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.expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiB3aWR0aD0iMjAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjAiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMCAyMCI+PGRlZnM+PGNsaXBQYXRoIGlkPSJhIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMGEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjZBMywzLDAsMCwxLDMsM0g5QTEsMSwwLDAsMSw5LDVIM0ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMiw2VjE3YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLDFIMTRhMSwxLDAsMCwwLDEtMVYxMWExLDEsMCwxLDEsMiwwdjZhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMsM1ptNC4yOTMtNy4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMS40MTRMMTYuNTg1LDJIMTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMmg2YTEsMSwwLDAsMSwuNC4wODJoMGwuMDE4LjAwOC4wMDgsMEwxOS40MzguMWwuMDE0LjAwNy4wMDYsMCwuMDE5LjAxaDBBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDIwLDEuMDI4VjdhMSwxLDAsMSwxLTIsMFYzLjQxNUw4LjcwOCwxMi43MDdhMSwxLDAsMCwxLTEuNDE1LDBaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyIDIpIi8+PC9jbGlwUGF0aD48L2RlZnM+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoLTIgLTIpIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMywyMGEzLDMsMCwwLDEtMy0zVjZBMywzLDAsMCwxLDMsM0g5QTEsMSwwLDAsMSw5LDVIM0ExLDEsMCwwLDAsMiw2VjE3YTEsMSwwLDAsMCwxLDFIMTRhMSwxLDAsMCwwLDEtMVYxMWExLDEsMCwxLDEsMiwwdjZhMywzLDAsMCwxLTMsM1ptNC4yOTMtNy4yOTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMS40MTRMMTYuNTg1LDJIMTNhMSwxLDAsMCwxLDAtMmg2YTEsMSwwLDAsMSwuNC4wODJoMGwuMDE4LjAwOC4wMDgsMEwxOS40MzguMWwuMDE0LjAwNy4wMDYsMCwuMDE5LjAxaDBBMSwxLDAsMCwxLDIwLDEuMDI4VjdhMSwxLDAsMSwxLTIsMFYzLjQxNUw4LjcwOCwxMi43MDdhMSwxLDAsMCwxLTEuNDE1LDBaIiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyIDIpIi8+PGcgY2xpcC1wYXRoPSJ1cmwoI2EpIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiIGZpbGw9InJnYmEoMCwwLDAsMCkiLz48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiIGZpbGw9IiM2YmE0MzkiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .gvEcCq ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .gvEcCq ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .gvEcCq ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .gvEcCq ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .gvEcCq ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .gvEcCq ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .gvEcCq ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .gvEcCq .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .gvEcCq .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .gvEcCq .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.gvEcCq .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.gvEcCq .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.gvEcCq{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gvEcCq{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.gvEcCq{margin-bottom:100px;}} .gvEcCq .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active svg{fill:#007B8B;} .gvEcCq .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:357px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:417px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:16px;}} .gvEcCq .owl-nav,.gvEcCq .owl-dots{display:none;} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{position:relative;height:auto;max-height:287px;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:477px;}} .gvEcCq .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.gvEcCq .owl-stage-outer,.gvEcCq .owl-stage{max-height:287px;height:auto;} @media 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href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/" aria-label="Journal of Combustion">《燃烧</一个>/<一个cl一个ss="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/contents/year/2011/" aria-label="2011">2011年</一个>/<span class="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</span> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</但ton> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</一个></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#discussion-and-conclusions" aria-label="">讨论和结论</一个></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">确认</一个></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</一个></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <div class="sc-kxynE fgGykB"> <span class="sc-cooIXK gQxyld">特殊的问题</span> <h2 class="sc-fcdeBU bVtmCk">森林火灾研究:理解和管理的最新进展工具荒地火灾</h2> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-gmeYpB hSHJbi" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/si/760169/" aria-label="">把这个特殊的问题</一个><hr class="sc-clNaTc ktFfKO"> </div> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|开放获取</p> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积 2011年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</span>文章的ID 572452年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</span> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/572452" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/572452</一个></div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>妮可·m·艾伦•a .蒸机Vaillant而言,马克·a·芬尼, ”<span class="adjust-article-svg-size">整合火行为模型和地理空间分析荒地火灾风险评估和燃料管理规划</span>”,<i>《燃烧</我>, 卷。2011年, 文章的ID572452年, 19   页面, 2011年。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/572452</p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</但ton> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN kEVvRd article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">整合火行为模型和地理空间分析荒地火灾风险评估和燃料管理规划</h1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>艾伦·a .