溶胶 - 增强的Ni-P-Al系的制备₂Ø₃纳米复合涂层的电

抽象

一种Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al₂Ø₃涂层通过直流电镀的方法在Q235钢的表面上制得。此方法用溶胶 - 凝胶法和电沉积技术相结合，而不是传统的纳米粉末的分散体，以制备高度分散的氧化物纳米颗粒增强的复合材料。温度，pH值，和电流密度和Al的影响₂Ø₃索尔inve复合涂层的硬度stigated. The coating surface morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. The corrosion resistance of coatings in the presence of intermediate layers was evaluated by electrochemical measurement in 3.5% NaCl solution by open-circuit potential measurement at room temperature. The hardness and wear resistance of the coating were measured by a microindentation instrument and friction wear machine, respectively. The results showed that Al₂Ø₃sol can effectively improve Ni–P alloy coating structure and refine grain. When the bath temperature was 55°C, the pH value was 4.5, the amount of sol was 80 mL/L, the current density was 1 A/dm²，和the hardness of the nanosol coating was 569 HV. Compared with Ni–P, the friction coefficient increases slightly, but the wear rate was only 。The corrosion resistance was also better than that of Ni–P coating.

1.简介

It is a challenge for traditional nickel coating, with the rapid development of modern industry, to meet the special requirements in some harsh conditions. In recent years, how to improve the comprehensive performance of coatings has become a hotspot [1]。直流电沉积指的是从他们的化合物的金属或合金的水溶液，非水溶液或熔融盐的电化学沉积工艺。它是金属电解冶炼，电解精炼，电镀，电铸和过程的基础。这些过程是在特定的电解质和操作条件下进行。金属电沉积的难度和沉积物的形状都与沉积的金属的特性，并且还依赖于电解质，pH值，温度，电流密度，和其他因素的组合物。镍基合金表现出几个有吸引力的性质，例如它的高硬度[2]，韧性，并在空气中相对良好的耐腐蚀性。由于这些原因，它们成为保护涂层材料的第一选择。然而，涂层的无电解Ni-P镀层中得到的磷镍合金是容易在表面上的针孔和其它缺陷，孔隙率和形态将直接影响到镍 - 磷合金涂层的耐腐蚀性[3]。无论是否形成贯通孔或不涂层的耐腐蚀性降低。因此，研究人员试图的惰性粒子适量用Ni-P添加到镀液中，并且将它们存放到获得更优异的复合涂层[4]。目前，纳米碳化硅[五], TiO₂[6-8]， 厕所 [9]的SiO₂[10，11]，PTFE [12，13]的ZrO₂[14]，和Al₂Ø₃[1五]是可以增加的公共的固体颗粒。作为一种广泛使用的陶瓷材料，氧化铝，不仅硬度高，而且容易与基质相结合[16-19]。纳米复合材料涂层具有较高的硬度，耐磨性，摩擦降低，并比普通电镀的耐蚀性。Balarju等。[20]发现，纳米颗粒对通过将纳米氧化铝和显著获得的复合涂层的化学结构没有影响提高了硬度，耐腐蚀性，和耐磨损性。然而，所谓的复合涂层容易出现一些问题。因为纳米粒子具有高能量表面和活性，这些纳米颗粒是不稳定的，并且在无需特殊表面处理的镀镍浴容易凝聚。它难以提供足够的时间的纳米粒子向基板的表面，即使它们以高速并在相当长的时间搅拌上沉积。适当的分散剂和稳定剂必须加入。这个问题直接影响到均匀质量并削弱涂层的机械性能。氧化铝溶胶可有效避免纳米颗粒的附聚在涂层基质[21-23]并迅速和均匀地分散在电镀液，它很容易被掺杂的，并且所需的外部条件是易于实现。的Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al在这个项目中，用于制备氧化铝溶胶，和属性₂Ø₃复合涂层进行了研究。

2。材料和方法

2.1。纳米复合溶胶涂料的制备

在实验中使用的衬底试样是Q235冷轧钢板，尺寸为 。基板与400，800抛光，和1000级的SiC纸上，然后洗涤，并用蒸馏水冲洗。

数字1示出的Ni-P-（溶胶）Al的电沉积的实验装置₂Ø₃纳米复合材料涂层。所施加的电流通过高频电镀整流器提供。的CS2350电化学工作站被用来提供直流稳压电源。的HJ-5恒温磁力搅拌器被用于控制熔池温度和磁搅拌，以确保纳米颗粒的均匀的溶液和分散。镀部分被放置在所述两个阳极板的中间来实现在衬底上的电镀的双面增长。In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the two anode plates are parallel to the cathode substrate and the distance is kept at 25 mm to ensure the same plating quality on both sides of the plated part.

