λ=1.46, λ=1.51, λ=1.57, λ=1.68, and λ=1.75. For each λ, microwave energy (power supplied to the magnetron per engine cycle) was varied from 0 mJ (spark discharge alone) to 1600 mJ. At lean conditions, the results showed adding microwave energy to a standard spark plug discharge increased the number of complete combustion cycles, improving engine stability as compared to spark-only operation. Addition of microwave energy also increased the indicated thermal efficiency by 4% at λ=1.68. At λ=1.75, the spark discharge alone was unable to consistently ignite the air-fuel mixture, resulting in frequent misfires. Although microwave energy produced more consistent ignition than spark discharge alone at λ=1.75, 59% of the cycles only partially burned. Overall, the microwave-assisted spark plug increased engine performance under lean operating conditions (λ=1.68) but did not affect operation at conditions closer to stoichiometric."> 延长精益运营限制和减少排放的甲烷火花点火引擎使用微波火花塞</t我tle> <link href="//www.newsama.com/static/themes/hindawi/base.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/GwC--T9MwTNbTRIAUagbf/static/lib/basictable.css" rel="stylesheet" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/GwC--T9MwTNbTRIAUagbf/static/lib/owl.carousel.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/GwC--T9MwTNbTRIAUagbf/static/lib/owl.theme.default.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.18/bib-related-content.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" 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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption 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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.eExCxm .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 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href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/" aria-label="Journal of Combustion">《燃烧</一个>/<gydF4y2Ba一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-nrwXf kCVAWK breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/contents/year/2012/" aria-label="2012">2012年</一个>/<gydF4y2Ba年代p一个nclass="sc-eitiEO cWbOKB">文章</年代p一个n></div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 comSpQ threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-likbZx iAOkZc section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</gydF4y2Babutton> <div class="sc-bGbJRg NxRXU static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-eLExRp jWsoil sc-jtRlXQ kkipbT left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p><年代p一个nclass="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#material-and-methods" aria-label="">方法</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#results-and-discussion" aria-label="">结果与讨论</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#conclusions-and-recommendations" aria-label="">结论</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#appendix" aria-label="">附录</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">确认</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-ePZHVD dxfCqj grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-bEjcJn JKlRH" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-hzNEM hNeCCc article_header_class"> <p class="sc-gmeYpB ctdkmR article_type">研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="sc-kZmsYB doGfnX article_citation"> 体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-iSDuPN ezntTT">|</年代p一个n>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->927081年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-iSDuPN ezntTT">|</年代p一个n><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fZwumE dqIsrA" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/927081" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/927081</一个></div> <div class="sc-kaNhvL kwRfSr article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-iBEsjs ezuwCV isHide"> <p>Vi h·拉普,安东尼•DeFilippo Samveg Saxena, Jyh-Yuan Chen Robert w .种植,西山英彦(Atsushi Ahsa月亮,Yuji Ikeda<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->”<年代p一个nclass="adjust-article-svg-size">延长精益运营限制和减少排放的甲烷火花点火引擎使用微波火花塞</年代p一个n>”,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --><i>《燃烧</我>,<ggydF4y2BaydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->卷。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->927081年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->8<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- -->页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->2012年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->。<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/927081</p></gydF4y2Badiv> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-LKuAh fxGnqr" color="">显示引用</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-RcBXQ ijwgfM article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">延长精益运营限制和减少排放的甲烷火花点火引擎使用微波火花塞</h1></gydF4y2Badiv> <div class="sc-gPzReC fMlAsT article_authors"> <hr class="sc-fHxwqH kHliir hr__author"> <span class=""><b>Vi h·拉普</gydF4y2Bab><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-jrIrqw eeUyzW icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a>,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="">安东尼DeFilippo<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="">Samveg Saxena<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="">Jyh-Yuan陈<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="">Robert w .种植<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="">Atsushi他<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<年代up>2</年代up></span> <span class="">Ahsa月球<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<年代up>2</年代up> <!-- -->和</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="">Yuji Ikeda<年代up>2</年代up></span> <div class="sc-iQtOjA llLcVY isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><span>机械工程系,加州大学伯克利分校50 b Hesse大厅,伯克利,CA 94720 - 1740,美国</年代p一个n></p><p><sup>2</年代up><span>想像工程有限公司351室Welv方案二建筑,4-1-1广岛市东北方,没有什么结果,科比657 - 0038年,日本</年代p一个n></p></div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iybRtq clzRlh" color="">显示更多</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</gydF4y2Bab>期间,廖</gydF4y2Badiv> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年5月10日</年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">04年7月2012年</年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年8月21日</年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jeCdPy eExCxm article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba微波火花塞是用于扩展精益操作上限(下限)和减少排放发动机燃烧沼气空气。缸内压力数据采集规范化燃料的比率<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="11.125" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="11.125" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="11.125" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。为每一个<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>、微波能源(电力提供给每个引擎周期)的磁控管是不同的从0 mJ(仅火花放电)到1600 mJ。在精益条件,结果显示微波能添加到一个标准的火花塞放电增加了完全燃烧的循环次数,提高发动机稳定性相比spark-only操作。增加微波能量指示热效率也增加了4%<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。在<年代vg height="11.125" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,火花放电就无法持续点燃燃料混合物,导致频繁的无能。尽管微波能产生更加一致的比单独火花放电点火<年代vg height="11.125" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,59%的周期只有部分烧毁。总的来说,微波火花塞精益运营条件下提高发动机的性能<年代vg height="13.575" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:65.724998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 65.724998 13.575" width="65.724998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.390953" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.431341" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.682842" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.808594" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.060093" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.311592" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>但并不影响操作条件接近化学计量。</p><年代p一个nclass="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba关注温室气体、空气质量和化石燃料短缺,鼓励新技术的发展和内燃机替代燃料,减少温室气体排放。天然气(主要含有甲烷)提供了较低的温室气体排放比其他碳氢化合物燃料由于其高hydrogen-to-carbon比率。天然气也可以燃烧在高压缩比没有生产发动机爆震的风险。燃烧天然气(主要含有甲烷)和燃料比率比化学计量(精益条件)在火花点火引擎有可能产生比petroleum-burning发动机低排放和高热能效率(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B2">2</一个>]。然而,如果燃料混合物太瘦,空气稀释造成的大量燃烧,火焰速度和减少使燃料混合物点燃更加困难(<一个href="#B3">3</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B4">4</一个>]。当燃烧不稳定由于空气稀释,增加发动机的性能和效率恶化,限制精益燃烧的潜能。这个不稳定燃烧点是众所周知的“精益极限。”</p><p>gydF4y2Ba一个方法提高精益天然气混合物的燃烧率和延长精益限制是增加燃烧室内部的湍流混合。Das和沃森<一个href="#B1">1</一个>)修改一个引擎增加湍流混合的旋涡运动电荷在感应和使用压扁在压缩冲程,驱散了利用湍流到小规模燃烧室内部的湍流。使用这种技术,改变压缩比,Das和华生能够操作引擎在规范化的空气燃料比(<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>1.88)。然而,热效率发生在峰值<年代vg height="10.9375" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 10.9375" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。发动机产生的二氧化碳(也要少一些<年代vg height="14.6" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:27.799999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.799999 14.6" width="27.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> C</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.2394772" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.68,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)、碳氢化合物和氮氧化物(<年代vg height="14.7" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)比等效石油排放发动机。埃文斯(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>)取得了类似的结果使用“squish-jet燃烧室也调查的影响部分分层充气混合物在火花塞附近加强精益混合物点火。埃文斯的结果表明,部分分层充气燃烧系统扩展精益操作限制和减少<年代vg height="14.7" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>排放。曹和他(<一个href="#B6">6</一个>)发现,延迟燃油喷射减少CO和HC排放在节流阀节流25%和100%。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba稳定精益操作和减少排放的另一个方法是添加氢应用引擎。一些研究人员已经表明,添加氢燃料混合物的火焰传播,增加扩展精益运营限制和减少排放<一个href="#B7">7</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B14">14</一个>]。Smutzer [<一个href="#B8">8</一个>)开发了一种hydrogen-assisted精益操作(晕)在ultralean引擎,实现了操作条件(<年代vg height="10.9375" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:47.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.5 10.9375" width="47.