-formula. Then the approximate Studentization method is applied to obtain the significance function of the threshold parameter. Finally, a predictive density function of the two-parameter exponential distribution is derived. A real-life data set is used to show the implementation of the method. Simulation studies are then carried out to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed methods.">
两个参数指数分布的区间估计</gydF4y2Batitle>
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<p>在这一页上</p><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</gydF4y2Baa></span>
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<p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation">
体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代pan>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<!-- -->734575年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代pan>
<a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/734575" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/734575</gydF4y2Baa>
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<p>江莱,奥古斯汀c . m .黄<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<!-- -->”<年代pan class="adjust-article-svg-size">两个参数指数分布的区间估计</年代pan>”,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --><i>概率论与数理统计》杂志上</我>,<ggydF4y2BaydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<!-- -->卷。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<!-- -->文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->734575年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<!-- -->8<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<!-- -->
<!-- -->
<!-- -->页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
<!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->
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<h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN jMdfPj article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">两个参数指数分布的区间估计</gydF4y2Bah1>
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<span class="">江莱<年代up>1</年代up>和</年代pan>
<span class=""><b>奥古斯汀c . m .黄</gydF4y2Bab><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><sup>1</年代up></span>
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<p><sup>1</年代up><span>数学和统计,约克大学,基尔街4700号,多伦多,加拿大</年代pan></p>
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<b>学术编辑器:</gydF4y2Bab>答:Thavaneswaran</gydF4y2Badiv>
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<div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished">
<span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代pan>
<span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年11月11日</年代pan>
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<div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished">
<span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</年代pan>
<span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年1月24日</年代pan>
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<div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished">
<span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代pan>
<span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年1月31日</年代pan>
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<div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished">
<span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代pan>
<span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年4月17日</年代pan>
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<article class="sc-jtRlXQ cRDvIO article_body ">
<div>
<div class="xml-content">
<h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>在应用工作中,两个参数指数分布提供了有用的许多物理表示的情况。置信区间的尺度参数和预测区间为未来独立观察已经研究了很多,包括Petropoulos(2011)和无法无天的(1977),分别。然而,区间估计的阈值参数统计文献中并没有被广泛研究。本文的目的是,第一,获得确切的函数renormalizing尺度参数的意义<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:14.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.1125 14.3875" width="14.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.49)">
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∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</g>
</g>
</svg>公式。然后近似Studentization方法应用于获得意义阈值参数的函数。最后,预测两个参数指数分布的密度函数。一个真实的数据集是用于显示的实现方法。然后进行仿真研究验证了该方法的准确性。</p><年代pan class="end-abs"></span>
<h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>的两个参数指数分布密度:<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq1">
<svg height="30.862499" id="M2" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.862499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>是阈值参数,<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:36.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.5 11.0625" width="36.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>尺度参数,广泛应用于应用统计数据。例如,无法无天的[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">1</gydF4y2Baa>)两个参数指数分布来分析生命周期数据,应用Baten和卡米尔(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">2</gydF4y2Baa>)应用分布来分析库存管理系统与危险物品。Petropoulos [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">3</gydF4y2Baa>提出了两个新类的尺度参数的置信区间<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
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</svg>。无法无天的(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">1</gydF4y2Baa>)获得未来的预测区间两个参数指数分布的观测。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba在本文中,我们考虑一个示例<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:71.137497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.137497 14.6875" width="71.137497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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<p>两个参数指数分布的密度(<gydF4y2Baa href="#EEq1">1.1</gydF4y2Baa>),它可以显示的边际密度<年代vg height="16.637501" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:153.27499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 153.27499 16.637501" width="153.27499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,304.17,54.16)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,318.34,57.29)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
></gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.654716" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="146.41" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.5735" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="156.825" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="159.95074" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="166.20226" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>以观察到的样本<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:71.137497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.137497 14.6875" width="71.137497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.25)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.91,60.37)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.04,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2137508" y="0">
…</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.15,60.37)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.3,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,日志只取决于条件似然函数<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,可以写成<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq3">
<svg height="54.025002" id="M15" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 54.025002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,54.025)">
<g transform="translate(72,-28.78)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,103.73,63.2)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,110.97,60.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.62,63.2)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.50276" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.129589" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.169979" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.497215" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.660717" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.275043" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.476292" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.815552" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.76722" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.107445" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.97,60.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.77,63.2)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.709999" y="18.23">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.765323" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.979074" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.318335" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-80.010002" y="25.49">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-67.982117" y="25.49">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-58.929943" y="25.49">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-47.57" y="25.48">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-43.406502" y="25.48">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-34.429348" y="25.48">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-23.076624" y="25.48">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-16.825123" y="25.48">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-10.586126" y="25.48">
l</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-7.110292" y="25.48">
o</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-0.85879201" y="25.48">
g</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4807091" y="25.48">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.595636" y="25.48">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 246.91,40.84 7.34,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.91,28.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.62" y="-6.2399998">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 263.38,46.12 6.88,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,263.38,37.71)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6523161" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.992537" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,291.26,34.59)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.96,35.2)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="-2.51">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="162.78999" y="-12.06">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="166.95351" y="-12.06">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="173.205" y="-12.06">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="176.33075" y="-12.06">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="182.58224" y="-12.06">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:7.9749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9749999 7.1750002" width="7.9749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是一个加常数和<年代vg height="17.487499" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-3.80836pt;width:74.612503px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.612503 17.487499" width="74.612503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.4875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-58.01)">
<g>
<path d="m -71.95,70.26 6.88,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.86)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.389999" y="0.029999999">
∑</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-38.13,68.09)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.9300003">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="9.9300003">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="9.9300003">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-22.46,61.86)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.58,58.73)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。不失一般性,本文<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:7.9749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9749999 7.1750002" width="7.9749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>设置为0。此外,表示<年代vg height="18.012501" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:85.025002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 85.025002 18.012501" width="85.025002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-57.59)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9646511" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.005039" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m -46.77,70.71 6.87,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.77,62.31)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6398134" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.992537" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-18.9,59.18)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-8.2,62.31)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>和<年代vg height="13.55" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:52.587502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.587502 13.55" width="52.587502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.16)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.853084" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.893473" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.144974" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.620808" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,那么日志条件似然函数可以写成<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq4">
<svg height="15.75" id="M21" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 15.75" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.75)">
<g transform="translate(72,-59.4)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,133.41,63.2)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,140.65,60.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.31,63.2)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.180082" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.22047" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.383968" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.373627" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.713848" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.965347" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.21685" y="0">
