简短的交流:一些观察缓激肽的作用在免疫力Teladorsagia circumcincta羊</gydF4y2Batitle> <link rel="preload stylesheet" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.28.0/bib-related-content.min.css"> <link rel="preload" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-05-15-77246a5570f2cbc942579ffb2949dc/_next/static/css/d4b5feaf4d9917de.css" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-05-15-77246a5570f2cbc942579ffb2949dc/_next/static/css/d4b5feaf4d9917de.css" data-n-g=""> <style id="__jsx-903e4b2e5d3241e4">div#__next{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:100vh;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}</style> </head> <body> <div id="__next"> <section class="ant-layout"> <div> <header class="ant-layout-header"> <div class="header__width-wrapper"> <div class="ant-anchor-wrapper ant-anchor-logo" style="max-height:100vh"> <div class="ant-anchor ant-anchor-fixed"> <div class="ant-anchor-ink"> <span class="ant-anchor-ink-ball"></span> </div> <div class="ant-anchor-link ant-link-logo"> <a class="ant-anchor-link-title" href="//www.newsama.com/" title=""> <div class="ant-image"> <img alt="标志gydF4y2Ba" class="ant-image-img ant-image-logo" src="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-05-15-77246a5570f2cbc942579ffb2949dc/public/logo.svg"> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TopNavigation_topNavigationWrapper__wM6d4"> <div class="TopNavigation_rightSideMenuItems__HiudG"> <ul class="ant-menu-overflow ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-horizontal ant-menu-light header-ant-menu-horizontal" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true" data-testid="desktop-menu"> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:0" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:1" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:2" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:3" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child" style="opacity:1;order:4" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-overflow-item ant-menu-overflow-item-rest ant-menu-submenu ant-menu-submenu-horizontal" style="opacity:0;height:0;overflow-y:hidden;order:9007199254740991;pointer-events:none;position:absolute" aria-hidden="true" role="none"> <div role="menuitem" class="ant-menu-submenu-title" tabindex="-1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"> <span role="img" aria-label="ellipsis" class="anticon anticon-ellipsis"> <svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" data-icon="ellipsis" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M176 511a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0zm280 0a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0zm280 0a56 56 0 10112 0 56 56 0 10-112 0z"></path> </svg></span> <i class="ant-menu-submenu-arrow"></i> </div></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> <button data-testid="search-button-icon" aria-label="Search" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default SearchToggleButton_btn__mko8L"><span role="img" class="anticon SearchToggleButton_icon__JSLAV"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 26 26" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M22.1,23.813l-5.478-5.479a10.282,10.282,0,1,1,1.709-1.709L23.813,22.1a1.209,1.209,0,0,1-1.71,1.71ZM2.416,10.27A7.851,7.851,0,0,0,15.78,15.864l.041-.043.043-.041A7.853,7.853,0,1,0,2.416,10.27Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span></button> <div></div> <button data-testid="menu-button-icon" aria-label="Menu" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default MenuToggleButton_btn__GEMzC"><span role="img" class="anticon MenuToggleButton_icon__1MUrE"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 -2 28 28" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.833,25.667a1.834,1.834,0,0,1,0-3.668H25.667a1.834,1.834,0,0,1,0,3.668Zm0-11a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0-3.666H25.667a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0,3.666Zm0-11A1.833,1.833,0,1,1,1.833,0H25.667a1.833,1.833,0,0,1,0,3.666Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span></button> <div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <main class="ant-layout-content ArticleLayout_articleLayoutWrapper__zyOyq"> <div> <div id="journal-header" class=" JournalNavigation_journalHeader__GPQfy" data-istranslated="false"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr" class="JournalNavigation_journalHeader__titleLink__O_B7p"><h1 id="journal-header-title" data-testid="journal-header-title" class="JournalNavigation_small__mcHMN JournalNavigation_journalHeader__title__7oD_N">寄生虫学研究期刊》的研究</gydF4y2Bah1></a> <div class="JournalNavigation_navigationBarHorizontal__wSf_e"> <div id="navigation-bar-horizontal" class="navigation-bar-horizontal"> <button id="Journal overview" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default ant-dropdown-trigger bordered"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>日报》概述</gydF4y2Baspan></button> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/guidelines">对于作者</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers">对于审查员</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors">的编辑器</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="bordered" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/contents/">表的内容</gydF4y2Baa> <button id="Special Issues" type="button" class="ant-btn ant-btn-default ant-dropdown-trigger"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>特殊的问题</gydF4y2Baspan></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="ant-breadcrumb ArticleLayout_breadcrumbs__zaxD4"> <ol> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/" aria-label="Journal of Parasitology