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),消除<年代vg height="14.7" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>生产和火花点火能量减少了22%。然而,不均匀性加剧导致高cylinder-to-cylinder变化引擎。王等人。<一个href="#B10">10</一个>)调查了cycle-to-cycle变化自然气态混合物,发现添加氢强烈与缸内压力、峰值压力上升速率,曲柄角程度的缸内压力峰值。他们还发现,添加氢减少cycle-to-cycle化学计量条件下变异和精益的条件。Kornbluth et al。<一个href="#B11">11</一个>)发现,添加氢(30%体积的-50%)垃圾填埋气(包含主要是甲烷和<年代vg height="14.6" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:27.799999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.799999 14.6" width="27.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> C</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.2394772" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.68,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),而操作精益的条件下增加发动机稳定和力量,而减少排放,特别是<年代vg height="14.7" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。他们的研究结果还表明,增加氢的浓度延长精益限制(<一个href="#B11">11</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba高能点火装置也被用于扩展精益限制超出传统的火花放电点火系统的功能(<一个href="#B15">15</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B16">16</一个>]。这样一个高能点火技术当前的研究兴趣是微波火花塞,想像工程有限公司正在开发,提供微波进入燃烧室除了标准的火花放电(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B18">18</一个>]。电容放电火花启动等离子在燃烧室和微波等离子体扩张。电弧放电相比,传统上点燃内燃机,微波等离子体放电具有更高的空间均匀性,降低等离子体的潜力,激发更高的电子能量,增加之和电子激发态的分子(<一个href="#B19">19</一个>]。高能电子,收到从微波能量,能增强反应混合物通过电子影响反应产生自由基和亚稳电子兴奋的化学物种<一个href="#B19">19</一个>]。过去的研究表明,微波火花塞可以扩展以汽油为燃料的引擎的下限(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B20">20.</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B21">21</一个>),微波能增强火焰速度wall-stagnated甲烷火焰(<一个href="#B22">22</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba尽管微波火花塞已经证明有效的以汽油为燃料的发动机操作精益条件下(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B20">20.</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B21">21</一个>),其有效性此前还没有演示了用于发动机燃烧以甲烷燃料(如天然气)。在这项研究中,一个单缸引擎燃烧沼气空气被修改为使用微波火花塞系统运作。微波火花放电的性能与spark-only放电在一系列燃料比率和微波能量水平。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba这部分后,仪器、实验设计和变量用来测量发动机稳定性和性能。接下来,结果和讨论。最后,结论,和未来的工作建议。</p><h4我d="material-and-methods">2。材料和方法</h4><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec2.1">2.1。发动机规格</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba实验采用单缸沃基肖ASTM-Cooperative燃料研究(CFR)引擎。发动机规格可以在表中找到<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>。CFR发动机的示意图与微波火花塞系统图所示<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>。病死率的压缩气体钢瓶提供甲烷气体燃料喷射器。CFR发动机装有想像工程,公司微波火花塞系统传输2.45 GHz微波通过火花塞绝缘进入燃烧室。微波与等离子体由30 mJ电容火花放电(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">位移</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">0.616升</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">中风</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">114.3毫米</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">生</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">82.8毫米</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">连杆</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">254毫米</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">数量的阀门</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">2</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">伊在0.15毫米</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">−343°CA ATDC<年代ub>压缩</年代ub></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">印度河流域文明在0.15毫米</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">−153°CA ATDC<年代ub>压缩</年代ub></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">EVO在0.15毫米</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">148°CA ATDC<年代ub>压缩</年代ub></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">EVC在0.15毫米</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">−353°CA ATDC<年代ub>压缩</年代ub></td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="2"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 发动机规格。</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="927081.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2012/927081/figures/927081.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 合作燃料研究的示意图(CFR)与微波火花塞系统引擎。传感器是使用虚线标记。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p></p> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。测量仪器</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba缸内压力测量压电压力传感器使用6052 b基斯特勒公司与电荷放大器和一个5044年基斯特勒公司记录每0.1曲柄角(CA)学位。气缸压力传感器安装在汽缸。进气压力测量压阻压力传感器使用4045 a5基斯特勒公司与放大器模块。4643年基斯特勒公司进气温度和排气温度测量使用k热电偶。曲柄角位置确定使用光学编码器,而一个电动马达,由ABB变速频率驱动控制,控制发动机转速。Motec M4 ECU(发动机控制单元)控制注入时机、注入脉冲宽度,注入工作周期。Horiba分析仪测量排放和等价比率。宽带氧传感器是用于建立化学计量条件并与排放结果。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>显示了一个示意图的引擎,每个传感器的位置。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec2.3">2.3。实验设计</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba微波火花塞性能探索一系列微波能量输入,归一化燃料比率(<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),火花计时。压缩比和发动机转速保持不变,发动机运行在完全开放的节流自然吸气。引擎操作条件表中列出<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。在每个操作条件,引发时间调整,以达到最大制动转矩(MBT),此时300热力学循环的缸内压力数据记录(每个周期720 CAD)组成。包括归一化参数空间的空气燃料比<年代vg height="13.075" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:189.14999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 189.14999 13.075" width="189.14999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.148094" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.525345" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.765301" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.805687" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.05719" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.182938" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.434441" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.685936" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="107.06319" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="117.29064" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="129.33104" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="135.58253" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="138.70828" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.95978" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="11.125" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。总能量的参数空间提供给每个发动机循环包括磁控管0乔丹(火花),130年乔丹,900年乔丹,1600年乔丹。130年乔丹能源输入条件是通过提供磁控管峰值功率为2.6千瓦12.5%责任周期在0.36毫秒的时间。乔丹900和1600,乔丹同样条件下的最大输入功率为2.6千瓦,但有25%工作周期和持续时间的1.32和2.65毫秒,女士。电力供应的磁控管脱落增加持续时间,解释为什么总能量输入不与能量输入持续时间成线性比例。微波能交付给燃烧室总估计大约17%的能源供应占反射和传输损失后的磁控管。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">压缩比</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">10:1</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">发动机转速</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">1200转</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">冷却液温度</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center"> <svg height="12.2375" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 64.662498 12.2375" width="64.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.373386" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>0°C</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">进气压力</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center"> <svg height="12.2375" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.474998 12.2375" width="72.474998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.907415" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.499138" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>kPa</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">进气温度</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center"> <svg height="12.05" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.9375 12.05" width="52.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.655916" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>°C</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">燃料</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">甲烷</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">油门位置</tgydF4y2Bad> <td align="center">100%</tgydF4y2Bad> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="2"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 引擎操作条件。</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <p></p> <h5 id="sec2.4">2.4。数据分析</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba微波火花塞的性能特点是使用指定的平均有效压力(IMEP)和指示热效率(<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。发动机稳定性的特点是两个参数。第一个参数是IMEP的变异系数(x和<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>):<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq1"> <svg height="33.087502" id="M26" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.087502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.0875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-45.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,144.93,57.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> C</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.2519798" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.904057" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.85,54.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.74,57.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.32" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,215.77,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 208.97,60.58 28.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.97,48.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,215.85,45.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.24,57.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.029085" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.280586" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.532085" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.88" y="1.8200001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.0435" y="1.8200001"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="243.295" y="1.8200001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="10.725" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:35.287498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.287498 10.725" width="35.287498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.24,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>IMEP和标准差<年代vg height="10.925" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:35.487499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.487499 10.925" width="35.487499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是均值IMEP [<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。