l</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.69268" y="0">
o</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.944183" y="0">
g</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.271179" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="100.4491" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="111.78932" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="118.00331" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="123.50463" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="132.89439" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="317.44" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="321.60349" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="327.85501" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="330.98074" y="0">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="337.23224" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>请注意,(<gydF4y2Baa href="#EEq4">2.3</gydF4y2Baa>)相同的形式作为一个指数的对数似然函数的家庭模型规范参数<年代vg height="9.875" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:11.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.8625 9.875" width="11.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.1)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。的最大似然估计<年代vg height="9.875" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:11.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.8625 9.875" width="11.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.1)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,<年代vg height="14.975" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:93.887497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 93.887497 14.975" width="93.887497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.975)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.02)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-70.76,62.36)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-1.187785" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.665299" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.705688" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.858845" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.199066" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.450565" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.614063" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.089897" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.303886" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>通过解决<年代vg height="20.0875" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-7.39853pt;width:137.8875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 137.8875 20.0875" width="137.8875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.0875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-55.93)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.540029" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.16,60.23)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.59,63.36)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.704248" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.34358" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.732615" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.122368" y="0">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-5.95,58.27)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5640001" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,7.81,58.27)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-1.187785" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.16" y="-5.0900002">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.20039" y="-5.0900002">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。此外,估计的方差<年代vg height="14.975" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:11.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.8625 14.975" width="11.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.975)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.02)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-70.76,62.36)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-1.187785" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是<年代vg height="19.4625" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:20.725px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.725 19.4625" width="20.725" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.4625)">
<g transform="translate(72,-56.43)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.27,60.89)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
̂</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-5.6799998" y="2.0799999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.34,66.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,在那里<年代vg height="23.075001" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-7.39853pt;width:264.60001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 264.60001 23.075001" width="264.60001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,23.075)">
<g transform="translate(72,-53.54)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.27,63.04)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
̂</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-5.6799998" y="2.0799999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.3971779" y="2.0799999">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.437567" y="2.0799999">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.002123" y="2.0799999">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.165621" y="2.0799999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-31.71,66.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.83,60.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.59,57.84)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.03,60.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.553252" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.716751" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.356085" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.745117" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,26.11,65.97)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,30.98,60.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,33.48,55.88)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.572752" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,47.25,55.88)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-1.187785" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.16" y="-5.0799999">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.187885" y="-5.0799999">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.351385" y="-5.0799999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.83,65.97)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,86.7,60.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,92.2,65.97)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,97.08,60.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.792488" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.13271" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.384209" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是观察到的信息。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba在规律的条件下所DiCiccio et al。<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">4</gydF4y2Baa>),标准化的最大似然估计<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq5">
<svg height="22.25" id="M29" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 22.25" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,22.25)">
<g transform="translate(72,-54.2)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.43,58.81)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.779999" y="2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="101.53" y="2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="115.15" y="-2.0799999">
̂</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.47" y="-7.1054274e-015">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1897049" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.230095" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.544588" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.708088" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.097839" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.737175" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.82" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.632217" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.785133" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.137856" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.51,66.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.19,58.81)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="194.56" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="198.7235" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="204.97501" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="208.10075" y="0">
4</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="214.35225" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>签署了对数似然比统计量:<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq6">
<svg height="30.025" id="M30" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.025" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.025)">
<g transform="translate(72,-47.98)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,86.09,54.88)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.040001" y="2.52">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="124.79" y="2.52">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="132.73" y="3.1600001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5770578" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.794168" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.957668" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.34742" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.986755" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.027142" y="0">
年代</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.890808" y="0">
我</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.366646" y="0">
g</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.618141" y="0">
n</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="93.080002" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.892212" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="104.05763" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="115.39786" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 232.03,70.71 98.63,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.03,54.88)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3400002" y="2.52">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.13" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.4,51.75)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.05,52.36)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.24" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.04" y="-2.52">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8522148" y="-2.52">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.870001" y="-2.52">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.21022" y="-2.52">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.5,51.75)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,308.15,54.88)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.719999" y="2.52">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.553252" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="156.60001" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="160.7635" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.015" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="170.14075" y="0">
5</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="176.39224" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>与收敛速度有限制标准正态分布<年代vg height="16.5375" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:51.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.837502 16.5375" width="51.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-58.77)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1521959" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.315695" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.42,66.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.804176" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.74,61.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。因此,意义的功能<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>可以近似<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq7">
<svg height="38.575001" id="M33" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)">
<g transform="translate(72,-41.14)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,151.47,53.45)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.380001" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.690002" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.830002" y="-7.25">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1894646" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.352964" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.692225" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.331558" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.371948" y="0">
Φ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 230.73,56.57 9.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.73,44.69)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.59" y="-1.4299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.967251" y="-1.4299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.42" y="-8.7600002">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="234.02" y="-8.7600002">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="238.1835" y="-8.7600002">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="244.435" y="-8.7600002">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="247.56075" y="-8.7600002">
