n=76), and at 3 months (n=57), 6 months (n=54), and 12 months (n=45) post-intervention. Objective physical environment data were obtained from GIS datasets and street surveys conducted using the SWAT audit tool. Sixty-nine environment variables were reduced to eight environment factors using principal axis factoring, and the relationship between environment factors and (i) step counts, and (ii) the change in step counts relative to baseline, was examined using hierarchical multiple linear regression, controlling for age, gender, income, and deprivation. Five environment factors were significant predictors of step counts, but none were significant predictors of the change in step counts relative to baseline. None of the demographic variables included in the analysis were significant predictors at any stage of the study. Total variance explained by the environment ranged from 6% (P<0.05) to 34% (P<0.01), with lowest levels during the initial stages of the study. The physical environment appears to have influenced walking levels during the WWW intervention, and to have contributed to the maintenance of walking levels post-intervention."> 基于计步器的社区干预中社区环境对步行幸福感的影响据/title> <link href="//www.newsama.com/static/themes/hindawi/base.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Po4bqLHwKXT_IKpRPJlxK/static/lib/basictable.css" rel="stylesheet" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Po4bqLHwKXT_IKpRPJlxK/static/lib/owl.carousel.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/Po4bqLHwKXT_IKpRPJlxK/static/lib/owl.theme.default.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.18/bib-related-content.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" 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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption 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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .hDZsgu ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .hDZsgu ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .hDZsgu ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .hDZsgu ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .hDZsgu ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .hDZsgu ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .hDZsgu ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .hDZsgu .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .hDZsgu .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .hDZsgu .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.hDZsgu .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.hDZsgu .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.hDZsgu{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hDZsgu{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.hDZsgu{margin-bottom:100px;}} .hDZsgu .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .hDZsgu .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .hDZsgu 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class="sc-kxynE fgGykB"> <span class="sc-cooIXK gQxyld">特刊据/span> <h2 class="sc-fcdeBU bVtmCk">环境变化,以促进身体活动和健康的饮食行为据/h2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gmeYpB hSHJbi" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/si/837460/" aria-label="">查看此特殊问题据/一种> <hr class="sc-clNaTc ktFfKO"> </div> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|据!-- -->开放获取据/p> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积据!-- --> <!-- -->2012年据!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|据/span>文章的ID据!-- --> <!-- -->974786.据!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|据/span> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/974786" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/974786据/一种> </div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>L. B. Robertson, C. Ward Thompson, P. Aspinall, C. Millington, C. McAdam, N. Mutrie据!-- -->那据!-- --> <!-- -->“据span class="adjust-article-svg-size">基于计步器的社区干预中社区环境对步行幸福感的影响据/span>",据!-- --><i>环境与公共卫生杂志据/i>那据!-- --> <!-- -->卷。据!-- -->2012年据!-- -->那据!-- --> <!-- -->文章的ID据!-- -->974786.据!-- -->那据!-- --> <!-- -->14据!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- -->页面据!-- -->那据!-- --> <!-- -->2012年据!-- -->.据!-- --> <!-- -->https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/974786据/p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引文据/B.utton> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN cTnPQL article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">基于计步器的社区干预中社区环境对步行幸福感的影响据/h1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>L. B. Robertson.据/B.><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a>那据sup>1据/sup></span> <span class="">C.沃德汤普森据!-- -->那据sup>1据/sup></span> <span class="">P. Aspinall.据!-- -->那据sup>1据/sup></span> <span class="">c·米林顿据!-- -->那据sup>1据/sup></span> <span class="">c·麦克阿当据!-- -->那据sup>2据/sup> <!-- -->和据/span> <span class="">n. mutrie.据sup>2据/sup></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1据/sup><span>爱丁堡建筑和景观建筑学院(Esala),爱丁堡大学,爱丁堡,爱丁堡Eh3 9df,英国据/span></p> <p><sup>2据/sup><span>斯特拉斯克莱德大学体育、文化和艺术系,76 Southbrae Drive, Glasgow G13 1PP, UK据/span></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">展示更多据/B.utton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑:据/B.>史戴菲·p·j·克莱默斯据/div> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了据/span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年12月22日据/span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改据/span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年3月26日据/span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">公认据/span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年4月6日据/span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表据/span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年7月29日据/span> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ hDZsgu article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">抽象的据/h4> <p>我们调查了步行水平和当地社区物理环境之间的关系,在步行为幸福在西方(WWW)随机计步器为基础的社区干预。在基线时记录步行活动作为步长计数(据svg height="11.0375" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 11.0375" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 7.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 6.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),并在3个月(据svg height="11.1" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 11.1" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 7.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>), 6个月 (据svg height="11.1" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 11.1" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 4.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)和12个月(据svg height="11.1" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 11.1" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 4.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)后期干预。目标物理环境数据是从GIS数据集和使用SWAT审核工具进行的街道调查获得的。使用主轴分解,六十九个环境变量减少到八个环境因素,以及环境因子与(i)步数之间的关系,以及(ii)使用分层多线性回归检查相对于基线的步骤计数的变化,控制年龄,性别,收入和剥夺。五个环境因素是步骤计数的重要预测因子,但没有关于基线的步骤计数变化的重要预测因子。