浸<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>增加发动机操作时变得不稳定,导致部分燃烧周期和无能<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba第二个参数是修改后的压力比(MPR):<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq2"> <svg height="35.787498" id="M29" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.787498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.37)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.12,57.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.209999" y="-9.2299995"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.115167" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.079338" y="0"> R</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.88217" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.45,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 190.25,60.33 56.77,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.25,48.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.36,45.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.123792" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.539344" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.915344" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.987295" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.420353" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="27.796352" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="32.172352" y="0"> - - - - - -</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="35.086769" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="41.895824" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="45.781712" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.99,57.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="223.13" y="2.6500001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.2935" y="2.6500001"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.545" y="2.6500001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="11.0375" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:30.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.875 11.0375" width="30.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>最大压力点火和吗<年代vg height="13.3125" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-5.04861pt;width:71.087502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.087502 13.3125" width="71.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.123792" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.539344" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.915344" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.987295" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.420353" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="27.796352" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="32.172352" y="0"> - - - - - -</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="35.086769" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="41.895824" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="45.781712" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是最大的压力,而汽车(点火)<一个href="#B24">24</一个>]。MPR决定如果一个周期已经完全燃烧,部分燃烧,或失效(没有燃烧)<一个href="#B24">24</一个>]。为甲烷,<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>完全燃烧的局限性,部分燃烧,和失败被确定为<年代p一个nclass="list"><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content">完整的<年代vg height="12.4875" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-1.29163pt;width:111px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 111 12.4875" width="111" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.01)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.092081" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.132469" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.211807" y="0"> R</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.027142" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.067535" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.319031" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.444778" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content">部分燃烧<年代vg height="12.4875" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-1.29163pt;width:111px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 111 12.4875" width="111" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.01)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.092081" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.132469" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.247639" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.211807" y="0"> R</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.027142" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.067535" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.319031" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.444778" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label"></span><span class="list-content">失败<年代vg height="12.4875" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-1.29163pt;width:99.275002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 99.275002 12.4875" width="99.275002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.01)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.870388" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.834557" y="0"> R</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.649895" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.690281" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.94178" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.067535" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n></span></p> <p>在精益的条件下,标准化的空气燃料比,<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>计算使用<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq3"> <svg height="37.375" id="M37" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 37.375" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,37.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-42.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.97,55.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.469999" y="-10.78"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.32,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8573599" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.36,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.7588158" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.134816" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.567872" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.313728" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 200.44,58.79 37.1,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.35,46.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.23,43.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.74,55.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="235.38" y="1.74"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.5435" y="1.74"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="245.795" y="1.74"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="12.975" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:46.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.5 12.975" width="46.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8573599" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.03,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.7588158" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.134816" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.567872" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.313728" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的化学计量质量是每周期和燃料注入<年代vg height="12.975" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:19.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.225 12.975" width="19.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是实际的燃料注入每循环的质量(<一个href="#B23">23</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B25">25</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba的变化是由排放<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq4"> <svg height="40.512501" id="M40" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 40.512501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,40.5125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-39.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.67,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="131.42999" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> %</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.50324" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.867027" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.118526" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.669859" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.92136" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.985313" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.687641" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.163475" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.590981" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.142311" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.869644" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.345474" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.209145" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.072815" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.548645" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="104.80015" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="111.05164" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="119.37865" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="142" y="-9.2600002"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="148.2515" y="-9.2600002"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="154.50301" y="-9.2600002"> 米</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.9,59.