90%;padding-left:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.WHkfb{padding-left:93px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.WHkfb{padding-left:50px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bfYoXt */ .cGuwDn{width:20px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gbOuXE */ .jGPvPL{width:22px;height:21px;padding:2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dRFtgE */ .jrsDZP{-webkit-flex:1 0 80%;-ms-flex:1 0 80%;flex:1 0 80%;padding-left:26px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jrsDZP{padding-left:69px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jrsDZP{padding-left:20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.jrsDZP{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gkFcWv */ .gWTCXQ{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gWTCXQ{padding-left:20px;max-width:100px;display:inline;}} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.gWTCXQ{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hUfwpO */ .jHPgUP{width:100%;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:none;cursor:pointer;} .jHPgUP li{background-color:#f2f2f2;} @media (min-width:991px){.jHPgUP li{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.jHPgUP li:hover{background-color :#ffffff;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .jHPgUP h3{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-imABML */ .ibWUzs{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:block;border-top:1px solid #ffffff;border-radius:0;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} .ibWUzs .right__icon{padding:0;height:16px;width:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.ibWUzs{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.ibWUzs:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ibWUzs.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cjHlYL */ .hYnXNL{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:25%;float:right;margin-top:-49px;} @media (max-width:374px){.hYnXNL{width:26.5%;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hYnXNL{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dRaagA */ .hGCBfz{background-color:#6BA339;color:white;-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;z-index:100;padding:14px 16px 10px 19px;border-radius:0px;border-bottom:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767px){.hGCBfz{border-bottom:none;padding:16px 16px 14px 16px;font-size:14px;}.hGCBfz .article_toolbar_icon{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fEUNkw */ .dfaOeH{margin-right:16px;width:24px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dREXXX */ .cqhPZs{width:16px;height:auto;float:right;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cqhPZs{width:24px;height:24px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-nrwXf */ .byflLi{font-size:14px;padding:16px 20px 24px;} @media (max-width:991px){.byflLi{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eitiEO */ .jXeALb{font-size:14px;} .jXeALb:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bhlBdH */ .UVThf{font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;} /* sc-component-id: sc-OxbzP */ .eEFYIL{width:100%;height:auto;background-color:#4A4A4A;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;padding:15px 20px;line-height:20px;position:fixed;bottom:0px;z-index:3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .25s;-webkit-transition:transform .25s;transition:transform .25s;} .eEFYIL a{color:#7ED321;} .eEFYIL p{display:inline;margin:0;} .eEFYIL.hideBanner{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);-ms-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-bYnzgO */ .dsXEHZ{background:transparent;border:none;height:20px;width:20px;margin-left:20px;padding:0;cursor:pointer;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cPuPxo */ .iXKuYd{min-width:20px;height:20px;} /* sc-component-id: baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 */ .cmzomn{margin-top:140px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cmzomn{margin-top:85px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cmzomn{margin-top:70px;min-height:calc(100vh - 334px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 */ .dDyxFF{width:100%;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.dDyxFF{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap;padding:0 20px;max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1100.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__collabText{font-size:12px;}} @media (min-width:1100.5px) and (max-width:1200.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__collabText{font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1071.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__logoWrapper img{margin-left:20px;margin-bottom:10px;}.dDyxFF .partenership__logoWrapper img:last-child{margin-left:0;margin-bottom:0;}} @media (max-width:1150px){.dDyxFF .journal-metrics-container{display:none;}.dDyxFF .journal_report_link-border-helper{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 */ @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.fkVFlF{width:20%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.fkVFlF{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 */ .jzTMLK{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jzTMLK{width:20%;margin-bottom:60px;}.jzTMLK.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.jzTMLK{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 */ .bbzREB{margin:0 20px;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.bbzREB{width:calc(60% - 40px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.bbzREB{width:calc(50% - 40px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 */ .jknsZc{margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:768px){.jknsZc{max-width:688px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jknsZc{max-width:100%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1075px){.jknsZc{max-width:572px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 */ .gnduKR{width:100%;margin-top:170px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:180px;min-height:840px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 */ .bomGMi{width:100%;max-width:1440px;z-index:3;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-120px);-ms-transform:translateY(-120px);transform:translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bomGMi.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 */ .hdSPnx{background-color:#007B8B;opacity:0.8;color:#fff;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:17px 0 17px 20px;line-height:23px;height:60px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hdSPnx{line-height:26px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hdSPnx{line-height:50px;padding:5px 0 5px 20px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 */ .dDYYdJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;height:50px;width:100%;background-color:#007B8B;color:#fff;text-align:left;padding-left:14px;padding-right:0;border:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .dDYYdJ span{font-size:24px;padding-right:14px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dDYYdJ{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 */ .bJcSpM{background-color:#fff;display:block;position:relative;} .bJcSpM h1,.bJcSpM h2{color:#fff;} .bJcSpM h2{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bJcSpM h2{font-size:25px;}} .bJcSpM h1{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bJcSpM h1{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bJcSpM h1{font-size:40px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 */ .eSvjPB{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} .eSvjPB .author__editor--hr{display:block;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 */ .jntdRu{width:100%;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.jntdRu{margin-top:52px;}} .jntdRu p{margin:12px 0;line-height:20px;} .jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:100%;min-width:306px;padding-left:7px;padding-right:7px;} @media (min-width:346px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:543px;margin:auto;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{max-width:612px;width:75%;margin:inherit;margin-left:50px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:1100px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{margin-left:118px;}} .jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:15px;}} .jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:65px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:75px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu #vjs_video_3 button{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;left:40%;margin-top:0;}} .jntdRu .video-js .vjs-big-play-button{top:calc(50% - 22.5px);left:calc(50% - 50px);} .jntdRu .video-js{margin:20px 0;} .jntdRu a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .jntdRu a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 */ .hAzjHP{background-position:0px 0px;background-origin:content-box;background-size:99%;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 */ .evMkvU{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 */ .fjviok{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:15px 0 30px;border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fjviok{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:20px 0 30px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 */ .hgKieC{-webkit-flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:5px 0 15px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC{padding:5px 0;}} .hgKieC.notPublished{display:none;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.notPublished{display:block;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.isPublished{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.hgKieC.isPublished span:first-child::after{content:':';padding-right:3px;}} .hgKieC:last-child{border-right:none;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 */ .cIribm{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 */ .khHUcu{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 */ .fYrLtk{margin:-7px 0 -5px;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 */ .eyHfWh{position:relative;} .eyHfWh.hide{display:none;} .eyHfWh hr{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-30px;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}.cBTaXT.hide{display:none;} .cBTaXT hr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/_/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');} .jgHHJS{padding:0 20px 20px;} .jgHHJS .bib__image{display:none;} .jgHHJS .bib__title{font-size:20px;} .jgHHJS .bib__name{font-size:18px;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Bold",serif !important;color:rgb(74,74,74);font-weight:700;} .jgHHJS .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.jgHHJS .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info,.jgHHJS [class*=bib--txt] .bib__link .bib__info,.jgHHJS [class*=bib--txt] .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 0 !important;} .jgHHJS .bib__author{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(132,132,132);margin-top:3px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:20px;opacity:1;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:500;} .jgHHJS #biblio_sidebar .bib__link{border-top:1px solid rgb(227,227,227) !important;padding-top:5px !important;padding-bottom:5px !important;} .jgHHJS #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child{border-top:0 !important;padding-top:0 !important;} .jgHHJS #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child .bib__info{padding-top:0 !important;} .jgHHJS #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.jgHHJS #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 15px 10px 0 !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jgHHJS{padding:0 40px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jgHHJS{padding:0 20px;}} /* sc-component-id: biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 */ .kgAKHb{font-size:20px;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans";color:#000;font-weight:600;margin-top:34px;margin-bottom:18px;padding:0 20px;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 */ .gbrQxi{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gbrQxi{display:block;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar{top:110px;z-index:-100;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar .pdf_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar .ref_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .gbrQxi .article_toolbar_views{margin-top:-58px;display:block;text-align:right;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.isgRZA .article_bottom_toolbar{top:292px;z-index:-10;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.bjwAQR{padding:16px 20px 24px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 */ .NQpXC .content,.NQpXC .contentWrapper{overflow:visible;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-4 */ .cYsVdk{max-width:350px;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.cYsVdk{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 */ .dbAANp{background-color:#f5f5f5;padding:15px 20px 24px 20px;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dbAANp{margin-top:-64px;margin-bottom:40px;}} .dbAANp .hrTitleRef{padding:0;margin-top:0;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;} .dbAANp #biblio_widget{padding:0;}</style> </head> <body style="margin:0;box-sizing:border-box"> <div id="__next"> <div class="static_page"> <div class="page no__focus__outline"> <header class="sc-fjdhpX jzXSTA"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd header__padding"> <div class="sc-kAzzGY epRoim mobileLogoFlex _1fpqArXPCxgnlv2rXZC2sl _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/" aria-label="Home"><img alt="标志＂年代rc="https://preprod-admin.w2o.hindawi.com/themes/custom/hindawi_extended/logo.svg" class="sc-ckVGcZ gjctdt"></a> </div> <div class="sc-jzJRlG jGJLow mobileButtonFlex _2v1j-tLx3hx0tgKcpPzH6B _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd"> <nav class="sc-bxivhb ivbKJD"> <ul class="sc-ifAKCX fopjOz sc-kpOJdX kAzjOl"> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</一个></l我><l我class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</一个></l我><l我class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</一个></l我></ul> </nav> <button class="sc-chPdSV hbVEoI icon__search" aria-label="Search"><span class="sc-htoDjs khbeDd icon__search icon-colored _3hSk3ArgsWMFh5QJIGblNr icon-themeable" title="" font-size="24"></span></button> <button aria-label="Hamburger Menu" class="sc-cSHVUG ldSkVQ"><span class="sc-htoDjs khbeDd hamburger icon-colored _20YUA8q5mREEBfJm8VsdXV icon-themeable" title="" font-size="24"></span></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"></div> <main class="baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 cmzomn article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 gnduKR DADtd11SJ4KyWZ2l6zAnr base_style journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 NQpXC"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy width_wrapper"> <div id="journal__navigation" class="sc-cbkKFq kuxTps article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 bomGMi"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 bJcSpM" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/" aria-label=""><h2 class="sc-eHgmQL fTkdCR article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 hdSPnx _1ZrXcsbATVL_kHOpFAan9k">概率与统计杂志</h2></一个><button class="article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 dDYYdJ journalNavCheck" id="journalMenuTitle"><span>+</年代p一个n>杂志菜单</button> <div class="sc-bdVaJa EwsTm isHide" id="fadeOut"></div> <div class="sc-cjHlYL hYnXNL"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-dRaagA hGCBfz article-toolbar-link" href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jps/2012/842369.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-fEUNkw dfaOeH article_toolbar_icon" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24">PDF<我米g alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-dREXXX cqhPZs" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <nav id="journal__nav" class="sc-hGoxap dEfJbW article__JournalNavigationStyle-sc-10qhnp8-4 gaRePw isHide journalNavCheck"> <div class="sc-giadOv eBepOs journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-fjmCvl fSPaCp journalNavCheck" color="">日报》概述<年代p一个nclass="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__inactive icon-white _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__active icon-colored icon__hidden _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/guidelines/" aria-label="For authors">对于作者</一个><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="For reviewers">对于审查员</一个><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="For editors">的编辑器</一个><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/contents/year/2021/" aria-label="Table of Contents">表的内容</一个><d我v class="sc-giadOv eBepOs journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-fjmCvl bVEEaH journalNavCheck" color="">特殊的问题<年代p一个nclass="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__inactive icon-white _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__active icon-colored icon__hidden _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW hHKuAX submit__button journalNavCheck" href="https://review.hindawi.com/submit?journal=jps" aria-label="" target="" id=""><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ jUTgTa" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">提交</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-krDsej ewCAZX hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-itybZL kdvWPs journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-fzsDOv hAFFGk journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK lkWWFY hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-kUaPvJ ehYbwJ"> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> </div> <div class="sc-jVODtj epgILe"></div> <span class="sc-fONwsr kCfRMJ"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-nrwXf byflLi breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/" aria-label="Journal of Probability and Statistics">概率与统计杂志</一个>/<一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/contents/year/2012/" aria-label="2012">2012</一个>/<年代p一个nclass="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</年代p一个n></d我v> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</button> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p><年代p一个nclass="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">摘要</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#discussion-and-conclusions" aria-label="">讨论和结论</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#appendix" aria-label="">附录</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">致谢</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">参考文献</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></年代p一个n></d我v> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|<！-- -->开放获取</p><d我v class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积<！-- --> 2012<！-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n>文章的ID<！-- --> 842369<！-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/842369" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/842369</一个></d我v> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>胡延庆，胡菲菲<！-- -->，<！-- --> ＂<年代p一个nclass="adjust-article-svg-size">连续协变量的平衡处理分配:一种新的不平衡最小化方法</年代p一个n>＂，<！-- --><i>概率与统计杂志</我>，<！-- --> 卷。<！-- -->2012<！-- -->，<！-- --> 文章的ID<！-- -->842369<！-- -->，<！-- --> 13<！-- -->   页面<！-- -->，<！-- --> 2012<！-- -->．<！-- --> https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/842369</p></d我v> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN gaKwvw article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">连续协变量的平衡处理分配:一种新的不平衡最小化方法</h1></d我v> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class="">延庆胡<年代up>1</年代up>和</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass=""><b>Feifang胡</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><sup>2</年代up></年代p一个n><d我v class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><年代p一个n>西弗吉尼亚大学统计学系，摩根敦霍奇斯大厅，美国WV 26506</年代p一个n></p><p><sup>2</年代up><年代p一个n>弗吉尼亚大学统计学系，哈尔西霍尔，弗吉尼亚州夏洛茨维尔22904，美国</年代p一个n></p></d我v> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>彼得·范德海登</d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年1月12</年代p一个n></d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年4月10</年代p一个n></d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年5月07</年代p一个n></d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年8月22日</年代p一个n></d我v> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ pzSfk article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">摘要</h4><p>在许多临床试验中，重要的是平衡治疗分配的协变量。虽然关于离散协变量的平衡问题已经发表了大量的论文，但是对于连续协变量的平衡问题的研究却很少。传统上，连续协变量通常需要通过将其范围划分为几个类别来转换为离散协变量。这种做法可能会导致信息的丢失，并且很容易对协变量分布规范错误。最近的一些论文试图定义一种保持连续协变量性质的不平衡度量，并设置分配规则以最小化该度量。我们提出了一种新的设计，在考虑协变量范围的所有可能划分时，用最大分配差来定义不平衡测度。这个度量仅依赖于协变量值的秩，因此不受协变量分布的影响。此外，我们还开发了一种高效的算法来实现这一过程。通过仿真研究表明，与其他常用的平衡方法相比，该方法能够保持良好的平衡性能。</p><年代p一个nclass="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1.介绍</h4><p>在许多临床试验中，治疗组之间的平衡分配常常是可取的。一个平衡良好的设计通过增加试验的可信性、亚组或中期分析的精确性和模型错误说明的稳健性来增强试验[<一个href＝＂#B1">1</一个>］．此外，在设计阶段忽视平衡可能会导致统计效率的损失，特别是在小型试验中[<一个href＝＂#B2">2</一个>］．在协变量(或预后因素)存在的情况下，良好平衡的分配不仅意味着相似的组大小，而且在治疗组中协变量值的分布也相似[<一个href＝＂#B3">3.</一个>- - - - - -<一个href＝＂#B6">6</一个>］．关于离散协变量，已经发表了大量的论文，包括分层排列块设计、边际程序(或最小化)[<一个href＝＂#B7">7</一个>，<一个href＝＂#B8">8</一个>和层次模型[<一个href＝＂#B9">9</一个>- - - - - -<一个href＝＂#B11">11</一个>］．胡耀华和胡耀华[<一个href＝＂#B12">12</一个>是少数探索这类过程的理论性质的人之一。</p><p>对于连续协变量的平衡，传统的方法是将连续协变量离散化，将其范围分割成几个小的区间，每个区间定义一个不同的类别[<一个href＝＂#B4">4</一个>，<一个href＝＂#B13">13</一个>］．然而，这种方法有几个潜在的问题。首先，没有标准的方法来定义这些区间:通常边界是由专家从非统计角度的观点来设定的，或者它们严重依赖于协变量分布的模型假设。堰与李[<一个href＝＂#B13">13</一个>研究了急性脑卒中临床试验的随机化过程，其中涉及12个协变量。在采用传统的最小化方法之前，先对5个连续协变量进行离散化处理。根据协变量分布的历史信息，对协变量年龄和平均动脉压进行五分位数离散;首先将血糖水平以8 mmol/L的临界值离散为两组，血糖值较大的组进一步进行四分位数分割;其余2个协变量，卒中发作延迟时间和格拉斯哥昏迷评分，根据临床经验确定其临界值。因此，我们看到离散化方法是相当特定于协变量的，并且可能依赖于协变量的分布。第二，在选择类别的数量(用<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>）.当一个小<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可能导致信息丢失，信息量大<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>会导致严重的整体不平衡，如在分层设计中，当层数很大时[<一个href＝＂#B7">7</一个>］．</p><p>节省离散化步骤的另一种选择是为不同处理组之间的连续协变量定义某种“不平衡测量”，然后依次分配处理，以最小化该特定测量[<一个href＝＂#B5">5</一个>，<一个href＝＂#B6">6</一个>，<一个href＝＂#B14">14</一个>- - - - - -<一个href＝＂#B16">16</一个>］．有两个治疗组<年代vg height="10.55" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.325" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，许多作者将不平衡度量定义为两组间协变量值的均值差:一些度量可能进一步根据两组内的标准差进行调整[<一个href＝＂#B5">5</一个>，<一个href＝＂#B14">14</一个>，另一些则通过计算两样本来标准化均值差<年代vg height="9.125" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>-统计和相应的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.75 10.325" width="11.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>值(<一个href＝＂#B15">15</一个>，即更大<年代vg height="10.325" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.75 10.325" width="11.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>Value表示更均衡的分配。除上述平均比较方法外，另一种方法是基于模型的方法[<一个href＝＂#B17">17</一个>- - - - - -<一个href＝＂#B20">20.</一个>，它将线性模型中不同设计矩阵的不同分配联系起来，从而影响处理效果的最大似然估计量<年代vg height="16.112499" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:15px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15 16.112499" width="15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.93,62.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-0.012503" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.9,59.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>；然后，它依次倾向于赋值，从而导致一个更小的变量<年代vg height="16.112499" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:25.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.4125 16.112499" width="25.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.176002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.73,59.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.89,62.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．这种方法只意味着在齐次线性模型下的平衡。</p><p>然而，上面讨论的方法通常依赖于协变量正态分布的假设。在适用于更一般分布的方法中，stisby和Taves [<一个href＝＂#B16">16</一个>］认为秩和的差异是其不平衡度量;苏(<一个href＝＂#B6">6</一个>］采用总体患者人数差异和连续协变量四分位数差异的加权平均值。Rosenberger和Sverdlov [<一个href＝＂#B21">21</一个>］发现了两组中协变量的经验分布，并计算了他们的Kolmogorov-Smirnov距离来测量一系列随机化过程中的不平衡。</p><p>在本文中，我们提出了一个新的最小化程序，仔细检查了所有区间的分配差异，并设置它们的最大值作为实际的不平衡度量。该方法仅利用了协变量的秩信息，因此对各种分布具有鲁棒性。此外，我们开发了一种高效的算法，其计算强度甚至小于离散化。通过模拟研究，我们表明，我们的新程序在总体患者数量和协变量分布方面导致了良好的平衡分配。为简单起见，我们首先只考虑一个连续协变量，然后将其推广到更一般的情况。</p><p>节<一个href＝＂#sec2">2</一个>通过给出一个鼓舞人心的例子，我们分析了简单离散化的缺点，然后强调了新过程的基本思想。节<一个href＝＂#sec3">3.</一个>，详细描述了过程，并对算法的关键部分进行了说明。本节将进行模拟研究<一个href＝＂#sec4">4</一个>，将我们的程序与离散化方法以及其他一些设计进行了比较。节<一个href＝＂#sec5">5</一个>，我们通过讨论当前程序可能的扩展来结束本文。</p><h4我d＝＂米ot我vation">2.动机</h4><p>我们将首先关注两种治疗方法，<年代vg height="10.55" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.325" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>只有一个连续协变量<年代vg height="10.325" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．为简单起见,假设<年代vg height="10.325" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在区间上取值<年代vg height="13.125" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:32.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.674999 13.125" width="32.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>；任何其他类型的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可以转化为<年代vg height="13.125" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:32.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.674999 13.125" width="32.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>通过一个线性函数<年代vg height="10.325" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是有界的，还是一类非线性函数<年代vg height="13.9625" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:67.537498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.537498 13.9625" width="67.537498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.9625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.83)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.39,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.07,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.87,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.78,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>否则。</p><p>为了了解为连续协变量定义“平衡”的难度，我们使用如图所示的示例<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>．前8名患者是随机的。9号刚到，暂时被派去治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(一)和<年代vg height="10.325" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(b).图中显示了分配以及患者的协变量值。首先，我们指出离散化可能导致并发症，因为不同的分裂方式可能导致不同的分配。例如，如果是协变量范围<年代vg height="13.125" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:32.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.674999 13.125" width="32.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在图<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>分为<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>相等长度的间隔，然后选择<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>Result in different preferences of the assignment: if<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，即只考虑总患者数，那么第9名患者就可以被分配治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或治疗<年代vg height="10.325" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，因为这两种方法的绝对差值都是1;如果<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,那么治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在第二类中产生平衡的患者数量，也就是在区间内<年代vg height="13.3125" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:56.112499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.112499 13.3125" width="56.112499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.370747" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.622246" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>第9例患者所在位置;如果<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,那么治疗<年代vg height="10.325" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>将是首选，因为它在第三类中产生的分配是2:1，也就是说，在这个区间内<年代vg height="13.6375" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:63.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.9375 13.6375" width="63.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.370747" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.622246" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.873749" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，而不是3:0治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>被分配。其次，我们强调平均值的平衡并不一定导致分布的平衡。取图中的上面板<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>，例如，分配治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在两个治疗组中不会造成显著的平均差异。但在协变量分布上，由于5例患者(7、6、9、4、8)在组中，存在严重的不平衡<年代vg height="10.55" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>有协变量值在范围的中心和4个患者(2,3,5,1)在组<年代vg height="10.325" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在两端。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)＂n一个米e＝＂842369．f我g.001a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/842369/figures/842369.fig.001a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)＂n一个米e＝＂842369．f我g.001b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/842369/figures/842369.fig.001b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig1"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)＂n一个米e＝＂842369．f我g.001a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/842369/figures/842369.fig.001a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)＂n一个米e＝＂842369．