分析中包含的人口变量都不是在研究的任何阶段都是显着的预测因子。环境解释的总方差范围为6%(据svg height="11.25" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:56.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.25" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> 据据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> .据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)至34%(据svg height="11.0625" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:56.150002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.0625" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> 据据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> .据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 1据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),在研究的最初阶段水平最低。物理环境似乎在WWW干预期间影响了步行水平,并有助于干预后步行水平的维持。据/p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1.介绍据/h4> <p>体育活动对我们的健康和福祉至关重要,可以提供生理和心理健康的好处,并有助于预防慢性疾病,如糖尿病、癌症和心脏病,这些疾病是大多数工业化国家和许多发展中国家的主要死亡原因[据一种href="#B66">1据/一种>-据一种href="#B38">3.据/一种>].在许多人口中,步行是成年人最常见的体育活动形式[据一种href="#B49">4.据/一种>]并已被建议作为最有可能吸引人口最少活跃的身体活动模式[据一种href="#B54">5.据/一种>那据一种href="#B40">6.据/一种>].促进适度的体育活动,如散步,与行为的长期变化有关[据一种href="#B31">7.据/一种>],因此,步行在国家和国际身体活动健康促进战略(例如,[据一种href="#B54">5.据/一种>那据一种href="#B6">8.据/一种>])。据/p> <p>许多个人、社会、文化和经济因素会影响身体活动水平,环境也起着作用[据一种href="#B4">9.据/一种>].虽然尚未建立了物理环境和身体活动水平之间的因果关系,但现在基于环境和身体活动的实质证据和行走水平,表明环境是重要的缴费因素[据一种href="#B4">9.据/一种>-据一种href="#B50">13据/一种>].因此,增加步行的政策和干预措施需要针对人和地方[据一种href="#B23">14据/一种>那据一种href="#B13">15据/一种>]并且有人建议修改环境具有比各个级别干预更长持久的效果,因为环境变化被同化为结构,系统,政策和社会文化规范[据一种href="#B42">16据/一种>[因此,从我们生活的复杂的社会生态系统中更广泛和深入地穿透。据/p> <p>创造支持的物理环境的潜力现在正在接受,许多国家正在制作有关鼓励和支持身体活动的建立和自然环境的建立和促进建立和促进的指导(例如,[据一种href="#B44">17据/一种>那据一种href="#B43">18据/一种>])。已识别的环境特征与成人的步行和/或身体活动正相关包括美学[据一种href="#B3">19据/一种>那据一种href="#B33">20.据/一种>];来自交通的安全[据一种href="#B16">11据/一种>];住宅密度、土地用途组合及街道连通性[据一种href="#B21">21据/一种>-据一种href="#B51">23据/一种>];维护良好小路(据一种href="#B16">11据/一种>那据一种href="#B12">24据/一种>那据一种href="#B48">25据/一种>]及街道照明[据一种href="#B51">23据/一种>];作为目的地的设施的存在,例如商店[据一种href="#B16">11据/一种>那据一种href="#B51">23据/一种>-据一种href="#B48">25据/一种>];获得物理活动设施,例如公园和娱乐中心[据一种href="#B16">11据/一种>那据一种href="#B35">12据/一种>那据一种href="#B33">20.据/一种>那据一种href="#B12">24据/一种>];无障碍、安全的绿色空间[据一种href="#B27">26据/一种>-据一种href="#B62">29据/一种>].据/p> <p>本文报道的结果是在一个步行干预研究的背景下,为一个欧洲城市,这是一个相对有限的证据基础。这项研究是在英国格拉斯哥进行的,作为苏格兰体育活动研究协作(SPARColl)“西方的幸福步行”(WWW)基于计步器的社区步行干预的一部分,于2006年8月至2010年10月进行[据一种href="#B19">30.据/一种>那据一种href="#B18">31据/一种>].当前研究的目的是调查如果WWW、周围的环境特征的房屋与步行的水平,探讨如果步行的环境似乎更支持与改变有关,和维护,更高水平的干预后行走。确定环境相对于个人、社会或经济因素的相对重要性超出了这项研究的范围,但已知影响步行水平的人口统计学变量在分析中受到了控制[据一种href="#B56">32据/一种>].据/p> <h4 id="context:-walking-for-wellbeing-in-the-west-(www)">2.背景:走路福祉据B.></b>在西方(WWW)据/h4> <p>WWW研究旨在评估基于计步器的步行计划是否与身体活动咨询的组合将增加12周(3个月)期间,以及是否可以在12个月中持续任何增加的增加[据一种href="#B19">30.据/一种>].研究样本据i> <svg height="13.45" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:53.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.3125 13.45" width="53.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.840821" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.88121" y="0"> 7.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.13271" y="0"> 9.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.384209" y="0"> )据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></i>来自苏格兰格拉斯哥西部的18-65岁的男性和女性绘制,并没有在本周至少五天内实现至少30分钟的中等强度体育活动的建议[据一种href="#B15">33据/一种>].最初,目的是招募来自最低的社会经济群体的参与者,他们住在斯特拉斯卡尔德大学校园大学的1.5公里半径内,因为高剥夺领域靠近这家校园。但是,由于数量不足的招募,该研究中也包括较少的贫困地区。WWW干预以两种形式交付;最大和最小的干预。最大干预由计步器和12周个个性化的行走程序组成,具有毕业的步骤数或通过一系列体力活动咨询的额外行为和认知支持。作为这些体力活动磋商的一部分,参与者被介绍了当地地区的地图,他们的家庭地址突出显示。如果参与者发现它有帮助,这张地图用于促进讨论潜在的地方或航线在当地社区走路。在等待列表控制条件之后,最小的干预仅包括计步器和步行程序。为该研究的目的,参与者随机分为两组:第1组 - 立即(最大)干预; Group 2—waiting list control (minimal intervention). Physical activity levels were assessed objectively, using pedometer step counts, and subjectively, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [据一种href="#B10">34据/一种>].监测是在基线进行,在干预后3个月,6个月和12个月内进行。在Fitzsimons等,可以找到WWW的研究和设计理由的完整细节。[据一种href="#B19">30.据/一种>].迄今为止的主要结果是(i)基于计步器的步行计划与身体活动咨询相结合,促进3个月的晋升有效[据一种href="#B2">35据/一种>]; (ii)在此期间进行的人体测量和代谢测量表明,健康结果保持稳定[据一种href="#B2">35据/一种>那据一种href="#B29">36据/一种>];(iii)在增加步骤计数时,最小的干预也取得了成功[据一种href="#B18">31据/一种>];(iv)两组均将增加的步数维持到12个月,且两种干预措施均被认为具有成本效益[据一种href="#B58">37据/一种>]. 通过邻里生活质量调查(NQLS,无日期)、IPAQ和焦点小组讨论,以参与者对当地物理环境的感知形式获得主观物理环境数据。参与者普遍认为,其居住区的建筑环境和安全特征对于支持和实现积极的行为意图以及维持活动的长期增长非常重要,并且认为其居住区支持步行[据一种href="#B68">38据/一种>].据/p> <h4 id="methods">3.方法据/h4> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1.研究区域和人口样本据/h5> <p>万维网研究站点的范围约为25公里据sup>2据/sup>在苏格兰格拉斯哥的克莱德北部(图据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig1/" target="_blank">1据/一种>).该地区的土地用途主要是住宅,有一些商业目的地和沿河的工业,有四个主要公园和一个植物园。根据苏格兰多重贫困指数(SIMD),该网站涵盖了苏格兰一些最贫困和最贫困的地区[据一种href="#B55">39据/一种>].参与者和研究区域的SIMD区域的位置如图所示据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig2/" target="_blank">2据/一种>.在参与者招募时(2006年),该地区的人口密度为每公里约3300人据sup>2据/sup>.由于三个人在主要学习区以外生活,他们被排除在这里报告的环境分析之外,提供了全面调整的样本据svg height="11.0375" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 11.0375" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 7.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 6.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在基线,其中只有16个人是男性。在基线,参与者的年龄范围为27-66岁,平均年龄为51岁(SD = 9)。在干预后12个月,45名参与者返回(59%),其中13名是男性。平均年龄为53岁(SD = 7.5,范围为28-66岁)。对这种性质的纵向研究的重大挑战是在整个干预过程中维护参与者,并尽量减少辍学。由于多种原因,参与者从研究中丢失了,包括:不可接触;受伤;私人原因;时间不够;对计步器的不满[据一种href="#B18">31据/一种>].据/p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="974786.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jeph/volume-2012/974786/figures/974786.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1据/span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 研究区域的位置。研究区域内的主要绿地以绿色边界突出(Knightswood Park、Dawsholm Park、Victoria Park、Glasgow Botanics和Kelvingrove Park)。©版权所有/数据库版权所有2008。英国地形测量/EDINA提供服务。据/table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="974786.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jeph/volume-2012/974786/figures/974786.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2据/span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 参与者位置和多剥夺(SIMD)区域的苏格兰指数。据/table> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2.步计数据/h5> <p>使用欧姆龙HJ-109-E密封计步器(欧姆龙英国医疗保健有限公司)记录步数。欧姆龙计步器包括一个盖子,以防止意外重置,并有7天的记忆,因此,避免了参与者需要记录他们的日常步数,这可能作为一种激励。此外,由于计步器是密封的,在监测过程中使用时没有反馈。在基线阶段,参与者被指导继续他们正常的活动水平,并被要求持续佩戴计步器,除非在睡觉、洗澡或进行有组织的锻炼时。因此,记录的步数的任何显著变化应主要反映步行行为的变化[据一种href="#B2">35据/一种>].在1周的时间内进行了4次监测:基线据svg height="13.575" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:53.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.3125 13.575" width="53.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.840821" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.88121" y="0"> 7.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.13271" y="0"> 6.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.384209" y="0"> )据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>3个月大据svg height="13.6375" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:53.