Research">寄生虫学研究期刊》的研究</gydF4y2Baa></span><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</gydF4y2Baspan></li> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/contents/year/2012/" aria-label="2012">2012年</gydF4y2Baa></span><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</gydF4y2Baspan></li> <li><span class="ant-breadcrumb-link">文章</gydF4y2Baspan><span class="ant-breadcrumb-separator">/</gydF4y2Baspan></li> </ol> </nav> <div class="ant-row ThreeColumnLayout_wrapper___4Px2"> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_leftColumn__Tf0iY"> <div> <div> <div id="article-table-of-contents" data-ismobile="false"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__tmWzJ"> <div class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__title__sU5vH"> 在这一页上</gydF4y2Badiv> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#introduction">介绍</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#methods">方法</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#results">结果</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#discussion">讨论</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#acknowledgments">确认</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#references">引用</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#copyright">版权</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="TableOfContents_tableOfContents__item__zC0yd" href="#related-articles">相关文章</gydF4y2Baa> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_middleColumn__Pn_ys"> <div class="ArticleMiddleSection_articleMiddleSection__DtVY3"> <div class="articleHeader"> <strong>研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</gydF4y2Bastrong> <div class="articleHeader__meta"> <span>体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->|</gydF4y2Baspan> <span>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->569287年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->|</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleHeader__meta_doiLink"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/569287" aria-label="Doi-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/569287</gydF4y2Baa></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示引用</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <h1 class="articleHeader__title">简短的交流:一些观察缓激肽的免疫作用<gydF4y2Bai>Teladorsagia circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>在羊</gydF4y2Bah1> <div class="articleHeader__authors"> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author"><strong>安德鲁·r·威廉姆斯</gydF4y2Bastrong><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" aria-label="Mail Option"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a><sup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示更多</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <div class="articleHeader__academicEditor"> <strong>学术编辑器:</gydF4y2Bastrong> <span>玛丽亚诉约翰森</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline"> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>收到了</gydF4y2Bastrong> <span>2011年7月24日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>接受</gydF4y2Bastrong> <span>2011年12月19日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item articleHeader__timeline_item_sticky"> <strong>发表</gydF4y2Bastrong> <span>2012年2月23日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleBody"> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>缓激肽是一种生理活性肽参与血管舒张平滑肌收缩和以前所示是增加胃肠粘液在羊线虫的挑战。这里,它表明,血管舒缓激肽在皱胃呈正相关与肥大细胞和球状体白细胞皱胃,消极,所有这三个参数与成人的数量有关<gydF4y2Bai>Teladorsagia circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>在免疫绵羊的挑战。建议缓激肽刺激肥大细胞的脱颗粒,释放在脱粒过程中或两者兼而有之。多元回归显示,几乎60%的成人的变化<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>可以解释为两个变量、缓激肽和<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>特殊免疫球蛋白<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>在等离子体。这提供了进一步的证据表明,血管舒缓激肽可能是羊的保护性免疫机制,尽管其参与哮喘和其他过敏性疾病其不必要的免疫病理作用提出了质疑。</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>寄生虫感染总是调用Th2-like在哺乳动物宿主免疫反应的特点是生产IgE,免疫球蛋白<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>、粘膜肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">1</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,我们最近表明,肽血管舒缓激肽显著增加在abomasal粘液在免疫绵羊寄生虫的挑战[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>]。缓激肽是一种强有力的血管舒张,在炎症,从循环激肽原裂解和通常与内皮渗透性和nonvascular平滑肌收缩条件如哮喘(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>]。发现abomasal缓激肽是高羊总虫负担较低,这可能与保护性免疫。然而,目前尚不清楚缓激肽的作用以及它与其他免疫机制。目前沟通报告之间的联系缓激肽和粒细胞抗体产生寄生虫挑战羊。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="methods">2。方法</gydF4y2Bah4> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。寄生虫和动物</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>动物试验的实验设计是详细描述威廉姆斯et al。<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>]。40美利奴羊被安置在室内,并且每天都在挑战500三级的幼虫<gydF4y2Bai>Teladorsagia circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>和<gydF4y2Bai>Trichostrongylus colubriformis。</gydF4y2Bai>羊从一条线有选择地培育低粪便虫子蛋数(FEC)和在牧场长大寄生虫幼虫污染,因此获得了一定程度的保护性免疫(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>]。总虫负担被量化后6周的持续挑战。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。免疫学的测量</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>免疫球蛋白<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>特定于<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>和<gydF4y2Bai>t . colubriformis</gydF4y2Bai>l<gydF4y2Basub>3</gydF4y2Basub>抗原是由ELISA挑战开始后4周和报道ELISA单位相对于积极的控制(快速阅读血清)。在后期,组织样本取自皱胃和近端小肠的三分之一,固定在4%多聚甲醛和肥大细胞的数量,球状体白细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞枚举标准组织学方法和表达为细胞/ /毫米<gydF4y2Basup>2</gydF4y2Basup>的组织。粘液在液氮snap-frozen缓激肽的分析。缓激肽浓度测定在粘液由固相萃取净化,使用商业酶联免疫试剂盒根据制造商的指示。缓激肽水平每毫克的蛋白质表达粘液样本。提供进一步的细节在威廉姆斯et al。<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。统计分析</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>蠕虫负担数据转换<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.9125" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-3.29552pt;width:106.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 106.875 14.9125" width="106.