f我g.001b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/842369/figures/842369.fig.001b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig1"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 两个分配序列为相同的协变量值。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>根据上述讨论，我们提出了一种新的不平衡测度，它被定义为当所有可能的离散化方法都被考虑时的最大(绝对)分配差。通过这样做，我们希望确保在任何区间上的赋值差不会变得太极端。因此,如果<年代vg height="11.1375" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt;width:20.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.225 11.1375" width="20.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8148546" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>病人暂时被分配到<年代vg height="10.55" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，我们需要检查所有社区中两组患者数量的差异<年代vg height="14.475" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-3.32816pt;width:18.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.2875 14.475" width="18.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>并使用它们的最大值作为不平衡的结果。相应的分配失衡造成的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可以用同样的方法计算。如果概率大于1/2，那么<年代vg height="11.1375" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt;width:20.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.225 11.1375" width="20.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8148546" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>应该给病人分配一种能产生较小最大差异的治疗方法。</p><h4我d＝＂procedure">3.过程</h4><p>考虑一个有两种治疗方法的序贯试验<年代vg height="10.55" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.325" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(控制和测试)。第一<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>已经到达的病人，让<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:107.0125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 107.0125 14.6875" width="107.0125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.29,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.21,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.34,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,4.55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,9.39,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为分配顺序<年代vg height="14.575" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:43.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.337502 14.575" width="43.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.38,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>如果<年代vg height="9.9250002" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:4.9875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.9875002 9.9250002" width="4.9875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>病人被分配接受治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:43.637501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.637501 14.3625" width="43.637501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.38,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>否则。假设我们需要在一个连续协变量上平衡治疗分配<年代vg height="10.325" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>具有累积分布函数<年代vg height="10.325" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,其范围<年代vg height="10.5375" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:12.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.8625 10.5375" width="12.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为实线上的一个区间。两个端点<年代vg height="10.5375" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:12.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.8625 10.5375" width="12.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可以是有限的，也可以是无限的。让<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:113.95px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 113.95 14.6875" width="113.95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.29,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.44,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.56,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,10.1,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,14.94,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:16.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.2125 14.3625" width="16.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是的协变量值吗<年代vg height="9.9250002" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:4.9875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.9875002 9.9250002" width="4.9875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>病人。假设<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:18.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.2875 14.2375" width="18.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="1.8625" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:18.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.362499 1.8625" width="18.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,1.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-70.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,70.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.325" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:18.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.25 14.325" width="18.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是独立的。定义<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq3.1"> <svg height="19.35" id="M63" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.35" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,87.72,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.11" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.959999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.961439" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.162687" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.23,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.08,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.63,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.48,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.51"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.347885" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.48,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.34,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.85144" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.052689" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.74,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.59,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.13,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.98,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.51"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.970221" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,267.6,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.62,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.85144" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.052689" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,302.02,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,306.87,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,320.42,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,325.27,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="139.48" y="-2.51"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="143.64349" y="-2.51"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="149.895" y="-2.51"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="153.02075" y="-2.51"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="159.27225" y="-2.51"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>作为治疗组中患者数量的差异<年代vg height="10.55" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.325" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在时间间隔<年代vg height="10.725" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:39.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.75 10.725" width="39.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4647713" y="0"> ⊂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.505159" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，给出协变量信息<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:16.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.612499 14.6875" width="16.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和分配顺序<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:16.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.612499 14.6875" width="16.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．假设第一个<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>患者被随机分配<年代vg height="13.45" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>病人刚到，也就是说，<年代vg height="15.05" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:139.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 139.875 15.05" width="139.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.92,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.06,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-14.19,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,20.47,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,35.69,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:107.0125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 107.0125 14.6875" width="107.0125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.29,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.21,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.34,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,4.55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,9.39,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是已知的,<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:27.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.75 14.6875" width="27.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>尚待确定。定义<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq3.2"> <svg height="31.0625" id="M74" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 31.0625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,31.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,52.93,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,63,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.5,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.891554" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.143053" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,101.81,49.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.16,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-4.1100001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-0.93000001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6899996" y="-2.51"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.799999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.65" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.65144" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.852688" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.36,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.58,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.13,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.35,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-4.1100001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-0.93000001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.82" y="-2.51"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.684868" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.69,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.38,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∈</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.505159" y="0"> ⊂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.545547" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.360165" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.737415" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,316,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,334.69,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.82" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.09" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="130.06" y="3.53"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="134.2235" y="3.53"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="140.47501" y="3.53"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="143.60075" y="3.53"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="149.85225" y="3.53"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:39.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.1875 10.7375" width="39.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.239957" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.280346" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或<年代vg height="10.325" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．因此,<年代vg height="21.424999" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-5.08981pt;width:31.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.5 21.424999" width="31.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>如果分配给新患者治疗，可能造成的最大绝对差异是多少<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:8.6000004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.6000004 10.7375" width="8.6000004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．注意这个区间<年代vg height="10.325" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 10.325" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在(<一个href＝＂#EEq3.2">3．2</一个>）需要包含新的协变量值<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:31.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.2125 14.6875" width="31.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，因为与其他时间间隔的差异不会受到到达时间的影响<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:31.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.2125 14.6875" width="31.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>因此不符合我们的利益。还请注意,<年代vg height="21.424999" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-5.08981pt;width:31.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.5 21.424999" width="31.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是<年代vg height="15.05" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:77.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 77.962502 15.05" width="77.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.23,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.68,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.83,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.977874" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p><p>然后,分配<年代vg height="13.45" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>病人接受治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>其概率如下:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq3"> <svg height="61.487499" id="M86" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 61.487499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,61.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-22.81)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,80.17,44.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.39" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.24" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.29,41.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.98,44.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.46837" y="0"> ∣</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.270002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.59,41.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.81,44.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.36,41.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.21,41.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.51"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.360001" y="-15.18"> ⎧</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.360001" y="-9.5799999"> ⎪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.360001" y="0.68000001"> ⎨</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.360001" y="10.94"> ⎪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.360001" y="16.48"> ⎩</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.360001" y="-18.209999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.473969" y="-18.209999"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.6175" y="-18.209999"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.09333" y="-18.209999"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.420334" y="-18.209999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,278.7,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,297.21,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,319.31,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,334.34,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-108.77" y="17.040001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-103.04362" y="17.040001"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-77.512497" y="17.040001"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-74.036667" y="17.040001"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-65.709671" y="17.040001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,278.7,48.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,297.21,42.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,319.31,48.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,334.34,42.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-108.77" y="15.58"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-102.5185" y="15.58"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-99.392754" y="15.58"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-93.141251" y="15.58"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-77.512497" y="15.58"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-71.348518" y="15.58"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-67.785164" y="15.58"> h</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-61.533665" y="15.58"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-55.982334" y="15.58"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-51.58128" y="15.58"> w</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-42.554111" y="15.58"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-39.078278" y="15.58"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-34.214611" y="15.58"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-28.663279" y="15.58"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="130.41" y="-1.34"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="134.5735" y="-1.34"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="140.825" y="-1.34"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="143.95074" y="-1.34"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.20226" y="-1.34"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="13.55" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:88.724998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 88.724998 13.55" width="88.724998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.957428" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.997818" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.575115" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.615501" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="13.55" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:59.775002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.775002 13.55" width="59.775002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8896332" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.229855" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.432062" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.459949" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p><p>我们将展示第9位病人是如何根据我们的新程序随机分组的。关键部分在于计算<年代vg height="21.2125" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-4.92303pt;width:28.4625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.4625 21.2125" width="28.4625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.03)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="21.2125" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-4.92303pt;width:28.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.225 21.2125" width="28.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.03)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．对于前者，即暂时分配第9名患者进行治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(参见图中的上面板<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>），则最大绝对差为5，在只包含<年代vg height="14.325" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:18.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.2875 14.325" width="18.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:18.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.2875 14.3875" width="18.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.475" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-3.32816pt;width:18.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.2875 14.475" width="18.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:18.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.2875 14.2375" width="18.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M96" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:18.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.2875 14.3875" width="18.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，也就是说，5个病人在这些间隔被分配<年代vg height="10.55" id="M97" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>0等于<年代vg height="10.325" id="M98" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,所以<年代vg height="21.2125" id="M99" style="vertical-align:-4.92303pt;width:55.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.662498 21.2125" width="55.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.03)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.81,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．同样的,<年代vg height="21.2125" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-4.92303pt;width:55.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.4375 21.2125" width="55.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.03)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.99,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．因此,自<年代vg height="21.2125" id="M101" style="vertical-align:-4.92303pt;width:75.949997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.949997 21.2125" width="75.949997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.03)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.81,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.71,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,与概率<年代vg height="13.55" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:47.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>第9名患者将被分配进行治疗<年代vg height="10.325" id="M103" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p><p>我们想指出，为了计算不平衡<年代vg height="21.424999" id="M104" style="vertical-align:-5.08981pt;width:31.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.5 21.424999" width="31.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，它被定义为上限时，只要检查其端点属于该集合的区间就足够了<年代vg height="15.1125" id="M105" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:95.637497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 95.637497 15.1125" width="95.637497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.91)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.00144" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.3,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.42,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.76,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-1.54,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｝</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．因此，这些区间的总数是有顺序的<年代vg height="16.5375" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:35.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.837502 16.5375" width="35.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1521959" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.315695" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.42,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.55,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．此外，这些区间内患者数量的差异仅与患者的等级有关<年代vg height="15.1125" id="M107" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:95.637497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 95.637497 15.1125" width="95.637497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.91)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.00144" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.3,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.42,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.76,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-1.54,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｝</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，其联合分布具有相同的概率<年代vg height="13.45" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:74.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.150002 13.45" width="74.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.890833" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.054333" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.043989" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.384209" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.635712" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.79921" y="0"> ！</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.050709" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的任何排列<年代vg height="13.45" id="M109" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:107.575px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 107.575 13.45" width="107.575" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.081497" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.659996" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.873749" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.037247" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.026901" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.379623" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.631126" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.794624" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．为了支持上述论点，我们可以重新检查图中的上面板<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>:对于任何间隔<年代vg height="13" id="M110" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:59.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.125 13" width="59.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4647713" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.505159" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.945166" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.158916" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.035324" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="14.325" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:83.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 83.0625 14.325" width="83.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.780226" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.820614" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.47,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.625" id="M112" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:82.5625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 82.5625 14.625" width="82.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.3)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.420521" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.87,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，将病人人数的差异相加<年代vg height="10.325" id="M113" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 10.325" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和区间上的完全一样吗<年代vg height="14.5375" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:53.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.362499 14.5375" width="53.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.37)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.13,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.26,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-38.4,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-33.52,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,这是<年代vg height="11.5125" id="M115" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:71.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.3125 11.5125" width="71.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.5125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.79)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.319775" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.346943" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.68716" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>；而且，只要相对位置<年代vg height="15.1125" id="M116" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:95.637497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 95.637497 15.1125" width="95.637497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.91)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.00144" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.3,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.42,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.76,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-1.54,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｝</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>保持不变，此不同之处<年代vg height="11.325" id="M117" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:18.65px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.65 11.325" width="18.65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>不会改变。也没有<年代vg height="21.424999" id="M118" style="vertical-align:-5.08981pt;width:31.