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.3125 13.6375" width="53.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.840821" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.88121" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.13271" y="0"> 7.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.384209" y="0"> )据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>、6个月据svg height="13.6375" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:53.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.3125 13.6375" width="53.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.840821" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.88121" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.13271" y="0"> 4.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.384209" y="0"> )据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和12个月据svg height="13.6375" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:53.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.3125 13.6375" width="53.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.840821" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.88121" y="0"> 4.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.13271" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.384209" y="0"> )据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>干预后。在这一对照试验中,与在等候名单中的人中的不可知计增加154个步骤相比,最大干预措施在3个月的每日增加3个月内的每日阶梯数量显着增加31个月据一种href="#B2">35据/一种>].12个月,接受最大或最小化干预的参与者的步行级别之间没有显着差异,这两者都导致平均增长1509步/天[据一种href="#B18">31据/一种>].据/p> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。环境数据据/h5> <h6 id="sec3.3.1">3.3.1。斯瓦特审计据/h6> <p>苏格兰可行性评估工具(SWAT)[据一种href="#B39">40据/一种>,借鉴Pikora等人的工作[据一种href="#B47">41据/一种>,用以客观记录可能与行走有关的物理环境特征。通过将审计工具应用于每个参与者家周围半径为1600米的区域来定义总的审计区域[据一种href="#B28">42据/一种>,步行大约30分钟即可到达。由于1600米地区的重叠,导致持续勘探约25公里据sup>2据/sup>,构成当前的研究区域(图据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig1/" target="_blank">1据/一种>).由于河流提供自然障碍,从河南南部的1600米区内排除在河边的1600米区内。遵循Pikora等人开发的协议。[据一种href="#B48">25据/一种>],街道分为段,定义为两个连续连接之间的街道长度。2007年夏季,共有2030个街头段,由三对训练有素的审计师进行审核。Swat设计用于从街道(侧面1)的一侧施用,以单独描述街道(侧面2)的另一侧。SWAT的进一步细节和审计可靠性测试的结果可以在Millington等人找到。[据一种href="#B39">40据/一种>].只有被发现可靠记录的审计项目都包含在当前分析中,总共111个审计项目中的81项,其中许多组合为分析给出有意义的环境特征/变量(表据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab1/" target="_blank">1据/一种>). 被发现不可靠的变量通常是主观的和/或时间相关的变量,例如,安全和美学的感知。将审计数据缩减为因子分析中使用的初始变量集的方法据svg height="13.6375" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:53.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.3125 13.6375" width="53.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.840821" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.88121" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.13271" y="0"> 6.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.384209" y="0"> )据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在一节中描述据一种href="#sec3.3.3">3.3.3据/一种>在下面。据/p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="12"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">主题据/td> <td align="center" colspan="4">功能据/td> <td align="left" colspan="2">安全据/td> <td align="left" colspan="2">审美的据/td> <td align="left" colspan="3">目的地据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="12"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">元素据/td> <td align="left">步行表面据/td> <td align="left">街道据/td> <td align="left">交通据/td> <td align="left">磁导率据/td> <td align="left">个人据/td> <td align="left">交通据/td> <td align="left">街景画据/td> <td align="left">的观点据/td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left">设施据/td> <td align="left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="12"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" rowspan="10">项目据/td> <td align="left">路径连续性据/td> <td align="left"><b>汽车车道(意思是)据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b>交通信号据/B.></td> <td align="left"><i>路径区域(%)据/i></td> <td align="left"><b>对冲的高度据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>事故损伤(没有)据/i></b></td> <td align="left"><b>花园维护据/B.><sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="left"><b>希尔的观点据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>土地利用混合指数据/i></b><sup>B.据/sup></td> <td align="left"><b>公园据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>公交车站(没有。)据/i></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>路径障碍物据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>车道上跨界车据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>道路及路边面积(%)据/i></b></td> <td align="left"><b>路灯据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>事故对行人造成伤害(没有)据/i></b></td> <td align="left"><b>对冲%覆盖率据/B.><sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="left"><b>自然观点据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>土地用途(没有)据/i></b></td> <td align="left"><b>操场上据/B.></td> <td align="left">公共汽车站据/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>桥立交桥据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>道路狭隘据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>交联:三条腿(没有)据/i></b></td> <td align="left"><b>道路宽敞明亮据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>事故不纳尼尔(没有)据/i></b></td> <td align="left"><b>边缘维护据/B.><sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="left"><b>野生自然观点据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>绿化面积(%)据/i></b></td> <td align="left"><b>运动/播放领域或网球场据/B.></td> <td align="left">教练停止据/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">地下通道据/td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>快速驼峰据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b>Steet关闭但步行通道据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b>公路名称可见据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b>穿着灯光据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b>废弃的土地据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b>水的观点据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>商业面积(%)据/i></b></td> <td align="left"><b>运动轨道据/B.></td> <td align="left">火车站据/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>路径:无据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>自行车道据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b>Cul de sac或永久关闭街道据/B.><sup>一种据/sup></td> <td align="left"><b>行人标志据/B.></td> <td align="left">斑马线据/td> <td align="left"><b>狗污染据/B.><sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="left"><b>城市观点据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>国内面积(%)据/i></b></td> <td align="left">池据/td> <td align="left"><b>运输停止(意思是)据/B.></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>道路材料类型据/B.><sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left">自行车储物柜据/td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>中位数的避难所据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>商业观点据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b><i>住宅每公顷据/i></b></td> <td align="left">高尔夫球场据/td> <td align="left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>路径自然据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left">自行车架据/td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>道路距离路边石据/B.><sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>政府建筑(意思是)据/B.