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.07)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.890833" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.64,60.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.31,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.579218" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.919439" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.17094" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.42244" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.585938" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>之前的分析。其他数据是正态分布,分析了untransformed。简单和多元回归是用来确定变量之间的相关性和关系,使用STATISTICA程序(StatSoft版本10日,塔尔萨,美国)。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="results">3所示。结果</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>皱胃缓激肽的浓度呈正相关(<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0375" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:53.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.237499 11.0375" width="53.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.856443" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.982195" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.233692" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0625" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:63.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.962502 11.0625" width="63.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>与缓激肽的浓度)小肠(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。然而,回归仅占44%的变异abomasal缓激肽浓度(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。同样,所有三种类型的细胞的数量测量(嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和球状体白细胞)感染的两个站点之间呈正相关(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 回归模型对粒细胞之间的关系和皱胃缓激肽(A)和小肠(S)。</gydF4y2Badiv> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab1" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-b55194c471fec1e035bc39f1c292623e"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jpr/volume-2012/569287/figures/569287.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-b55194c471fec1e035bc39f1c292623e partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jpr/volume-2012/569287/thumbnails/569287.fig.001_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-b55194c471fec1e035bc39f1c292623e partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>缓激肽的浓度之间的关系(pg /毫克蛋白)在小肠abomasal粘液浓度和相应的粘液。<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0375" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.237499 11.0375" width="53.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.856443" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.982195" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.233692" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0625" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.962502 11.0625" width="63.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>免疫机制之间的关系和寄生虫负担是威廉姆斯et al。<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>]。简而言之,在皱胃缓激肽是负相关(<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0375" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:63.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.950001 11.0375" width="63.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.169498" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.420998" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.546749" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.798248" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0625" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:63.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.962502 11.0625" width="63.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)与成人<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>但不是幼虫阶段<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>。相比之下,没有肠道的缓激肽和数字之间的关系<gydF4y2Bai>t . colubriformis</gydF4y2Bai>也不是肠道血管舒缓激肽与数字相关的粒细胞小肠粘膜。Abomasal缓激肽呈正相关与肥大细胞和球状体白细胞在皱胃(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/fig2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>)。肥大细胞和球状体白细胞皱胃也与成人的数量负相关<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>),但多元回归表明,相同数量的变化<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>数字是解释为缓激肽单独或一起添加到模型中肥大细胞时,或球状体白细胞(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>)。事实上,肥大细胞和球状体白细胞显著变量缓激肽添加到模型时,表明它是缓激肽而不是粒细胞负责大部分的变化<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>号码。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 回归方程为对数之间的关系<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>成人<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>负担(Tcirc)和皱胃缓激肽的浓度(BK),肥大细胞(MC)的数量和球状体白细胞(GL)在皱胃和浓度<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>特殊免疫球蛋白<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>在等离子体(免疫球蛋白)。</gydF4y2Badiv> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab2" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-2fabea1caa8d2a5aa0ece63260e7f0df"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jpr/volume-2012/569287/figures/569287.fig.002a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jpr/volume-2012/569287/figures/569287.fig.002b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-2fabea1caa8d2a5aa0ece63260e7f0df partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to (a) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(一)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jpr/volume-2012/569287/thumbnails/569287.fig.002a_th.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button aria-label="Slide to (b) " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="(b)gydF4y2Ba" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jpr/volume-2012/569287/thumbnails/569287.fig.002b_th.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-2fabea1caa8d2a5aa0ece63260e7f0df partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>缓激肽的浓度之间的关系在abomasal粘液和肥大细胞的数量(<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.1" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.950001 11.1" width="63.