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.7805281" y="0"> W</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 223.67,56.57 38.77,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.88,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.11,41.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2421122" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,266.42,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.59" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.919998" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.861084" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.112583" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.364086" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.615585" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="207.7" y="0.77999997"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="211.86349" y="0.77999997"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.11501" y="0.77999997"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>ppm的地方<年代ub>兆瓦</年代ub>在ppm是测量发射微波能量和ppm添加<年代ub>Spk</年代ub>测量排放在ppm没有微波能被添加(火花)。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba报告测量数据的不确定性与不确定性意味着±95%的置信水平。计算的不确定性参数的不确定性分析报道,和细节可以在附录中找到。</p><h4gydF4y2Baid="results-and-discussion">3所示。结果与讨论</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba微波火花塞的性能是由以下几点:发动机稳定性、发动机功率、排放输出。发动机稳定表达的浸<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>和完全燃烧周期的百分比。发动机功率和性能由IMEP给出指示热效率。排放输出提供了每个实验并与稳定性和性能变量。</p><h5我d="sec3.1">3.1。发动机的稳定性</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba当浸引擎操作被认为是稳定的<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>的比例不超过10%,完全燃烧周期至少为95%。如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>浸的依赖吗<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>在<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>所有的操作条件。最瘦的操作条件(<年代vg height="11.125" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),无法实现稳定燃烧,使用标准和多个无能发生火花放电。提供1600 mJ /引擎周期磁控管一直点燃混合物,如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>;然而,浸<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>是41%,完全燃烧周期的比例为37%(59%的部分燃烧和4%的失败),表明不稳定操作。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="927081.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2012/927081/figures/927081.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 发动机稳定增加的微波能量gydF4y2Ba增加。增加微波能量从900年乔丹1600年乔丹没有进一步提高发动机的稳定性。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>减少<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>1.68继续导致不稳定的操作使用一个标准的火花放电时。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>显示了浸<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>是35%,完全燃烧周期的比例是77%,而17%的周期部分燃烧和6%的周期在图中所看到的那样失败吗<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>。增加130 mJ微波系统的能量减少浸<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>到25%,增加的数量完全燃烧周期89%(7%部分燃烧周期和4%失败)。进一步增加微波能源(900 mJ)减少浸<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>到8%,增加了98%的完全燃烧周期(2%部分燃烧周期),导致稳定运行。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>表明添加1600 mJ的微波能减少发动机稳定;然而,部分燃烧的不同周期和热效率从900年乔丹案子都不到2%。观察到的细微差别意味着增加1600 mJ的能源减少和进一步提高发动机的稳定性。这些结果还表明,微波输入可能是最有效的在点火的最早阶段自1600年乔丹和900年乔丹能源输入同样的权力,但1600年的乔丹设置较长的时间操作,如上所述的方法。微波能量并不影响浸<年代ub>IMEP</年代ub>在操作条件接近化学计量(<年代vg height="11.25" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.25" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),因为几乎所有的周期(> 99%)完全燃烧。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="927081.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2012/927081/figures/927081.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="11.0625" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 在,gydF4y2Ba添加微波能量的火花放电/周期减少发生失火和partial-burn周期,从而增加总完全燃烧的循环次数。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。发动机功率和性能</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba发动机功率和性能由IMEP给出指示热效率。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>显示IMEP随增加而减小<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>所有的操作条件。为<年代vg height="11.25" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.25" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>微波火花塞增加发动机的性能,提高燃烧,导致发动机稳定性更好。在<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,添加微波能量IMEP略有增加。为<年代vg height="11.25" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.25" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,微波对IMEP似乎几乎没有影响。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="927081.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2012/927081/figures/927081.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.8125" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <a href="#secA">一个</一个><t一个ble> 增加微波能稍微增加IMEP较大gydF4y2Ba。增加微波能量没有进一步增加IMEP。误差在±计算的不确定性传播的错误(见附录)gydF4y2Ba。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>标准的火花放电,图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>显示在指示热效率提高空燃比增加<年代vg height="10.9375" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:35.787498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.787498 10.9375" width="35.787498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>来<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。除了<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>指示热效率,减少因不完全燃烧。微波能量<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>增加指示热效率达4%,但显示之间的最小的改进<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="11.125" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。指示热效率高峰发生在<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,比先前的研究稍微精简条件只燃烧天然气(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B6">6</一个>]。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="927081.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2012/927081/figures/927081.fig.005.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="11.0625" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <a href="#secA">一个</一个><t一个ble> 添加微波能提高热效率gydF4y2Ba。误差在±计算的不确定性传播的错误(见附录)gydF4y2Ba。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。发动机排放</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba微波火花塞系统排放的影响进行了探讨,微波操作条件正常化排放标准的火花放电排放和发现百分比差异(见(<一个href="#EEq4">4</一个>))。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>显示<年代vg height="14.7" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>产量增加引擎运行时1600 mJ的微波能量。在<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>稳定的燃烧是影响微波,microwave-enhanced点火增加<年代vg height="14.7" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>生产了13%(约100 ppm),显示一个小的直接贡献添加对微波能量<年代vg height="14.7" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>形成。当操作条件变得消瘦(<年代vg height="11.125" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)的差异<年代vg height="14.7" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>扩大生产spark-only和microwave-enhanced之间操作。这一增长是由于增加完全燃烧循环发动机运行时微波能除了直接的贡献<年代vg height="14.7" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>当添加微波能量。最低<年代vg height="14.7" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>测量所有操作条件为3.75克/千瓦时。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="927081.fig.006" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2012/927081/figures/927081.fig.006.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.7" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.7" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.0625" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.7" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.8125" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.7" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 的百分比变化gydF4y2Ba排放量与1600年乔丹microwave-enhanced点火gydF4y2Ba排放spark-only点火。在稳定的操作条件(),gydF4y2Ba添加微波能量的增加而增加gydF4y2Ba生产13% (~ 100 ppm)。增加gydF4y2Ba进一步增加gydF4y2Ba。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>表明添加1600 mJ的微波能减少一氧化碳(CO)和总未燃烧的碳氢化合物(THC)当操作条件变得消瘦。这一趋势同意以前的结果(<一个href="#B11">11</一个>),是由于完全燃烧周期增加的微波能量在精简操作条件(<年代vg height="11.25" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.25" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)。</p><gydF4y2Badiv class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="927081.fig.007" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2012/927081/figures/927081.fig.007.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个- - - - - -label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2012/927081/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 一氧化碳(CO)排放量的变化百分比和总未燃烧的碳氢化合物(THC)排放1600 mJ microwave-enhanced点火的排放与spark-only点火。微波能减少公司的数量和THC在精简的条件。预计减少THC在精益操作与微波因为更多的周期是完全燃烧。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="conclusions-and-recommendations">4所示。结论和建议</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba在这项研究中,我们发现一个微波火花塞扩展了精益稳定操作限制发动机燃烧沼气空气。的微波能改善发动机稳定,因此也增加了发动机的性能。最瘦的操作条件(<年代vg height="11.125" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),一个标准的火花放电不一致点燃燃料混合物和导致多个无能。然而,随着微波能量的增加,混合物点燃,导致主要部分燃烧周期(59%)和一些失败周期(4%)。减少的规范化的空气燃料比<年代vg height="11.125" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>来<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>仅允许发动机性能对比火花放电和火花放电与微波能源援助。微波能量<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>完全燃烧的循环次数的增加,表明平均有效压力和指示热效率。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba增加的总磁控管微波能量输入每周期从130年乔丹900 mJ改善发动机的稳定性。进一步增加输入能量的微波系统从900年乔丹1600年乔丹通过增加能量输入显示的时间没有额外的改进。这些结果表明,微波输入可能只在点火的最早阶段是有效的,当一个小火焰火花塞电极附近的内核仍然存在。丰富的混合物(<年代vg height="11.25" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.25" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),微波能量没有改善发动机完全燃烧稳定,因为几乎所有的周期。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba添加微波能减少公司和未燃烧的碳氢化合物排放总量增加<年代vg height="14.7" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>排放。的增加<年代vg height="14.7" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是由于完全燃烧周期的增加,当微波能被添加到点火。同时,在精简操作条件(<年代vg height="11.125" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.125" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),燃烧略有进步,允许更多的时间<年代vg height="14.7" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:29.