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.5 21.424999" width="31.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．因此，我们得出的结论是，新的过程是自由的底层分布<年代vg height="10.325" id="M119" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p><p>实际上，的计算时间<年代vg height="21.424999" id="M120" style="vertical-align:-5.08981pt;width:31.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.5 21.424999" width="31.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可以通过检查更少的间隔来减少，也就是说，<年代vg height="13.45" id="M121" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>而不是<年代vg height="16.5375" id="M122" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:35.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.837502 16.5375" width="35.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1521959" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.315695" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.42,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.55,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．在演示之前，我们需要更多的符号和定义。由于我们的新过程是无分布的，简单地假设协变量<年代vg height="10.325" id="M123" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是统一的<年代vg height="13.125" id="M124" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:32.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.674999 13.125" width="32.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．假设<年代vg height="15.05" id="M125" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:29.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.575001 15.05" width="29.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M126" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:16.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.612499 14.6875" width="16.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>曾被观察到。<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M127" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:75.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.3125 14.6875" width="75.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.192104" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.393353" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.21,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.36,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-20.81,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.96,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在(<一个href＝＂#EEq3.1">3．1</一个>），定义为组内患者人数的差异<年代vg height="10.55" id="M128" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.325" id="M129" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在时间间隔<年代vg height="10.325" id="M130" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 10.325" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，将简写为<年代vg height="14.65" id="M131" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:26.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.375 14.65" width="26.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.65)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.28)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.07,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．为便于表示，让<年代vg height="14.6" id="M132" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:47.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.762501 14.6" width="47.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.13,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.6" id="M133" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:48.112499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.112499 14.6" width="48.112499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.85,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．定义两个集<年代vg height="14.6625" id="M134" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1 14.6625" width="20.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.66,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.6625" id="M135" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.450001 14.6625" width="20.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.66,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>作为<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq4"> <svg height="50.025002" id="M136" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 50.025002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,50.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-31.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,77.73,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,87.02,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,97.19,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.23" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.44,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,132.38,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.79" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.82,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,150.04,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164.9,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.12,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.51"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.184868" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.96,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,215.65,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.34,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.56,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.139999" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.419998" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-176.86" y="24.34"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.565515" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.605904" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.458027" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.659275" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.910774" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.124527" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.71553" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.916779" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,84.99,33.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,95.44,36.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.03" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.219999" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,123.69,33.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,130.62,34.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.13,33.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.34,36.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2137508" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.21,33.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.63,34.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.2700005" y="-2.51"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.122364" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.41,33.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.1,36.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.79,33.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.22,36.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.519997" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.790001" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.581139" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.833359" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.034607" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.286106" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.499859" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.090858" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.292107" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="211.53" y="-12.07"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.6935" y="-12.07"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.94499" y="-12.07"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.07076" y="-12.07"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.32225" y="-12.07"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>也就是说,<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M137" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:16.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.2125 14.3625" width="16.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>集合中有点吗<年代vg height="14.75" id="M138" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:97px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 97 14.75" width="97" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.00144" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.25294" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.454187" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.84,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.96,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-5.3,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-0.45,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｝</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，即在或的左边<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M139" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:31.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.2125 14.6875" width="31.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="15.05" id="M140" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:64.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.224998 15.05" width="64.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.13,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.91,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.05,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.83,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个左闭右开区间。例如，在图中<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>，<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.9125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.8125" id="M142" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:136.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 136.325 14.8125" width="136.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.66,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.49,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.029325" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.280827" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.494577" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-13.34,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-8.47,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2137508" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,6.4,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,11.27,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,26.13,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,31.01,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｝</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从左到右。的解释<年代vg height="16.2875" id="M143" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:17.725px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.725 16.2875" width="17.725" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="16.637501" id="M144" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:65.737503px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 65.737503 16.637501" width="65.737503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.13,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.91,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-28.05,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.63,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是相似的。</p><p><年代p一个nclass="statement" id="prop3.1"><span class="statement-title">命题3.1。</年代p一个n><我>让<年代vg height="17.4375" id="M145" style="vertical-align:-5.32956pt;width:92.412498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 92.412498 17.4375" width="92.412498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.4375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.36,58.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.77,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.231054" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.658558" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-4.82,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="17.4" id="M146" style="vertical-align:-5.32956pt;width:95px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 95 17.4" width="95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.4)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.08)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.36,58.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.77,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.306553" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.734055" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-2.74,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="17.4375" id="M147" style="vertical-align:-5.32956pt;width:93.112503px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 93.112503 17.4375" width="93.112503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.4375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.08,58.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.49,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.231054" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.658558" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-4.54,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="17.4" id="M148" style="vertical-align:-5.32956pt;width:95.699997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 95.699997 17.4" width="95.699997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.4)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.08)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.08,58.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.49,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.306553" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.734055" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-2.46,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．然后,</我><年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq5"> <svg height="54.537498" id="M149" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 54.537498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,54.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-28.37)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,0.1,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,10.17,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,28.67,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.82" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.009998" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.009998" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.509998" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.767723" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.319056" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,86.57,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,92.77,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,99.67,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,119.4,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.88,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,132.78,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.18" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.889999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.06,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.26,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.16,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.89,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.37,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.27,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.17" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.379999" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.379999" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.879999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.54,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.74,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.64,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.37,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,294.85,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.75,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.6" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.6" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.18" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.889999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,340.03,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,346.23,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,353.13,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,372.86,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,379.34,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,386.24,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.09" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.370001" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-386.14001" y="26.24"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,10.17,39.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.77"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.77"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.77"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,28.67,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.82" y="2.52"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.009998" y="-2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.009998" y="2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.509998" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.767723" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.319056" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,86.57,30.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,92.77,28.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,99.67,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,119.4,30.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.88,28.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,132.78,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.18" y="-7.1054274e-015"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="-2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.889999" y="-1.4210855e-014"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.06,30.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.26,28.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.16,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.89,30.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.37,28.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.27,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.17" y="-7.1054274e-015"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.379999" y="-2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.379999" y="2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.879999" y="-1.4210855e-014"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.54,30.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.74,28.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.64,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.37,30.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,294.85,28.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.75,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.6" y="-2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.6" y="2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.18" y="-7.1054274e-015"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="-2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.889999" y="-1.4210855e-014"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,340.03,30.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,346.23,28.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,353.13,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,372.86,30.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,379.34,28.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,386.24,33.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.27"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.09" y="2.52"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.370001" y="-7.1054274e-015"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.510002" y="-13.32"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.6735" y="-13.32"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.924995" y="-13.32"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.050751" y="-13.32"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.302246" y="-13.32"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span><i></i></span></p> <p>命题的证明<一个href＝＂#prop3.1">3．1</一个>的详情见附录。命题<一个href＝＂#prop3.1">3．1</一个>的定义<年代vg height="14.6625" id="M150" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1 14.6625" width="20.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.66,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.6625" id="M151" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.450001 14.6625" width="20.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.66,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的建议如下。<年代p一个nclass="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（1）</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="list-content">的计算<年代vg height="21.424999" id="M152" style="vertical-align:-5.08981pt;width:31.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.5 21.424999" width="31.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="21.424999" id="M153" style="vertical-align:-5.08981pt;width:31.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.5 21.424999" width="31.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>只要求考试<年代vg height="13.45" id="M154" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>时间间隔,而不是<年代vg height="16.5375" id="M155" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:35.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.837502 16.5375" width="35.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1521959" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.315695" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.42,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.55,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（2）</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="list-content">对于两个连续的区间<年代vg height="15.05" id="M156" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:64.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.224998 15.05" width="64.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.13,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.91,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.05,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.83,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="15.05" id="M157" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:67.949997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.949997 15.05" width="67.949997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.13,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.94,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-37.08,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-21.86,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在<年代vg height="14.6625" id="M158" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1 14.6625" width="20.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.66,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M159" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:55.412498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.412498 14.3625" width="55.412498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.6,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-33.91,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="12.9125" id="M160" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:31.9625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.9625 12.9125" width="31.9625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9639311" y="0"> ≠</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.616488" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="15" id="M161" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:36.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.3125 15" width="36.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.06,67.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.5,62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≠</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.640053" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们有<年代vg height="15.05" id="M162" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:211.58749px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 211.58749 15.05" width="211.58749" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.07,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.26,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.04,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.18,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.96,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,17.74,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,22.59,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,36.41,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,42.6,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,57.47,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,72.68,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，视作业而定<年代vg height="10.55" id="M163" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或<年代vg height="10.325" id="M164" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>对病人来说<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M165" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:16.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.2125 14.3625" width="16.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(同样的论点适用于间隔<年代vg height="14.6625" id="M166" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.450001 14.6625" width="20.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.66,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>）.</年代p一个n></年代p一个n></span></p> <p>上述两个观察结果构成了算法的基础，该算法是为模拟研究中的新程序而开发的(章节)<一个href＝＂#sec4">4</一个>）.我们发现，新方法的计算时间甚至比离散化方法更少。</p><h4我d＝＂年代我米ulation-studies">4.模拟研究</h4><p>假设<年代vg height="11.0375" id="M167" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:48.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.4375 11.0375" width="48.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.103384" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.143772" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.395271" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>患者登记。如本节所述<一个href＝＂#sec1">1</一个>，对于连续的协变量，最好在两个方面保持处理组之间的相似性:组的大小和协变量的分布。因此，首先根据以下两个标准将新程序与其他几个程序进行比较:<年代vg height="13.45" id="M168" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.45" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>平均绝对差<年代vg height="14.6" id="M169" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:126.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 126.35 14.6" width="126.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.427742" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.88,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-43.11,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.803552" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.742718" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.082939" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,0.62,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,7.56,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.803552" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.967051" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>两组的所有患者人数，如<年代vg height="14.35" id="M170" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:35.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>；<年代vg height="13.45" id="M171" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.45" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>协变量经验分布之间的平均Kolmogorov-Smirnov距离(K-S)<年代vg height="10.325" id="M172" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在组<年代vg height="10.55" id="M173" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.325" id="M174" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,显示为<年代vg height="14.35" id="M175" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:34.037498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，它主要衡量两种分布之间的相似性。此外，我们使用了一个新的标准:<年代vg height="13.45" id="M176" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.45" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>我们定义的“最大不平衡”为:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq6"> <svg height="29.612499" id="M177" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 29.612499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,29.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-48.31)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.14,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.863667" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.115167" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.41,50.