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.169498" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.420998" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.546749" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.798248" y="0"> 3</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.9125" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.962502 10.9125" width="63.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0"> 3</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.9125" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 10.9125" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 8</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)和球状体白细胞的数量(<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.1" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.137501 11.1" width="56.137501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.169498" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.420998" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.546749" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0375" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.962502 11.0375" width="63.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.9125" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 10.9125" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 8</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在皱胃)。</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>免疫球蛋白<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>具体来说<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>与成人是负相关<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>负担(<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.1" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:63.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.950001 11.1" width="63.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.169498" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.420998" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.546749" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.798248" y="0"> 7</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0625" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:56.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.0625" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>与缓激肽),但不相关。当缓激肽和免疫球蛋白<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>多元回归分析中,他们几乎占60%的变化总成人<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>负担,为免疫球蛋白比例为30%<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>仅38%,缓激肽(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>)。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="discussion">4所示。讨论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>缓激肽显然是与免疫有关<gydF4y2Bai>t . circumcincta</gydF4y2Bai>在羊<gydF4y2Bai>。</gydF4y2Bai>的机制,即血管舒缓激肽生产可能导致线虫驱逐尚未阐明。然而,鉴于缓激肽的作用在血管舒张和哮喘气管支气管狭窄,它可能导致粘液分泌过多,等离子渗漏到肠道,增加peristalsis-similar作用提出了其他炎症介质,如白细胞三烯,一再被证实参与免疫胃肠道线虫(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>]。一个类似的缓激肽和之间的关系<gydF4y2Bai>t . colubriformis</gydF4y2Bai>没有观察到在这个实验中,但这可能是由于实验绵羊或极为抗感染这种寄生虫,因此,几乎没有变化,以确定蠕虫负担和免疫效应机制之间的关系(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和球状体白细胞总是增加肠道粘膜在线虫感染绵羊和被认为是参与保护性免疫(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">1</gydF4y2Baa>],在相邻细胞之间的正相关性所示数字段肠道表明,似乎有一种“普遍”的线虫免疫力,也就是说,羊有提高细胞反应一个寄生虫对第二个寄生虫也有这么高的反应的物种。这表明,羊的基础上培育抗线虫暴露于一个寄生物种也可能表现出增强的免疫挑战时不同的物种。缓激肽浓度之间的正相关关系在胃和小肠,也为这一概念提供了证据。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>缓激肽和肥大细胞/球状体白细胞之间的关系表明,这两种机制之间的密切关系。与此一致的是,mast-cell-derived肝素在最近的研究里它又显示出它启动血管舒缓激肽形成在老鼠实验中,导致明显的血管通透性(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">9</gydF4y2Baa>]。类似的过程可能在羊,肥大细胞刺激布满了线虫抗原导致血管舒缓激肽形成直接导致等离子体泄漏进入肠道。这个泄漏被认为是胃肠道寄生虫保护性免疫的一个重要组成部分,或许是由于等离子体泄漏允许抗体接触线虫在粘膜/腔接口。符合这一假说,回归分析在当前的论文表明,缓激肽和免疫球蛋白<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>一起占较大比重的变化在成人蠕虫数量。这可能是由于肥大细胞derived-bradykinin扩张血管周围的肠道粘膜,使免疫球蛋白g直接接触的幼虫和促进他们将被驱逐。进一步的实验将需要更严格地测试这个假说。<gydF4y2Bai>在体外</gydF4y2Bai>研究将特别有用确定antigen-dependent激活肥大细胞之间的相互作用,抑制缓激肽的形成,和随后的寄生虫增长。此外,其他机制可能是重要的贡献如粘膜IgA,这里没有测量,此前据报道影响蠕虫长度和繁殖力[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B10">10</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>进一步方面要考虑是否增加缓激肽的水平可能不必要的病态的副作用。已经多次指出,羊是高度抗寄生虫寄生虫会增加腹泻在自然放牧,它一直在猜测,这可能是由于过敏的黏膜免疫反应导致幼虫也拒绝而造成不必要的免疫病理反应。鉴于缓激肽的作用在过敏性疾病如哮喘,进一步的研究应探讨这种关系以确定缓激肽可能是合适的作为抗线虫表型标记的羊。然而,它曾被报道与这些实验动物血管舒缓激肽水平没有与粪便软化在寄生虫挑战[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>总之,血管舒缓激肽与线虫幼虫能反应相关的挑战可能免疫绵羊和共同作用与免疫球蛋白等著名的免疫机制<gydF4y2Basub>1</gydF4y2Basub>促进线虫驱逐。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>作者感谢p . Vercoe d·帕尔默。威廉姆斯和j . Karlsson对这项工作的贡献。这项工作是由澳大利亚政府和澳大利亚牧羊者通过澳大利亚羊毛创新。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> </div> <div class="ArticleReferences_xmlContent__TZqgx"> <h4 class="ArticleReferences_references__dHBcT" id="references">引用</gydF4y2Bah4> <ol class="ArticleReferences_orderedReferences__K1TM4"> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B1"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a . Balic诉m·鲍尔斯和e . n . t . Meeusen”在反刍动物胃肠道线虫感染的免疫生物学,”<gydF4y2Bai>寄生虫学的进步</gydF4y2Bai>,45卷,第241 - 181页,2000年。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20immunobiology%20of%20gastrointestinal%20nematode%20infections%20in%20ruminants&author=A.%20Balic&author=V.%20M.%20Bowles&author=E.%20N.%20T.%20Meeusen&publication_year=2000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B2"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a·r·威廉姆斯l . j . e . Karlsson d·g·帕尔默et al .,“粪便干物质之间的关系,蠕虫负担和炎症介质和细胞抗寄生虫美利奴绵羊,”<gydF4y2Bai>兽医寄生虫学</gydF4y2Bai>,卷171,不。