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.174999 14.7" width="29.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9021358" y="0"> O</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>形成。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba目前微波火花塞完全消除物倾斜条件下(<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:55.325001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.325001 11.0625" width="55.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.896591" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),可能允许稳定,精益操作时其他替代燃料燃烧。然而,微波火花塞的性能应该进一步使用替代燃料进行了测试。与微波火花塞系统使用higher-turbulence引擎也可能增加输出功率,进一步扩展精益极限。此外,调查火焰发生和传播使用光学技术也可以提供进一步的了解微波火花塞的有效性。</p><h4cgydF4y2Balass="secapp" id="appendix">附录</h4><h4gydF4y2Baid="a.-uncertainty-analysis">答:不确定性分析</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba不确定性分析是进行发动机的测量和计算,除了排放。测量值,随机不确定性计算95%置信区间(约2倍的标准误差,<年代vg height="10.825" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:15.1625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.1625 10.825" width="15.1625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m -65.24,69.35 5.32,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.57800001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.24,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>正态分布的错误)<一个href="#B26">26</一个>]:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.1"> <svg height="42.200001" id="M87" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 42.200001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,42.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-38.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.95,54.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.2,51.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.99,54.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.055052" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.84514" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 213.18,56.52 5.31,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.57800001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.18,50.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.96,54.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.47" y="-9.2200003"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.7215" y="-9.2200003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.02,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 235.19,57.41 23.37,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.19,41.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> √</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 246.8,53.28 11.76,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.8,40.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.96" y="-13.3"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.23" y="-11.01"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.39349" y="-11.01"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="228.37065" y="-11.01"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.4964" y="-11.01"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.74791" y="-11.01"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:8.7250004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 7.1624999" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是测量值,<年代vg height="10.325" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:14.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.8375 10.325" width="14.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是周期的数量,<年代vg height="10.825" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:15.1625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.1625 10.825" width="15.1625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.24,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是标准差,定义为<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.2"> <svg height="53.962502" id="M91" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 53.962502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,53.9625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-28.83)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.53,45.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.24,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,145.03,45.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.03" y="9.7299995"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.709999" y="-7.2600002"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 168.36,48.31 31.01,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,168.36,36.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.415719" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.53,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.57,38.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.1,31.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.72,42.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8600001" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.45,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.45,45.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 246.79,53.59 6.88,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.79,45.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8800001" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.52,52.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.4,35.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,274.5,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,286.18,45.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="175.85001" y="-2.1099999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="180.0135" y="-2.1099999"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="188.99065" y="-2.1099999"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="192.11641" y="-2.1099999"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="198.3679" y="-2.1099999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>和<年代vg height="12.3125" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:8.7250004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.7250004 12.3125" width="8.7250004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.15)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.88,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是测量值的均值。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba的误差传播方程的一般公式计算多个变量使用[<一个href="#B26">26</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B27">27</一个>]<gydF4y2Ba年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.3"> <svg height="49.212502" id="M93" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 49.212502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,49.2125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-32.63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,66.07,45.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,74.89,42.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,82.43,45.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="6.8299999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 107.92,70.71 241.71,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,107.92,38.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.9" y="-14.57"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.289034" y="-14.57"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 118.5,49.01 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,118.5,37.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.76,34)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,137.83,45.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.65,42.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,151.46,40.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.58,38.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164.96,61.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.61,45.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="7.3200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.24" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.629032" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 194.53,49.01 18.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.53,37.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.79,34)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.86,45.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.68,42.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.49,40.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.61,38.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.99,61.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.64,45.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.130001" y="7.3200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> ⋯</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.781666" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.009998" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.399033" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 298.34,49.01 18.12,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,298.34,37.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,311.61,34)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,317.65,45.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,326.47,42.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,331.28,40.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,335.38,38.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,344.76,61.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,349.63,45.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="112.4" y="-3.3099999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="116.5635" y="-3.3099999"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="125.54065" y="-3.3099999"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="128.6664" y="-3.3099999"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="134.91791" y="-3.3099999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>正在测量的不确定性在哪里<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="11.0125" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:14.775px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.775 11.0125" width="14.775" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是独立变量和测量的不确定性。