></td> <td align="left"><b>健身设施:室内据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>升起路边据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>停车设施据/B.><sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="left"><b>娱乐设施:其他据/B.><sup>C据/sup></td> <td align="left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>遏制延期据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>在街道金额上停车据/B.><sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="left"><b>娱乐设施(意思是没有)据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"><b>触觉铺平道路据/B.></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> <td align="left"></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="12"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td><sup>一种据/sup>在段的两端。据B.r><sup>B.据/sup>源自Frank等人[据一种href="#B21">21据/一种>].据B.r><sup>C据/sup>除室内健身设施、公园、游乐场、游泳池、高尔夫球场、运动场、运动场或网球场外的康乐设施。据B.r><sup>*据/sup>Variable是一个加权分数。据B.r></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表格1据/span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 在分析中包含的环境变量(据svg height="11.1625" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 11.1625" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.07)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 6.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 9.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),按照Pikora等人之后根据主题和元素排列。[据一种href="#B48">25据/一种>].GIS数据变量(即非源自街道审计数据的数据)以斜体显示(据svg height="10.9125" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 10.9125" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 1据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 3.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)和因子分析中包含的变量以粗体显示(据svg height="11.1" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 11.1" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 8.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>).加权得分的变量用星号表示。除非另有说明(例如%,数字,平均值),分析中使用的值是在400米半径的邻近区域中环境特征存在的区段的比例。据/div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec3.3.2">3.3.2。GIS.据/h6> <p>共有13个环境变量来自地方和国家GIS数据集和数字地形测量地图(Multipmap data from Digimap)。变量包括土地使用、住宅密度、街道连通性和道路事故的测量(表)据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab1/" target="_blank">1据/一种>).土地利用数据是从Macaulay Land Usify Research Institut(Now James Hutton Institute)获得的;道路事故数据(2004年4月 - 2007年3月)由Strathclyde警察提供;医学研究委员会(Glasgow)提供了巴士停止数据。还获得了多种剥夺(SIMD)排名的苏格兰指数[据一种href="#B55">39据/一种>],分析中使用的值适用于参与者居住的SIMD数据区。SIMD是一个复合变量,来自七个领域的得分:收入、就业、健康、教育、获取、住房和犯罪。试图获得更详细的犯罪统计数据以用于制定单独的“犯罪率”变量的尝试被证明是失败的。因此,SIMD度量是作为变量研究犯罪的唯一指标。由于环境信息对SIMD中的访问域有贡献,因此环境变量的因子分析中不包括环境信息。据/p> <h6 id="sec3.3.3">3.3.3。汇总街道审计和单个邻居区域的GIS数据据/h6> <p>为每个参与者定义了一个半径400米的圆形社区区域,以他们的家为中心。虽然审计数据最初收集的是参与者住所周围半径1.6公里的区域,但这些区域显示出相当大的重叠,因此选择了半径400米的区域进行分析,以反映Pikora等人的情况[据一种href="#B48">25据/一种>SWAT的审计工具也在他的工作上得到了借鉴。选择400米半径区域也是为了最大限度地提高邻里之间的潜在可变性,因为在评估审计数据的可靠性时,许多变量的可变性都很低[据一种href="#B39">40据/一种>].更大的缓冲区,表示10-15分钟的步行距离,将导致每个参与者定义的“当地社区”之间的特征变异性大大减少,因此,解释步行水平的变异性的能力有限。据/p> <p>每个400米区域,审计(据svg height="10.9125" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 10.9125" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 8.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 1据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)及GIS (据svg height="10.9125" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 10.9125" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 1据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 3.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)对每个段的每个段都汇总了与400米邻域区内的每个段。然后,根据所收集的数据的性质,使用许多摘要方法来获得每个邻域区域的每个环境特征/变量的单个值,导致总共69个环境变量进行分析(56来自审计数据和13来自GIS数据)。据/p> <p><span class="statement" id="head1"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">(我)存在/不变量据/i></span><br>对于简单的存在/缺失数据,在GIS数据的情况下,对附近存在的项目的数量进行了总结,例如,公共汽车站的总数。以审计数据为例,计算显示某一特定变量特征的路段所占的比例,如交通信号附近的路段所占比例。在街道两侧分别记录一个项目的情况下,将数据合并,得出街道两侧存在/不存在的比例。据/span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="head2"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">(ii)来自审计数据的间隔变量据/i></span><br>区间数据采用加权平均汇总(变量在表中用星号表示)据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab1/" target="_blank">1据/一种>).审计项目编码为0或1作为最低间隔,根据间隔的数量,最高可达8个,例如,对于花园维护变量:“>75%的花园良好维护”编码为3;“50-75%的花园良好维护”被编码为2,“<50%的花园良好维护”被编码为1。因此,在上面的例子中,更高的价值等同于更大比例的社区地区维护良好的花园。在Path材料类型变量的情况下,由人造材料(沥青、铺路块、铺路板、路面、hoggin和砾石)制成的路径被分配低编码(分别为1到6),而由天然材料(泥/土/未铺路,草)制成的路径被分配高编码(分别为7和8)。在街道两侧分别记录区间变量的情况下,使用每一侧加权平均的平均值。据/span></p> <p><span class="statement" id="head3"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">(iii)其他变量据/i></span><br>根据Frank等人的描述,计算每个400 m半径区域的土地利用混合指数[据一种href="#B21">21据/一种>].该变量表示住宅用地、商业用地和绿地用地分布的均匀性。可能的值范围从0到1,值越大表示更多的混合用途社区。每公顷住宅价值(来自土地使用数据)为参与者居住的SIMD数据区。由于现有数据符合不同的边界,因此无法计算400米居民区的住宅密度汇总值。据/span></p> <h5 id="sec3.4">3.4。统计分析据/h5> <h6 id="sec3.4.1">3.4.1。数据筛选和减少据/h6> <p>在分析之前,检查数据的正常性(Shapiro-Wilk和据svg height="12.05" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:53.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.837502 12.05" width="53.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ±据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> 2据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> ×据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.369307" y="0"> S.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.320976" y="0"> E.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>偏态正态性检验)和筛选异常值(大于3 × IQR的值被删除)。在必要和可能的情况下对数据进行了转换(平方根、自然对数),并从分析中删除了11个环境变量,理由是(i)没有数据,(ii)重复,或(iii)非常低的可变性。Coach stop、Pool和Zebra crossing被移除,因为它们没有出现在任何400米的社区区域(即,对于所有参与者,具有这些特征的路段的比例为0%)。基于审计和GIS数据之间的重复,删除了街道审计Bus stop变量(首选GIS数据,因为它们在分析前需要较少的操作)。去除患病率非常低或很高的变量,定义为每个参与者/社区区域>值的80%等于0%或100%的变量(高尔夫球场、自行车储物柜、地下通道和路径连续性)。此外,还删除了所有邻域≤2.5%的最大值的比例变量(自行车架、道路面积(%)和火车站)。因子分析共保留58个变量(46个街道审计变量和12个GIS数据集变量)。据/p> <h6 id="sec3.4.2">3.4.2. 因子分析据/h6> <p>由于有些变量不能转化为接近正态分布,采用了主轴因式分解(PAF)进行数据约简,认为该方法最适合于严重偏离正态分布的数据[据一种href="#B17">43据/一种>].通过1的特征值和Varimax旋转(SPSS V.18)进行分析。在初始运行之后,据i>野生自然观点据/i>删除变量,因为它完全相关据i>自然观点据/i>(据i>自然观点据/i>优先考虑是因为它将包含据i>野生自然观点据/i>).使用Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO)标准检验个体变量的抽样充分性,导致分析中进一步删除了15个变量,所有变量的KMO值均<0.45。这些都是据i>土地用途(没有)据/i>那据i>政府建筑(意思是)据/i>那据i>对冲的高度据/i>那据i>桥立交桥据/i>那据i>道路狭隘据/i>那据i>废弃的土地据/i>那据i>运动轨道据/i>那据i>在街道金额上停车据/i>那据i>边缘维护据/i>那据i>触觉铺平道路据/i>那据i>自行车道据/i>那据i>穿着灯光据/i>那据i>路径障碍物据/i>那据i>水的观点据/i>,据i>商业观点据/i>.在对剩下的42个变量的数据集重新运行分析时,所有变量都通过了0.5的个体抽样标准(认为对于这个大小的数据集是合适的),所有变量的总体抽样充分性非常好(KMO = 0.707)。相关矩阵的行列式在一定范围内,Bartlett球度检验极显著(据svg height="10.325" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.75 10.325" width="11.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg><0.001),表明分析适用于数据集。从分析中取出负载<0.5的变量<0.5(据i>城市观点据/i>那据i>路灯据/i>那据i>车道上跨界车,据/i>和据i>交通停止据/i>),对于样本大小据svg height="11.0375" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 11.0375" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 7.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 6.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>只有大于0.5的加载量才有统计学意义(因此,在数据集中的方差)。在剩余的38变量数据集上重新运行分析,产生了一个有意义的分组的9个因素解决方案。根据特征值<1,从分析中除去因子9,并且由小于<0.5的一个可变加载组成的分析(据i>娱乐facilities-mean没有。