工件加工，储存和运输过程中不可避免地沾油。在实验中使用的除油式示于表1。Then, it is cleaned with deionized water and ultrasonic cleaning is carried out for 2 min.

Pickling is the process of removing oxide film, oxide scale, and rust on the metal surface after oil removal. Hydrochloric acid has strong solubility to metal oxides, slow dissolution to iron and steel matrix, clean surface after pickling, but its acid fog is big, which corrodes equipment. Sulphuric acid also has less corrosion to the matrix and less acid mist, but is prone to overcorrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. In this experiment, the mixture of 15 wt% nitric acid and 5 wt% phosphoric acid was used as a pickling solution.

激活的目的是酸洗后除去基体的表面上的非常薄的氧化物层和以暴露基质金属均匀，使得涂层可在其表面上均匀地生长。In this experiment, 5 wt% hydrochloric acid was used for activation. The activation time was 3 min, and the temperature was about 25°C at room temperature. After activation, ultrasonic cleaning was added for 1 minute, and then plating was carried out.

如示于表组合物和复合镀覆浴的参数2。氧化铝溶胶是由水晶消防技术玻璃有限公司（商提供http://www.jinghuoglass.cn）。The alumina sol specifications were the alumina sol concentration was 20% and the average particle size was 60–70 nm. In order to ensure the quality of the coating, the distance between the two anodic pure nickel plates and the cathode substrate is 25 mm. Prior to the addition of this sol suspension into the bath, Ni–P coating was performed for ten minutes for better adhesion of coatings with the substrate. A reference specimen of plain Ni–P coating was also prepared for the comparative study. The plating bath was agitated using a magnetic stirrer at 180 rpm during the plating course.

2.2。方法

The Vickers microhardness measurements of the coatings were taken using a VMH–002 V microhardness tester at a load of 50 g for 15 s. The corresponding final values were reported as the average of five measurements. Friction and wear tests were carried out using ball-on-disk method by using a tribometer (MS–T3000 Instruments, China) at a normal load of 500 g rotation speed of 300 r/min under reciprocating sliding motion in a dry condition at the temperature 25–30°C and humidity 。A bearing steel ball having a diameter of 3 mm was used as a counter sliding partner. The polarization curve of the anode was measured at room temperature using a CS2350 electrochemical workstation, and the corrosion resistance of the coating was evaluated by a Tafel curve. The coating was exposed to a scanning range of -2.0–1.0 V at a scanning rate of 1 mV/s in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The auxiliary electrode was a platinum electrode, and the reference electrode was a saturated calomel electrode. The surface and cross-section morphology and chemical composition of the coatings were analyzed by Quanta 200 scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS).

3。结果与讨论

3.1。pH值对复合镀层显微硬度的影响

数字2示出了浴pH值对Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al的效果₂Ø₃在电流密度1A /分米复合涂层²。的溶胶复合涂层首先增加显微硬度，然后用pH值的增加而减小。这是因为pH值对镍沉积工艺和涂层的机械性能产生重要影响。近具有较高小时区域⁺浓度，沉积速率是低的由于缓慢的形成和晶核的生长，从而导致在薄涂层和硬度没有显著改善。类似的情况已经报道了类似的pH浴24，2五]。此外，已经指出，电镀液的pH值对涂层的P含量，也就是，与P含量的降低涂层的硬度提高的效果[26]。pH值的增加可以降低在涂层中的P含量。When the pH value of the plating solution reaches 4.5, the microhardness of the sol composite coating was 537 HV at the maximum. As the pH value continues to increase, the coating was mixed with nickel hydroxide and other impurities easily, resulting in rough coating brittle, hardness decline.