蒸机</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a>,<sup>1</sup></span> <span class="">妮可·m·维兰特,<sup>1</sup> 和</span> <span class="">马克·a·芬尼<sup>2</sup></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</sup><span>西方荒地环境威胁评估中心,西北太平洋研究站,美国农业部林务局,第三街3160号,岸或97754,美国</span></p> <p><sup>2</sup><span>火灾科学实验室,落基山研究所,美国农业部林务局,5775高速公路10西方,米苏拉太59808,美国</span></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</但ton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>威廉·e·干预</div> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年1月01</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">08年6月2011年</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年6月24日</span> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</span> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年12月07</span> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ gvEcCq article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4> <p>林野火灾风险评估和燃料管理计划在美国联邦土地是复杂的问题,需要最先进的火灾行为建模和密集的地理空间分析。燃料管理是一个特别复杂的过程,其中的好处和潜在影响燃料的治疗必须在土地管理目标和公众期望的上下文。许多火灾行为指标,包括火灾蔓延,强度,可能性,和生态风险必须分析多个治疗选择。治疗的效果在野火的影响必须考虑多个尺度。过程是复杂的火灾行为缺乏数据集成模型、地理信息系统和弱联系,企业数据,和桌面办公软件。介绍我们的努力建立一个流线型的燃料管理计划和风险评估框架,和一个集成的系统设计和测试工具的燃料易燃荒地上治疗项目。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4> <p>林野火灾风险评估和燃料管理活动已成为一个主要的活动在森林里服务的一部分,努力减少日益增长的金融和生态损失从灾难性的大火<一个href="#B1">1</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B4">4</一个>]。举例来说,在2004年至2008年之间,44000年燃料处理实现整个美国西部的一部分国家消防计划(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>),大部分这些国家森林土地上。火灾风险评估的重要性和燃料管理将继续城市扩张到荒地和气候变化影响火灾频率(<一个href="#B6">6</一个>,<一个href="#B7">7</一个>]。燃料治疗活动涵盖范围广泛的操作方法包括稀释(删除小树),(即机械处理的燃料。,米一个stication, grinding of surface and ladder fuels), and underburning to reduce both surface and canopy fuel to ultimately reduce the frequency of uncharacteristic wildfires [<一个href="#B8">8</一个>]。特定的燃料处理项目的目标相差很大取决于生态环境自然火政权和值的空间格局视为风险。例如,一些治疗设计为局部燃料优惠减少火灾发生在高度重视社会和生态价值(<一个href="#B9">9</一个>)而另一些人则是为了阻止火灾的蔓延在大型景观(<一个href="#B10">10</一个>]。</p> <p>火灾风险评估和设计燃料管理项目是困难的问题,特别是在联邦土地规划者必须遵循复杂的规划过程,解决多个土地管理目标(<一个href="#B4">4</一个>,<一个href="#B11">11</一个>,<一个href="#B12">12</一个>]。公众期望从联邦土地管理近年来扩大到现在包括一个数组等生态服务的关键栖息地保护物种,饮用水,木制品,碳储存,风景和休闲机会。大森林大火继续威胁着许多这样的价值观,并显著改变燃料载荷未来需要有效降低火灾风险。</p> <p>固有的风险评估和燃料管理规划的复杂性导致了快速增加火行为建模软件的应用研究和操作环境(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>,<一个href="#B13">13</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B16">16</一个>]。仿真模型通常用于描述火灾行为在特定的燃料和天气条件下,并检查的潜在有效性和生态影响燃料治疗项目。模型是用来研究火行为的尺度范围,从局部燃料类型(例如,“林分5-50公顷),大型景观(1000 - 50000公顷)。在当地和景观尺度上模拟多个火灾往往执行分析的不确定性与野火事件相关的时间、位置、强度和持续时间。在最近的研究包括NEXUS[火行为模型<一个href="#B17">17</一个>森林植被)、火、燃料扩展模拟器(FVS-FFE) [<一个href="#B18">18</一个>],F一个RSITE [<一个href="#B19">19</一个>],Fl一个米Map [<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>],BehavePlus [<一个href="#B21">21</一个>],FSIM [<一个href="#B22">22</一个>]。许多支持模型和软件用于评估合适的天气,燃料水分,和其他运行火行为模型所需输入变量(<一个href="#B23">23</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B26">26</一个>]。由规划者和燃料专家操作应用程序的模型在土地管理组织担忧定量评估和映射的火灾风险的重要的社会和生态价值观,和燃料处理项目的设计,有多少,以及如何治疗表面和树冠燃料以满足荒地火灾管理目标。例如,火灾建模在治疗检查不同的稀疏政权(强度、粒度分布和物种)影响树冠火点火,火强度、postfire树死亡,野生动物栖息地、水土流失等因素。景观火蔓延模型是用于检查在燃烧燃料治疗模式如何改变空间模式概率和大的火势蔓延<一个href="#B27">27</一个>]。</p> <p>火行为建模软件的部署开发人员研究和应用社区主要是特别的,和战略建议,解决系统集成模型已经逐渐显现。而非空间火灾的现场应用行为模型(例如,BehavePlus)为单一燃料类型和常数天气条件相对简单,大规模的设计和评估风险评估和燃料管理活动需要更复杂的景观火灾建模完全理解燃料管理的潜在好处的建议(<一个href="#B28">28</一个>]。景观建模的火灾风险日益预计所需的燃料处理规划者和获得资金在新联邦规划项目(<一个href="#B29">29日</一个>]。规划过程必须考虑和评估多种治疗方案,以及累积影响人类和生态价值的范围内提出治疗领域(<一个href="#B30">30.</一个>]。</p> <p>上述问题和其他因素在火灾中创建了一个强劲的需求建模用户社区的综合建模系统来评估当前的火灾风险,并分析提出了燃料管理活动的潜在好处。火灾建模方法和燃料综合管理规划没有进化的速度一样火仿真模型,主要是因为集成问题是一个技术转让的问题超出了研究团体的范围。其结果是,许多火灾行为和支持植被模型开发没有一个简洁的理解业务上下文和约束应用程序管理社区内。</p> <p>在这篇文章中,我们描述一个地理空间接口,集成了一个数量的火行为模型和促进他们的申请景观风险评估和燃料管理活动。虽然系统旨在专门解决我们国家森林野火风险问题,架构和分析框架与广泛的火灾风险管理问题在其他易燃地区。系统创建一个transscale接口应用各种模型在一个地理空间分析平台,消除了大量繁琐的数据转换和重复流程困扰的操作和研究团体将模型应用于解决燃料管理的问题。系统集成了地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据库、站和景观火行为模型、植被生长模型,开发和测试的流程,燃料替代治疗使用基于风险的度量。燃料管理系统使协作计划活动(<一个href="#B14">14</一个>)发展的一个重要组成部分景观燃料跨公共和相邻的私人土地的治疗方案。我们描述了发展历史,核心火行为模型,并提供了示例应用程序的系统景观燃料计划和火灾风险评估。</p> <h4 id="review-of-existing-models-and-information-systems">2。审查现有的模型和信息系统</h4> <p>这项工作于2004年发起,特别审查现有的火灾行为建模和空间分析系统使用的燃料管理分析师。我们观察到森林服务计划团队在太平洋西北地区,西南和落基山区域(俄勒冈州、华盛顿、加州、蒙大拿和爱达荷州北部)和分析过程用于设计燃料处理项目在ca。1000 - 50000公顷的规模。我们评估火灾行为和植被模型的使用,和上下文(规模和目的),它们应用于规划过程。数据源、格式、输出和模型检查的其他方面的潜在贡献分析火灾风险和燃料管理问题。火行为模型都来自相同的血统的系统模型一维行为作为行火蔓延的一部分,包括传播率(<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>)、火(形状<一个href="#B32">32</一个>,<一个href="#B33">33</一个>),发现火的距离(<一个href="#B32">32</一个>],皇冠火蔓延速率(<一个href="#B34">34</一个>,<一个href="#B35">35</一个>]。这些模型包括联系(<一个href="#B36">36</一个>森林植被)、火、燃料扩展模拟器(FVS-FFE) [<一个href="#B37">37</一个>],F一个RSITE [<一个href="#B19">19</一个>],Fl一个米Map [<一个href="#B38">38</一个>],BehavePlus [<一个href="#B21">21</一个>]。我们还研究了发表评论,整理、编目火行为模型和他们的实际应用<一个href="#B15">15</一个>,<一个href="#B39">39</一个>,<一个href="#B40">40</一个>]。我们得出结论如下:(1)尽管存在众多火灾行为模型和描述他们审查论文,很少模型实际上是专为燃料开发管理计划;而是开发作为基本的火灾行为研究;(2)相对较少的现有的火灾行为模型可以很容易地用来解决特定风险评估和分析要求燃料管理项目;(3)每个火行为模式都有一个独特的数据输入和输出格式和这些数据并没有广泛使用的模型;(4)规划者需要站和景观火行为建模工具来测试站处方和景观效果的燃料处理包(<一个href="#B14">14</一个>];(5)评论试图组织和分类模型包括火灾行为和植被模型,从来不是为了业务规划首先;(6)大多数燃料治疗项目有多个目标和约束,必须综合分析燃料和火行为;和(7)大部分的分析过程对燃料处理项目不涉及火灾行为建模,而是广泛的组织和处理的数据在GIS以满足更广泛的资源分析项目的需求。我们专门发现软件的基础广泛的风险评估和燃料管理计划任务是ArcMap (ESRI,雷德兰兹CA)地理信息系统。此外,我们发现一个健壮的开发环境在ArcMap [<一个href="#B41">41</一个>],被一些分析师杠杆定制系统项目计划。微软办公软件(访问和Excel)也是组织中的一个重要组成部分,为运营项目的数据分析。这些和其他观察让我们提出,开发和部署一个系统(“ArcFuels”)的综合空间分析在ArcMap和火行为的建模工具。这项工作并没有解决许多火灾行为模型的局限性和批评所使用的燃料管理社区(<一个href="#B42">42</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B44">44</一个>),而是专注于用户的需求,更好的整合数据和模型简化规划框架内。</p> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。选择火行为模型的描述、功能和局限</h5> <p>如上所述,大多数火灾行为模型用于燃料管理规划来自相同的血统的系统模型一维火行为作为传播的一部分,行火(<一个href="#B31">31日</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B33">33</一个>,<一个href="#B35">35</一个>,<一个href="#B45">45</一个>]。所有上述模型链接或集成(或两者)Rothermel的<一个href="#B35">35</一个>)模型预测表面和树冠火的蔓延与VanWagner [<一个href="#B34">34</一个>,<一个href="#B46">46</一个>)和斯科特的(<一个href="#B47">47</一个>]树冠火过渡以各种方式和传播模型,并提供输出的几个火行为特征(例如,火势蔓延,火线强度,和皇冠火活动)。深入讨论这些模型及其局限性可以发现在最近的一些论文<一个href="#B40">40</一个>,<一个href="#B42">42</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B44">44</一个>]。