的据/i>).参与者变量的最终比率为2:1,在基于样本大小的可接受的低端进行分析。然而,公共性高(0.642-0.983;平均值= 0.841,SD = 0.09),并且对于大多数因素强烈加载的变量(> 0.5),表示因子分析的合理强劲数据集[据一种href="#B9">44据/一种>].将因子得分保存为Anderson-Rubin得分,并在回归分析之前检查正态性和异常值(如上文所述,对数据进行转换并去除异常值)。据/p> <h6 id="sec3.4.3">3.4.3。多元线性回归分析据/h6> <p>使用了分层阻断回归(SPSS V.18,“进入”方法),在框1中输入的人口变量以及块中的8个环境因子。包括年龄,性别,收入(年度家庭)和SIMD等级。在干预后3例监测期(3个月,6个月和12个月)的3个监测期间,对(i)的基线进行分析进行了分析;(ii)对干预后每个监测期间的步骤计数的变化相对于基线。检查最终模型是否进行多型性(方差充气因子<10)。据/p> <h4 id="results">结果据/h4> <p>在基线和研究后的每个阶段的步骤计数介入据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>.步长计数在6个月和12个月时符合近似正态分布,但在基线和3个月时不符合正态分布。基线时步长计数的中位数为6544 (IQR = 4396),处于“低活动”目标组的上端[据一种href="#B19">30.据/一种>那据一种href="#B64">45据/一种>那据一种href="#B65">46据/一种>].干预后,中位数计数增加46%(3个月),然后在整个研究中保持大致相同的水平(如上所述,见[据一种href="#B18">31据/一种>那据一种href="#B2">35据/一种>])。干预后的中位数阶段计数为9588步,9221个步骤和10085步,分别为3个月,6个月和12个月。在干预后3个月(23589步)的3个月内记录了在研究长度上的最大活动水平(23589步),并且在基线(1346个步骤)记录了最低限度。据/p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="974786.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jeph/volume-2012/974786/figures/974786.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3.据/span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 步骤计数在研究的每个阶段。胡须是第10和第90个百分点,虚线是平均值。据/table> </div> </div> </div> <p>每个监测期间的基线的步骤计数的相对变化如图所示据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig4/" target="_blank">4.据/一种>(数据遵循近似日志正态分布)。在干预后3个月(中位数= 46.1%),12个月后的平均相对变化最大(中位数= 33.2%),鉴于从研究开始时,可​​能会预期的。在一个个体中观察到的最大相对变化在3个月内为330%。在每个监测阶段,有一些参与者,其活动水平低于其基线水平:3个月后3个月下降至32%以下的最大跌幅为62%。据/p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="974786.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jeph/volume-2012/974786/figures/974786.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4.据/span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <i>E.据/i> <sup>4.6据/sup> <table> 在研究的每个阶段,从基线到步长的相对变化(NB:轴为自然对数,所有步长计数均为100)。胡须是第10和第90个百分点,虚线是平均值。虚线在表示0%的变化。据/table> </div> </div> </div> <p>桌子据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab2/" target="_blank">2据/一种>显示由因子分析产生的旋转因子矩阵。仅显示相关>0.5和那些保留用于多元回归分析的因素。其余8个因素解释的总方差为80.7%。命名因子,各因子解释的方差占比如下:(1)据i>绿地和娱乐设施据/i>(13.8%);(2)据i>商业和住宅用地使用混合据/i>(13.0%);(3)据i>危险和繁忙的道路(据/i>12.6%);(4)据i>除安全之外的途径特征据/i>(12.3%);(5)据i>途径安全特点据/i>(9.7%);(6)据i>道路和公共汽车站据/i>(7.7%);(7)据i>室内健身设施和交通平静功能据/i>(7.2%);(8)据i>交通信号和行人标牌据/i>(4.2%).据/p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left" rowspan="3">物理环境变量据/td> <td align="center" colspan="8">因子载荷据/td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="center">1据/td> <td align="center">2据/td> <td align="center">3.据/td> <td align="center">4.据/td> <td align="center">5.据/td> <td align="center">6.据/td> <td align="center">7.据/td> <td align="center">8.据/td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="center">绿地和娱乐设施据/td> <td align="center">商业和住宅用地使用混合据/td> <td align="center">危险和繁忙的道路据/td> <td align="center">除安全之外的途径特征据/td> <td align="center">途径安全特点据/td> <td align="center">道路和公共汽车站据/td> <td align="center">室内健身设施和交通平静功能据/td> <td align="center">交通信号和行人标牌据/td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">公园据/td> <td align="center">.924据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">娱乐设施:其他据sup>一种据/sup></td> <td align="center">.899据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">操场上据/td> <td align="center">.652据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>住宅每公顷据/i></td> <td align="center">.631据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.511据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>路径和路边区域据/i>(%)据/td> <td align="center">.629据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">康乐设施(指没有。)据/td> <td align="center">.608据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.550据/td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">自然观点据/td> <td align="center">.532据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>土地利用混合指数据/i><sup>B.据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> .924据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>绿地面积据/i>(%)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-.877据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">停车设施据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.693据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>商业区域据/i>(%)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.644据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-.501据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">对冲%覆盖率据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-.606据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">−.514据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">死胡同或烫发街关闭据sup>C据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> .540据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">路径:无据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> .531据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>公交车站(没有。)据/i></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">−.511据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.506据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>事故:(没有受伤。)据/i></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> .900据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>事故:inj。致行人(数目)据/i></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.869据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>事故:非伤害(不为例)据/i></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> .791据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">花园维护据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.675据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>交界处:三腿(不为单位)据/i></td> <td align="center">.504据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> .541据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">行人标志据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-.536.据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.510据/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">狗污染据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-.534.据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">道路材料类型据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.865据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">路径自然据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.860据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">运动/播放领域或网球CRT。据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.693据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">希尔的观点据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-.646据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">公路名称可见据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.601据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.528据/td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">街闭合W。步行进入Thr。