3。2。Effect of Temperature on Microhardness of Composite Coating

数字3示出了浴温度在Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al的效果₂Ø₃在电流密度1A /分米复合涂层²和pH值4.5。随着温度的升高，溶胶复合涂层的显微硬度先增大后减小。这是通过增加与温度上升的动力学驱动力解释可导致较高的成核速率，即，在形成细微粒。这些细小晶粒有效地抑制其自身的生长，并且所述涂层的硬度相应增加[27]。随着温度的继续增加，结晶的热力学驱动力的增加而得到的，以降低核的密度，即，在形成粗晶粒的核的临界尺寸减小[28，29]。这种粗大晶粒的形成是可能使结构松散和涂层的硬度降低。这种差异可能是由于这样的事实，增加了浴温度对热力学和动力学推动力两个相互矛盾的效应发生[27]。此外，由于温度过高，电镀液的粘度降低，阴极表面的粘附力减小[30，31]，和Al的含量₂Ø₃在涂层减小，显微硬度降低。其结果是，镀覆温度应在约55℃来控制。

3。3。Effect of Current Density on Microhardness of Composite Coating

数字4示出了电流密度和复合涂层的硬度时的温度电镀为55℃和pH值之间的关系为4.5。随着电流密度的增加，涂层的显微硬度逐渐增加。When the current density is 1 A/dm²，显微硬度达到最大，并进一步将电流密度增加时，涂层的硬度成反比减小。这是因为，随着电流密度的增加，电流效率增加，Al的含量₂Ø₃溶胶在沉积层每单位时间的增加。过高的电流密度会造成速率a1₂Ø₃溶胶嵌入到所述复合涂层比基质金属的沉积速度慢，因此，降低Al的含量₂Ø₃在复合涂层和减小复合涂层的显微硬度[1五]。Therefore, the appropriate current density should be 1 A/dm²。

3.4。铝的影响₂Ø₃索尔对复合涂层的显微硬度

数字五显示铝的影响₂Ø₃sol dosage on the composite coating when the current density is 1 A/dm²，pH值value is 4.5, and the bath temperature is 55°C. It is clear that by adding more nanosol to the bath, the hardness increases to a maximum value of 569 HV for Ni–P–(sol)Al₂Ø₃然后下降。一方面，铝₂Ø₃nanoparticles can act as a barrier against plastic deformation and increase microhardness of the coating by preventing the movement of dislocations [32，33]。在另一方面，纳米颗粒提高了基体的晶粒细化，因此有利于纳米复合材料涂层的显微硬度较高（图6）[11]。When the amount of sol is 80 ml/L, the microhardness is 569 HV; when the amount of sol in the plating solution is less than 80 ml/L, as the amount of sol increases, the amount of Al₂Ø₃颗粒沉积的基底增加的表面上，和被捕获到涂层的增加的机会上，从而使涂层硬度增加[17]。当Al的含量₂Ø₃sol in the plating solution is too much, some Al₂Ø₃颗粒可以沉底而不参与涂层的生长，从而导致在铝的不均匀沉积₂Ø₃颗粒在复合涂层（表3）。In addition, high alumina concentration reduces the reduction efficiency of matrix metal, thus, reducing the microhardness of composite coating, inconsistent with the literature report. [34]。It can find that when the dosage of Al₂Ø₃sol is 80 ml/L, the coating microhardness is better.

3.5。涂层组织和成分分析

According to the above results, the current density 1 A/dm²，pH值value 4.5, bath temperature 55°C, and sol dosage 80 ml/L were selected in this study to prepare Ni–P–(sol)Al₂Ø₃复合涂层。图7(a)和图7（b）为Ni-P合金镀层和Ni-P-（溶胶）Al的micromorphologies₂Ø₃纳米复合材料涂层，分别。数字8表明，在Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al₂Ø₃合金涂层与这些条件下，沉积具有良好的质量和均匀的且光滑的表面的质地而没有孔隙率。数字9is the EDS spectrum of sol composite coating in Figure8。据发现，该复合涂层包含3.87％的Al，12.39％的P，和83.74％的Ni，证明的是，在纳米氧化铝溶胶颗粒进入的复合涂层。如从图中可以看出7，纯Ni-P合金镀层具有晶粒尺寸不均匀，轻微微孔缺陷，粗晶尺寸和表面不均匀。其原因可能是，在早期阶段电镀，镍离子浓度高，在基板表面上的成膜速度是快的。该核晶体生长迅速，而旧的晶体防止后来的核晶体的生长。在晶体大小和表面缺陷多的[分布不均匀上述结果1五]。After the addition of Al₂Ø₃溶胶，晶粒细化，其尺寸是均匀的，且沉积相对密集。由于加入Al₂Ø₃sol increases the cathode polarization in the composite electrodeposition process, leading to the reduction of the nuclear potential of the crystal, which facilitates the formation of a new crystal nucleus of Ni²⁺。Solutes such as dispersants are contained in the sol, which can inhibit the agglomeration and growth of metal grains. In addition, the incorporation of nanoalumina changes the crystal growth orientation and morphology of the substrate surface significantly. The use of nanoalumina particles as the center of nuclear formation has an inhibitory effect on Ni crystal growth [3五]。The particle distribution changes gradually from a scattered distribution to a uniform distribution, and the degree of particle dispersion decreases from large to small, which makes the coating more compact.

