Research Article |open Access
Xinzuo fang,,,,Yufan Liu,,,,sheng Lei, Junfei Ou,,,, “高效分离油/水混合物的超疏水性纳米线膜”,纳米材料杂志,,,, 卷。2020,,,, 文章ID8540580,,,, 9 页面,,,, 2020。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8540580
高效分离油/水混合物的超疏水性纳米线膜
Abstract
漏油和油性废水引起的水污染已成为严重的环境问题。因此,开发有效的材料以从水中去除油是很重要的。鉴于成本和效率,具有超疏水性的膜是分离油/水混合物的最常用材料。但是,许多工作是通过用氟化试剂进行修饰来完成的,从而造成了高成本和对环境的损害。在这项工作中,采用了一种简单而快速的两步方法,以实现超疏水性发型纳米线膜。通过碱辅助氧化过程和未氟化的低表面能化学化学修饰,所谓的膜(表示为SHM),水接触角约为164°,对水和油的二元混合物(甲苯和油)表现出极好的分离效率(甲苯和油,己烷,汽油等)。同时,该膜在长期分离过程中也表现出极好的耐用性和可重复性,这表明其未来实用应用的巨大潜力。
1。介绍
油泄漏和油性废水造成的水污染已成为严重的环境问题,并危害了人类和野生动植物的健康。油/水分离作为有效方法引起了很大的关注[1-4]。在各种油/水分离方法中,膜分离技术被认为是分离油和水的最有效方法之一[5,,,,6]。Various materials, such as meshes [7-12],聚合物膜[13-16], and foams [17-20], have been developed [21-25]。在这些材料中,由于机械可加工性,可锻造性和相对较低的成本,网格经常用作膜材料。
首先是从植物叶子中发现的,在150°以上的水接触角(WCA)高于150°,滑动角的超疏水性,也从植物叶中发现,在油/水混合物的分离中也起着重要作用[26-31]。Thanks to the study on the lotus effect, superhydrophobicity is successfully obtained through modification with a low surface energy reagent due to the strong water repellency of a nonpolar chemical surface to polar water [32,,,,33]。同时,根据卡西 - 巴克斯特(Cassie-Baxter)模型,由于水滴下方的空气保留[34,,,,35]。Based on this proper microstructure, through simple modification, superhydrophobicity can be obtained more feasibly. According to the above, many methods including chemical or electrochemical treatment, laser etching, and plasma processing have been reported [15,,,,36-41]。但是,获得超疏水性的最应用方法是通过在微/纳米级结构上引入氟化的低表面能力化学物质[38-41]。但是,氟化化学物质的高成本和对环境的污染限制了广泛的应用。同时,通过简单的过程获得大规模的超疏水膜,并在实践中进一步使用仍然具有挑战性。
Taking those factors into consideration, we synthesized a superhydrophobic membrane based on the unique hair-like microstructure. Due to the mechanical workability and relatively low cost, a copper mesh has been chosen as one of the most commonly used materials for the oil/water separation [42,,,,43]。同时,还报道了铜底物上的各种形态,例如针状,头发,拱形和松针样结构[40,,,,41]。但是,应在氟化后获得超疏水表面,这对环境更昂贵且不友好。鉴于此,采用了一种简单而快速的两步方法来实现超疏水性(方案1)。The as-synthesized superhydrophobic hair-like nanowire membrane (denoted as SHM) with the water contact angle (WCA) above 150° can exhibit efficient separation for the oil/water mixtures. Furthermore, the low cost and fast preparation process of the membrane indicate its great potential for practical application.
2。材料和方法
2。1。Materials and Instrumentation
所有化学试剂均从商业供应商那里获得,而无需进一步纯化。红铜网( ,,,,200)是从中国的Anping Tairun Wire Mesh Co.氢氧化钠,硫酸铵和十二烷硫醇购自中国上海化学试剂有限公司。
The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were carried out with the Japan Rigaku DMax-γ旋转阳极X射线衍射仪。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像是从现场发射扫描电子微分析仪(Sigma 500,扫描电子显微镜)获得的。用Escalab 250XI高性能电子光谱仪进行X射线光电子光谱(XPS)分析。通过Kruss DSA30接触角分析仪进行网格的疏水性能。
2.2。样品的合成
The desired size of commercial Cu mesh (1:5 cm × 1:5 cm) was washed with diluted H2so4(5 vol%)和milli-Q水去除表面氧化物。超疏水网的合成是通过两个室温反应(包括碱辅助氧化过程和修饰过程)实现的。简而言之,将洗涤后的Cu网格浸泡在25 mL混合溶液中,其中含有12.5 ml 5 m NaOH,2.5 mL 1 m(NH)(NH)4)2s2o8和10毫升H2ofor 45 min at room temperature to form a Cu(OH)2microstructure on the mesh surface. Then, the Cu mesh was modified into a mixture solution of dodecanethiol and ethanol ( )for 20 min. Finally, the resulting mesh was dried in vacuum, and the superhydrophobic Cu mesh named SHM was obtained. The whole synthetic process can be taken as the following equations:
3。结果与讨论
SHM的制备在方案中示意性地显示1。The pretreated commercial Cu mesh was first soaked in the alkaline solution. Through the alkali-assisted oxidation process, the hair-like Cu(OH)2nanowires (NWs) were grown on the surfaces of Cu wires. Subsequently, the Cu(OH)2用十二烷硫醇仔细修饰NW,在网格上产生最终的超疏水表面。从扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像中,商业Cu网格中的CU线约为50 μm in diameter (Figure1(a))。在氧化过程之后,头发状Cu(OH)2NW覆盖在具有相似直径和长度的Cu电线的表面(图1(b)和1(c))。Through the cross-section picture inset in Figure1(b),纳米线的长度约为20 μm,厚度约为25 μm。通过修改,如图所示1(d)和1(e),,,,the obtained SHM well maintained the hierarchical structure, indicating that the hair-like Cu(OH)2NWS并未被十二烷硫醇完全摧毁。同时,SHM的X射线衍射(XRD)模式可以进一步确认Cu的存在(OH)2由于匹配峰值。另外,还可以观察到Cu的峰,表明存在Cu网格(图1(f))。进行表面结构的能量分散性X射线光谱(EDS)元素分析(图2)。模式中S和C的信号表明,烷基硫醇通过与Cu的反应(OH)在头发状结构的表面上形成了涂层(OH)2NWS。
(一种)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(一种)
(b)