据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> .519据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">道路宽敞明亮据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.847据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">升起路边据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.797据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">道路距离路边石据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center">.517据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.591据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>国内面积(%)据/i></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.580据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">中位数的避难所据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.919据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">汽车车道(意思是)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.798据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">健身设施:室内据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.881据/td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">快速驼峰据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.567据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.643据/td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">遏制延期据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.553据/td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">交通信号据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">.710据/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>方差的百分比据/B.></td> <td align="center"><b>13.8据/B.></td> <td align="center"><b>13.0据/B.></td> <td align="center"><b>12.6据/B.></td> <td align="center"><b>12.3据/B.></td> <td align="center"><b>9.7据/B.></td> <td align="center"><b>7.7据/B.></td> <td align="center"><b>7.2据/B.></td> <td align="center"><b>4.4据/B.></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>总方差解释= 80.7%据/B.></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="9"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td><sup>一种据/sup>除室内健身设施、公园、游乐场、游泳池、高尔夫球场、运动场、运动场或网球场以外的娱乐设施。据B.r><sup>B.据/sup>源自Frank等人[据一种href="#B21">21据/一种>].据B.r><sup>C据/sup>在街道段的两端。据B.r></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2.据/span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 环境变量旋转因子矩阵(据svg height="10.9125" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 10.9125" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 3.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 8.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),基于主轴分解和varimax旋转(带Kaiser归一化)。仅显示大于0.5的保留系数和载荷。GIS变量(即非街道审计数据衍生的变量)以斜体显示,加权平均值的变量用星号表示。据/div> </div> </div> <p>用于步进计数的多元线性回归分析的结果如表所示据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>.对于步数相对于基线的变化,包括的人口统计学变量或任何环境因素均不显著(据i>P <据/i>0.05),因此结果未作报告。然而,据i>室内健身设施和交通平静功能据/i>因素在6个月时达到临界值,(据i>P.据/i>= 0.063,据i><i>β据/i></i>= .27)。对于步骤计数分析,人口统计变量都不是重要的预测因子,但性别是临界重要的(据i>P =据/i>介入后3个月的0.058)。SIMD等级在3个月内也接近显着意义(据i>P =据/i>0.096),收入在12个月内接近显着性(据i>P =据/i>0.097)。在研究的每个阶段,一个或多个环境因素是重要的预测因素。可由环境因素解释的总变异量在整个研究期间有所不同,范围从6% (据i>P <据/i>0.05), 6个月时最高为34% (据i>P =据/i>0.001,调整人口研究时,落至28%)。发现不同的因子在每次段落中都有显着性,除了基线和3个月外,当结果一致时。在基线和3个月,据i>危险和繁忙的道路据/i>因素是唯一重要的预测因素(据i>P <据/i>0.05),与步长计数呈负相关。在基线和3个月时,该因素所占的总方差分别为6%和8% (据i>P <据/i>0.05).在6个月时,4个环境因素是重要的预测因素,这些因素加在一起占步数变异性的34% (据i>P =据/i>0.001)。的据i>商业和住宅用地使用混合据/i>因素是最重要的,与步长计数呈正相关(据i>β据/i>= .40)。其余的三个因素具有大致相同的重要性,与之据i>危险和繁忙的道路据/i>和据i>交通信号和行人标牌据/i>与步长计数相反的因素(据i>β据/i>=−。31和−.30那resp.), and the据i>室内健身设施和交通平静功能据/i>因子与步数呈正相关(据i>β据/i>= .27)。12个月,据i>绿地和娱乐设施据/i>因素是一个显著的预测因子(据i>P <据/i>0.05),这是一种反比关系(据i>β据/i>=−点)。的据i>商业及住宅用地据/i>因子显示临界重大(据i>P =据/i>0.05)与步骤计数相关,这是一个阳性关联,如6个月在6个月内发现。在一起,两个因素占步骤计数的19%的差异(据i>P <据/i>0.05).据/p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="13"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center" colspan="3">基线据sup>2据/sup></td> <td align="center" colspan="3">3个月据sup>2据/sup></td> <td align="center" colspan="3">6个月据/td> <td align="center" colspan="3">12个月据/td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">B.据/td> <td align="center">SE B.据/td> <td align="center"><i>β据/i></td> <td align="center">B.据/td> <td align="center">SE B.据/td> <td align="center"><i>β据/i></td> <td align="center">B.据/td> <td align="center">SE B.据/td> <td align="center"><i>β据/i></td> <td align="center">B.据/td> <td align="center">SE B.据/td> <td align="center"><i>β据/i></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="13"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>步据/i>1据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> Age据sup>1据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">性别据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> Income (annual household)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">SIMD排名据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>一步据/i>2据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">绿地及康乐设施(据i>FAC。1据/i>)据sup>1据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-12667.3.据/td> <td align="center">5411.4据/td> <td align="center">−点据sup>*据/sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> 商业和住宅用地组合(据i>FAC。2据/i>)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">1896.3据/td> <td align="center">582.7据/td> <td align="center">.40据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center">1259.5.据/td> <td align="center">622.4据/td> <td align="center"> .30据sup>†据/sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">危险及繁忙的道路(据i>FAC。3.据/i>)据sup>1据/sup></td> <td align="center">−23.7据/td> <td align="center">11.2据/td> <td align="center">−二十五分据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center">−28.0据/td> <td align="center">13.7据/td> <td align="center">−陈霞据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center">−6376.0据/td> <td align="center">2574.6据/td> <td align="center">−。31据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> Pathway features other than safety (据i>FAC。4.据/i>)据sup>1据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">通道安全特征(据i>FAC。5.据/i>)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">道路及巴士站(据i>FAC。6.据/i>)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">室内健身前沿空中管制官。和交通平静壮举。(据i>FAC。7.据/i>)据sup>2据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">5576.3据/td> <td align="center">2512.4据/td> <td align="center"> .27据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">交通信号及行人标志(据i>FAC。8.据/i>)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-1295.7.据/td> <td align="center">531.7据/td> <td align="center">−.30据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> Constant据/td> <td align="center">44.3据/td> <td align="center">18.0据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">55.1.据/td> <td align="center">22.1据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">-12709.5.据/td> <td align="center">6992.2.据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">39003.28据/td> <td align="center">12478.1据/td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.775" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.7875 13.775" width="17.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>第1步(adj。据svg height="13.775" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.7875 13.775" width="17.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <svg height="13.775" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.0625 13.775" width="29.