3。6。Corrosion Resistance of Nanocomposite Sol Coating

用于电镀的Ni-P和Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al塔菲尔偏振图₂Ø₃涂层在3.5％NaCl溶液的作为镀条件示于图10。Corrosion parameters such as corrosion potential (Ecorr) and the corrosion current density (Icorr) after calculation based on diagrams are presented in Table4。所获得的数据表明，在添加氧化铝纳米颗粒的已导致的Ni-P-（溶胶）的腐蚀电位的倾向的Al₂Ø₃composite coating toward more diminished. Also, corrosion current density in the composite coating is lower than that of the Ni–P. This is because Al₂Ø₃particles are uniformly distributed in the coating, and the coating is relatively compact, reducing the intergranular corrosion in the coating [17，36]。Øwing to the low conductivity of Al₂Ø₃的Ni-P-（溶胶）Al的抗腐蚀性₂Ø₃复合涂层增加。

3.7。耐磨复合溶胶涂装的阻力

数字11显示器的Ni-P的摩擦系数的变化，Ni基P-（溶胶）的Al₂Ø₃磨损试验中记录纳米复合镀层。磨损是与其它材料接触过程中在表面处的材料的恒定的和不希望逐渐减少。在Ni-P镀层的磨损机理主要研磨剂和粘合剂[37]。摩擦系数与所有样本中的较低的值开始并达到大约两分钟的滑动试验的内最大值。迅速每个样品在增加摩擦系数测定的初始阶段，直到在更大的距离达到大致静止状态下的摩擦系数。在干燥的磨损过程的摩擦系数的变化过早通常被称为“运行”或“磨合”，并可以归因于表面的氧化膜或变化的在接触表面的几何形状的形成和破裂[38]。摩擦与在范围0.1-0.3的滑动距离而改变的系数，该值一致与文献报道[39]。作为摩擦过程进行，试样的表面变得光滑，摩擦系数趋于稳定由于摩擦接触表面上的微小突起的塑性变形。从表中可以看出五该Ni基P-（溶胶）Al的摩擦系数₂Ø₃nanocomposite coating is greater than that of Ni–P coating, while the wear rate of the composite coating is lower than that of Ni–P coating. This is explained by the addition of alumina particles increased the roughness of the coating, partially disappearing the nodular structure but keeping a homogeneous and uniform distribution of the reinforcement [40]。在加入氧化铝溶胶，以电镀液的方法中，氧化铝颗粒进入涂层和microprotuberance发生涂层的内部。这些微凸头引起的摩擦系数增加。另外的₂Ø₃颗粒具有高硬度和耐磨损性，其可以在摩擦过程支持摩擦表面负荷，降低基质合金的磨损，并抵抗塑性变形。因而，将Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al的耐磨损性₂Ø₃composite coating is higher than that of Ni–P coating.

4。Conclusions

的Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al₂Ø₃composite coating has been produced by the sol-gel and electrodeposition technique. High dispersion nanoalumina particle reinforced composites were prepared. The hardness and corrosion resistance of the coatings prepared by different processing parameters were investigated. The best conditions for electrodeposition of Ni–P–(sol)Al₂Ø₃composite coating are pH 4.5, temperature 55°C, current density 1 A/dm²，和the dosage of Al₂Ø₃sol are about 80 ml/L. Ni–P–(sol)Al₂Ø₃composite coating has finer and more uniform grains, denser deposition, and higher hardness than pure Ni–P coating. The corrosion current densities of Ni–P coating and Ni–P–(sol)Al₂Ø₃涂料是 和 ，分别。用Ni-P涂层相比在3.5％NaCl溶液的耐腐蚀性得到提高。用Ni-P镀层的Ni-P-（溶胶）的Al相比₂Ø₃composite coating has better friction and wear properties.

Data Availability

用来支持这项研究的结果的数据是可用的，请相应的作者。

利益冲突

作者宣称，他们没有利益冲突。

致谢

作者非常感谢来自中国高等教育河南省的重点科研项目（批准号。19A430014），河南省高校青年骨干教师项目的支持（批准号。2018GGJS113），科学技术研究项目河南省（批准号192102210215），并在河南省的大学计划创新团队（科技）（批准号。20IRTSTHN016）。

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