这个误差传播公式是用来确定计算变量的不确定性。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="secA.1">. 1。缸内压力</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba如前所述,缸内压力测量压电压力传感器使用6052 b基斯特勒公司与电荷放大器5044基斯特勒公司。传感器的系统误差,<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M96" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.762501 14.2375" width="19.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.25,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,被列为0.2酒吧。随机不确定性的压力数据计算使用(<一个href="#EEqA.1">. 1</一个>)和至少300周期。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba使用系统误差的随机不确定性和压力,总压力的不确定性可以计算使用(<一个href="#B26">26</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href="#B27">27</一个>]<gydF4y2Ba年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.4"> <svg height="30.025" id="M97" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.025" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.53,54.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.35,51.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.6,54.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="3.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 207.85,70.71 42.33,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.85,54.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.1,59.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.0100002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.76,54.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.3,59.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.5" y="8.0100002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.18,54.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="211.85001" y="-1.9"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.0135" y="-1.9"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.99065" y="-1.9"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="228.11641" y="-1.9"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="234.3679" y="-1.9"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h5 id="secA.2">由信用证。体积</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba量可以计算每个曲柄角度(<一个href="#B27">27</一个>]<gydF4y2Ba年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.5"> <svg height="33.775002" id="M98" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.775002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-44.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,71.73,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.652556" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.692945" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,101.62,50.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,108.96,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.54" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.141825" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,138.3,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 121.5,56.91 21.68,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.21,45.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.25" y="-3.8299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="115.06" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.91" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.610001" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.36162" y="-8.75"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.701839" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.754013" y="-8.75"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.106735" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.45874" y="-8.75"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.010071" y="-8.75"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.261574" y="-8.75"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="94.37674" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.70398" y="-8.75"> −</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,254.35,58.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,279.62,58.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.49,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.863667" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,303.25,59.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.21,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.5500002" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,322.61,61.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,334.3,48.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6800003" y="-4.9200001"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="127.73" y="-6.5"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="131.89349" y="-6.5"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="140.87065" y="-6.5"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="143.9964" y="-6.5"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.24791" y="-6.5"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="14.375" id="M99" style="vertical-align:-3.24037pt;width:17.950001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.950001 14.375" width="17.950001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>余隙容积,<年代vg height="10.325" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.625 10.325" width="11.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>生,<年代vg height="10.725" id="M101" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:5.4124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.4124999 10.725" width="5.4124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>连杆长度,<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:7.9749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9749999 7.1750002" width="7.9749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>曲柄半径(<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。上死点(TDC)汽车痕迹被Tunestal(计算方法概述<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。曲柄角的不确定性程度,使用Tunestal的方法找到TDC, 0.05°。体积的不确定性可以确定使用<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.6"> <svg height="30.762501" id="M103" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.762501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.47,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.28,53.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.26,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.23" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.881596" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 208.49,59.47 16.65,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.22,47.59)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.120001" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.16,53.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.24,56.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.78999" y="-0.22"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.95351" y="-0.22"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="234.93065" y="-0.22"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="238.0564" y="-0.22"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="244.30791" y="-0.22"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.7"> <svg height="48.1875" id="M104" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 48.1875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,48.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-33.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,99.17,56.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 99.17,52.73 16.65,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.9,40.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.59" y="-8.75"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.830002" y="-16"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 133.73,52.73 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,133.73,40.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4400001" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.041824" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157.98,54.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164.93,39.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.209999" y="-16.98"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.11" y="-9.7299995"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.462004" y="-9.7299995"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.32567" y="-9.7299995"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.801504" y="-9.7299995"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.304504" y="-9.7299995"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.631744" y="-9.7299995"> +</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.42,61.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.37,56.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.863667" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.842501" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.482075" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.033405" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.284904" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.400074" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 226.11,52.73 78.24,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.11,36.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> √</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 237.71,48.6 66.64,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.71,34.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.94,39.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.59,34.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,267.21,38.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,272.08,34.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.863667" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,290.84,40.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,297.8,34.