火效应模型的上下文中也很重要燃料管理计划,和用于检查燃料管理建模活动的潜在影响和火的树死亡率、碳、土壤、和其他生态系统服务<一个href="#B13">13</一个>,<一个href="#B48">48</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B51">51</一个>]。此外,一些辅助程序是用于确定适当的天气输入(<一个href="#B26">26</一个>]。虽然许多火行为的模型有一些独特的功能和上下文,我们集中我们的努力整合两个综合火灾建模系统(FVS-FFE和FlamMap)一起提供所需的分析能力解决一系列广泛的燃料管理问题。这两个系统的核心功能是下面描述,包括详细描述火灾行为预测的基础。所有的火灾模型的完整列表链接在ArcFuels,描述他们的应用程序和选择的案例研究,介绍了表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">模型和引用</td> <td align="center">描述</td> <td align="center">连杆在ArcFuels</td> <td align="center">案例研究</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">森林植被模拟器(艘)<一个href="#B64">52</一个>]</td> <td align="center">一棵树,distance-independent增长和收益模型</td> <td align="center">调用程序,创建了输入数据,过程输出数据,加上允许交互执行</td> <td align="center">(<一个href="#B66">53</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B96">56</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">火和燃料扩展阵线(FVS-FFE) [<一个href="#B18">18</一个>]</td> <td align="center">林分水平模拟的燃料动力和潜在火行为随着时间的推移</td> <td align="center">调用程序,创建了输入数据,过程输出数据,加上允许交互执行</td> <td align="center">(<一个href="#B107">57</一个>,<一个href="#B79">58</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">站可视化系统(sv) (<一个href="#B108">59</一个>]</td> <td align="center">生成图形描绘站条件</td> <td align="center">调用程序,创建输入数据</td> <td align="center">N /一个</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">联系(<一个href="#B17">17</一个>]</td> <td align="center">林分水平表格连接表面和皇冠火灾预测模型</td> <td align="center">调用程序,创建输入数据</td> <td align="center">(<一个href="#B72">60</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B109">62年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">BehavePlus [<一个href="#B110">63年</一个>]</td> <td align="center">林分水平火行为,火效果,和消防环境建模系统</td> <td align="center">调用程序</td> <td align="center">(<一个href="#B111">64年</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B114">67年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">BehavePlus(表面模块)<一个href="#B115">68年</一个>]</td> <td align="center">林分水平火行为,火效果,和消防环境建模系统</td> <td align="center">完全集成(行为计算器在火灾模型工具)</td> <td align="center">N /一个</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">FlamMap [<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>]</td> <td align="center">景观水平火行为映射和分析程序</td> <td align="center">调用程序,创建输入数据、过程输出数据</td> <td align="center">(<一个href="#B116">69年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">FARSITE [<一个href="#B19">19</一个>]</td> <td align="center">火势蔓延模拟器</td> <td align="center">调用程序,创建输入数据、过程输出数据</td> <td align="center">(<一个href="#B109">62年</一个>,<一个href="#B114">67年</一个>,<一个href="#B116">69年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">FOFEM [<一个href="#B13">13</一个>]</td> <td align="center">林分水平一阶火效果建模系统</td> <td align="center">调用程序</td> <td align="center">(<一个href="#B117">70年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td>N / A表示不可用。<br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 植被和火行为模型与ArcFuels一起使用。</div> </div> </div> <h6 id="sec2.1.1">2.1.1。FlamMap</h6> <p>FlamMap计划曾被芬尼(描述<一个href="#B20">20.</一个>和下面的描述采用的纸。我们还讨论FlamMap输入,输出,和类型的应用程序。FlamMap是一种广泛使用的景观火行为模型研究人员和燃料处理规划者在美国联邦土地管理机构。该计划最初开发燃料装载空间变化,燃料水分,风速、风向来计算景观火行为。FlamMap利用同一套网格空间输入FARSITE [<一个href="#B19">19</一个>仿真系统。网格空间的输入包括八个主题描述燃料树冠特征、表面燃料模型和地形景观(LCP)组合成一个二进制文件(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>)。树冠燃料被冠体积密度,郁闭,高度住皇冠,平均高度。表面燃料燃料描述模型(<一个href="#B52">72年</一个>,<一个href="#B53">73年</一个>],描述生活和死亡的燃料的载油量(按大小类),表面积与体积比为生活和死去的燃料,燃料床深度,灭绝的水分和热量的内容。燃料模型分为团体根据火灾的主要载体(草,草和刷,刷,木材与营养的林下叶层,木材垃圾,和削减)。每个分类然后有子分类主要基于载油量的燃料类和典型的火灾行为描述为每个燃料模型。例如TL1 (timber-litter 181或低负载紧凑针叶树垃圾)代表一个燃料模型,火是紧凑的森林凋落物的主要载体与浅燃料床深度和减缓火势蔓延的特点。燃料模型是在字段中选择使用指南或从数据源获得如Landfire [<一个href="#B54">74年</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="572452.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 燃料和地形网格数据用于火灾模拟由FlamMap FARSITE, FSIM。数据可从国家LANDFIRE项目ArcGIS网格。调整和验证后,数据转换与ArcFuels脚本所需的二进制格式(“连结控制协定文件”)这些火灾模型。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>有三个不同类型的火灾模拟程序内FlamMap:(1)为每个像素基本的火灾行为,(2)旅行时间最小火蔓延(MTT) [<一个href="#B55">75年</一个>为个体火),(3)来生成多个火灾燃烧概率。模拟输出是ASCII网格和shapefile(向量)格式和创建的变量(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>)。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">火行为的价值</td> <td align="center">仿真类型</td> <td align="center">输出类型</td> <td align="center">单位</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">传播媒介</td> <td align="center">静态</td> <td align="center">向量</td> <td align="center">m敏<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">主要的路径</td> <td align="center">麻省理工</td> <td align="center">向量</td> <td align="center">N /一个</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">流动路径</td> <td align="center">麻省理工</td> <td align="center">向量</td> <td align="center">N /一个</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">火焰长度</td> <td align="center">静态</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">米和英尺</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">传播速度</td> <td align="center">静态/麻省理工</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">m敏<sup>−1</sup>或英国《金融时报》的最小值<sup>−1</sup>或ch人力资源<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">火线强度</td> <td align="center">静态/麻省理工</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">千瓦米<sup>−1</sup>或BTU英尺<sup>−1</sup>证券交易委员会<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">单位面积上的热</td> <td align="center">静态</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">千瓦米<sup>−2</sup>或BTU英尺<sup>−2</sup>证券交易委员会<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">皇冠消防活动</td> <td align="center">静态</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">指数(0、1、2或3)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Midflame风速</td> <td align="center">静态</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">mi人力资源<sup>−1</sup>人力资源或公里<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">水平运动速率</td> <td align="center">静态</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">m敏<sup>−1</sup>或英国《金融时报》的最小值<sup>−1</sup>或ch人力资源<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">马克斯传播方向</td> <td