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> 据/tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.67,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>第二步(adj。据svg height="13.775" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.7875 13.775" width="17.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)据/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">型号/步骤  据svg height="13.775" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.8125 13.775" width="30.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> 据/tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.28,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(adj。据svg height="13.775" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.7875 13.775" width="17.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)据/td> <td align="center" colspan="3">0.06(0.05)据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center" colspan="3">0.08 (0.06)据sup>*据/sup></td> <td align="center" colspan="3">0.343(0.283)据sup>Arunachal Pradesh,据/sup></td> <td align="center" colspan="3">0.19(0.15)据sup>*据/sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">模型据svg height="10.325" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.75 10.325" width="11.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center" colspan="3">0.038据/td> <td align="center" colspan="3">0.046据/td> <td align="center" colspan="3">0.001据/td> <td align="center" colspan="3">0.018据/td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="13"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td><sup>1据/sup>自然对数变换;据sup>2据/sup>平方根变换据B.r> <svg height="11.9" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.512501 11.9" width="21.512501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.48)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> *据/tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.4,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.05。据svg height="11.9" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.237499 11.9" width="27.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.48)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,67.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> *据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.5772958" y="0"> *据/tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.82,62.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.01.据B.r><sup>†据/sup>边缘意义重大,据svg height="11.1" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.150002 11.1" width="56.150002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> =据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> .据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 0.据/tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0"> 5.据/tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>.据B.r></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3据/span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 多元线性回归分析预测基线和干预后每个监测期的步长计数。据/div> </div> </div> <h4 id="discussion">5.讨论据/h4> <h5 id="sec5.1">5.1。与行走相关的环境特征据/h5> <p>在研究过程中,发现环境的不同方面是影响不同时间的步行水平,但在所有情况下,关联的方向随着时间的推移是一致的(表据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>).被发现是一步数目的重要预测因素的五个环境因素是据i>危险和繁忙的道路据/i>(负相关)据i>,商业和住宅用地使用混合据/i>(正相关),据i>室内健身设施和交通平静功能据/i>(正相关)据i>、交通信号及行人标志据/i>(反向相关),和据i>公园和娱乐设施据/i>(与相关的)。途径具有因素(因素4和5)和据i>道路和公共汽车站据/i>因子(因子6)不是显著的预测因子。据/p> <p>步长计数和据i>危险和繁忙的道路据/i>因素,在基线、干预后3个月和6个月是一个显著的预测因子据i>P <据/i>0.05),表明,在交通密度较高的社区中,步行水平降低,尽管较高水平的园林维护水平通常也存在于这些街区(表据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>).由于其与街道网络渗透性和设施的协会,以前的研究表明交通密度对待散步的影响。例如,Giles-Corti和Donovan [据一种href="#B24">47据/一种>]在行走和感知交通和沉重的交通方面发现了一个积极的关联,但是Cao等人。[据一种href="#B7">48据/一种>]发现,感知交通状况和交通拥挤似乎会阻碍交通和休闲步行,Duncan等人[据一种href="#B16">11据/一种>研究发现,在交通不受影响的地方,人们更有可能进行体育锻炼。除了对安全的担忧外,交通繁忙所导致的空气质素较差及噪音较高,亦可能阻碍行人在交通密度较高及道路繁忙的社区行走[据一种href="#B1">49据/一种>].找到的反向关联据i>交通信号和行人标牌据/i>因子是6个月步数的重要预测因子,可能也反映了人们对繁忙道路的厌恶,因为这两种特征的发生率越高,通常与高密度的道路网络有关。据/p> <p>在步骤数和阶跃之间观察到的正相关关系据i>商业和住宅用地使用混合据/i>因素,这是6个月的一步计数的重要预测因子(据i>P <据/i>0.05)及12个月(据i>P =据/i>0.05)后干预(表据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>),在步行和土地利用组合之间的阳性关联的观察和始终报告文献中的商店/设施高密度的观察相一致据一种href="#B4">9.据/一种>那据一种href="#B46">10据/一种>那据一种href="#B50">13据/一种>].在步骤计数和阶梯之间也观察到阳性关系据i>室内健身设施和交通平静功能据/i>因素,被发现在干预后6个月是一个重要的预测因子(表据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>).一般发现娱乐和体育设施的进入与体育急促增加有关[据一种href="#B4">9.据/一种>那据一种href="#B46">10据/一种>那据一种href="#B50">13据/一种>[正如这些类型的中心,特别是那样,通常提供可以充当步行目的地的额外设施,例如咖啡馆。其他人已经注意到反向关联,但是,例如,Giles-Corti和Donovan [据一种href="#B26">50据/一种>]发现娱乐和体育俱乐部的成员只有一半的可能性,而不是那些不是俱乐部成员的人。已发现交通安全措施与身体活动有关(例如,[据一种href="#B16">11据/一种>),因为交通事故的风险降低了,而且在较低的驾驶速度下,步行的环境更吸引人。此外,Morrison等人[据一种href="#B41">51据/一种>]的研究发现,引入交通减速措施对格拉斯哥社区的身体活动水平有积极影响,这是基于对改变前后行人活动的观察。身体健康也有相应的显著改善(使用SF-36仪器测量)。据/p> <p>行走水平和据i>绿地和娱乐设施据/i>干预后12个月的因素(据i>P.据/i><0.05)在上面讨论的身体活动和娱乐设施之间的一般积极关联,以及大量的研究,这些研究具有众所律的阳性,以及在物理活性水平和可接近的,安全的绿色空间之间的正相关(E.。g., [据一种href="#B27">26据/一种>-据一种href="#B62">29据/一种>])。其他地方也发现了行走和绿色空间之间的反向关联,但[据一种href="#B46">10据/一种>那据一种href="#B50">13据/一种>].安全问题,质量差,绿色空间差,较低的感知可访问性是可能占该模式的因素[据一种href="#B37">52据/一种>-据一种href="#B57">55据/一种>]和几项研究表明,与身体健康的居民邻近绿色空间和健康之间的任何关联更强烈地与身体健康(例如,[据一种href="#B59">56据/一种>那据一种href="#B14">57据/一种>])。考虑到研究区域的所有四个公园都毗邻苏格兰一些最贫困的地区(SIMD排名在最低的两个五分之一(0-40%),图据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig1/" target="_blank">1据/一种>和据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig2/" target="_blank">2据/一种>)那和that the majority (71%) of study participants were female, it seems plausible that the inverse association observed here could at least in part reflect safety concerns, as safety has been found to be more important for woman’s physical activity levels than men (e.g., [据一种href="#B5">58据/一种>])。作为本研究的一部分,公园和绿地的质量并未被审核,可能是附近认为质量差的绿地是威慑用于行走的威慑,如其他研究所建议的[据一种href="#B60">53据/一种>].或者,可能是低感知的可访问性是使用的障碍,而不是质量差,例如,在Glasgow研究Macintyre等人。(2008)发现,由于这个原因,人们可能不会被剥夺地区的人们访问良好质量的公园。Sugiyama等。[据一种href="#B60">53据/一种>]的研究表明,距离并不是步行水平和社区绿地之间联系的唯一因素,特别是如果参观的目的是休闲步行,公园的质量(吸引力)和大小可能在重要性上超过距离。这项研究还表明,人们可能会更频繁地参观附近的当地公园,但使用的方式却不那么活跃,可能是为了放松精神,而不是进行体育活动。因此,这里观察到的与步行活动水平的反向关联可能是本研究中使用的邻里尺度(400米半径)的人为因素。居住密度(据i>每公顷住宅)据/i>也是据i>绿地和娱乐设施据/i>因素(表据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>),因此也与行走水平成反比。同样,这与以往研究的预期相反[据一种href="#B46">10据/一种>那据一种href="#B50">13据/一种>].该发现可能反映了在最贫困地区发现的最高住宅密度的趋势,这些密度通常与较低的身体活动/行走相关联。据/p> <p>阶跃计数和据i>除安全之外的途径特征据/i>那据i>途径安全特点据/i>,据i>道路和公共汽车站据/i>因素表明,物理环境的这些方面并不是影响本研究中步行水平的重要因素。这可能反映了整个研究区域这些特征的总体可变性水平相当低[据一种href="#B39">40据/一种>]而且该社区通常支持这些特征。据/p> <h5 id="sec5.2">5.2。随着时间的推移对环境的重要性据/h5> <p>步行水平的可变异量因环境因素而变化,在介入后6个月最多34%,在基线时至少为6%(表据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>).与基线和3个月相比,6个月的总方差更大占,3个月(6%和8%,6%)表明,随着时间的推移,环境变得更加重要地对步行水平的影响,但这不是一个主要因素在研究的早期阶段。在本研究的背景下,这种模式是预期的,因为在基线步行水平低(因此接触到户外环境),以及知识,动机,自我效能和社会支持等个人和社会因素都是已知的to be more important factors for behaviour change (e.g., [据一种href="#B63">59据/一种>-据一种href="#B22">61据/一种>]因此,在研究的初始阶段,预计将更多地考虑步行活动的可变性。因此,这些发现表明,环境因素本身不太可能影响步行行为的改变,但随着干预后时间的推移,它们可能有助于维持较高的步行水平。与6个月时相比,干预后12个月时解释的差异量较低,这不能通过步行水平下降/户外环境暴露减少来解释,因为平均步骤26计数几乎相等(图2)据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>;6个月平均值= 9658步,SD = 4282;12个月平均值= 9677步,SD = 4001)。