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,140.76,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1799998" y="-4.1100001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1799998" y="-0.93000001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6899996" y="-2.51"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.799999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.65" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.65144" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.852688" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.96,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.69,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.24,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.98,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-4.1100001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-0.93000001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.279999" y="-2.48"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.160004" y="-2.48"> ］</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.32" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.589996" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.82" y="-2.51"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.672363" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.149637" y="-2.51"> ⊂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.439999" y="-2.51"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.691502" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.89275" y="-2.51"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="246.77" y="1.59"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="250.9335" y="1.59"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="257.185" y="1.59"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="260.31076" y="1.59"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="266.56226" y="1.59"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>显示为<年代vg height="14.4875" id="M178" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:46.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.612499 14.4875" width="46.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6648188" y="0"> D</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.25,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，即所有患者被分配到一个治疗方案后，在所有可能的时间间隔内的最大绝对差。我们会给出这个标准<年代vg height="13.45" id="M179" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.45" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>作为标准之间的折衷<年代vg height="13.45" id="M180" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.45" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>及标准<年代vg height="13.45" id="M181" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.35 13.45" width="18.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p><p>由于我们比较的过程都是无分布的，独立的协变量值<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M182" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:72.525002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.525002 14.2375" width="72.525002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.42,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-22.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是由Unif(0,1)简单生成的。所有程序都使用最小化策略，但每个程序都有不同的不平衡度量。更具体地说，在某种不平衡的衡量下<年代vg height="10.325" id="M183" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们计算<年代vg height="13.775" id="M184" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:28.4625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.4625 13.775" width="28.4625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或<年代vg height="13.775" id="M185" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:28.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.225 13.775" width="28.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，定义为如果新病人被分配到治疗中会发生的不平衡<年代vg height="10.55" id="M186" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或<年代vg height="10.325" id="M187" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．这取决于<年代vg height="13.775" id="M188" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:74.212502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.212502 13.775" width="74.212502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.5,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.1,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>治疗的分配概率是正的，负的，还是零的<年代vg height="10.55" id="M189" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是<年代vg height="9.875" id="M190" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9124999 9.875" width="7.9124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="9.875" id="M191" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,或<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M192" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:20.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1 10.9125" width="20.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="13.55" id="M193" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:88.724998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 88.724998 13.55" width="88.724998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.957428" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.997818" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.575115" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.615501" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="13.55" id="M194" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:59.775002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.775002 13.55" width="59.775002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8896332" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.229855" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.432062" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.459949" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．在模拟中，我们使用<年代vg height="13.55" id="M195" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:47.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="13.55" id="M196" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.974998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.974998 13.55" width="34.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，后者对应于确定性分配，除非有平局。</p><p>研究了以下步骤。<年代p一个nclass="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（1）</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="list-content">Efron的设计(Efron) [<一个href＝＂#B22">22</一个>］．让<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M197" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:21.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.887501 14.2375" width="21.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M198" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.1 14.2375" width="22.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为两组的病人编号。定义不平衡度量<年代vg height="10.325" id="M199" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>作为<年代vg height="14.6" id="M200" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:67.775002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.775002 14.6" width="67.775002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.81,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.26,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.27,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-20.33,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．这种方法只关注病人数量的平衡。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（2）</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="list-content">Kolmogorov-Smirnov测量(钴)。让<年代vg height="19.3125" id="M201" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:18.6px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.6 19.3125" width="18.6" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.55)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-70.68,62.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-1.27" y="2.54"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.41,56.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为群中协变量值的经验分布函数<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M202" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:8.6000004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.6000004 10.7375" width="8.6000004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M203" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:39.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.1875 10.7375" width="39.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.239957" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.280346" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="10.325" id="M204" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．定义不平衡测量<年代vg height="10.325" id="M205" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为Kolmogorov-Smirnov距离<年代vg height="19.1875" id="M206" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.512501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.512501 19.1875" width="20.512501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.65)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-70.68,62.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-1.27" y="2.54"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.41,56.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="19.1875" id="M207" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.725px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.725 19.1875" width="20.725" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.65)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-70.68,62.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-1.27" y="2.54"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.41,56.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．这种方法只关注分配的平衡。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content">以上两种方法很少被用作平衡连续协变量的方法，因为它们中的每一种都只满足一个标准。在我们的模拟中，它们作为两个控制来评估其他程序。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（3）</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="list-content">离散化(DSCRT)。在实践中，为了离散一个连续协变量<年代vg height="10.325" id="M208" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>具有累积分布函数<年代vg height="10.325" id="M209" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，范围通常由的分位数分割<年代vg height="10.325" id="M210" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在概率<年代vg height="13.45" id="M211" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:157.2375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 157.2375 13.45" width="157.2375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.604464" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.220711" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.696545" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.573673" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.787426" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.378426" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.755676" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.919174" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.571976" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="102.91219" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.1637" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.32719" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="116.80302" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．这相当于分裂<年代vg height="13.125" id="M212" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:32.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.674999 13.125" width="32.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>成<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M213" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>等长间隔<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M214" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:23.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.375 10.9125" width="23.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为<年代vg height="10.325" id="M215" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:27.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.237499 10.325" width="27.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.115647" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>unif<年代vg height="13.125" id="M216" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:32.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.674999 13.125" width="32.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content">在我们的模拟中，我们尝试了<年代vg height="12.8875" id="M217" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:67.074997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.074997 12.8875" width="67.074997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.632351" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.8461" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.097603" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.298847" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．在每个类别中都采用了埃夫隆的设计。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">（4）</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="list-content">新程序(MAX-IMB)。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(5）</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="list-content">斯蒂格比和塔夫斯的秩和(rank - sum) [<一个href＝＂#B16">16</一个>］．让<年代vg height="14.6" id="M218" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:81.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81.9375 14.6" width="81.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.53,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.66,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.4,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.67,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>成为…的行列<年代vg height="14.6" id="M219" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:82.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 82.9375 14.6" width="82.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.13,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.26,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-18.6,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.87,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．假设患者<年代vg height="16.4" id="M220" style="vertical-align:-5.32956pt;width:61.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 61.662498 16.4" width="61.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.4)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.88)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.06,61.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.19,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.29,61.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.84,58.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在集团<年代vg height="10.55" id="M221" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和病人<年代vg height="16.4" id="M222" style="vertical-align:-5.32956pt;width:64.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.099998 16.4" width="64.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.4)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.88)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-67.09,61.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.21,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.34,61.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.89,58.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在集团<年代vg height="10.325" id="M223" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．不平衡测量<年代vg height="10.325" id="M224" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>被定义为<年代vg height="22.362499" id="M225" style="vertical-align:-5.39853pt;width:141.2px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 141.2 22.362499" width="141.2" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.5799999" y="0.029999999"> ∑</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.94,66.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.49,64.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.94,54.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-38.24,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-28.99,56.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.27,54.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.1,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="0.029999999"> ∑</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,3.67,66.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,11.12,64.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,3.67,54.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.7435842" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.738704" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,21.36,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,30.62,56.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,34.02,54.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,38.41,59.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(6）</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="list-content">苏的加权平均(WGT-AVE) [<一个href＝＂#B6">6</一个>］．让<年代vg height="19.225" id="M226" style="vertical-align:-4.39143pt;width:69.425003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 69.425003 19.225" width="69.425003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.19,66.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.3100004"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.94,61.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.97,66.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.3100004"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.73,61.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-21.75,66.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.3100004"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为组中协变量值的四分位数<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M227" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:8.6000004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.6000004 10.7375" width="8.6000004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M228" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:39.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.1875 10.7375" width="39.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.239957" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.280346" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="10.325" id="M229" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．“定性”失衡测量<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M230" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.8375 14.2375" width="20.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>被定义为<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq7"> <svg height="48.1875" id="M231" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 48.1875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,48.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-33.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,47.05,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,56.74,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,61.61,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.21" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.4" y="-1.59"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.4" y="1.5700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.9" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,91.15,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.7,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.69,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.63,51.19)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9699998" y="1.59"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.997887" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.83,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157.7,47.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.9700003" y="-2.51"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.310221" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.7,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.58,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.21" y="9.7299995"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.92" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.647335" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.198666" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.24,41.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.092992" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.280992" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="19.656992" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.844992" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.82,61.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.3299999"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.67"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.09,64.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.6999998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,280.64,59.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.75,64.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.6999998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,308.69,61.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.3299999"> |</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 243.66,52.73 82.69,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.66,38.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.860001" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.049999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.278666" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,290.48,44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.6899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,297.25,38.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,312.23,44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.6899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,319.17,36.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.85" y="-13.17"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.890388" y="-13.17"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,348.25,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,353.12,39.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.54" y="-9.7299995"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="111.63" y="-9.7299995"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="115.7935" y="-9.7299995"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="122.045" y="-9.7299995"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="125.17075" y="-9.7299995"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="131.42226" y="-9.7299995"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></span></span></span>在哪里<年代vg height="11.375" id="M232" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:18.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.325001 11.375" width="18.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.26,63.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="11.225" id="M233" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:18.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.325001 11.225" width="18.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.26,63.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是把两个重物放在两件物品上，<年代vg height="11.075" id="M234" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 11.075" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.925" id="M235" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.925" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>有两个上限吗<年代vg height="10.325" id="M236" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 10.325" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为指标函数;“数量”失衡度量<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M237" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.862499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.862499 14.2375" width="20.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>被定义为<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq8"> <svg height="41.962502" id="M238" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 41.962502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,41.9625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-38.43)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,45.61,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,55.3,57.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,62.25,61.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,75.4,57.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,84.95,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,106.93,57.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.87,61.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 45.61,53.6 70.76,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,75.96,41.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.15,38.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,120.34,50.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.54" y="-10.58"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.57,57.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.53,58.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.79" y="-2.52"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.517334" y="-2.52"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.068666" y="-2.52"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.02,57.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.092992" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.280992" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="19.656992" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.844992" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.91,58.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-4.1900001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-0.85000002"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3500004" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.02,66.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.6899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.57,61.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.68,66.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.6899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,266.62,62.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.3399999"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.009998" y="4.1900001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.200001" y="1.6799999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.5900002" y="1.6799999"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.141332" y="1.6799999"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.868666" y="1.6799999"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.419998" y="1.6799999"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,323.59,66.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.6899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,330.36,61.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,345.33,66.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.6899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,352.27,58.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1892252" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.040629" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 132.88,53.6 237.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.46,41.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.65,38.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,371.3,50.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="93.449997" y="-1.61"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.613503" y="-1.61"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.865" y="-1.61"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="106.99075" y="-1.61"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.24225" y="-1.61"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>因此,让<年代vg height="20.725" id="M239" style="vertical-align:-4.52803pt;width:26.549999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.549999 20.725" width="26.549999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.56"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是由于暂时的治疗任务而造成的质量的不平衡<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M240" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:8.6000004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.6000004 10.7375" width="8.6000004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>对新病人说，<年代vg height="12.7625" id="M241" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:57.200001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 57.200001 12.7625" width="57.200001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.79)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.239957" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.280346" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.458748" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．如果<年代vg height="20.725" id="M242" style="vertical-align:-4.52803pt;width:74.212502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.212502 20.725" width="74.212502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.56"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.5,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.1,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.56"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是阳性(阴性)，分配概率朝向治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M243" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>将<年代vg height="13.55" id="M244" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:25.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.3375 13.55" width="25.