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.75" y="-5"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.940001" y="-14.73"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="164.23" y="-14.73"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="168.39349" y="-14.73"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="177.37065" y="-14.73"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="180.4964" y="-14.73"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="186.74791" y="-14.73"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h5 id="secA.3">出具。指示工作</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba指定的工作使用的梯形方法集成计算:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.8"> <svg height="50.5625" id="M105" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 50.5625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,50.5625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-31.55)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.8,47.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.916079" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.48,63.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.77,41.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.48,34.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.92,47.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.14,44.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.55,57.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.67,53.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.04,57.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.49,53.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 217.55,50.74 43.16,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.01,38.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.9" y="-8.7600002"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="226.02" y="-9.79"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.1835" y="-9.79"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.16066" y="-9.79"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.28641" y="-9.79"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="248.5379" y="-9.79"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的分歧和数量吗<年代vg height="9.875" id="M107" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是压力<一个href="#B23">23</一个>]。使用(<一个href="#EEqA.3">a .</一个>),可以确定在工作的不确定性<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.9"> <svg height="147.7625" id="M108" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 147.7625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,147.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,46.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,71.33,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.52,55.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.38" y="9.0100002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,94.1,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.73" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.120001" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.509033" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 117.4,53.94 30.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.4,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.416199" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.82,38.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.89,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157.71,47.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.03,45.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.15,43.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.53,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.18,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.91" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.299032" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 214.09,53.94 20.66,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,215.73,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,228.24,38.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.95,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.76,47.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.04,45.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.16,43.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.54,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.19,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.92" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.29653" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 292.11,53.94 20.65,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,293.75,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,306.25,38.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,313.96,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,322.77,47.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,327.05,45.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,331.17,43.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,340.55,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,109.61,8.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.119999" y="7.3200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> ⋯</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.769163" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.689999" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.066528" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 159.31,11.58 40.64,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.31,-0.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.403696" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.73,-3.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.14,8.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.96,5.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.318944" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.28,3.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="3.107244" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="7.389864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.79,1.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.16,23.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.82,8.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="7.3200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.450001" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.82653" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 273.73,11.58 27.73,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.73,-0.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3890328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,286.24,-3.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,302.65,8.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,311.47,5.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,315.75,3.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="3.107244" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="7.389864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,327.26,1.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,336.63,23.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,109.61,-33.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="7.3200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.91" y="-7.2600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.299032" y="-7.2600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 131.52,-30.78 20.66,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,133.18,-42.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3765302" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,145.68,-45.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.37,-33.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.19,-37.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.47,-39.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.57,-41.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.95,-18.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.82,-33.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="277.20999" y="-43.68"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="281.3735" y="-43.68"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="290.35065" y="-43.68"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="293.47641" y="-43.68"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="299.72791" y="-43.68"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h5 id="secA.4">各。指示功率、IMEP和指示热效率</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba知道工作的不确定性,指示功率的不确定性表示平均有效压力(IMEP)和指示热效率(<年代vg height="11.0375" id="M109" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:16.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.5375 11.0375" width="16.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.2,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.503072" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)可以确定使用产品和商的不确定性的方程:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.10"> <svg height="44.837502" id="M110" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 44.837502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,44.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-36.13)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,94.05,42.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.57" y="-16.459999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.44,55.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 104.62,52.9 12.89,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,106.01,41.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.69" y="-1.42"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,128.08,65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.43,49.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.03" y="7.3200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.610001" y="-11.33"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,167.85,57.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.66,55.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 159.04,52.9 17.75,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.54,41.