这种模式表明,在研究的后期阶段影响行走活动的其他因素的相对重要性增加,例如动机水平和环境感知的变化,或与变化有关的步行活动的季节变化天气和日子长度可能导致这种转变。然而,由于滚动招聘计划,由于滚动招聘计划,由于从2006年8月到2006年8月的6个月内从不同日期开始,因此在其个人干预措施中对不同阶段的个体的不同季节性影响.尽管季节性或天气效果有任何潜在的可变性,我们可以从目前的分析中得出结论的所有情况是,尽管季节性或天气的影响有任何潜在的可变性,但都存在对步行水平的任何识别的影响。据/p> <h5 id="sec5.3">5.3。相对于基线的步行水平的变化据/h5> <p>在环境因素和步骤计数的相对变化中没有发现显着关系表明,当地的物理邻域环境不是影响本研究中体育级别的变化的因素,尽管(在上面的讨论),它似乎有助于维护干预后行走水平随着时间的推移(表据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/tab3/" target="_blank">3.据/一种>).如上所述,鉴于心理和社会因素对行为改变的重要性(例如,[据一种href="#B36">54据/一种>那据一种href="#B32">60据/一种>那据一种href="#B22">61据/一种>),这是可以预料的;然而,与参与者特征和本研究中收集的数据有关的一些限制也可能导致这一结果。首先,由于从较贫困地区招募和将较富裕地区纳入研究的问题(图)据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig2/" target="_blank">2据/一种>),步行的环境限制可能比所有参与者来自高度剥夺地区,有可能更少。因此,可能没有足够的特别是在研究中存在的邻居,以便能够捕获环境影响。这是从定性分析的调查结果支持的,即,参与者普遍认为他们的社区支持行走[据一种href="#B68">38据/一种>].其次,可以为基线的步骤数量的变化整体太小,对于要充分检测到的环境效果。由于基线步行级别的学习参与者一般地朝着被认为是“低活性”的上限,这也看起来很合理。虽然在研究每个阶段的某些个体观察到步数的一些大的相对增加(图据一种href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786/fig4/" target="_blank">4.据/一种>),平均(中位数)值更为适度,在干预后3个月后12个月的33.2%范围为33.2%。据/p> <h5 id="sec5.4">5.4。这项研究的贡献和进一步的工作据/h5> <p>据我们所知,这项研究是第一次在步行干预的背景下考察物理环境对步行水平的影响。这是为数不多的为欧洲城市提供步行与物理环境关系信息的研究之一,同时许多研究已经调查了步行活动与建筑环境特征之间的联系,采用因子分析数据简化方法来帮助确定与潜在的或复合的环境变量之间的关系的人相对较少[据一种href="#B34">62据/一种>那据一种href="#B52">63据/一种>].统计数据减少技术是有用的,并且优选他们将分析严格引入分析,从而提高研究结果的可靠性和有效性[据一种href="#B53">64据/一种>].从我们的分析地图中产生的环境因素到基于文献的预期在一定程度上;然而,由于在我们研究的城市背景下产生可靠的、独立的安全与美学审计分数的挑战,安全与美学变量的缺失是显著的。正如其他研究表明的那样,可以推测,无论如何,居民对安全和美学的自我报告的感知将与独立审计员的不同[据一种href="#B4">9.据/一种>,尤其是居民对安全的感知可能更有意义。据/p> <p>该研究的调查结果还对步行活动和城市设计和管理的知识基础进行了有用的贡献。结果表明,环境因素有助于达到和维护健康步行水平的背景,但其他个人和社会因素可能是主要的影响,特别是与加剧行走的干预措施,具体取决于时间和环境。基于计步器的干预后,有关环境相对重要的变化的证据表明,在这种干预后,散步的支持的某些方面变得越来越重要。支持行走的环境因素,在这项研究的格拉斯哥背景,是不同商业和住宅用地的混合,交通平静措施以及室内健身设施的可用性。危险,繁忙的道路和交通灯的需求是行走的抑制作用,既有公园和娱乐设施也是如此;似乎很可能是劣质的绿色空间和/或公园和娱乐设施的可靠性或安全性,是这里发现的负关联的原因,但需要更多的研究来证实这一点。总体而言,证据指出了格拉斯哥环境的各个方面,其修改可能会有与可行性产生差异,因此走路水平。据/p> <p>这项研究还表明,SWAT街道审计是描述社区环境的潜在有用工具,但似乎并不是所有的特征都与评估格拉斯哥不同地区之间的步行性变化相关。这可能是因为所研究环境的某些方面的变异不足,所以支持(或抑制)步行的属性几乎在所有情况下都存在,因此,它们的重要性尚未被发现。例如,在格拉斯哥,路边人行道几乎是普遍存在的。因此,重要的是要认识到,虽然环境属性尚未被确定为与跨特定地点的步行水平变化相关的重要因素,但它可能是一个可步行环境的必要条件的重要因素。在没有社会支持等其他干预措施的情况下,这些属性可能不足以提高或抑制健康的步行水平,但它们可能是这些干预措施产生效果的必要条件[据一种href="#B23">14据/一种>].要了解这些因素,现在应该与其他纵向研究,理想情况下,在其他英国和其他欧洲城市的情况下,斯瓦特将有助于挑剔对不同环境重要的环境属性。对于在格拉斯哥进行的进一步研究中,将未来的审计限制在与步行相关联的那些因素中,将未来的审计限制在未来的内容中可能有效。然而,完整的审计工具可能在不同的城市环境中有用,在不同的城市环境中,环境特征可能会更广泛变化,不同的元素被证明对于步行水平的变化是重要的。此外,与任何审计工具一样,SWAT将与GIS数据相结合,用于使用审计工具可以有效地捕获的环境特征。为了介入我们对Glasgow语境的理解,对来自IPAQ的主观步行数据的物理环境数据进一步分析,特别是关于实际步行路线和行走目的的信息,可能能够深入了解环境之间的关系在WWW学习期间的步行水平。据/p> <h4 id="conclusions">6.结论据/h4> <p>这项研究表明,格拉斯哥当地居民区的物理环境的某些特征似乎在基于计步器的社区干预中影响了步行水平,以增加步行量,并且环境的相对影响随时间而变化。环境不是影响步行水平变化的重要因素;然而,它似乎有助于在干预后一年内维持干预后的步行水平。土地使用组合、交通水平和交通平静、娱乐设施和绿地的质量和可及性等因素已被确定为对步行性有积极或消极影响的环境要素,因此,是更好规划、设计和管理的潜在目标。这项研究还表明,SWAT街道审计工具在描述邻里环境方面具有良好的潜力,现在应该与其他纵向研究一起进行测试,最好是在英国和欧洲其他城市进行测试。据/p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">致谢据/h4> <p>作者要感谢麦考利土地利用研究所(现在的詹姆斯·赫顿研究所)、斯特拉斯希尔德警察局和医学研究理事会提供的GIS数据;爱丁堡艺术学院(Edinburgh College of Art)的史蒂文•惠特利(Steven Wheatley)帮助计算交叉口数据;赫瑞瓦特大学的David Watkins计算了居住密度数据。WWW是SPARColl(苏格兰体育活动研究协作组织)工作的一个组成部分。该中心由苏格兰政府资助,由苏格兰国民保健服务体系(据一种href="http://www.sparcoll.org.uk" target="_blank">http://www.sparcoll.org.uk据/一种>).他们还想承认参与者,没有谁这项研究是不可能的。据/p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">参考据/h4> <ol> <li id="B66">世界卫生组织(who),据i>关于身体活动促进健康的全球建议据/i>,世界卫生组织,瑞士日内瓦,2010年。据span class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B67">D. 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Robertson等。这是分布下的开放式访问文章据一种rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享署名许可协议据/一种>,允许在任何媒介中不受限制地使用、分发和复制,前提是原作被正确引用。据/p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">更多相关文章据/h4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 kVscyQ"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iMTgiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxOCAyMiI+PGRlZnM+PGNsaXBQYXRoIGlkPSJhIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMmEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjNBMywzLDAsMCwxLDMsMGg4YS45OTEuOTkxLDAsMCwxLC41NzMuMTgxbDAsMCwuMDA4LjAwNmEuOTU1Ljk1NSwwLDAsMSwuMTIyLjFsNiw2YTEuMDI1LDEuMDI1LDAsMCwxLC4xLjEyMmwuMDA2LjAxLDAsMEExLDEsMCwwLDEsMTgsNi45NzVWMTlhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMsM1pNMiwzVjE5YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLDFIMTVhMSwxLDAsMCwwLDEtMVY4SDExYTEsMSwwLDAsMS0xLTFWMkgzQTEsMSwwLDAsMCwyLDNaTTEyLDZoMi41ODdMMTIsMy40MTRaTTUsMTdhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAtMmg4YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLDJabTAtNGExLDEsMCwxLDEsMC0yaDhhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAsMlpNNSw5QTEsMSwwLDEsMSw1LDdIN0ExLDEsMCwwLDEsNyw5WiIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMyAxKSIvPjwvY2xpcFBhdGg+PC9kZWZzPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKC0zIC0xKSI+PHBhdGggZD0iTTMsMjJhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMtM1YzQTMsMywwLDAsMSwzLDBoOGEuOTkxLjk5MSwwLDAsMSwuNTczLjE4MWwwLDAsLjAwOC4wMDZhLjk1NS45NTUsMCwwLDEsLjEyMi4xbDYsNmExLjAyNSwxLjAyNSwwLDAsMSwuMS4xMjJsLjAwNi4wMSwwLDBBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDE4LDYuOTc1VjE5YTMsMywwLDAsMS0zLDNaTTIsM1YxOWExLDEsMCwwLDAsMSwxSDE1YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLTFWOEgxMWExLDEsMCwwLDEtMS0xVjJIM0ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMiwzWk0xMiw2aDIuNTg3TDEyLDMuNDE0Wk01LDE3YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLTJoOGExLDEsMCwxLDEsMCwyWm0wLTRhMSwxLDAsMSwxLDAtMmg4YTEsMSwwLDEsMSwwLDJaTTUsOUExLDEsMCwxLDEsNSw3SDdBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDcsOVoiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDMgMSkiLz48ZyBjbGlwLXBhdGg9InVybCgjYSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0icmdiYSgwLDAsMCwwKSIvPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用据/span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jeph/2012/974786.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引文据/span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式据/span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的据/span></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jeph/2012/974786.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> epub.据/div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jeph/2012/974786.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML据/div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单印刷副本据/span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单据/span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点据span>1752据/span> </div> <div> 下载据span>1111据/span> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2012/974786" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用据/div> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章据/h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/974786&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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