6</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="253.81226" y="-8.7600002">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>或<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq8">
<svg height="38.575001" id="M34" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)">
<g transform="translate(72,-41.14)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.03,53.45)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.380001" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.57" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.709999" y="-7.25">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1894646" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.352964" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.692225" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.331558" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.371948" y="0">
Φ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 230.17,56.57 9.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.17,44.69)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.58" y="-1.4299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.957251" y="-1.4299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.42" y="-8.7600002">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="234.58" y="-8.7600002">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="238.7435" y="-8.7600002">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="244.995" y="-8.7600002">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="248.12074" y="-8.7600002">
7</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="254.37225" y="-8.7600002">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="13.45" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:26.924999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.924999 13.45" width="26.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.24)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
Φ</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5397892" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.703288" y="0">
⋅</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.279146" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是标准正态分布的累积分布函数。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba因为条件中给出对数似然函数(<gydF4y2Baa href="#EEq4">2.3</gydF4y2Baa>)指数的家庭形式<年代vg height="9.875" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:11.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.8625 9.875" width="11.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.1)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>正则参数,修改日志统计可能性签署的Barndorff-Nielsen [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">5</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">6</gydF4y2Baa>可以简化成<年代pan class="equation" id="eq1">
<svg height="33.549999" id="M37" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.549999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.55)">
<g transform="translate(72,-45.16)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.91,56.25)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.01,61.25)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.56,56.25)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.7,61.25)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.86,56.25)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.639999" y="-7.25">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.540749" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.180082" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.22047" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.097363" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 234.5,59.37 6.26,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.08,47.49)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.780001" y="-16.01">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.96" y="-8.7600002">
l</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.435834" y="-8.7600002">
o</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.687334" y="-8.7600002">
g</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 263.29,59.37 6.23,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,263.29,47.49)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4299998" y="-8.7600002">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="201.46001" y="-8.7600002">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="205.6235" y="-8.7600002">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="211.875" y="-8.7600002">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.00075" y="-8.7600002">
8</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.25224" y="-8.7600002">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="9.875" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9124999 9.875" width="7.9124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.1)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>和<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>定义在(<gydF4y2Baa href="#EEq5">2.4</gydF4y2Baa>)和(<gydF4y2Baa href="#EEq6">2.5</gydF4y2Baa>)分别,<年代vg height="11.525" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.85 11.525" width="12.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.525)">
<g transform="translate(72,-62.78)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>与收敛速度限制标准正态分布<年代vg height="16.5375" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:51.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.837502 16.5375" width="51.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-58.77)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1521959" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.315695" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.42,66.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.804176" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.74,61.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。因此,意义的功能<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>可以近似<年代pan class="equation" id="eq2">
<svg height="38.575001" id="M43" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)">
<g transform="translate(72,-41.14)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.5,53.45)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.990002" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.369999" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1894646" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.352964" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.692225" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.331558" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.359444" y="0">
Φ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.97,58.45)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.13,46.12)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.14" y="-14.58">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 232.71,56.57 9.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.71,44.69)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.58" y="-1.4299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.957251" y="-1.4299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.42" y="-8.7600002">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.03999" y="-8.7600002">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.20351" y="-8.7600002">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.455" y="-8.7600002">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="245.58075" y="-8.7600002">
9</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="251.83224" y="-8.7600002">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></p>
<p>Barndorff-Nielsen [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">7</gydF4y2Baa>)派生<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:14.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.1125 14.3875" width="14.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.49)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>密度的近似极大似然估计量。在这种情况下,我们有<年代pan class="equation" id="eq3">
<svg height="39.787498" id="M45" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 39.787498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,39.7875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-40.17)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,30.98,52.47)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,37.09,57.48)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,44.25,49.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.09" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.91" y="-4.5900002">
̂</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.23" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.02" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.857461" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.184219" y="-2.51">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.748055" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.41" y="-2.51">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.45039" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.09,59.69)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.86,52.47)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.219999" y="2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.41" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
e</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0">
x</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0">
p</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,154.51,49.35)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.16,52.48)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.50276" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.441925" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.782146" y="0">
ℓ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.19,49.35)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.84,49.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.02" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.857461" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.19" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.041405" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.709999" y="-2.51">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.737885" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.880001" y="-9.7700005">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.717461" y="-9.7700005">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.9,66.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 254.56,55.6 22.55,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,254.56,43.36)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.9,46.8)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,280.39,52.47)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.23" y="7.3200002">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.549999" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
e</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0">
x</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0">
p</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.310001" y="-8.2299995">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.473499" y="-8.2299995">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.463158" y="-8.2299995">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.803375" y="-8.2299995">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.054878" y="-8.2299995">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.468918" y="-8.2299995">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.318878" y="-8.2299995">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 323.7,55.6 44.34,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,342.2,43.72)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.040001" y="-1.4299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.450001" y="-8.75">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="116.29" y="-8.75">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.4535" y="-8.75">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="126.705" y="-8.75">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="129.83075" y="-8.75">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="136.08224" y="-8.75">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="142.33376" y="-8.75">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:8.6000004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.6000004 10.7375" width="8.6000004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-63.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是renormalizing常数。自<年代vg height="14.975" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:134.60001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 134.60001 14.975" width="134.60001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.975)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.02)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.78,62.36)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-0.16253901" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.640053" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.667938" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.881929" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.383251" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.859085" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.022583" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.024742" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.364964" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.616463" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.255798" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.283684" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="94.535187" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="99.211304" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.023521" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,通过改变变量和重整化<年代pan class="equation" id="eq4">