align="center">静态</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">成弧度或角度</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">椭圆尺寸</td> <td align="center">静态/麻省理工</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">m敏<sup>−1</sup>或英国《金融时报》的最小值<sup>−1</sup>或ch人力资源<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">到达时间</td> <td align="center">麻省理工</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">最小值</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">节点的影响</td> <td align="center">麻省理工</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">频率</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">燃烧的概率</td> <td align="center">麻省理工</td> <td align="center">网格</td> <td align="center">时间间隔(<一个href="#B118">76年</一个>]</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="4"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td>N / A表示不可用。<br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 火行为输出变量从FlamMap静态模拟火灾模拟输入景观文件上的所有像素。</div> </div> </div> <p>在第一种模拟中,基本的火灾行为是由独立燃烧计算每个像素在景观(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig2/" target="_blank">2(一个)</一个>)。主要建模输出包括传播速度、火焰长度,火线强度,树冠火活动都是下面描述。表面火蔓延速度(<svg height="10.325" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,m敏<sup>−1</sup>使用Rothermel扩散方程计算):<span class="equation" id="EEq1"> <svg height="43.762501" id="M2" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 43.762501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,43.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-36.99)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.15,50.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.120001" y="-10.57"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> =</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.28,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.25,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1199999" y="2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.98" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.994663" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.347385" y="0"> Φ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.14,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.2,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> Φ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,260.08,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.43,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 172.27,53.68 98.01,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.99,41.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.26,38.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.88,41.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.0514522" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.69,38.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.48,50.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="202.64" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="206.8035" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.05499" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="14.2375" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.35 14.2375" width="16.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是反应强度(kJ最小<sup>−1</sup>米<sup>−2</sup>),<svg height="13.425" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.6750002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.6750002 13.425" width="7.6750002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是传播通量比,<svg height="14.475" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.21404pt;width:21.15px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.15 14.475" width="21.15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.41,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<svg height="14.5" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:17.487499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.487499 14.5" width="17.487499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.41,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>占风和斜率系数,<svg height="11.05" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.7375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7375 11.05" width="13.7375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>烤箱干体积密度(公斤米<sup>−3</sup>),<svg height="7.1875" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.6875 7.1875" width="7.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是有效加热数,<svg height="16.5" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 16.5" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.8)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.19,60.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是提前点火的热量(kJ公斤吗<sup>−1</sup>)。表面火线强度(<svg height="14.2375" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.299999 14.2375" width="16.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>千瓦米<sup>−1</sup>从威尔逊(计算)<一个href="#B56">77年</一个>邓炎昌)修改的(<一个href="#B57">78年</一个>方程:<span class="equation" id="EEq2"> <svg height="32.912498" id="M11" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 32.912498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,32.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-45.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.06,54.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.06,51.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.47,54.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.4" y="-9.1400003"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.87,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 199.87,57.77 12.98,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.11,45.