3 - 4、263 - 272年,2010页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.031" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa> <span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Relationships%20between%20faecal%20dry%20matter%2C%20worm%20burdens%20and%20inflammatory%20mediators%20and%20cells%20in%20parasite-resistant%20Merino%20rams&author=A.%20R.%20Williams&author=L.%20J.%20E.%20Karlsson&author=D.%20G.%20Palmer&publication_year=2010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B3"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a·p·卡普兰和k·约瑟夫在遗传性血管性水肿bradykinin-forming级联及其作用,”<gydF4y2Bai>年报过敏、哮喘和免疫学</gydF4y2Bai>,卷104,不。3、193 - 204年,2010页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2010.01.007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa> <span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20bradykinin-forming%20cascade%20and%20its%20role%20in%20hereditary%20angioedema&author=A.%20P.%20Kaplan&author=K.%20Joseph&publication_year=2010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B4"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">c·m·伯特伦n . l . Misso m . Fogel-Petrovic et al .,“激肽受体的表达在嗜酸性粒细胞:哮喘患者和健康者比较,”<gydF4y2Bai>《白细胞生物学</gydF4y2Bai>,卷85,不。3、544 - 552年,2009页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0508283" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa> <span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Expression%20of%20kinin%20receptors%20on%20eosinophils%3A%20comparison%20of%20asthmatic%20patients%20and%20healthy%20subjects&author=C.%20M.%20Bertram&author=N.%20L.%20Misso&author=M.%20Fogel-Petrovic&publication_year=2009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B5"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">l . j . e . Karlsson和j . c . Greeff”,选择响应在粪虫蛋数量Rylington美利奴抗寄生虫,群”<gydF4y2Bai>《澳大利亚农业实验</gydF4y2Bai>,46卷,不。6 - 7,809 - 811年,2006页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1071/EA05367" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa> <span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Selection%20response%20in%20fecal%20worm%20egg%20counts%20in%20the%20Rylington%20Merino%20parasite%20resistant%20flock&author=L.%20J.%20E.%20Karlsson&author=J.%20C.%20Greeff&publication_year=2006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B6"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">a·r·威廉姆斯·d·g·帕尔默,即h·威廉姆斯,p . e . Vercoe d l .金刚砂和l . j . e . Karlsson“寄生肠胃炎的免疫指标之间的关系,线虫负担和粪便干物质在绵羊,”<gydF4y2Bai>动物生产学</gydF4y2Bai>,50卷,不。3、219 - 227年,2010页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1071/AN09144" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa> <span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Relationships%20between%20immune%20indicators%20of%20parasitic%20gastroenteritis%2C%20nematode%20burdens%20and%20faecal%20dry%20matter%20in%20sheep&author=A.%20R.%20Williams&author=D.%20G.%20Palmer&author=I.%20H.%20Williams&author=P.%20E.%20Vercoe&author=D.%20L.%20Emery&author=L.%20J.%20E.%20Karlsson&publication_year=2010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B7"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">gdp灰色,中情局Barger l . f . Le Jambre和p·g·c . Douch“寄生虫学的和免疫反应基因耐药的美利奴羊在牧场污染的寄生线虫,”<gydF4y2Bai>国际寄生虫学杂志</gydF4y2Bai>,22卷,不。4、417 - 425年,1992页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(92)90142-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa> <span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Parasitological%20and%20immunological%20responses%20of%20genetically%20resistant%20Merino%20sheep%20on%20pastures%20contaminated%20with%20parasitic%20nematodes&author=G.%20D.%20Gray&author=I.%20A.%20Barger&author=L.%20F.%20Le%20Jambre&author=P.%20G.%20C.%20Douch&publication_year=1992" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B8"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">p·g·c . Douch p e . Morum, b . Rabel”感染物质的分泌和白细胞三烯绵羊的胃肠粘膜肥大细胞组织和孤立”<gydF4y2Bai>国际寄生虫学杂志</gydF4y2Bai>,26卷,不。2、205 - 211年,1996页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(95)00120-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa> <span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Secretion%20of%20anti-parasite%20substances%20and%20leukotrienes%20from%20ovine%20gastrointestinal%20tissues%20and%20isolated%20mucosal%20mast%20cells&author=P.%20G.%20C.%20Douch&author=P.%20E.%20Morum&author=B.%20Rabel&publication_year=1996" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B9"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">c . Oschatz好色之徒,t·詹森et al .,“肥大细胞血管渗透性增加heparin-initiated缓激肽在体内形成,”<gydF4y2Bai>免疫力</gydF4y2Bai>,34卷,不。2、258 - 268年,2011页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mast%20cells%20increase%20vascular%20permeability%20by%20heparin-initiated%20bradykinin%20formation%20in%20vivo&author=C.%20Oschatz&author=B.%20Lecher&author=T.%20Jansen&publication_year=2011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__7aCxy" id="B10"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">m·j·斯蒂尔s菌株,s . c .主教“机制抗线虫感染,”<gydF4y2Bai>国际寄生虫学杂志</gydF4y2Bai>卷,29号1,51-56,1999页。</gydF4y2Bap>视图:<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00179-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa> <span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mechanisms%20underlying%20resistance%20to%20nematode%20infection&author=M.%20J.%20Stear&author=S.%20Strain&author=S.%20C.%20Bishop&publication_year=1999" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa> </div></li> </ol> </div> <h4 class="copyright-title" id="copyright">版权</gydF4y2Bah4> <div class="copyright-body"> 版权©2012年安德鲁·r·威廉姆斯。