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.7263741" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8898726" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.003839" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>；如果<年代vg height="20.725" id="M245" style="vertical-align:-4.52803pt;width:101.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 101.4125 20.725" width="101.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.56"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.5,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.1,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.56"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.2,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,使用测量<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M246" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:20.862499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.862499 14.2375" width="20.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>来确定概率<年代vg height="9.875" id="M247" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="9.875" id="M248" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9124999 9.875" width="7.9124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,或<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M249" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:20.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1 10.9125" width="20.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p><p><年代vg height="11.375" id="M250" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:18.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.325001 11.375" width="18.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.26,63.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="11.225" id="M251" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:18.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.325001 11.225" width="18.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.26,63.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="11.075" id="M252" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 11.075" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.925" id="M253" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.925" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可以从主观的角度自由改变。在模拟中，我们修正了<年代vg height="14.75" id="M254" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:83.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 83.125 14.75" width="83.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.26,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.91,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.19,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.84,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="15.0625" id="M255" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:59.400002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.400002 15.0625" width="59.400002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.95)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> ％</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,但尝试过<年代vg height="14.875" id="M256" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:68.5625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 68.5625 14.875" width="68.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.493137" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.945885" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p><p>的结果<年代vg height="13.55" id="M257" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:47.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="13.55" id="M258" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.974998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.974998 13.55" width="34.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在5000个重复以下列于表中<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>和<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>．</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center"> <svg height="14.35" id="M263" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td><td一个l我gn="center"> <svg height="14.35" id="M264" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td><td一个l我gn="center"> <svg height="14.35" id="M265" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.737499 14.35" width="46.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">埃夫隆</td><td一个l我gn="center">1.28 (0)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.212 (.0009)</td><td一个l我gn="center">9.03 (.031)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">钴</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.65 (.072)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.137 (.0005)</td><td一个l我gn="center">10.22 (.058)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">DSCRT</td><td一个l我gn="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M266" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">2.17 (.029)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.178 (.0007)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.52 (.030)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M267" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">2.94 (.036)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.161(考虑)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.18 (.030)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.9125" id="M268" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.9125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">3.76 (.042)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.159 (.0007)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.40 (.034)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">MAX-IMB</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.36 (.029)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.159(考虑)</td><td一个l我gn="center">7.38 (.025)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">RANK-SUM</td><td一个l我gn="center">3.25 (.037)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.205 (.0009)</td><td一个l我gn="center">9.82 (.039)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">WGT-AVE</td><td一个l我gn="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.75" id="M269" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">1.67 (.028)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.183 (.0008)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.48 (.030)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.75" id="M270" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">2.40 (.036)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.172 (.0008)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.47 (.031)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.875" id="M271" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.875" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">3.06 (.041)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.167 (.0007)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.62 (.034)</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 的比较<年代vg height="14.35" id="M259" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.35" id="M260" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M261" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.737499 14.35" width="46.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为<年代vg height="13.55" id="M262" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center"> <svg height="14.35" id="M276" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td><td一个l我gn="center"> <svg height="14.35" id="M277" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td><td一个l我gn="center"> <svg height="14.35" id="M278" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.737499 14.35" width="46.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">埃夫隆</td><td一个l我gn="center">0.00 (.0000)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.209 (.0010)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.78 (.030)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">钴</td><td一个l我gn="center">13.14 (.1396)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.096 (.0002)</td><td一个l我gn="center">15.08 (.120)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">DSCRT</td><td一个l我gn="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M279" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">0.49 (.0121)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.171 (.0007)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.03 (.027)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M280" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">0.93 (.0150)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.140 (.0005)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.93 (.021)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.9125" id="M281" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.9125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">1.45 (.0190)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.119 (.0004)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.16 (.018)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">MAX-IMB</td><td一个l我gn="center">1.19 (.0170)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.108 (.0003)</td><td一个l我gn="center">4.90台端面应()</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">RANK-SUM</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.82 (.0317)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.196 (.0008)</td><td一个l我gn="center">9.24() 1。03 =</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">WGT-AVE</td><td一个l我gn="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.75" id="M282" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">0.52 (.0183)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.136 (.0005)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.82 (0)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.75" id="M283" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">1.59 (.0414)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.132 (.0004)</td><td一个l我gn="center">7.16 (.034)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.875" id="M284" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.875" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">2.56 (.0541)</td><td一个l我gn="center">.132 (.0004)</td><td一个l我gn="center">7.63 (.044)</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 的比较<年代vg height="14.35" id="M272" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.35" id="M273" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M274" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.737499 14.35" width="46.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为<年代vg height="13.55" id="M275" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.974998 13.55" width="34.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</d我v> </div> </div> <p>我们首先关注Table<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>（<年代vg height="13.55" id="M285" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:47.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>）.第一和第二列表明“最好的”<年代vg height="14.35" id="M286" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:35.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和“最好”<年代vg height="14.35" id="M287" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:34.037498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>EFRON和K-S分别为1.28和0.137，以其他标准下的巨大不平衡为代价。DSCRT当<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M288" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从2增加到4和8，<年代vg height="14.35" id="M289" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:35.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从2.17增加到2.94和3.76，而<年代vg height="14.35" id="M290" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:34.037498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从0.178下降到0.161和0.159。因此，我们看到在群体规模的平衡和协变量分布的平衡之间存在一种平衡。WGT-AVE也可以观察到类似的趋势<年代vg height="11.075" id="M291" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 11.075" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从2增加到4和6。根据这两个标准，新程序(MAX-IMB)具有<年代vg height="14.35" id="M292" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:35.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>2.36和<年代vg height="14.35" id="M293" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:34.037498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>0.159，性能优于DSCRT<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M294" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M295" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.9125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和WGT-AVE<年代vg height="14.75" id="M296" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:39.900002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.875" id="M297" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:39.900002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.875" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>；它也有更低的<年代vg height="14.35" id="M298" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:35.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.35" id="M299" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:34.037498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.037498 14.35" width="34.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.4197602" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>RANK-SUM。</p><p>而言,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M300" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:46.737499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.737499 14.35" width="46.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(第3列)，MAX-IMB的最小值为7.38，因为它依次使该标准最小。相反，DSCRT尽量减少在选定的时间间隔内患者人数的不平衡，但忽略了相对于其他时间间隔的不平衡。平均而言，DSCRT下的最大不平衡大于MAX-IMB下的最大不平衡。从某种意义上说,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M301" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:46.737499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.737499 14.35" width="46.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>用作检测任何被DSCRT忽略的分配不平衡的工具。由于新方法既检查了“全局”的不平衡，即整个范围内的不平衡，也检查了“局部”的不平衡，即任何一个小区间内的不平衡，它可以被看作是在总体群体规模上实现平衡和在协变量分布上实现平衡之间的一种折衷。</p><p></p><p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>可以得出类似的结论<年代vg height="13.55" id="M302" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.974998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.974998 13.55" width="34.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(见表<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>），即分配是确定的，除非是平局。从<年代vg height="13.55" id="M303" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:47.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>来<年代vg height="13.55" id="M304" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.974998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.974998 13.55" width="34.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，减少<年代vg height="14.35" id="M305" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:35.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在DSCRT下是最重要的，从<年代vg height="13.575" id="M306" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:105.6125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 105.6125 13.575" width="105.6125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.043749" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.496498" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.622246" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.873749" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.125248" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.338997" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.5905" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.716248" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.967751" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.219246" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>来<年代vg height="13.6375" id="M307" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:105.6125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 105.6125 13.6375" width="105.6125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.043749" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.496498" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.622246" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.873749" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.125248" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.338997" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.5905" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.716248" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.967751" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.219246" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．这是因为<年代vg height="13.55" id="M308" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.974998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.974998 13.55" width="34.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>只有协变量的值是随机的，只要在选定的时间间隔内的患者数量是偶数(例如，34<年代vg height="13.3125" id="M309" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:44.400002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.400002 13.3125" width="44.400002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和26<年代vg height="13.6375" id="M310" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:44.400002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.400002 13.6375" width="44.400002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>与<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M311" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)， DSCRT总能达到完美的整体平衡。此外，即使病人数目是奇数(例如，35个以上<年代vg height="13.3125" id="M312" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:44.400002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.400002 13.3125" width="44.400002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和25<年代vg height="13.6375" id="M313" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:44.400002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.400002 13.6375" width="44.400002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.993498" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)，仍然有可能存在分配差异<年代vg height="11.325" id="M314" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:18.65px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.65 11.325" width="18.65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.6875" id="M315" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:18.65px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.65 10.6875" width="18.65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或者反过来，再次得到完美的整体平衡。其他的手术更复杂，而且减少了<年代vg height="14.35" id="M316" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:35.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.1875 14.35" width="35.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> l</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是不那么重要。因此，当<年代vg height="13.55" id="M317" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.974998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.974998 13.55" width="34.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>MAX-IMB仅一致优于DSCRT<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M318" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.9125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,而不是<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M319" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</p><p>我们也用其他常用的测量方法，包括样本均值的平均绝对差(<年代vg height="14.35" id="M320" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.950001 14.35" width="47.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)和样本标准差的平均绝对差(<年代vg height="14.35" id="M321" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:36.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.9375 14.35" width="36.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)的协变量值。此外，林和苏[<一个href＝＂#B23">23</一个>］引入了另一个准则，即两个处理组协变量值的经验累积分布函数之间的面积(用最大值与最小值的差归一化)，记为<年代vg height="14.35" id="M322" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:42.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.450001 14.35" width="42.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，并指出该准则比Kolmogorov-Smirnov距离在捕获两种分布的差异方面具有更好的性能。因此，我们在模拟中纳入了这一准则。由于分布函数下的均值、标准差和面积的测量依赖于协变量的潜在分布，我们在均匀分布下进行了模拟研究<年代vg height="13.2375" id="M323" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:92.462502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 92.462502 13.2375" width="92.462502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.115647" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.156036" y="0"> U</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.945644" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.197144" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.672977" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.836479" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.999977" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.251476" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.452724" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.704224" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在正态分布下<年代vg height="13.45" id="M324" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:77.425003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 77.425003 13.45" width="77.425003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.115647" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.156036" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.796089" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.959587" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.211086" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.424839" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.676338" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>并在表格中显示结果<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab3/" target="_blank">3.</一个>和<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>，分别。</p><d我v class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center"> <svg height="18" id="M330" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 92.0625 18" width="92.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-67.78,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.79,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.56,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.029085" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-3.27,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td><td一个l我gn="center"> <svg height="18" id="M331" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.837502 18" width="75.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.54,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.029085" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.25,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td><td一个l我gn="center"> <svg height="18" id="M332" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81.349998 18" width="81.349998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-35.13,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.029085" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-11.84,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">埃夫隆</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.96 (.063)</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.79 (.030)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.30 (.051)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">钴</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.29 (.028)</td><td一个l我gn="center">1.77 (.020)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.02 (.022)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">DSCRT</td><td一个l我gn="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M333" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">3.60 (.039)</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.72 (.029)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.33 (.030)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M334" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">3.22 (.036)</td><td一个l我gn="center">1.92 (.021)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.56 (.027)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.9125" id="M335" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.9125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">3.80 (.042)</td><td一个l我gn="center">1.86 (.020)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.75 (.033)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">MAX-IMB</td><td一个l我gn="center">3.75 (.041)</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.10 (0)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.04 (.032)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">RANK-SUM</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.85 (.063)</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.76 (.029)</td><td一个l我gn="center">8.27 (.050)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">WGT-AVE</td><td一个l我gn="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.75" id="M336" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">4.26 (.050)</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.42 (.026)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.78 (.040)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.75" id="M337" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">3.53 (.042)</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.34 (.025)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.14 (.034)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.875" id="M338" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.875" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">3.26 (.040)</td><td一个l我gn="center">2.25 (.025)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.88 (.032)</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="13.2375" id="M325" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 92.462502 13.2375" width="92.462502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.115647" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.156036" y="0"> U</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.945644" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.197144" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.672977" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.836479" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.999977" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.251476" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.452724" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.704224" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．的比较<年代vg height="14.35" id="M326" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.674999 14.35" width="42.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.35" id="M327" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.1875 14.35" width="48.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M328" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 37.162498 14.35" width="37.162498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为<年代vg height="13.55" id="M329" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</d我v> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab4"> <table class="table-group" id="tab4"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center"> <svg height="18" id="M344" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 86.849998 18" width="86.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.72,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.765083" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.016582" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-7.44,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td><td一个l我gn="center"> <svg height="18" id="M345" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.837502 18" width="75.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.54,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.029085" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.25,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td><td一个l我gn="center"> <svg height="18" id="M346" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81.349998 18" width="81.349998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-35.13,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.029085" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-11.84,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(东南部)。</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">埃夫隆</td><td一个l我gn="center">20.66 (.220)</td><td一个l我gn="center">14.79(比赛)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.78() 1。03 =</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">钴</td><td一个l我gn="center">9.47 (.112)</td><td一个l我gn="center">11.45 (.124)</td><td一个l我gn="center">4.61 (.018)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">DSCRT</td><td一个l我gn="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M347" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">14.08 (.152)</td><td一个l我gn="center">14.64 (.155)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.62 (.024)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M348" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">12.32 (.133)</td><td一个l我gn="center">12.39 (.135)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.00 (.020)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="10.9125" id="M349" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.9125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">13.44 (.149)</td><td一个l我gn="center">11.60 (.126)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.00 (0)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">MAX-IMB</td><td一个l我gn="center">14.17 (.154)</td><td一个l我gn="center">12.61 (.137)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.28 (0)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">RANK-SUM</td><td一个l我gn="center">20.24 (.218)</td><td一个l我gn="center">14.67 (.157)</td><td一个l我gn="center">6.77() 1。