To further illustrate the chemical composition in SHM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis has been performed. As shown in Figure3(a),XPS调查频谱清楚地证明了Cu,O,H,S和C在表面上的存在。在Cu 2p中3/2spectrum (Figure3(b)),,,,the Cu+除了Cu外,还出现了2+。This may be explained that partial Cu2+充当强大的氧化剂,与十二烷硫醇反应并转向Cu+。同时,十二烷硫醇变成硫酸盐,这在S 2P中得到了进一步证明3/2光谱 [43]。从高分辨率S 2P3/2spectrum (Figure3(c)),可以安装两个副本。162 eV和163.5 eV的峰与Cu的硫关系(SC12H25)2和sulfur of free n-dodecanethiol, respectively [44,,,,45]。因此,表面铜(OH)2已经与十二烷硫醇反应,并以低表面能转化为铜硫醇,这是导致表面超疏水性的重要因素。同时,在铜箔表面上,由于金属铜和多孔结构的反应性较弱,因此在自由状态下,N-多烷醇分子也存在。
(一种)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The surface wettability of the as-synthesized SHM membrane was evaluated by the water contact angle (CA) measurements. Before any reaction, the contact angle of the copper mesh is 134.1° as shown in Figure4(a)。After the oxidation, the Cu(OH)2NWs are superhydrophilic with the contact angle about 0° (Figure4(b))。但是,通过用十二烷硫醇进行修饰,SHM表现出超疏水性。当将水滴放在空气中的SHM表面上时,水滴保持球形并在膜上未被删除,如图所示4(e)。Furthermore, the CA is measured ca. 163.9°, much better than the reported similar work of 151° [36],表明水对水的优势和低粘合力。为了进行比较,还测量了用十二烷硫醇修饰的Cu网格的CA(图)(图4(c))。该结果可以证明几何微观结构和低表面能可以协同增强超疏水性能。此外,通过将氧化过程的时间更改为30分钟和60分钟,样品比SHM表现出弱的疏水性能(图形4(d)和4(f))。Through the SEM shown in Figures4(g)-4(i),,,,the Cu(OH)2由于缺乏反应时间,在30分钟时获得的NW短而松动,而Cu(OH)260分钟获得的NW更为固执,并将其聚集成颗粒。生长时间的差异导致网格表面上的微观结构的变化,这会影响每个样品的超疏水性质。结果表明,适当的微观结构的控制对于获得超疏水性很重要。
(一种)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
同时,还测量了水滴与SHM表面的影响。如图所示5,,,,the drop expands rapidly due to the large speed at the surface; subsequently, the drop retracts violently and rebounds from the surface. This phenomenon can further prove the superhydrophobicity of the SHM. Furthermore, the chemical stability of the surface superhydrophobicity was also tested by immersing SHM into HCl and NaOH aqueous solution. The surface wettability after immersion was measured and exhibited in Table1。从测试中,即使经过酸性或碱性处理,SHM也表现出良好的化学稳定性。
(一种)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The practical oil/water separation experiments were carried out with a self-made device. Five kinds of oils and organic solvents were used in this study. They were colored with oil red O and mixed with water that colored with methylene blue. As an example, 10 mL toluene dyed with oil red O and 10 mL water dyed with methylene blue are mixed and slowly poured into the separation device (Figure6(a))。如图所示6(b),,,,oil could pass through the SHM rapidly and drop into the tube beneath it by gravity, while water was retained on the top of the separation device, indicating an efficient separation for the mixture of oil and water. Subsequently, as shown in Figure6(c),将各种不混溶的油/水混合物倒在膜上,并立即以高分离效率分离,在分离过程中表现出良好的灵活性。使用以下公式计算分离效率: where代表分离效率和和分离实验之前和之后的石油体积分别是。更重要的是,稳定性是实践中不可忽略的因素。对于长期的油/水分离,连续过滤中SHM的分离效率没有明显变化,表明该膜可能是实用的油/水混合物处理的潜在选择(图6(d))。
(一种)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4。结论
In summary, a facile two-step approach to synthesize a superhydrophobic membrane is demonstrated. Based on the copper mesh, after oxidation and modification, the hair-like superhydrophobic nanowires are grown on the copper surface. Due to the rough microstructure and modification with low energy reagents, the as-prepared mesh exhibits superhydrophilicity with a high water contact angle up to 163.9° and high efficiency for the separation of oil/water mixtures. Impressively, the membrane also exhibits good stability without obvious changes in the efficiency even after 20 cycles. Thanks to the low cost, fast synthesis, and energy-efficient separation as well as good stability, this superhydrophobic membrane can be a promising candidate for many oil/water separation processes in the future.
数据可用性
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article and available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
作者宣布没有竞争的财务利益。
作者的贡献
All authors contributed equally in this work.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Department of Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province (BK20191034), the Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent Plan of Jiangsu Province (KYQ19023), and the Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province of China.
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版权© 2020 Xinzuo Fang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the创意共享归因许可证,只要适当地引用了原始作品,允许在任何媒介中不受限制地使用,分发和繁殖。