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<gydF4y2Baa rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</gydF4y2Baa>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</gydF4y2Badiv> <div id="related-articles"></div> </div> </div> <div class="ant-col ThreeColumnLayout_rightColumn__8jvjD"> <div> <div> <div class="ArticleRightSection_articleRightSection__Lq9qj"> <div class="ArticleToolbar_articleToolbar__ASFyF"> <a href="https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287.pdf" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__LPDDG" role="button" type="primary" aria-label="PDF" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" target="_blank" data-testid="download-pdf"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__EiaTy"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CW8LG"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 19 24"> <path d="M16.772,24H2.227A2.163,2.163,0,0,1,0,21.746V2.255A2.159,2.159,0,0,1,2.227,0H12.415L12.9.494h.03V.523L19,6.669V21.746A2.161,2.161,0,0,1,16.772,24ZM2.334,1A1.276,1.276,0,0,0,1,2.358V21.642A1.283,1.283,0,0,0,2.334,23H16.665A1.276,1.276,0,0,0,18,21.642V7.087l-.032-.033H14.215A2.131,2.131,0,0,1,12.02,4.832V1.005L12.015,1ZM13,2V4.745A1.192,1.192,0,0,0,14.261,6H17ZM4.012,20A1.032,1.032,0,0,1,3,18.923a2.505,2.505,0,0,1,.967-1.539,8.15,8.15,0,0,1,2.377-1.418c.344-.779.65-1.6.92-2.327l.008-.022.017-.046.009-.024c.2-.539.453-1.209.71-1.827a4.545,4.545,0,0,1-.372-3.862c.267-.569.6-.858.976-.858.556,0,.964.621,1.015,1.546a7.125,7.125,0,0,1-.681,3.143c.158.305.343.624.55.949a7.127,7.127,0,0,0,1.806,1.9,8.681,8.681,0,0,1,2.023-.279,4.23,4.23,0,0,1,1.468.238c.118.047,1.156.478,1.2,1.143a.688.688,0,0,1-.412.67,2.509,2.509,0,0,1-1.164.242,4.757,4.757,0,0,1-.671-.052,6.631,6.631,0,0,1-2.608-1.025c-.163.042-.323.086-.514.138l-.1.026-.15.041c-.235.067-.464.13-.679.185l-.292.076-.025.006-.019,0c-.794.205-1.615.418-2.4.705A14.033,14.033,0,0,1,6,18.437C5.832,18.7,4.941,20,4.012,20ZM6,17a6.865,6.865,0,0,0-1.287.871A1.927,1.927,0,0,0,4,18.831a.12.12,0,0,0,.041.1A.165.165,0,0,0,4.17,19c.327,0,.965-.631,1.356-1.219C5.671,17.564,5.83,17.3,6,17Zm7.044-2A4.632,4.632,0,0,0,12,15.131a4.76,4.76,0,0,0,1.675.792A2.906,2.906,0,0,0,14.32,16a1.629,1.629,0,0,0,.68-.13,2.672,2.672,0,0,0-.584-.528A2.752,2.752,0,0,0,13.045,15ZM8.166,13c-.177.449-.343.884-.481,1.25l-.01.025-.009.024-.007.02-.035.092-.032.085c-.156.409-.37.97-.59,1.5.6-.181,1.229-.341,1.733-.469l.031-.008.055-.014.028-.007.028-.007.307-.078c.191-.048.4-.105.674-.179l.03-.008.005,0,.036-.01.036-.01.01,0,.01,0,.016,0a8.291,8.291,0,0,1-1.566-1.767C8.341,13.285,8.264,13.16,8.166,13Zm.516-5a1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.34.365A2.425,2.425,0,0,0,8.437,11a4.012,4.012,0,0,0,.553-2.22A1.309,1.309,0,0,0,8.681,8Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>PDF</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CW8LG"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jpr/2012/569287.ris" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__LPDDG" role="button" type="ghost" aria-label="Download Citation" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" data-testid="download-citation"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__EiaTy"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CW8LG"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M16 12H8C7.44772 12 7 12.4477 7 13C7 13.5523 7.44772 14 8 14H16C16.5523 14 17 13.5523 17 13C17 12.4477 16.5523 12 16 12Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M16 16H8C7.44772 16 7 16.4477 7 17C7 17.5523 7.44772 18 8 18H16C16.5523 18 17 17.5523 17 17C17 16.4477 16.5523 16 16 16Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M10 8H8C7.44772 8 7 8.44772 7 9C7 9.55228 7.44772 10 8 10H10C10.5523 10 11 9.55228 11 9C11 8.44772 10.5523 8 10 8Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path d="M15 2C15 1.44772 14.5523 1 14 1C13.4477 1 13 1.44772 13 2V8C13 8.55228 13.4477 9 14 9H20C20.5523 9 21 8.55228 21 8C21 7.44772 20.5523 7 20 7H15V2Z" fill="currentColor"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.7071 1.29289C14.5196 1.10536 14.2652 1 14 1H6C4.34315 1 3 2.34315 3 4V20C3 21.6569 4.34315 23 6 23H18C19.6569 23 21 21.6569 21 20V8C21 7.73478 20.8946 7.48043 20.7071 7.29289L14.7071 1.29289ZM6 3H13.5858L19 8.41421V20C19 20.5523 18.5523 21 18 21H6C5.44772 21 5 20.5523 5 20V4C5 3.44772 5.44772 3 6 3Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>下载引用</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CW8LG"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <div class="ant-collapse ant-collapse-icon-position-end articleToolbarOtherFormats_otherFormatsCollapse__5eH4o"> <div class="ant-collapse-item"> <div class="ant-collapse-header" aria-expanded="false" aria-disabled="false" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="ant-collapse-expand-icon"> <span role="img" class="anticon ant-collapse-arrow"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.773 23.453l11.2-11.265a1.918 1.918 0 000-2.641 1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0l-9.929 10.101-9.933-10.1a1.75 1.75 0 00-2.542 0 1.919 1.919 0 000 2.64L15.23 23.453c.352.365.811.547 1.271.547.46 0 .92-.182 1.271-.547z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span> </div> <span class="ant-collapse-header-text"><span><span role="img" class="anticon articleToolbarOtherFormats_atofDownloadIcon__M7jrV"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 20 22"> <defs> <clippath> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3,22a3,3,0,0,1-3-3V16a1,1,0,0,1,2,0v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1H17a1,1,0,0,0,1-1V16a1,1,0,1,1,2,0v3a3,3,0,0,1-3,3Zm6.288-6.3-4-4a1,1,0,0,1,1.414-1.414L9,12.586V1a1,1,0,0,1,2,0V12.586l2.293-2.293a1,1,0,0,1,1.414,1.414l-4,4a1,1,0,0,1-1.423,0Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span><span>下载其他格式</gydF4y2Baspan></span></span> </div> </div> </div> <a href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/569287/confirm" class="ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapper__LPDDG" role="button" type="ghost" aria-label="Order printed copies" tabindex="0" unselectable="on" target="_blank"><span