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,168.91,36.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.79,41.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1900001" y="-0.88999999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.36,65.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.01,49.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.35" y="7.3200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.92" y="-11.33"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.74,57.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.56,55.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 216.93,52.9 17.75,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.43,41.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.8,36.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.68,41.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1900001" y="-0.88999999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.25,65.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.9,49.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.01" y="7.3200002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.580002" y="-11.38"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> ⋯</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,297.3,58.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,302.11,55.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 288.48,52.9 17.73,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.98,41.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.51" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,298.36,36.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,303.21,41.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1600001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1999998" y="-0.88999999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,316.79,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,321.66,49.77)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="134.12" y="-1.17"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="138.28349" y="-1.17"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="147.26065" y="-1.17"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.3864" y="-1.17"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="156.63791" y="-1.17"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="162.8894" y="-1.17"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>正在测量的不确定性在哪里<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="11.0125" id="M112" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:14.775px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.775 11.0125" width="14.775" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>与测量的不确定性(独立变量<一个href="#B27">27</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba使用(<一个href="#EEqA.10">A.10</一个>),指示功率的不确定性(<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M113" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.4375 14.3625" width="13.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.52,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)、IMEP和<年代vg height="11.0375" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:16.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.5375 11.0375" width="16.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.2,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.503072" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可以由以下:<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEqA.11"> <svg height="137.8875" id="M115" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 137.8875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,137.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,38.31)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.99,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.81,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.01,48.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.42,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.88,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.19,46.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.57" y="-16.610001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,228.58,59.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 219.76,56.57 19.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.28,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.98" y="-1.4299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.440001" y="-8.7600002"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-74.540001" y="30.969999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.55,10.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.694944" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.44,13.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.580002" y="-9.2799997"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.306553" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.945885" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.83,19.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 236.02,16.85 19.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.53,4.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.98" y="-1.42"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.440001" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-76.68" y="30.969999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.67,-29.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.69,-31.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="1.788072" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.08,-26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.87,-29.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.33,-33.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.57" y="-16.610001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.71,-19.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 221.9,-22.88 19.3,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.42,-34.75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.969999" y="-1.42"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.440001" y="-8.75"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.36" y="-48.470001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="235.5235" y="-48.470001"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="244.50066" y="-48.470001"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="247.6264" y="-48.470001"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="253.8779" y="-48.470001"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="260.12939" y="-48.470001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba这项研究部分由密歇根大学奖。3001397038,通过合作协议与美国能源部题为“大学联盟高压精益燃烧(高效液相色谱)高效、干净冰。”作者希望承认t . 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Ryan&publication_year=2009" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B23">j·b·海伍德<我>内燃机原理</我>麦格劳-希尔,1988年。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B24">m . c . Sellnau f . a . Matekunaus p . a .以便c . f . Chang和d·r·兰开斯特“Cylinder-pressure-based发动机控制使用pressure-ratio-management和低成本的非侵入性的汽缸压力传感器,”<我>年代一个E纸</我>20.00- - - - - -01- - - - - -0932,2000。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cylinder-pressure-based%20engine%20control%20using%20pressure-ratio-management%20and%20low-cost%20non-intrusive%20cylinder%20pressure%20sensors&author=M. C. Sellnau&author=F. A. Matekunaus&author=P. A. Battison&author=C. F. Chang&author=&author=D. R. 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Tunestal" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba版权©2012 Vi h·拉普等。这是一个开放访问分布在条<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p></gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 kgAKHb hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4><gydF4y2Badiv id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 gySDgE"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-gVLVqr innUZH article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-cBdUnI bmjKRX 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height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cHSUfg kdoIIa article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe begQDP accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-eAKXzc bESoPs" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-gbOuXE SDMqt">下载其他格式</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="sc-dRFtgE jooXYL">更多的</年代p一个n></年代p一个n> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-bfYoXt VdeWO icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-cugefK dCMfhd"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fnwBNb kfscSt open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jc/2012/927081.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-iNhVCk brvugV"> ePub</gydF4y2Badiv><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-eAKXzc bESoPs" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fnwBNb kfscSt open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jc/2012/927081.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-iNhVCk brvugV"> XML</gydF4y2Badiv><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-eAKXzc bESoPs" title="" role="presentation" 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-gbOuXE SDMqt">订单打印副本</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="sc-dRFtgE jooXYL">订单</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-bfYoXt VdeWO right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-cqpYsc krPIEq"> <div class="sc-hBbWxd hdkxPJ"> <div> 的观点<年代p一个n>3333年年</年代p一个n></div> <div> 下载<年代p一个n>1319年年</年代p一个n></div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cmbuIE"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2012/927081" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-gkFcWv gXvjfo" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3><gydF4y2Baul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/927081&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" 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