<svg height="32.849998" id="M48" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 32.849998" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,32.85)">
<g transform="translate(72,-45.72)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,90.45,54.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,96.56,59.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,103.72,54.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6648188" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.216151" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.194744" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.235134" y="0">
Γ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.3,59.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.25,54.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37" y="4.9200001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.560001" y="-7.25">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.773991" y="-7.25">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 211.81,57.78 11.72,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214,45.9)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.72" y="-3.8399999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.32,66.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.74,61.91)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 248.74,57.78 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.11,45.9)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.379999" y="-3.8399999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.349998" y="-8.7600002">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1599998" y="-8.7600002">
e</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.711332" y="-8.7600002">
x</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.962831" y="-8.7600002">
p</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.110001" y="-16.01">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.32399" y="-16.01">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 299.22,57.78 11.71,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.4,45.9)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.73" y="-3.8399999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.780001" y="-8.7600002">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.09" y="-8.7600002">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="161.25349" y="-8.7600002">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.505" y="-8.7600002">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="170.63075" y="-8.7600002">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="176.88225" y="-8.7600002">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="183.13374" y="-8.7600002">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>这是确切的密度吗<年代vg height="21.3375" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:86.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 86.337502 21.3375" width="86.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.3375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-54.93)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.590281" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m -48.31,70.71 10.63,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.31,59.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.403216" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.743437" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-13.69,56.53)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,它是免费的<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。因此,推理有关<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>可以基于分布的<年代vg height="10.725" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:11.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.375 10.725" width="11.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)">
<g transform="translate(72,-63.42)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。因此,准确的置信区间<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>可以使用<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:47.525002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.525002 14.3875" width="47.525002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.49)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.76,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6648188" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.216151" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,是<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq9">
<svg height="37.012501" id="M55" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 37.012501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,37.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-42.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,154.88,54.06)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.369999" y="7.6900001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1894646" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.352964" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.692225" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.331558" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.25,68.09)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.25" y="25.52">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.69,54.06)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.8,59.06)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.96,54.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0769377" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.62827" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.967531" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.21903" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.870628" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.784065" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.53" y="0.0099999998">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="241.6935" y="0.0099999998">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="247.94499" y="0.0099999998">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="251.07076" y="0.0099999998">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="257.32224" y="0.0099999998">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="263.57376" y="0.0099999998">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></p>
<p>格拉布(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">8</gydF4y2Baa>)报道,以下数据集(见表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1">
<div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1">
<table class="table-group" id="tab1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="thead-hr" colspan="10">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">162年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">200年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">271年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">302年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">393年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">508年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">539年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">629年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">706年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">777年</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">884年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1008年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1101年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1182年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1463年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1603年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1984年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">2355年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">2880年</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="table-tr">
<td colspan="10">
<hr class="tbody-hr"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-footer">
<div class="floats-partial-caption">
<span class="caption-text">表1</年代pan>
<a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-caption-text"></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>我们有<年代pan class="equation" id="eq5">
<svg height="16.9125" id="M56" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 16.9125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.9125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-58.47)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,110.94,63.2)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6898251" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0">
9</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.220711" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.364243" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.18,60.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.36,63.2)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0">
6</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.925919" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.890572" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.930962" y="0">
8</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.182457" y="0">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="89.43396" y="0">
5</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.685455" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.811211" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="105.06271" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="111.31421" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="267.13" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="271.29349" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="277.54501" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="280.67075" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="286.92224" y="0">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="293.17374" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></p>
<p>表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>记录了90%、95%、和99%置信区间<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。该方法<年代vg height="14.3" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:23.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.25 14.3" width="23.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.56)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.69,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.61,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>和准确的方法(具体)给大约相同的置信区间,而标准化的最大似然估计方法获得的结果(程序)和签署的对数似然比的方法<年代vg height="13.45" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:16.9125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.9125 13.45" width="16.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.24)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2647228" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>有很大的不同。此外,从表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>,很明显<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>给出了狭隘的置信区间和大中型企业提供最广泛的置信区间。的重要功能<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>得到的四种方法是绘制在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2">
<div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2">
<table class="table-group" id="tab2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="thead-hr" colspan="4">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr class="thead">
<td align="left">方法</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">90%可信区间</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">95%可信区间</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">99%可信区间</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="thead-hr" colspan="4">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">大中型企业</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(635.30,1439.83)</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(603.03,1638.59)</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(548.56,2244.03)</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 6.5px;">
<svg height="7.0124998" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">(512.51,1334.35)</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(574.08,1454.18)</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(507.92,1732.03)</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 12.85px;">
<svg height="11.525" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.85 11.525" width="12.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.525)">
<g transform="translate(72,-62.78)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">(622.32,1363.95)</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(583.01,1487.51)</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(515.37,1774.35)</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">确切的</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(622.33,1363.98)</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(583.02,1487.54)</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">(515.38,1774.39)</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr class="table-tr">
<td colspan="4">
<hr class="tbody-hr"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-footer">
<div class="floats-partial-caption">
<span class="caption-text">表2</年代pan>
<a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-caption-text">
置信区间为<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。</gydF4y2Badiv>
</div>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1">
<div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1">
<div class="partial-carousel--single-image">
<img alt="" name="734575.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/734575/figures/734575.fig.001.jpg">
<br>
<strong></strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-footer">
<div class="floats-partial-caption">