class="ButtonGroup_leftGroup__EiaTy"><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CW8LG"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.41667 1H18.6667C19.1269 1 19.5 1.44772 19.5 2V22C19.5 22.5523 19.1269 23 18.6667 23H7.41667C5.80584 23 4.5 21.433 4.5 19.5V4.5C4.5 2.567 5.80584 1 7.41667 1ZM6.16667 16.3368V4.5C6.16667 3.67157 6.72631 3 7.41667 3H17.8333V16H7.41667C6.96933 16 6.54552 16.1208 6.16667 16.3368ZM17.8333 18H7.41667C6.72631 18 6.16667 18.6716 6.16667 19.5C6.16667 20.3284 6.72631 21 7.41667 21H17.8333V18Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg></span><span>订单打印副本</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span role="img" class="anticon ButtonGroup_buttonGroupWrapperIcon__CW8LG"> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 18 14"> <defs> <clippath id="a"> <path d="M10.293,13.707a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.414L14.586,8H1A1,1,0,0,1,1,6H14.586L10.293,1.707A1,1,0,0,1,11.707.293l6,6a1,1,0,0,1,.172.231h0l.01.019,0,.005.007.014.006.012,0,.008.008.018v0a1,1,0,0,1-.009.817l0,0L17.9,7.44l0,.009-.005.011-.007.013,0,.008-.008.015,0,.005-.01.016,0,0-.011.017,0,0-.012.018,0,0-.012.017,0,0L17.8,7.6l0,0-.011.014,0,.006-.01.012-.009.011-.006.007-.015.017h0l-.04.042-6,6a1,1,0,0,1-1.414,0Z" transform="translate(3 5)"></path> </clippath> </defs> <g transform="translate(-3 -5)"> <path d="M10.293,13.707a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.414L14.586,8H1A1,1,0,0,1,1,6H14.586L10.293,1.707A1,1,0,0,1,11.707.293l6,6a1,1,0,0,1,.172.231h0l.01.019,0,.005.007.014.006.012,0,.008.008.018v0a1,1,0,0,1-.009.817l0,0L17.9,7.44l0,.009-.005.011-.007.013,0,.008-.008.015,0,.005-.01.016,0,0-.011.017,0,0-.012.018,0,0-.012.017,0,0L17.8,7.6l0,0-.011.014,0,.006-.01.012-.009.011-.006.007-.015.017h0l-.04.042-6,6a1,1,0,0,1-1.414,0Z" transform="translate(3 5)" fill="currentColor"></path> </g> </svg></span></a> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_articleToolbarStatistics__nlUpT"> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_column__I4qvN"> <div> <div> <span>的观点</gydF4y2Baspan> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_amount__Qem80"> 1187年</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> <div> <span>下载</gydF4y2Baspan> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_amount__Qem80"> 892年</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleToolbarStatistics_column__I4qvN articleToolbarStatistics_dimensions__KigsJ"> <div> 引用</gydF4y2Badiv> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ articleToolbarStatistics_circle__1ghAE" data-doi="10.1155/2012/569287" data-style="small_circle"></span> </div> </div> <ul class="articleToolbarSocials_articleToolbarSocials__vJRjo"> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/569287&via=Hindawi" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="126.444 2.281 589 589"> <circle cx="420.944" cy="296.781" r="294.5" fill="#2daae1"></circle> <path d="M609.773 179.634c-13.891 6.164-28.811 10.331-44.498 12.204 16.01-9.587 28.275-24.779 34.066-42.86a154.78 154.78 0 0 1-49.209 18.801c-14.125-15.056-34.267-24.456-56.551-24.456-42.773 0-77.462 34.675-77.462 77.473 0 6.064.683 11.98 1.996 17.66-64.389-3.236-121.474-34.079-159.684-80.945-6.672 11.446-10.491 24.754-10.491 38.953 0 26.875 13.679 50.587 34.464 64.477a77.122 77.122 0 0 1-35.097-9.686v.979c0 37.54 26.701 68.842 62.145 75.961-6.511 1.784-13.344 2.716-20.413 2.716-4.998 0-9.847-.473-14.584-1.364 9.859 30.769 38.471 53.166 72.363 53.799-26.515 20.785-59.925 33.175-96.212 33.175-6.25 0-12.427-.373-18.491-1.104 34.291 21.988 75.006 34.824 118.759 34.824 142.496 0 220.428-118.052 220.428-220.428 0-3.361-.074-6.697-.236-10.021a157.855 157.855 0 0 0 38.707-40.158z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/569287" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 256 256" xml:space="preserve"> <g transform="translate(-373.642 -318.344)"> <path fill="#1D8CB5" d="M583.659 328.849H419.625c-19.599 0-35.487 15.888-35.487 35.487v164.015c0 19.599 15.888 35.486 35.487 35.486h164.033c19.599 0 35.487-15.888 35.487-35.486V364.337c.001-19.599-15.888-35.488-35.486-35.488z"></path> <lineargradient id="a" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="-808.873" y1="199.892" x2="-860.569" y2="49.203" gradienttransform="rotate(180 -17.27 206.273) scale(.5915)"> <stop offset="0" style="stop-color:#fff"></stop> <stop offset="1" style="stop-color:#fff;stop-opacity:0"></stop> </lineargradient> <path opacity=".781" fill="url(#a)" d="M557.056 338.895H446.227c-29.337 0-52.955 23.81-52.955 53.385v108.127c.95 23.087 4.603 8.491 11.555-17.075 8.081-29.713 34.396-55.682 66.445-75.145 24.461-14.855 51.84-24.341 101.679-25.244 28.265-.511 25.77-36.683-15.895-44.048z"></path> </g> <g fill="#FFF"> <path d="M81.604 207.76V101.49h-35.32v106.27h35.32zM63.951 86.98c12.308 0 19.981-8.161 19.981-18.36-.228-10.426-7.673-18.36-19.75-18.36-12.087 0-19.984 7.934-19.984 18.36 0 10.199 7.662 18.36 19.52 18.36h.233zM101.151 207.76h35.326v-59.345c0-3.178.23-6.352 1.165-8.621 2.547-6.35 8.363-12.92 18.118-12.92 12.784 0 17.893 9.748 17.893 24.032v56.855h35.319v-60.936c0-32.643-17.422-47.83-40.665-47.83-19.053 0-27.421 10.647-32.068 17.902h.238V101.49h-35.326c.469 9.97 0 106.27 0 106.27z"></path> </g> </svg></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/569287" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 14222 14222"> <circle cx="7111" cy="7112" r="7111" fill="#1977f3"></circle> <path d="M9879 9168l315-2056H8222V5778c0-562 275-1111 1159-1111h897V2917s-814-139-1592-139c-1624 0-2686 984-2686 2767v1567H4194v2056h1806v4969c362 57 733 86 1111 86s749-30 1111-86V9168z" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> <li> <div class="articleToolbarSocials_wechat_container__GC3sU"> <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"></div> </div></li> <li><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" unselectable="on" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div> <footer