03 =</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">WGT-AVE</td><td一个l我gn="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.75" id="M350" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">15.46 (.176)</td><td一个l我gn="center">13.75 (.147)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.80 (.029)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.75" id="M351" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">13.21 (.152)</td><td一个l我gn="center">13.53 (.143)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.39 (.025)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="14.875" id="M352" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.875" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">12.59 (.147)</td><td一个l我gn="center">13.36 (.143)</td><td一个l我gn="center">5.22 (0)</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表4</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="13.125" id="M339" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 100.7 13.125" width="100.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.115647" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.156036" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.033165" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.284664" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.685722" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.413055" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.576553" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.828056" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.041809" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.293304" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．的比较<年代vg height="14.35" id="M340" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.674999 14.35" width="42.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.35" id="M341" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.1875 14.35" width="48.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M342" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 37.162498 14.35" width="37.162498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.96,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为<年代vg height="13.55" id="M343" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．</d我v> </div> </div> <p>从表<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab3/" target="_blank">3.</一个>在均匀分布下，可以看出K-S的性能最好，因为它的<年代vg height="14.35" id="M353" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.950001 14.35" width="47.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.35" id="M354" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:36.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.9375 14.35" width="36.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M355" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:42.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.450001 14.35" width="42.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(2.29、1.77和5.02)是所有程序中最低的。这是预期的，因为K-S只使两个分布之间的距离最小。一旦分布最接近，均值和标准差的汇总统计量以及分布之间的面积也最接近。但是，K-S可能会产生严重的群体规模不平衡，如表所示<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>和<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>．EFRON由于完全忽略了协变量分布，在三个标准下性能最差。</p><p>的三个选项中<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M356" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>粗略地说，在DSCRT下<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M357" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>执行最佳:<年代vg height="14.35" id="M358" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.950001 14.35" width="47.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.35" id="M359" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:42.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.450001 14.35" width="42.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(3.22和5.56)是最低的<年代vg height="14.35" id="M360" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:36.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.9375 14.35" width="36.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(1.92)略高于下方<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M361" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.9125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．此外，在这三个标准下，DSCRT与<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M362" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>均优于MAX-IMB、RANK-SUM和WGT-AVE。但是，DSCRT具有良好的性能<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M363" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是基于正确识别真协变量分布的四分位数，这可能在收集数据之前是不可行的。相反，其他方法不需要这样的信息。</p><p>比较MAX-IMB、RANK-SUM和WGT-AVE, RANK-SUM在三种标准下值最高;MAX-IMB与WGT-AGE具有相当的性能<年代vg height="14.75" id="M364" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:39.900002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.900002 14.75" width="39.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，前者略高<年代vg height="14.35" id="M365" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.950001 14.35" width="47.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>后者略高<年代vg height="14.35" id="M366" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:36.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.9375 14.35" width="36.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.35" id="M367" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:42.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.450001 14.35" width="42.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．正态分布也可以得到类似的结论(见表)<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>）.的结果<年代vg height="13.55" id="M368" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:34.974998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.974998 13.55" width="34.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在三个标准下<年代vg height="14.35" id="M369" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.950001 14.35" width="47.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.580832" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.35" id="M370" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:36.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.9375 14.35" width="36.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.77632" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M371" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:42.450001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.450001 14.35" width="42.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9271421" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.15,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.67744" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>就像,<年代vg height="13.55" id="M372" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:47.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.125 13.55" width="47.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5772982" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.617687" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.34502" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，唯一的区别是<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M373" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>DSCRT下<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M374" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.9125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>而不是<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M375" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:38.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.424999 10.8125" width="38.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.340461" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.38085" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．事实上，我们也做了不同样本量下的模拟(<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M376" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:48.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.4375 10.9125" width="48.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.103384" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.143772" y="0"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.395271" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>150)，结果相当一致。</p><h4我d＝＂d我年代cussion-and-conclusions">5.讨论和结论</h4><p>在本文中，我们提出了一个新的极小化程序平衡处理分配在连续协变量。对于任何新患者，它检查他或她的协变量值的不平衡，并使分配概率偏向治疗，这将导致最大不平衡的较小值。新方法只依赖于协变量的秩，因此是无分布的。我们的模拟研究表明，它能够在组大小和各治疗组的协变量分布方面保持相对良好的平衡。</p><p>此外，新的程序不需要任何临界值的说明，而离散化方法通常需要临界值来定义类别。对于后一种方法，如果分位数的协变量分布<年代vg height="10.325" id="M377" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是用于临界值，那么缺乏相关知识吗<年代vg height="10.325" id="M378" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可能会导致对分位数的错误猜测。新程序通过考虑范围的所有可能的除法来节省这一步。不过，只是分配上的分歧而已<年代vg height="13.45" id="M379" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为了计算新的不平衡度量，必须检查间隔，并且相应的算法在计算上是有效的。</p><p>借用Pocock和Simon的设计[<一个href＝＂#B7">7</一个>，我们的方法可以很容易地推广到两个或多个连续协变量，或离散和连续协变量的混合。假设总共<年代vg height="10.325" id="M380" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1875 10.325" width="11.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>协变量<年代vg height="15.975" id="M381" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:72.162498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.162498 15.975" width="72.162498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.42,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.55,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-21.01,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,第一个<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M382" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.2875 14.2375" width="17.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.1,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是连续的，其余的是离散的。当<年代vg height="13.45" id="M383" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>对任何连续协变量，患者被纳入<年代vg height="13.1125" id="M384" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3125 13.1125" width="17.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.42,66.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.6" id="M385" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:80.599998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 80.599998 14.6" width="80.599998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.3517642" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.392153" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.643654" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.857405" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.435902" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.649654" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-12.44,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们定义<年代vg height="22.525" id="M386" style="vertical-align:-5.9676pt;width:37.637501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 37.637501 22.525" width="37.637501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.525)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.76"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.728865" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="12.7625" id="M387" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:57.200001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 57.200001 12.7625" width="57.200001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.79)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.239957" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.280346" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.244997" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.458748" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>由(<一个href＝＂#EEq3.2">3．2</一个>），这是相对于<年代vg height="9.9250002" id="M388" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:4.9875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.9875002 9.9250002" width="4.9875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>th协变量;对于任何离散协变量<年代vg height="13.1125" id="M389" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:18.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.825001 13.1125" width="18.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.42,66.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="14.6" id="M390" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:110.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 110.5375 14.6" width="110.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3269978" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.72,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-35.07,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.792969" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.383968" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.597721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，观察新患者所属的类别，初步分配治疗<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M391" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:8.6000004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.6000004 10.7375" width="8.6000004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>以及定义<年代vg height="23.025" id="M392" style="vertical-align:-6.3714pt;width:39.137501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.137501 23.025" width="39.137501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,23.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.58)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.76"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.728865" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>作为两个治疗组相对于该特定类别的患者数量的绝对差异。例如，如果<年代vg height="12.675" id="M393" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:7.1374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.1374998 12.675" width="7.1374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>协变量是性别，新病人是男性<年代vg height="23.025" id="M394" style="vertical-align:-6.3714pt;width:39.137501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.137501 23.025" width="39.137501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,23.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.58)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.76"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.728865" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在所有男性中计算。定义<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq5.1"> <svg height="53.674999" id="M395" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 53.674999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,53.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-29.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,105.59,47.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.65,53.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.83"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.83"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.83"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.83"> ，</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,132.38,42.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.97,47.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.17,63.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.37,61.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162,40.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.53,33.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.16,47.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.85,44.38)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.07,47.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.13,53.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.77"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.77"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.77"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.77"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.728865" y="10.77"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.85,47.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.89,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.91,40.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.2,33.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.4045279" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.3996477" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.79,31.59)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,254.42,33.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.79,47.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,274.48,44.38)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,278.91,47.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.97,53.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.77"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.77"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.77"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.530864" y="10.77"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.718864" y="10.77"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.12,47.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="154.63" y="0.11"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.7935" y="0.11"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="165.045" y="0.11"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="168.17075" y="0.11"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="174.42226" y="0.11"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="11.3375" id="M396" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:16.262501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.262501 11.3375" width="16.262501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.3375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.93)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.26,63.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的年代,<年代vg height="13.2625" id="M397" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:17.775px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.775 13.2625" width="17.775" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.2625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.26,63.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>为对协变量的权重，可根据不同协变量的重要性进行分配。这取决于<年代vg height="22.6" id="M398" style="vertical-align:-6.02905pt;width:51.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.25 22.6" width="51.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.82"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.82"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.82"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.82"> ，</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.16,55.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是大于，小于，还是等于<年代vg height="22.6" id="M399" style="vertical-align:-6.02905pt;width:51.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.25 22.6" width="51.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.82"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.82"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.82"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.82"> ，</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.16,55.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,分配<年代vg height="13.45" id="M400" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>病人接受治疗<年代vg height="10.55" id="M401" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的概率<年代vg height="9.875" id="M402" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9124999 9.875" width="7.9124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="9.875" id="M403" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M404" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:20.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1 10.9125" width="20.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．从(<一个href＝＂#EEq5.1">5．1</一个>），可以看出<年代vg height="22.6" id="M405" style="vertical-align:-6.02905pt;width:51.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.25 22.6" width="51.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.82"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.82"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.82"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.82"> ，</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.16,55.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>类似于波考克和西蒙的边际失衡加权平均。唯一的区别是，对于那些连续协变量，我们用本文提出的新测度重新定义了边际失衡，从而可以缓解离散化带来的负面影响。由于离散协变量的边际不平衡<年代vg height="22.6" id="M406" style="vertical-align:-6.02905pt;width:51.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.25 22.6" width="51.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.82"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.82"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.82"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.82"> ，</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.16,55.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>与Pocock和Simon的相同，可以预期在它们的设计中离散协变量的良好平衡特性可以保持<年代vg height="22.6" id="M407" style="vertical-align:-6.02905pt;width:51.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.25 22.6" width="51.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.658" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.82"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.82"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.82"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.540864" y="10.82"> ，</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.16,55.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>用于最小化。我们对两个连续协变量的情况进行了模拟，新程序再次显示出比其他程序的改进。</p><p>在这种情况下，不平等的分配比例<年代vg height="12.175" id="M408" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:46.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.6875 12.175" width="46.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.6,65.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8523636" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.64,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，我们可以很容易地通过重新定义度量来概括所提出的度量<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M409" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:75.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.3125 14.6875" width="75.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.192104" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.393353" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.21,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.36,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-20.81,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.96,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在(<一个href＝＂#EEq3.1">3．1</一个>），<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq10"> <svg height="41.712502" id="M410" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 41.712502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,41.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-38.63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.52,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.16,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,145.02,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.85144" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.052689" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.42,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.27,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.82,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.66,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 125.52,53.68 74,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.58,41.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.68,38.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.49,50.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.54" y="-10.57"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.67,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.69,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.85144" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.052689" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.09,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,265.94,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,279.49,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.34,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 216.03,53.68 74.16,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.09,41.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.19,38.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,291.39,50.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="173.36" y="-1.63"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="177.5235" y="-1.63"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="183.77499" y="-1.63"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="186.90074" y="-1.63"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="193.15225" y="-1.63"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>通过这样做，可以确保在任何时间间隔内的分配比率接近于<年代vg height="12.175" id="M411" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:46.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.6875 12.175" width="46.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.6,65.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8523636" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.64,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．在实践中，你也可以通过给不同的间隔增加重量来修改最大不平衡测量。每个区间的权重可以作为区间内患者数量的函数来分配，因此该过程保持无分布。但是实现这样一个程序的算法将会更加复杂。我们将把这些作为未来的研究课题。</p><h4class="secapp" id="appendix">附录</h4><h4我d＝＂proof-of-proposition-3.1">命题的证明<一个href＝＂#prop3.1">3．1</一个></h4><p>我们将使用一个基本的事实，对于一个序列<年代vg height="14.75" id="M412" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:74.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.224998 14.75" width="74.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.00144" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.67,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.8,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.52,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-18.67,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｝</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和一个常数<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M413" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.4749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.4749999 10.7375" width="7.4749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq6.1"> <svg height="38.575001" id="M414" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,82.79,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.278666" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,80.35,45.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.092992" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.280992" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.032991" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="26.220991" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.01,55.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.58"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,121.78,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,127.78,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.219999" y="-1.58"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.219999" y="1.58"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.02" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.370003" y="-6.9200001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.370003" y="3.75"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.370003" y="6.9099998"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.200001" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.227886" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.955219" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.506554" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.870003" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.597336" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="87.148666" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.14,45.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.43,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.71,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.71,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.219999" y="-6.9200001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.209999" y="3.75"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.219999" y="6.9099998"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.799999" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.01" y="-6.9200001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.01" y="3.75"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.01" y="6.9099998"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.51" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.237335" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.713169" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,279.67,45.