<span class="caption-text">图1</年代pan>
<a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-caption-text">
<svg height="6.9875002" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
<table>
的重要功能gydF4y2Ba。</gydF4y2Batable>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>为了比较这四种方法的精度,与10000年蒙特卡洛模拟研究复制。对于每个模拟研究,我们生成的样本大小<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.29)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>从两个参数和尺度参数指数分布<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>和阈值参数<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。然后对于每一个样本,95%的置信区间<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>计算在本节讨论的四种方法。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>记录仿真研究的结果的组合<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.29)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。“降低错误”的比例是正确的<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>课程以外的95%置信区间的下限“上错误”的比例是正确的<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>超出上限的95%置信区间,并(1-Lower Error-Upper错误)是记录为“中央报道”。”名义值较低的错误”,“上错误”,和“中央报道”是0.025,0.025,和0.95,分别。此外,10000年蒙特卡洛模拟,标准错误的“低错误”和“上错误”是相同的<年代vg height="20.4125" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-3.59271pt;width:226.6125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 226.6125 20.4125" width="226.6125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-55.67)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,58.96)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
√</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m -60.35,70.71 119.7,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.35,59.3)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0">
5</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.13175" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.29525" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.322414" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.662636" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.914135" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.039886" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.291389" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.542885" y="0">
5</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.794388" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="84.957886" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.433716" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="94.685219" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="100.93672" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="107.18822" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.43972" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="123.16705" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="135.20744" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="141.45894" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.58469" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.8362" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.08769" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="163.33919" y="0">
6</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。同样,“中央报道”的相应的标准误差是0.0022。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3">
<div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3">
<table class="table-group" id="tab3">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="thead-hr" colspan="7">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr class="thead">
<td align="left"><span style="width: 7.8874998px;">
<svg height="7.1374998" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.29)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center"><span style="width: 9.3000002px;">
<svg height="6.9875002" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center"><span style="width: 9.6374998px;">
<svg height="9.6750002" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">方法</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">降低错误</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">上的错误</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">中央覆盖</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="thead-hr" colspan="7">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4">2</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">3</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">大中型企业</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0505</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0000</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9495</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 6.5px;">
<svg height="7.0124998" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.0117</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0526</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9357</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 12.85px;">
<svg height="11.525" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.85 11.525" width="12.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.525)">
<g transform="translate(72,-62.78)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.0245</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0227</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9528</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left">确切的</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0249</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0231</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9520</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="7">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4">5</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">2</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">大中型企业</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0447</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0000</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9553</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 6.5px;">
<svg height="7.0124998" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.0175</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0400</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9425</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 12.85px;">
<svg height="11.525" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.85 11.525" width="12.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.525)">
<g transform="translate(72,-62.78)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.0248</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0266</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9486</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left">确切的</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0249</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0266</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9485</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="7">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4">8</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">6</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">4</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">大中型企业</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0388</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0021</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9591</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 6.5px;">
<svg height="7.0124998" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.0167</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0339</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9494</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 12.85px;">
<svg height="11.525" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.85 11.525" width="12.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.525)">
<g transform="translate(72,-62.78)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.0217</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0256</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9527</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left">确切的</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0217</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0256</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9527</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="7">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4">10</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.5</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">5</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">大中型企业</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0415</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0042</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9543</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 6.5px;">
<svg height="7.0124998" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.0220</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0331</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9449</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 12.85px;">
<svg height="11.525" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.85 11.525" width="12.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.525)">
<g transform="translate(72,-62.78)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.0274</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0248</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9478</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="left">确切的</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0275</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0248</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9477</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr class="table-tr">
<td colspan="7">
<hr class="tbody-hr"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-footer">
<div class="floats-partial-caption">
<span class="caption-text">表3</年代pan>
<a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-caption-text">
从模拟研究结果感兴趣的参数<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。</gydF4y2Badiv>
</div>
</div>
<p>从表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>,即使是最小的可能的样本大小(<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.8125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-63.35)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>),该方法和准确的方法给几乎相同的结果,有良好的覆盖性能。其他两种方法获得的结果并不令人满意的特别是当样本容量很小。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba自标定方法给最贫穷的报道,我们将它排除在进一步调查。表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab4/" target="_blank">4</gydF4y2Baa>记录了置信区间的平均宽度<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>在仿真研究中<年代vg height="13.7375" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:135.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 135.8125 13.7375" width="135.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.7375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.01)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.37749" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.578738" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.917999" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.13175" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.746078" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.38541" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.413296" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.576794" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.828293" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.079796" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.293549" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.545044" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.670799" y="0">
5</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.922295" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.136047" y="0">
5</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="104.38755" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。我们可以注意,即使<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>有最短置信区间的平均宽度<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,它还穷的覆盖特性见表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>。推理的目的,保险属性比置信区间的宽度更重要。因此该方法建议这个问题。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4">
<div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab4">
<table class="table-group" id="tab4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="thead-hr" colspan="4">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2">方法</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center" colspan="3">置信水平</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">90%</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">95%</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">99%</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="4">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 6.5px;">
<svg height="7.0124998" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.39)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.6180</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.7714</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.1.1372</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span style="width: 12.85px;">
<svg height="11.525" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.85 11.525" width="12.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.525)">
<g transform="translate(72,-62.78)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,67.83)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">0.6529</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.8160</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1.2064</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">确切的</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.6530</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.8161</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1.2065</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr class="table-tr">
<td colspan="4">