class="ant-layout-footer"> <div class="footer-main-nav-section"> <div class="footer-main-nav"> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About Us">关于我们</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us">联系我们</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges">文章处理费用</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/print-editions/" aria-label="Print editions">印刷版</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors">作者</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors">编辑器</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers">评论家</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="ant-col footer-main-nav__column"> <ul class="ant-menu ant-menu-root ant-menu-vertical ant-menu-light footer-main-nav__menu" role="menu" tabindex="0" data-menu-list="true"> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus">雷电竞APP</a></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative">开放档案计划</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li class="ant-menu-item ant-menu-item-only-child footer-main-nav__item" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><span class="ant-menu-title-content"><a href="//www.newsama.com/preventing-and-protecting-against-fraud/" aria-label="Fraud prevention">欺诈防范</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> </ul> <div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> </div> <div class="social-links"> 遵循我们:<gydF4y2Badiv class="social-links__icons"> <a aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM29.1449 16.1871C29.1449 15.9885 29.1406 15.7907 29.1318 15.5939C30.0281 14.946 30.8072 14.1373 31.4215 13.2166C30.5991 13.5822 29.7141 13.8284 28.7854 13.9395C29.7333 13.371 30.4608 12.4719 30.8041 11.4005C29.917 11.9263 28.9349 12.3083 27.8891 12.5146C27.0514 11.6223 25.8588 11.0641 24.5383 11.0641C22.0032 11.0641 19.9472 13.1201 19.9472 15.6543C19.9472 16.0144 19.9878 16.3647 20.0665 16.701C16.2512 16.5091 12.868 14.6823 10.6042 11.9046C10.21 12.583 9.9826 13.371 9.9826 14.212C9.9826 15.8047 10.7928 17.2107 12.0255 18.0331C11.2723 18.0099 10.5649 17.803 9.94629 17.4591C9.94568 17.4783 9.94568 17.4969 9.94568 17.5177C9.94568 19.7406 11.528 21.597 13.6285 22.0175C13.2428 22.1228 12.8369 22.1793 12.4179 22.1793C12.1228 22.1793 11.835 22.15 11.5552 22.0963C12.1399 23.9203 13.8342 25.2475 15.8438 25.2847C14.2725 26.5161 12.2931 27.2498 10.1422 27.2498C9.77203 27.2498 9.40643 27.2287 9.04724 27.1863C11.0788 28.4885 13.4912 29.2484 16.0837 29.2484C24.5276 29.248 29.1449 22.2531 29.1449 16.1871Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM9.31732 30.2344H14.1882V15.5801H9.31732V30.2344ZM11.7529 13.5791H11.7212C10.0867 13.5791 9.02954 12.4539 9.02954 11.0477C9.02954 9.60968 10.119 8.51562 11.7853 8.51562C13.4515 8.51562 14.4769 9.60968 14.5087 11.0477C14.5087 12.4539 13.4515 13.5791 11.7529 13.5791ZM26.8814 30.2344H31.7517V21.8317C31.7517 17.3306 29.3488 15.2362 26.1441 15.2362C23.5599 15.2362 22.4017 16.6565 21.7545 17.655V15.5801H16.8839C16.9476 16.955 16.8839 30.2344 16.8839 30.2344H21.7545V22.0508C21.7545 21.6129 21.7859 21.1752 21.9147 20.8621C22.2668 19.9872 23.0682 19.0808 24.4138 19.0808C26.1761 19.0808 26.8814 20.4245 26.8814 22.3947V30.2344Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewbox="0 0 40 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M17.2973 23.7838L23.7838 20L17.2973 16.2162V23.7838Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 20C0 8.95599 8.95599 0 20 0C31.044 0 40 8.95599 40 20C40 31.044 31.044 40 20 40C8.95599 40 0 31.044 0 20ZM31.9824 26.0324C32.4969 24.0765 32.4969 20.0204 32.4969 20.0204C32.4969 20.0204 32.5177 15.9442 31.9824 13.9883C31.694 12.9178 30.8499 12.0734 29.7794 11.7853C27.8235 11.25 20 11.25 20 11.25C20 11.25 12.1765 11.25 10.2206 11.7648C9.17053 12.0529 8.30566 12.9178 8.01758 13.9883C7.50275 15.9442 7.50275 20 7.50275 20C7.50275 20 7.50275 24.0765 8.01758 26.0117C8.30597 27.0822 9.15009 27.9266 10.2206 28.2147C12.197 28.75 20 28.75 20 28.75C20 28.75 27.8235 28.75 29.7794 28.2352C30.8499 27.9471 31.694 27.103 31.9824 26.0324Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> <a aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" target="_blank" class="social-links__icon"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg width="40" height="39" viewbox="0 0 40 39" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M40 19.4595C40 8.71394 31.044 0 20 0C8.95599 0 0 8.71394 0 19.4595C0 30.205 8.95599 38.9189 20 38.9189C20.1175 38.9189 20.2344 38.9165 20.3516 38.9145V23.7661H16.0547V18.8938H20.3516V15.3084C20.3516 11.1502 22.9605 8.88705 26.7728 8.88705C28.5983 8.88705 30.1675 9.01948 30.625 9.07857V13.4244H27.9962C25.9222 13.4244 25.5206 14.3835 25.5206 15.7906V18.8938H30.4797L29.8334 23.7661H25.5206V38.1671C33.8803 35.8353 40 28.3418 40 19.4595Z" fill="#F2F2F2"></path> </svg></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-minor-nav"> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策</gydF4y2Baa> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款</gydF4y2Baa> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Responsible Disclosure Policy">负责信息披露政策</gydF4y2Baa> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策</gydF4y2Baa> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Copyright">版权</gydF4y2Baa> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a href="//www.newsama.com/modern-slavery-statement/" class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Modern slavery statement">现代奴隶制的声明</gydF4y2Baa> <div class="ant-divider ant-divider-vertical" role="separator"></div></span> <span><a class="footer-minor-nav__link" aria-label="Cookie Preferences">饼干的偏好</gydF4y2Baa></span> </div> </footer> </div> </section> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>