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.13" y="-16.01"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.3815" y="-16.01"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.632999" y="-16.01"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.758751" y="-16.01"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.01025" y="-16.01"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 215.24,57.77 31.13,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.14,45.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.43" y="-8.7600002"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="246.98" y="-8.7600002"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="251.14349" y="-8.7600002"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="257.39499" y="-8.7600002"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="14.2375" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.35px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.35 14.2375" width="16.35" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>反应强度和吗<svg height="10.325" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是表面火蔓延速度如上所述,然后呢<svg height="6.9875002" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:9.3000002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.3000002 6.9875002" width="9.3000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,6.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>特点是燃料床的表面积与体积比(m<sup>−1</sup>)。火焰长度(<svg height="16.2875" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:19.200001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.200001 16.2875" width="19.200001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.1,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>威尔逊,m)是计算使用修改邓炎昌方程的SI单位:<span class="equation" id="EEq3"> <svg height="19.8125" id="M16" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.8125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.77,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.62,57.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.5,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.159637" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.411137" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.05,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.13" y="9.1300001"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5640001" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.94" y="0"> 6</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.86,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="223.25999" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.42349" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.675" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="14.2375" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.299999 14.2375" width="16.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>上面描述的火线强度。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个米e="572452.fig.002a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.002a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个米e="572452.fig.002b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.002b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个米e="572452.fig.002c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.002c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)”n一个米e="572452.fig.002d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.002d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig2"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个米e="572452.fig.002a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.002a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个米e="572452.fig.002b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.002b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个米e="572452.fig.002c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.002c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)”n一个米e="572452.fig.002d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.002d.jpg"><br><strong>(d)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig2"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B67">71年</一个><t一个ble> 图像FlamMap显示选定的野火行为输出太。艾米丽研究区域。面板(一个)显示了火焰长度从一个静态FlamMap跑,(b)是单一的火灾模拟从一个点点火,燃烧概率是(c) 10000年模拟火灾现场,并概述了提出的治疗领域,(d)燃烧概率地图与燃料治疗(c)模拟。所有图片都是改编自(]。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>FlamMap之内,树冠火活动有三个类别:地表火、被动树冠火,和活跃的树冠火。每个单元格的值派生独立所以活动树冠火不传播从细胞到细胞。表面火灾发生在表面火线强度(<svg height="14.2375" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.299999 14.2375" width="16.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)小于临界阈值。树冠火启动的关键火线强度(<svg height="14.3625" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.2625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2625 14.3625" width="13.2625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>千瓦米<sup>−1</sup>从范·瓦格纳(计算)<一个href="#B46">46</一个>]:<span class="equation" id="EEq4"> <svg height="18.862499" id="M20" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 18.862499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.91)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.45,60.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,123.45,57.59)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.43,60.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.442884" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.568636" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.820135" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.071636" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.323135" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.662636" y="0"> B</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.002136" y="0"> H</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.117302" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.2808" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.532303" y="0"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.783806" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.810966" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.15119" y="0"> 2</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="115.40269" y="0"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="121.65419" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="124.77994" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="131.03143" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.72223" y="0"> )</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="148.88573" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.49,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> /</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> 2</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,296.18,60.