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,294.93,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.2,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,307.2,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.219999" y="-6.9200001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.219999" y="3.75"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.219999" y="6.9099998"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.719999" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.16" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="154.83" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.9935" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.97066" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="171.09641" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="177.3479" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>跟随Section中的表示法和参数<一个href＝＂#sec3">3.</一个>，<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq12"> <svg height="44.125" id="M415" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 44.125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,44.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-36.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,19.14,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,29.2,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,47.71,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.75474" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.482075" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.033405" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,59.74,52.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.913408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.101408" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.477407" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.665407" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="32.417408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="34.605408" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="38.955151" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.62" y="11.21"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.024528" y="11.21"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.019648" y="11.21"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.496128" y="11.21"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.684128" y="11.21"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.060127" y="11.21"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="25.248129" y="11.21"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="34.00013" y="11.21"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="36.188129" y="11.21"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,102.97,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-4.29"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-0.75"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6899996" y="-2.51"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.440001" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.799999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.651403" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,144.07,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.29,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.15,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.58,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8699999" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.071248" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.22,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,215.77,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.98,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8600001" y="-4.29"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8600001" y="-0.75"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.83" y="-2.51"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.682364" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.32,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,269.02,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,290.71,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,309.4,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,331.09,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,335.52,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,347.6,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,366.3,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.27" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.730003" y="8.7600002"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="99.893501" y="8.7600002"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="108.87065" y="8.7600002"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="111.99641" y="8.7600002"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="118.2479" y="8.7600002"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>但<年代vg height="16.700001" id="M416" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:279.20001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 279.20001 16.700001" width="279.20001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.13,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.91,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.05,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-35.62,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.830717" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-2.13,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,1.09,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,15.95,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,31.17,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> ∪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.46669" y="0"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.46813" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,64.29,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,79.51,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.7771063" y="0"> ∪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.304632" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.46813" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,112.64,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,127.86,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.72,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.15,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="15.1125" id="M417" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:167.03751px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 167.03751 15.1125" width="167.03751" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.91)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.192104" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-43.11,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-27.89,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ｝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.00144" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.202688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-8.34,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,6.88,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,20.43,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,35.65,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>如果<年代vg height="14.9" id="M418" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:58.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.337502 14.9" width="58.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.08)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.38,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．因此,<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq13"> <svg height="30.125" id="M419" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-0.2,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,9.87,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,28.37,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.666979" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.394314" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.945644" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,40.41,52.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.913408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.101408" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.477407" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.665407" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="32.417408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="34.605408" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,88.56,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.278666" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.45,52.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.4045279" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.3996477" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.876128" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.064129" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="22.440128" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.628128" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="33.380127" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="35.568127" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,123.45,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-4.29"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-0.75"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6899996" y="-2.51"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.17,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.1,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.79" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.54,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.76,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.63,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.84,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.51"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.970221" y="-2.51"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.997387" y="-2.51"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.350109" y="-2.51"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.22,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.15,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.65,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,283.87,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,298.73,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,303.16,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.79" y="-4.29"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.79" y="-0.75"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.76" y="-2.51"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.624866" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,333.44,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,340.13,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,361.82,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,380.51,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,402.2,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,406.63,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2799997" y="-2.51"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.400002" y="0.63999999"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.563499" y="0.63999999"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.540649" y="0.63999999"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.666405" y="0.63999999"> 3.</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.9179" y="0.63999999"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>注意，根据符号的定义<年代vg height="14.65" id="M420" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:26.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.375 14.65" width="26.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.65)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.28)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.07,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="15.05" id="M421" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:240.72501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 240.72501 15.05" width="240.72501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.07,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.26,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.04,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.18,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.96,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.08342" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.246918" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.410416" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,42.11,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,45.33,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,60.19,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,75.41,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.364747" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,93.13,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,97.97,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2137508" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,111.52,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,116.37,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，进一步等于<年代vg height="15.05" id="M422" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:157.83749px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 157.83749 15.05" width="157.83749" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.354164" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.94,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.72,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.86,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-11.64,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.364747" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,6.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,21.29,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,34.84,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,50.06,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>由于时间间隔<年代vg height="15.05" id="M423" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:64.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.224998 15.05" width="64.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.13,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.91,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.05,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.83,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>不包含<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M424" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:31.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.2125 14.6875" width="31.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.3,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>．对于任何固定的<年代vg height="9.9250002" id="M425" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:4.9875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.9875002 9.9250002" width="4.9875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>应用(<一个href＝＂#EEq6.1">. 1</一个>）为常数<年代vg height="15.05" id="M426" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:107.0375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 107.0375 15.05" width="107.0375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.07,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.26,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.04,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.18,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.96,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和序列<年代vg height="16.637501" id="M427" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:83.074997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 83.074997 16.637501" width="83.074997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.07,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.26,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.04,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-14.18,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.75,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ］</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，<年代vg height="13.6125" id="M428" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:90.512497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 90.512497 13.6125" width="90.512497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3269978" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.619608" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.833359" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.084858" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.286106" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.877106" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.090858" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>，我们有<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq6.2"> <svg height="155.7625" id="M429" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 155.7625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,155.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,52.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.63,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.57,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-8.06,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.654476" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.381809" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.933144" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,3.98,52.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.913408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.101408" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.477407" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.665407" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="32.417408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="34.605408" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,45.02,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.970001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.759998" y="-4.79"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.759998" y="-0.25"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.259998" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-2.51"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.917334" y="-2.51"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.468666" y="-2.51"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,95.67,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,102.14,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,109.04,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.41,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.35,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.7800002" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,150.79,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,154.01,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,168.87,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.09,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.219999" y="-4.79"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.219999" y="-0.25"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.809999" y="-2.51"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.02" y="-4.79"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.02" y="-0.25"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.52" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.51"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.970221" y="-2.51"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.47,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.37,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.74,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.68,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.79" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,286.12,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,289.34,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,304.2,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,319.42,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.219999" y="-4.79"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.219999" y="-0.25"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.719999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.51"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.970221" y="-2.51"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.990002" y="-2.51"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.842365" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,375.92,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,382.61,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,404.3,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,419.52,57.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-387.76001" y="43.91"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-427.57999" y="36.580002"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-415.55212" y="36.580002"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-405.82477" y="36.580002"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-400.27344" y="36.580002"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-369.79999" y="36.580002"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-360.07266" y="36.580002"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-354.52133" y="36.580002"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,43.09,12.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.913408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.101408" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.477407" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.665407" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="32.417408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="34.605408" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,84.13,18.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-4.79"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-0.25"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6899996" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,102.21,17.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,108.68,15.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.58,20.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.707607" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.33,17.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.26,18.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.79" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.7,17.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.92,20.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.78,17.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211,18.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-4.79"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-0.25"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.83" y="-2.52"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.682364" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.34,17.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.03,20.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.72,17.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,285.94,18.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2799997" y="-2.52"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-251.7" y="37.209999"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-241.97267" y="37.209999"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-236.42134" y="37.209999"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,27.61,-26.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.913408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.101408" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.477407" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.665407" y="0"> ．..</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="32.417408" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="34.605408" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,68.65,-21.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-4.79"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="-0.25"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6899996" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,86.73,-21.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,93.21,-24.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.11,-18.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.707607" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,140.85,-21.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.78,-21.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.79" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.22,-21.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.44,-18.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.31,-21.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.53,-21.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-4.79"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-0.25"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.82" y="-2.51"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.672363" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.87,-21.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.56,-18.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.25,-21.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.47,-21.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1900001" y="4.8200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-278.53" y="27.459999"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-269.96545" y="27.459999"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-260.11307" y="27.459999"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-250.38574" y="27.459999"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-244.83441" y="27.459999"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-232.33142" y="27.459999"> ｛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-226.32997" y="27.459999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-220.32854" y="27.459999"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-215.11478" y="27.459999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-209.11334" y="27.459999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-201.98663" y="27.459999"> ｝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-193.89719" y="27.459999"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="191.56" y="-27.92"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="195.7235" y="-27.92"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="204.70065" y="-27.92"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="207.8264" y="-27.92"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="214.0779" y="-27.92"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>应用(<一个href＝＂#EEq6.1">. 1</一个>再次)<年代vg height="10.325" id="M430" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 10.325" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在恒定的<年代vg height="17.3375" id="M431" style="vertical-align:-5.32956pt;width:49.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.325001 17.3375" width="49.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.3375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.13)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.08,58.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.18,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和序列<年代vg height="15.05" id="M432" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:81.574997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81.574997 15.05" width="81.574997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.07,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ［</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.26,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.04,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.18,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.96,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们有<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq15"> <svg height="20.2875" id="M433" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 20.2875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,84.84,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.290001" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.080002" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.080002" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.580002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4647713" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.505159" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.232494" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.783825" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.81,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156,55.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.91,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.190001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.49,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.97,55.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.87,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.440001" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.440001" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.030001" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.240002" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.240002" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.740002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.19,55.