<hr class="tbody-hr"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-footer">
<div class="floats-partial-caption">
<span class="caption-text">表4</年代pan>
<a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-caption-text">
置信区间的平均宽度<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。</gydF4y2Badiv>
</div>
</div>
<h4 id="confidence-interval-for-the-threshold-parameter">3所示。阈值参数的置信区间</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>两个参数指数分布,Petropoulos [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">3</gydF4y2Baa>)表明,<年代vg height="16.5375" id="M96" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:52.924999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.924999 16.5375" width="52.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-58.77)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.91,60.37)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.21,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.328198" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是一个足够的统计。请注意,<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M97" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是完全包含在边际密度<年代vg height="16.174999" id="M98" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:25.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.85 16.174999" width="25.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.175)">
<g transform="translate(72,-59.06)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.07,60.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,但也视情况而定<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M99" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。节<gydF4y2Baa href="#sec2">2</gydF4y2Baa>意义的功能<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,<年代vg height="13.55" id="M101" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:27.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.35 13.55" width="27.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.16)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1139669" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.277466" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.604223" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>获得的。因此,我们可以应用近似Studentization方法,讨论了弗雷泽和黄<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">9</gydF4y2Baa>),消除的依赖<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>从边际密度<年代vg height="16.174999" id="M103" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:25.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.85 16.174999" width="25.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.175)">
<g transform="translate(72,-59.06)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.07,60.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。更具体地说,近似Studentized边际密度<年代vg height="16.174999" id="M104" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:25.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.85 16.174999" width="25.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.175)">
<g transform="translate(72,-59.06)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.07,60.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是<年代pan class="equation" id="eq6">
<svg height="85.337502" id="M105" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 85.337502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,85.3375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-3.73)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,36.29,54.16)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,44.73,59.23)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,53.61,51.65)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,66.34,51.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,77.04,54.16)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.18" y="2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.810001" y="7.6999998">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.5" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.527885" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.85,68.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.25" y="25.530001">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.54,54.16)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.48,51.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.28,51.65)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165,51.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.71,54.16)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.719999" y="2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.66" y="-1.59">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.66" y="1.58">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.669998" y="-1.59">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.669998" y="1.58">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-56.860001" y="46.450001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.165659" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.37941" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.16" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.811596" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.00106" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.164558" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.503822" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-76.169998" y="38.759998">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-64.142113" y="38.759998">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.85,29.43)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.25" y="25.52">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.54,15.4)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
Γ</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.88,20.4)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.83,15.41)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.200001" y="-7.25">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.153156" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.493378" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.24,27.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.09,22.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.59,27.66)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 195.03,18.53 31.78,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,199.64,6.29)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.98,9.72)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0">
+</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.09,15.4)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.219999" y="4.9200001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.190001" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.509998" y="-7.2600002">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
e</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0">
x</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0">
p</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 271.04,18.53 7.34,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.04,6.65)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.61" y="-6.2399998">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.469999" y="-8.75">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,294.38,12.28)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,307.86,15.4)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.59" y="2.51">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.439999" y="4.9200001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.730213" y="0">
+</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.082939" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.490002" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.141598" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.468353" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="156.89" y="-19.34">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="161.0535" y="-19.34">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.30499" y="-19.34">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="170.43076" y="-19.34">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="176.68225" y="-19.34">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="21.15" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-6.08311pt;width:220.64999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 220.64999 21.15" width="220.64999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.15)">
<g transform="translate(72,-55.08)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.700001" y="0.02">
∫</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6520758" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-45.55,68.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.25" y="11.46">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.86,61.17)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
∫</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.16,68.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.25" y="11.46">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-18.47,61.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-11.54,58.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-4.82,61.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,6.22,58.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,16.92,61.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.165659" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.37941" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.718672" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.88217" y="0">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.382771" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.034367" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.148335" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.311832" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.651093" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.81459" y="0">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.315193" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.966789" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,93.77,58.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>正常化是常数。因此,我们有<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq10">
<svg height="39.287498" id="M107" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 39.287498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,39.2875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-40.57)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,83.51,52.87)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,91.95,57.94)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.83,50.35)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.52">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.56,49.74)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.26,52.87)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.17" y="2.52">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.5" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.73" y="-7.25">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.719658" y="-7.25">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.059879" y="-7.25">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 159.99,55.99 26.59,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.53,44.12)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.24" y="-1.42">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.189999" y="-19.440001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.620001" y="-8.75">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.647167" y="-8.75">
+</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.6,60.43)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.08,63.56)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 218.72,55.99 39.32,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.63,44.12)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.6" y="-1.42">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.61,68.09)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,289.41,52.87)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,296.29,49.74)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.47,52.87)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
></gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.642214" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="154.28" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.4435" y="0">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="164.69499" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.82076" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="174.07225" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>的功能和相应的意义<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq11">
<svg height="42.924999" id="M109" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 42.924999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,42.925)">
<g transform="translate(72,-37.66)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,73.91,50.81)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.650002" y="7.6900001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1894646" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.352964" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.967291" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.606625" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,120.56,64.84)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.37,62.65)">