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="177.94" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="182.1035" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="188.355" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在CBH树冠基础高度(m)和<svg height="10.325" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.237499 10.325" width="17.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是由用户指定的叶片水分含量。如果超过了临界阈值(<svg height="14.3625" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:48.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.825001 14.3625" width="48.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.54,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-37.5,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),树冠火的类型确定使用范·瓦格纳的[<一个href="#B34">34</一个>定义:被动皇冠火的时候<svg height="14.2375" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.299999 14.2375" width="16.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>=<svg height="14.3625" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.2625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2625 14.3625" width="13.2625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>但<svg height="14.3875" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:60.787498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.787498 14.3875" width="60.787498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> c</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.60936" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> u</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.418415" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.304304" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-31.99,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>RAC和活跃的树冠火<svg height="14.3875" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:120.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 120.3375 14.3875" width="120.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.54,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≥</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-37.5,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.99,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-18.53,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> c</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.60936" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> u</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.418415" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.304304" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,12.18,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≥</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>RAC。在RAC是活跃的皇冠火蔓延的阈值(<一个href="#B58">79年</一个>率和使用以下公式计算:<span class="equation" id="EEq5"> <svg height="30.9125" id="M27" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.9125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.31,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.066595" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.856924" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.139999" y="-7.25"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.391499" y="-7.25"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.51725" y="-7.25"> 0</tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 214.41,59.37 25.71,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.41,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> B</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.679003" y="0"> D</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.9" y="-8.7600002"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="259.70999" y="-8.7600002"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="263.8735" y="-8.7600002"> 5</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="270.125" y="-8.7600002"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在CBD树冠体积密度(公斤米<sup>−3</sup>)。<svg height="14.3875" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:45.737499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.737499 14.3875" width="45.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> c</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.60936" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> u</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.418415" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.304304" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(m敏<sup>−1</sup>)是实际活动皇冠火蔓延速率和确定最大冠火蔓延速率(<svg height="14.375" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-3.24037pt;width:43.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.012501 14.375" width="43.