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.09,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.35" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.200001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.68,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,291.15,55.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,298.06,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.440001" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.440001" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.940001" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.810001" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="163.97" y="0.37"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="168.1335" y="0.37"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="177.11066" y="0.37"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="180.2364" y="0.37"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="186.4879" y="0.37"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>同样的,<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq16"> <svg height="20.2875" id="M434" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 20.2875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.83,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.299999" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.09" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.09" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.59" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.00144" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.478714" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.506599" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.233932" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.785267" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.81,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.01,55.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.91,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.190001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.49,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.97,55.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.87,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.440001" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.440001" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.030001" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.240002" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.240002" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.740002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.19,55.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.09,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.35" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.200001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,287.68,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,294.16,55.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.06,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.440001" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.440001" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.940001" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.82" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="160.97" y="0.37"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="165.1335" y="0.37"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="174.11066" y="0.37"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="177.2364" y="0.37"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="183.4879" y="0.37"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>因此,<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="eq17"> <svg height="21.725" id="M435" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 21.725" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,0.1,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,10.17,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.1896" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.19" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.1597438" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.154864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,28.67,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.82" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.009998" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.009998" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.509998" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ＝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.767723" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.319056" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,86.57,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,92.77,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,99.67,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,119.4,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.88,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,132.78,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.18" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.889999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.06,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.26,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.16,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.89,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.37,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.27,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.17" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.379999" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.379999" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.879999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.54,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.74,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.64,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.37,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,294.85,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.75,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.6" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.6" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.18" y="0"> ，</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.389999" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.889999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,340.03,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,346.23,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,353.13,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,372.86,56.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,379.34,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,386.24,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="-2.28"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="2.26"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.09" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.370001" y="0"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.790001" y="-0.2"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.953499" y="-0.2"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.930656" y="-0.2"> ．</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.056404" y="-0.2"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.307899" y="-0.2"> ）</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>的推导<年代vg height="21.424999" id="M436" style="vertical-align:-5.08981pt;width:31.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.5 21.424999" width="31.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.89,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> （</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.0058079" y="0"> ）</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.18000001" y="10.76"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.169744" y="10.76"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.164864" y="10.76"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是相似的。</p><h4我d＝＂一个cknowledgments">致谢</h4><p>本研究得到了美国国家科学基金DMS-0907297和DMS-0906661的资助。</p></d我v> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">参考文献</h4><ol><l我我d="B1">D. McEntegart，“使用分层和动态随机化技术追求平衡:概述”，<我>药物信息杂志</我>， 2003年第37卷，第293-308页。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1177/009286150303700305">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20pursuit%20of%20balance%20using%20stratified%20and%20dynamic%20randomization%20techniques:%20an%20overview&author=D. McEntegart&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B2">J. Ciolino, W. Zhao, R. Martin，和Y. Palesch，“量化临床试验随机化中忽略连续协变量不平衡的功率成本”，<我>当代临床</我>，第32卷，第2期2, pp. 250 - 259,2011。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2010.11.005">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quantifying%20the%20cost%20in%20power%20of%20ignoring%20continuous%20covariate%20imbalances%20in%20clinical%20trial%20randomization&author=J. Ciolino&author=W. Zhao&author=R. Martin&author=&author=Y. Palesch&publication_year=2011" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B3">G. Kundt，“分层随机化程序平衡特性的比较评估”，<我>医学中的信息方法</我>，第48卷，第129-134页，2009。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparative%20evaluation%20of%20balancing%20properties%20of%20stratified%20randomization%20procedures&author=G. Kundt&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B4">A. Hagino, C. Hamada, I. Yoshimura, Y. Ohashi, J. Sakamoto, H. Nakazato，“癌症临床试验中随机分配方法的统计比较”，<我>控制临床试验</我>，第25卷，第2期6，页572-584,2004。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2004.08.004">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Statistical%20comparison%20of%20random%20allocation%20methods%20in%20cancer%20clinical%20trials&author=A. Hagino&author=C. Hamada&author=I. Yoshimura&author=Y. Ohashi&author=J. Sakamoto&author=&author=H. Nakazato&publication_year=2004" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B5">A. Endo, F. Nagatani, C. Hamada，和I. Yoshimura，“使用Kullback-Leibler分歧来平衡治疗组和对照组之间持续预后变量的最小化方法”<我>当代临床试验</我>第27卷第2期5，页420-431,2006。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2006.05.002">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Minimization%20method%20for%20balancing%20continuous%20prognostic%20variables%20between%20treatment%20and%20control%20groups%20using%20Kullback-Leibler%20divergence&author=A. Endo&author=F. Nagatani&author=C. Hamada&author=&author=I. Yoshimura&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B6">“随机临床试验中多重基线特征的平衡”，<我>当代临床试验</我>，第32卷，第2期4, pp. 547 - 550,2011。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2011.03.004">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Balancing%20multiple%20baseline%20characteristics%20in%20randomized%20clinical%20trials&author=Z. Su&publication_year=2011" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B7">S. J. Pocock和R. Simon，“对照临床试验中预后因素平衡的顺序治疗分配，”<我>生物识别技术</我>第31卷第1期1，第103-115页，1975。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.2307/2529712">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sequential%20treatment%20assignment%20with%20balancing%20for%20prognostic%20factors%20in%20the%20controlled%20clinical%20trial&author=S. J. Pocock &author=R. Simon&publication_year=1975" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B8">魏立军，“骨灰盒模型在序贯对照临床试验设计中的应用”，<我>美国统计协会杂志</我>，第73卷，第2期363，页559-563,1978。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An%20application%20of%20an%20urn%20model%20to%20the%20design%20of%20sequential%20controlled%20clinical%20trials&author=L. J. Wei&publication_year=1978" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an%3A0389.62067">Zentralblatt数学</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B9">M. Zelen，“临床试验患者的随机化和分层，”<我>慢性病杂志</我>，第27卷，第365-375页，1974。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(74)90015-0">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20randomization%20and%20stratification%20of%20patients%20to%20clinical%20trials&author=M. Zelen&publication_year=1974" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B10">D. F. Signorini, O. Leung, R. J. Simes, E. Beller, V. J. Gebski，和T. Callaghan，“临床试验的动态平衡随机化”，<我>医学统计</我>，第12卷，第2期24，第2343-2350页，1993。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780122410">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dynamic%20balanced%20randomization%20for%20clinical%20trials&author=D. F. Signorini&author=O. Leung&author=R. J. Simes&author=E. Beller&author=V. J. Gebski&author=&author=T. Callaghan&publication_year=1993" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B11">S. Heritier, V. Gebski，和A. Pillai，“对照临床试验中的动态平衡随机化”，<我>医学统计</我>，第24卷，第2期24，第3729-3741页，2005。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2421">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dynamic%20balancing%20randomization%20in%20controlled%20clinical%20trials&author=S. Heritier&author=V. Gebski&author=&author=A. Pillai&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B12">胡耀华，“协变量自适应随机化的渐近性质”，<我>统计年鉴</我>．在出版社。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Asymptotic%20properties%20of%20covariate-adaptive%20randomization&author=Y. Hu &author=F. Hu" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B13">C. J. Weir和K. R. Lees，“急性中风临床试验中分层和自适应治疗分配方法的比较”，<我>医学统计</我>第22卷第2期5，第705-726页，2003。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1366">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparison%20of%20stratification%20and%20adaptive%20methods%20for%20treatment%20allocation%20in%20an%20acute%20stroke%20clinical%20trial&author=C. J. Weir &author=K. R. Lees&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B14">F. K. Hoehler，《生物医学研究中受试者的平衡分配:基于等级的最小化策略》<我>计算机与生物医学研究</我>，第20卷，第2期。3，第209-213页，1987。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4809(87)90054-1">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Balancing%20allocation%20of%20subjects%20in%20biomedical%20research:%20a%20minimization%20strategy%20based%20on%20ranks&author=F. K. Hoehler&publication_year=1987" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B15">J. W. Frane，《一种有偏差硬币随机化方法及其实施和验证》，<我>药物信息杂志</我>，第32卷，第2期2，第423-432页，1998。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1177/009286159803200213">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20method%20of%20biased%20coin%20randomization,%20its%20implementation,%20and%20its%20validation&author=J. W. Frane&publication_year=1998" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B16">B. stisby和D. R. Taves，“临床试验中受试者平衡分配的秩最小化”，<我>当代临床试验</我>第31卷第1期2, pp. 147-150, 2010。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2009.12.001">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Rank-Minimization%20for%20balanced%20assignment%20of%20subjects%20in%20clinical%20trials&author=B. Stigsby &author=D. R. Taves&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B17">C. B. Begg和B. Iglewicz，《序贯临床试验的治疗分配程序》<我>生物识别技术</我>第36卷第2期1，页81-90,1980。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.2307/2530497">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20treatment%20allocation%20procedure%20for%20sequential%20clinical%20trials&author=C. B. Begg &author=B. Iglewicz&publication_year=1980" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an%3A0428.62079">Zentralblatt数学</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B18">a.c. Atkinson，“有预后因素的序贯临床试验的最佳偏置硬币设计”，<我>生物统计学</我>，第69卷，第2期1，页61-67,1982。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/69.1.61">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Optimum%20biased%20coin%20designs%20for%20sequential%20clinical%20trials%20with%20prognostic%20factors&author=A. C. Atkinson&publication_year=1982" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an%3A0483.62067">Zentralblatt数学</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B19">R. L. Smith，“序列临床试验中有偏差硬币设计的特性”，<我>统计年鉴</我>，第12卷，第2期3, 1984年。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176346718">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Properties%20of%20biased%20coin%20designs%20in%20sequential%20clinical%20trials&author=R. L. Smith&publication_year=1984" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an%3A0553.62068">Zentralblatt数学</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B20">R. L. Smith， "使用有偏差硬币设计的顺序治疗分配"<我>皇家统计学会杂志。B系列</我>第46卷，第46期3，页519-543,1984。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sequential%20treatment%20allocation%20using%20biased%20coin%20designs&author=R. L. Smith&publication_year=1984" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an%3A0571.62067">Zentralblatt数学</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B21">W. F. Rosenberger和O. Sverdlov，《在临床试验设计中处理协变量》，<我>统计科学</我>，第23卷，第2期。3，第404-419页，2008。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1214/08-STS269">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Handling%20covariates%20in%20the%20design%20of%20clinical%20trials&author=W. F. Rosenberger &author=O. Sverdlov&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B22">B. Efron， "强迫一个连续的实验达到平衡"<我>生物统计学</我>，第58卷，第403-417页，1971年。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/58.3.403">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Forcing%20a%20sequential%20experiment%20to%20be%20balanced&author=B. Efron&publication_year=1971" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an%3A0226.62086">Zentralblatt数学</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B23">Lin Y.， Su Z.，“利用经验累积分布函数之间的面积来平衡连续和分类基线协变量，”<我>医学统计</我>第31卷第1期18页，1961-1971,2012。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href＝＂http年代://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5363">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个nclass="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href＝＂https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Balancing%20continuous%20and%20categorical%20baseline%20covariates%20in%20sequential%20clinical%20trials%20using%20the%20area%20between%20empirical%20cumulative%20distribution%20functions&author=Y. Lin &author=Z. Su&publication_year=2012" target="_blank">谷歌学者</一个></年代p一个n></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4><p>版权所有©2012胡延庆、胡菲芳。这是一篇发布在<一个rel＝＂l我cense" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享署名许可协议</一个>，允许在任何媒介上不受限制地使用、传播和复制，但必须正确引用原作。</p></d我v> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4><d我v id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 jgHHJS"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jps/2012/842369.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-kcDeIU cbcyj ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavLarge"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/842369.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</年代p一个n></年代p一个n> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jps/2012/842369.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</d我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jps/2012/842369.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML</d我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-imABML ibWUzs" href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/842369/confirm" aria-label="Order Printed Copies" target="_blank" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__opcNav"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<年代p一个n>1650</年代p一个n></d我v> <div> 下载<年代p一个n>802</年代p一个n></d我v> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2012/842369" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</d我v> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3.．><ulclass="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/842369&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/842369" aria-label="Sharing on Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialLinkedin" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialLinkedin.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/842369" aria-label="Sharing on Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialFacebook" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Nc7jgPU06JU3XgMU0tszD/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialFacebook-HINDAWI.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"> <div class="wechat-container"> <img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialWechat" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMy45NjYiIGhlaWdodD0iMTguOTU4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjMuOTY2IDE4Ljk1OCI+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTAuMDA3IC0wLjAzNikiPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0zLjA1NiwxNWEuMzQ4LjM0OCwwLDAsMS0uMi0uMDU5LjM2My4zNjMsMCwwLDEtLjEzMS0uNDIyLDUuNDM1LDUuNDM1LDAsMCwxLC4yMS0uNzM5LDUuNjQ2LDUuNjQ2LDAsMCwwLC4yMDYtLjcxNy41NDMuNTQzLDAsMCwwLS4yNjctLjY4M0E2LjY0Niw2LjY0NiwwLDAsMSwuMzQ4LDkuMTQ0LDYuMzkzLDYuMzkzLDAsMCwxLC4wMDYsNy4xNTVhNS40NjQsNS40NjQsMCwwLDEsLjc0LTIuOTc2LDcuNDMyLDcuNDMyLDAsMCwxLC44NzctMS4yMjFBOC45NDIsOC45NDIsMCwwLDEsNC4xNDEsMS4wMTEsNy4wMTMsNy4wMTMsMCwwLDEsNS40ODUuNDc5bC4xNC0uMDQ1QTYuOTMxLDYuOTMxLDAsMCwxLDcuMjk0LjA4TDcuNjQyLjA1bC4wMzMsMEM3Ljk0LjAyNCw4LjIxNCwwLDguNDg1LDBhMy42MTUsMy42MTUsMCwwLDEsLjU2OS4wNDFjLjIxMy4wMzMuNDMzLjA0Ni42NDYuMDU5aC4wMTZjLjE5Mi4wMTIuNDEuMDI1LjYyMi4wNTVhMTAuMjE4LDEwLjIxOCwwLDAsMSwxLjMzNy4zMmwuMDA3LDBMMTEuNzQxLjVsLjIuMDU4YTcuNzEzLDcuNzEzLDAsMCwxLDIuNzA2LDEuMzgzQTYuNTYzLDYuNTYzLDAsMCwxLDE3LjIsNS44MTRjLjAxNy4wODQuMDEzLjEzNi0uMDEzLjE2OHMtLjA3Mi4wNDctLjE1OC4wNDloLS4wNzFjLS4wOTQsMC0uMTg5LS4wMDUtLjI4Mi0uMDFsLS4wMzIsMGMtLjA4OSwwLS4yLS4wMTEtLjMwNS0uMDExLS4wNDksMC0uMSwwLS4xNTEsMGExMC42MzEsMTAuNjMxLDAsMCwwLTIuMDE1LjM0Niw3LjMzMiw3LjMzMiwwLDAsMC0yLjQ0MywxLjA3MkE2Ljc0OSw2Ljc0OSwwLDAsMCw5LjQxLDEwLjEwNWE1LjMyOSw1LjMyOSwwLDAsMC0uNTQ0LDIuNDIxQTQuOTEsNC45MSwwLDAsMCw5LjEsMTMuOTE4Yy4wMzQuMTA3LjAzNi4xNzIuMDA3LjIxMnMtLjEyMS4wNTMtLjIyMS4wNTNhMS42NTEsMS42NTEsMCwwLDAtLjItLjAwOUg4LjUzN2ExMC4yLDEwLjIsMCwwLDEtMi43NTUtLjQuNzA2LjcwNiwwLDAsMC0uMi0uMDMxLjg2Ljg2LDAsMCwwLS40MjEuMTI1Yy0uMzg1LjIxMi0uNzcuNDM3LTEuMTQzLjY1NWwtLjA2Mi4wMzYtLjE5Mi4xMTJjLS4xNDYuMDg1LS4yOS4xNjktLjQzNC4yNTJBLjU1Mi41NTIsMCwwLDEsMy4wNTYsMTVabTguNDYtMTEuMzEzYTEuMTgsMS4xOCwwLDAsMC0uODIuMzksMS4wNzMsMS4wNzMsMCwwLDAtLjMxLjc2MywxLjEzOCwxLjEzOCwwLDAsMCwxLjA1NSwxLjA4MS44MTYuODE2LDAsMCwwLC4wOTMsMGguMDE1YTEuMTE5LDEuMTE5LDAsMCwwLDEuMTA1LTEuMDY0LDEuMDUzLDEuMDUzLDAsMCwwLS4zMTktLjc2LDEuMTgsMS4xOCwwLDAsMC0uOC0uNDA2Wm0tNS43MjguMDUxYTEuMSwxLjEsMCwwLDAtLjc3Mi4zMTEsMS4wNSwxLjA1LDAsMCwwLS4zMTkuNzU3QTEuMDc0LDEuMDc0LDAsMCwwLDUuNzQ3LDUuOWguMDE0YTEuMDkzLDEuMDkzLDAsMCwwLDEuMS0xLjA0NywxLjA0MiwxLjA0MiwwLDAsMC0uMjgxLS43NzJBMS4wOSwxLjA5LDAsMCwwLDUuOCwzLjc0M1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDA3IDAuMDM2KSIgZmlsbD0iIzdlZDMyMSIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xMS44ODIsMTIuNDUxYS40NjEuNDYxLDAsMCwxLS4yMjQtLjA2N2wtLjA4NS0uMDQ3LS4yMzgtLjEzMWMtLjMyOC0uMTc5LS43LS4zODItMS4wMzktLjZhLjk2My45NjMsMCwwLDAtLjUzNS0uMTcxLDEuMDg2LDEuMDg2LDAsMCwwLS4zMTEuMDQ4LDguMTEyLDguMTEyLDAsMCwxLTEuNzUxLjI2NWMtLjE5NC4wMTMtLjQuMDItLjYuMDJhOC4wNzQsOC4wNzQsMCwwLDEtMi42LS40MjEsNi43NjksNi43NjksMCwwLDEtMy4yMzMtMi4xMUE1LjM4Miw1LjM4MiwwLDAsMSwuMTQsNy4wNDRhNS4wMiw1LjAyLDAsMCwxLC41NzgtMy43N0E2LjE2MSw2LjE2MSwwLDAsMSwzLjI2Ni45NTksNy44Niw3Ljg2LDAsMCwxLDUuNC4xMzEsNy4xODMsNy4xODMsMCwwLDEsNi43NTEsMGMuMTcyLDAsLjM0Mi4wMDYuNS4wMTdDNy40MjUuMDA3LDcuNTk0LDAsNy43NTgsMGE3LjM0OCw3LjM0OCwwLDAsMSwzLjIyOS44MDZBNi4wMTcsNi4wMTcsMCwwLDEsMTQuMyw0LjUxNiw0LjksNC45LDAsMCwxLDE0LjA4OSw3LjhhNS41NDcsNS41NDcsMCwwLDEtMS45MSwyLjRjLS4zODIuMjg5LS40MjcuMzQ0LS4zMDcuODEyLjA4OC4zMzMuMTc1LjY2Ni4yNjMsMSwuMDMzLjEyOC4wNzEuMjczLS4wNjYuMzcyQS4zMTYuMzE2LDAsMCwxLDExLjg4MiwxMi40NTFaTTkuNTg4LDMuMWEuODY3Ljg2NywwLDAsMC0uODc4Ljg4NS45MzIuOTMyLDAsMCwwLC4yNjcuNjUxQS45MjcuOTI3LDAsMCwwLDEwLjU1LDQsLjg5NC44OTQsMCwwLDAsOS42OCwzLjFIOS41ODhaTTQuNzU3LDMuMDkzYS45LjksMCwwLDAtLjYwOC4zMDkuNzkyLjc5MiwwLDAsMC0uMjM5LjU3Mi44OTIuODkyLDAsMCwwLC44ODUuOTIyLjk5NC45OTQsMCwwLDAsLjcxNi0uMjc4Ljg2Ni44NjYsMCwwLDAsLjI0Ny0uNjI2Ljk5Mi45OTIsMCwwLDAtLjk3Ny0uOUg0Ljc1N1oiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDkuNDc4IDYuNTQyKSIgZmlsbD0iIzdlZDMyMSIvPjwvZz48L3N2Zz4=" height="24"> <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"></div> </div></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:?subject=Balancing Treatment Allocation over Continuous Covariates: A New Imbalance Measure for Minimization&body=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/842369" aria-label="Sharing on Mail" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialMail" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 cBTaXT journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-4 cYsVdk biblioWrapperRight biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">相关文章</h4><d我v id="biblio_sidebar" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 jgHHJS"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="sc-jKJlTe inBNwS"> <section class="sc-eNQAEJ dkutRV"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd primary__footer footer__bodypadding"> <div class="sc-hMqMXs hlGpbO mobile"> 遵循我们:<n一个v role="navigation" class="sc-kkGfuU filPdg"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> <nav class="E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx" role="navigation"> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link about_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</一个></l我><l我><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link contact_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us">联系我们</一个></l我><l我><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link partnerships" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</一个></l我><l我><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link blog" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</一个></l我></ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link journals" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</一个></l我><l我><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article_processing_charges" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges">文章处理费用</一个></l我><l我><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link print_editions" href="//www.newsama.com/print-editions/" aria-label="Print editions">印刷版</一个></l我></ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link authors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors">作者</一个></l我><l我><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link editors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors">编辑器</一个></l我><l我><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link reviewers" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers">评论家</一个></l我></ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link hindawi_xml_corpus" href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus">雷电竞APP</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link open_archives_initiative" href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative">开放档案计划</一个></l我><l我><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link fraud_prevention" href="//www.newsama.com/preventing-and-protecting-against-fraud/" aria-label="Fraud prevention">欺诈防范</一个></l我></ul> </nav> <div class="sc-hMqMXs hlGpbO desktop"> 遵循我们:<n一个v role="navigation" class="sc-kkGfuU filPdg"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iNDAiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA0MCA0MCIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48cGF0aCBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiIGNsaXAtcnVsZT0iZXZlbm9kZCIgZD0iTTAgMjBDMCA4Ljk1NTk5IDguOTU1OTkgMCAyMCAwQzMxLjA0NCAwIDQwIDguOTU1OTkgNDAgMjBDNDAgMzEuMDQ0IDMxLjA0NCA0MCAyMCA0MEM4Ljk1NTk5IDQwIDAgMzEuMDQ0IDAgMjBaTTkuMzE3MzIgMzAuMjM0NEgxNC4xODgyVjE1LjU4MDFIOS4zMTczMlYzMC4yMzQ0Wk0xMS43NTI5IDEzLjU3OTFIMTEuNzIxMkMxMC4wODY3IDEzLjU3OTEgOS4wMjk1NCAxMi40NTM5IDkuMDI5NTQgMTEuMDQ3N0M5LjAyOTU0IDkuNjA5NjggMTAuMTE5IDguNTE1NjIgMTEuNzg1MyA4LjUxNTYyQzEzLjQ1MTUgOC41MTU2MiAxNC40NzY5IDkuNjA5NjggMTQuNTA4NyAxMS4wNDc3QzE0LjUwODcgMTIuNDUzOSAxMy40NTE1IDEzLjU3OTEgMTEuNzUyOSAxMy41NzkxWk0yNi44ODE0IDMwLjIzNDRIMzEuNzUxN1YyMS44MzE3QzMxLjc1MTcgMTcuMzMwNiAyOS4zNDg4IDE1LjIzNjIgMjYuMTQ0MSAxNS4yMzYyQzIzLjU1OTkgMTUuMjM2MiAyMi40MDE3IDE2LjY1NjUgMjEuNzU0NSAxNy42NTVWMTUuNTgwMUgxNi44ODM5QzE2Ljk0NzYgMTYuOTU1IDE2Ljg4MzkgMzAuMjM0NCAxNi44ODM5IDMwLjIzNDRIMjEuNzU0NVYyMi4wNTA4QzIxLjc1NDUgMjEuNjEyOSAyMS43ODU5IDIxLjE3NTIgMjEuOTE0NyAyMC44NjIxQzIyLjI2NjggMTkuOTg3MiAyMy4wNjgyIDE5LjA4MDggMjQuNDEzOCAxOS4wODA4QzI2LjE3NjEgMTkuMDgwOCAyNi44ODE0IDIwLjQyNDUgMjYuODgxNCAyMi4zOTQ3VjMwLjIzNDRaIiBmaWxsPSIjRjJGMkYyIj48L3BhdGg+PC9zdmc+" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"> <section class="sc-iAyFgw gCiATD"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策<！-- --> |</一个><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款<！-- --> |</一个><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/" aria-label="Responsible Disclosure Policy">负责信息披露政策<！-- --> |</一个><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策<！-- --> |</一个><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" aria-label="Copyright">版权<！-- --> |</一个><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/modern-slavery-statement/" aria-label="Modern slavery statement">现代奴隶制的声明<！-- --></a> </section> </div> </footer> <div class="sc-OxbzP eEFYIL advWrapper hideBanner"> <span><p>年度文章奖:由主编评选的2020年杰出研究贡献。<一个href＝＂http年代://www.newsama.com/article-year-award/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">阅读获奖文章</一个>．</p></年代p一个n><button class="sc-bYnzgO dsXEHZ"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-cPuPxo iXKuYd" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></button> </div> </div> </div> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>