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="2.0819161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="5.2079158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,119.31,39.31)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,135.74,50.81)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,144.18,55.88)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.07,50.82)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.769997" y="7.3400002">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.72" y="-10.68">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.490017" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.041349" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.655676" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.907175" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.558773" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.348621" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.389011" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.416176" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.150002" y="0.0099999998">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.164665" y="0.0099999998">
+</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,269.66,58.37)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,283.14,61.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 262.79,53.94 39.31,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,279.69,42.06)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.610001" y="-1.42">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,312.67,66.03)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.9095364" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.25928" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="19.2544" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.6304" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,339.72,50.81)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="125.03" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="129.1935" y="0">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="135.44499" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="138.57076" y="0">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.82225" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span>因此,明确<年代vg height="13.925" id="M110" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:79.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 79.9375 13.925" width="79.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.925)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.86)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.582579" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.746078" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.997578" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.249077" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.500576" y="0">
%</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>置信区间为<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>通过近似Studentization方法获得<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq12">
<svg height="38.575001" id="M112" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)">
<g transform="translate(72,-41.14)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,50.89,46.12)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3800001" y="-7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,67.15,50.32)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,80.63,53.45)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.93" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.280001" y="4.9200001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.84" y="-7.25">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 114.47,56.57 7.05,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,114.87,44.69)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.8499999" y="-3.8399999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,130.32,64.82)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.804176" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.718592" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.068336" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="26.063456" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="30.439457" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.95,53.45)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.030001" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.319248" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.15,50.32)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.63,53.45)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.93" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.280001" y="4.9200001">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.209999" y="-7.25">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.650002" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.664661" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<g>
<path d="m 274.84,56.57 7.06,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,275.24,44.69)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.8499999" y="-3.8399999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,290.69,64.82)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0">
/</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.804176" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.718592" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.068336" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="26.063456" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="30.439457" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,327.32,53.45)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.6" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.951525" y="7.3299999">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.41" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="137.42999" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="141.59351" y="0">
3</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="147.845" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.97075" y="0">
4</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.22224" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></p>
<p>应用近似Studentization Grubbs[方法<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">8</gydF4y2Baa>)的数据集,90%、95%、和99%置信区间阈值参数<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M113" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是<年代vg height="13.575" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:105.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 105.9 13.575" width="105.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.575)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.14)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.728054" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.979553" y="0">
7</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.231054" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.356804" y="0">
9</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.608303" y="0">
7</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.859802" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.06105" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.312553" y="0">
6</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.564053" y="0">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.815552" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.941299" y="0">
8</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.192802" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.444305" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,<年代vg height="13.575" id="M115" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:105.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 105.9 13.575" width="105.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.575)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.14)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.728054" y="0">
6</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.979553" y="0">
8</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.231054" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.356804" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.608303" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.859802" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.06105" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.312553" y="0">
6</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.564053" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.815552" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.941299" y="0">
4</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.192802" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.444305" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,<年代vg height="13.6375" id="M116" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:113.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 113.7125 13.6375" width="113.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.09)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.728054" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.979553" y="0">
5</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.231054" y="0">
7</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.482553" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.608303" y="0">
8</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.859802" y="0">
7</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.111305" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.312553" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.564053" y="0">
6</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.815552" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.067055" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.192802" y="0">
8</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.444305" y="0">
8</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.695801" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,分别。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba为了说明该方法的准确性,我们进行了蒙特卡罗模拟研究。表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab5/" target="_blank">5</gydF4y2Baa>从这个研究结果记录。提出的近似Studentization方法提供了极其良好的覆盖性能即使在样本容量非常小。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab5">
<div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab5">
<table class="table-group" id="tab5">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="thead-hr" colspan="6">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr class="thead">
<td align="left"><span style="width: 7.8874998px;">
<svg height="7.1374998" id="M118" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.29)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center"><span style="width: 9.3000002px;">
<svg height="6.9875002" id="M119" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center"><span style="width: 9.6374998px;">
<svg height="9.6750002" id="M120" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></td>
<td align="center">降低错误</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">上的错误</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">中央覆盖</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="thead-hr" colspan="6">
<hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">2</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">3</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0239</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0258</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9503</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">5</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">1</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">2</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0277</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0254</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9469</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">8</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">6</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">4</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0249</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0241</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9510</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">10</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.5</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">5</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0251</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.0248</gydF4y2Batd>
<td align="center">0.9501</gydF4y2Batd>
</tr>
<tr class="table-tr">
<td colspan="6">
<hr class="tbody-hr"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-footer">
<div class="floats-partial-caption">
<span class="caption-text">表5</年代pan>
<a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/tab5/" title="" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-caption-text">
结果模拟研究和感兴趣的参数<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M117" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>使用近似Studentization方法。</gydF4y2Badiv>
</div>
</div>
<h4 id="prediction-interval-for-a-future-observation">4所示。预测区间为未来观察</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>未来的密度两个参数给出了指数分布的观察(<gydF4y2Baa href="#EEq1">1.1</gydF4y2Baa>),这取决于这两个参数<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M121" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>和<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M122" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。与观测数据<年代vg height="14.6875" id="M123" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:71.137497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.137497 14.6875" width="71.137497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.25)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.91,60.37)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.04,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2137508" y="0">