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0255842" y="0"> 米</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.83464" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.720528" y="0"> x</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,m敏<sup>−1</sup>),表面火蔓延速率(<svg height="10.325" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)和皇冠分数燃烧(CFB,比例<一个href="#B46">46</一个>])<span class="equation" id="EEq6"> <svg height="19.35" id="M31" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.35" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,120.53,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.79,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> c</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.60936" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> u</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.418415" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.304304" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.49,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.130001" y="2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.980003" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.068275" y="0"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.408497" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.747997" y="0"> F</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.699665" y="0"> B</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.72,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0343361" y="0"> 米</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.843392" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.72928" y="0"> x</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.56,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.6" y="2.51"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.530001" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="209.56" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.7235" y="0"> 6</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.97501" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<span class="equation" id="EEq7"> <svg height="142.4875" id="M32" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 142.4875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,142.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,41.99)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.02,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3395014" y="0"> F</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.291169" y="0"> B</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.094002" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.134392" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.161556" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.67778" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.26,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.65,63.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.06,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.3908958" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.386016" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.92,63.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,260.28,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,263.69,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-114.68" y="29.48"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="210.42999" y="-0.46000001"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="214.59351" y="-0.46000001"> 7</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.845" y="-0.46000001"> )</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.29,28.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.33,31.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.490002" y="-8.2299995"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.142555" y="-8.2299995"> l</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.618389" y="-8.2299995"> n</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.03339" y="-8.2299995"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.196888" y="-8.2299995"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.448387" y="-8.2299995"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.574135" y="-8.2299995"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.825638" y="-8.2299995"> )</tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 180.73,34.68 82.69,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.73,20.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.709999" y="2.52"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.559999" y="0"> R</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.899502" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.626595" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.729259" y="0"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.069481" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.06,17.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.57,18.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-78.309998" y="26.43"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.04" y="-13.09"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.55" y="-13.09"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.7135" y="-13.09"> 8</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="226.965" y="-13.09"> )</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.51,-11.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.49,-7.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.53,-11.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.08,-0.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 220.23,-4.84 12.94,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.23,-16.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.23,-19.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.37,-7.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-77.690002" y="29.6"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.75" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="243.9135" y="0"> 9</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="250.16499" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.93,-40.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0255842" y="0"> 米</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.83464" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.720528" y="0"> x</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.46,-37.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.417639" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.66914" y="0"> 4</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.920639" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.63,-40.