…</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.15,60.37)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.3,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>或等价,观察到足够的统计<年代vg height="13.45" id="M124" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:28.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.8125 13.45" width="28.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.24)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6648188" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.866067" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.779507" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>,<年代vg height="13.55" id="M125" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:27.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.35 13.55" width="27.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.16)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1139669" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.277466" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.604223" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>方法获得的部分吗<gydF4y2Baa href="#sec2">2</gydF4y2Baa>,它为我们提供了尽可能多的信息<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M126" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>我们可以从观测数据中提取知识的缺失<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M127" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。此外,<年代vg height="13.55" id="M128" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:27.700001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.700001 13.55" width="27.700001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)">
<g transform="translate(72,-61.16)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1139669" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.277466" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.87929" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>是近似Studentization方法获得的部分<gydF4y2Baa href="#sec3">3</gydF4y2Baa>给我们尽可能多的信息<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M129" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>我们可以从观测数据提取平均后的效果<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M130" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>。因此,为了消除<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M131" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)">
<g transform="translate(72,-64.26)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>和<年代vg height="6.9875002" id="M132" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)">
<g transform="translate(72,-66.41)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>从未来观察的密度,我们应用近似Studentization获得预测密度的方法<年代vg height="10.325" id="M133" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4125 10.325" width="13.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)">
<g transform="translate(72,-63.74)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>:<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq13">
<svg height="147.66251" id="M134" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 147.66251" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,147.6625)">
<g transform="translate(72,46.13)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,4.13,54.06)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,12.57,59.13)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,21.66,54.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.719999" y="7.6999998">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.679482" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,59.38,68.09)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,64.19,65.9)">
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="2.0819161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="5.2079158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,58.13,42.57)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,74.81,46.37)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.81,68.09)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.25" y="25.52">
0</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,92.5,54.06)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.529999" y="-1.59">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.529999" y="1.5700001">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.550003" y="-1.59">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.550003" y="1.5700001">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.129997" y="-1.59">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.129997" y="1.5700001">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="124.43" y="-1.59">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="124.43" y="1.5700001">
|</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-52.16" y="39.900002">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-40.119999" y="47.59">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.678522" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.555172" y="0">
;</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.119007" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.733334" y="0">
,</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.934582" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.273842" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.029999" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.681595" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.871063" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.034561" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.373817" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="93.629997" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="100.28159" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="108.48357" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="112.64706" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.26139" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,59.38,28.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,64.19,26)">
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="2.0819161" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="5.2079158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,58.13,2.67)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,74.81,6.84)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3499999" y="0.37">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,88.16,28.19)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
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x</gydF4y2Batspan>
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p</gydF4y2Batspan>
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(</gydF4y2Batspan>
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2</gydF4y2Batspan>
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1</gydF4y2Batspan>
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2</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</gydF4y2Batspan>
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−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.720864" y="0">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
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<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
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</gydF4y2Batspan>
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(</gydF4y2Batspan>
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1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="5.2079158" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="7.2898321" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="8.8528318" y="0">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
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−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,167.65,-39.72)">
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1</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</gydF4y2Batspan>
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+</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.730213" y="0">
+</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.070435" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
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<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
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<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,330.6,-29.98)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.25342" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="134.14999" y="-39.790001">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="138.31349" y="-39.790001">
4</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.565" y="-39.790001">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="147.69075" y="-39.790001">
1</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="153.94225" y="-39.790001">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</svg></span>因此,相应的预测累积分布函数<年代pan class="equation" id="EEq14">
<svg height="36.849998" id="M135" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 36.849998" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</gydF4y2Batspan>
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<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
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<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.719999" y="7.6999998">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0">
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<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.666979" y="0">
=</gydF4y2Batspan>
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<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.25" y="25.52">
−</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.74512" y="25.52">
∞</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.48,54.06)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
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<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.01,54.07)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.328918" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.980515" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.906937" y="0">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.74001" y="0.0099999998">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.9035" y="0.0099999998">
4</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="238.155" y="0.0099999998">
。</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="241.28075" y="0.0099999998">
2</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="247.53224" y="0.0099999998">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</g>
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</svg></span>虽然预测区间的显式形式不可用,它可以获得等软件的数值<我>枫木</我>或<我>Matlab</gydF4y2Ba我>。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba将该方法应用到Grubbs [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">8</gydF4y2Baa>)的数据集,获得的预测累积分布函数(<gydF4y2Baa href="#EEq14">4.2</gydF4y2Baa>)是绘制在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/fig2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>,相应的90%、95%和99%预测时间间隔(161、2980),(128、3714)和(5530)。相应的间隔中讨论的方法获得的无法无天的(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">1</gydF4y2Baa>)(161.00,2982.23),(129.21,3715.96),(48.02,5532.63),分别。这两种方法给几乎相同的结果。无法无天的方法很容易申请,但推导更为困难。的推导方法易于理解,但它需要良好的数值积分方法进行计算。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2">
<div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2">
<div class="partial-carousel--single-image">
<img alt="" name="734575.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jps/volume-2012/734575/figures/734575.fig.002.jpg">
<br>
<strong></strong>
</div>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-footer">
<div class="floats-partial-caption">
<span class="caption-text">图2</年代pan>
<a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jps/2012/734575/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<div class="floats-partial-caption-text">
<svg height="16.2875" id="M136" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.8125 16.2875" width="39.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</gydF4y2Batspan>
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<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.41,66.24)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.4,61.23)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">
(</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0">
</gydF4y2Batspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0">
)</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</svg>
<table>
预测累积分布函数,gydF4y2Ba。</gydF4y2Batable>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h4 id="conclusion">5。结论</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>本文通过renormalizing<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M137" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:14.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.1125 14.3875" width="14.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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∗</gydF4y2Batspan>
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</svg>公式,尺度参数的确切意义的函数的两个参数指数分布。然后使用这个重要性函数近似Studentization方法获得意义阈值参数的函数。仿真结果表明这两个意义功能有良好的覆盖性能即使在样本容量非常小。最后,这两个函数用于近似意义Studentization方法获得预测密度预测累积分布函数,因此,未来的两个参数指数分布的观测。</p></gydF4y2Badiv>
<div class="xml-content">
<h4 class="references" id="references">引用</gydF4y2Bah4>
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</ol>
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<h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</gydF4y2Bah4>
<p>版权©2012江莱奥古斯汀c . m .黄。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<gydF4y2Baa rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</gydF4y2Baa>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p></gydF4y2Badiv>
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的观点<年代pan>9885年</年代pan>
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下载<年代pan>1501年</年代pan>
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<span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2012/734575" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</gydF4y2Badiv>
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