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.88,-37.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.81,-40.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.03,-37.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="208.84" y="0.62"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.00349" y="0.62"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.255" y="0.62"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.5065" y="0.62"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span> <svg height="14.3875" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:23.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.25 14.3875" width="23.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是活跃的皇冠火蔓延速率(m最小<sup>−1</sup>)确定使用燃料模型表面火蔓延速度10 [<一个href="#B53">73年</一个>)和风力换算系数为0.4。这个词<svg height="14.3625" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:15.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.3125 14.3625" width="15.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.02,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>向前的分数是皇冠火蔓延速度的吗<我>我</我>th周长顶点相对于最大的传播方向。关于Rothermel的<一个href="#B46">46</一个>)传播方程,燃料模型是用来描述表面燃料大小、表面积与体积比、体积密度、加载和热含量。</p> <p>树冠火行为指标可以使用两种不同的方法计算,芬尼(<一个href="#B59">80年</一个>)、斯科特和莱因哈特(<一个href="#B36">36</一个>),这取决于输入树冠体积密度。不同的计算方法影响被动和主动皇冠火蔓延速度。当芬尼方法使用被动皇冠火蔓延速度相当于表面火蔓延速度。被动皇冠火蔓延速度值之间的表面火蔓延速度和树冠火的蔓延扩展的皇冠分数燃烧(见(<一个href="#EEq6">6</一个>使用斯科特和莱因哈特())<一个href="#B47">47</一个>)方法。活跃的树冠火火线强度(<svg height="14.3625" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.3375 14.3625" width="13.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>千瓦米<sup>−1</sup>使用以下公式计算:<span class="equation" id="EEq11"> <svg height="38.575001" id="M39" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,71.14,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,77.14,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,85.18,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.880001" y="7.3299999"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.98" y="-9.1400003"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.16,59.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 128.63,56.57 28.01,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,128.63,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="165.91" y="-1.4299999"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="177.37" y="-8.7600002"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 0</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.98" y="-8.7600002"> +</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.320221" y="-8.7600002"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.659721" y="-8.7600002"> F</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.611389" y="-8.7600002"> B</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.726555" y="-8.7600002"> ∗</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.04129" y="-8.7600002"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="87.380791" y="-8.7600002"> B</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.720291" y="-8.7600002"> D</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="106.83546" y="-8.7600002"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="110.99896" y="-8.7600002"> </tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="124.68974" y="-8.7600002"> −</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="136.02997" y="-8.7600002"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="144.36946" y="-8.7600002"> B</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="152.70897" y="-8.7600002"> H</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="161.73613" y="-8.7600002"> )</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,315.25,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> c</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.60936" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> u</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.418415" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.304304" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,342.49,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="125.38" y="0"> (</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="129.5435" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="135.795" y="0"> 1</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="142.04649" y="0"> )</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<svg height="14.2375" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.299999 14.2375" width="16.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.95,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>表面是火线强度(<一个href="#EEq2">2</一个>),<svg height="10.325" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是表面火蔓延速度(<一个href="#EEq1">1</一个>),循环流化床是皇冠分数燃烧((<一个href="#EEq7">7</一个>)- - - - - -(<一个href="#EEq7">9</一个>)),CBD是树冠体积密度,<svg height="10.325" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:15.175px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.175 10.325" width="15.175" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>树冠高度(m), CBH树冠基础高度,然后呢<svg height="14.3875" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:45.737499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.737499 14.3875" width="45.737499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </tspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> C</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> c</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.60936" y="0"> t</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.042416" y="0"> u</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.418415" y="0"> 一个</tspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.304304" y="0"> l</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是活跃的皇冠火蔓延速度(<一个href="#EEq6">6</一个>)。</p> <p>在第二种类型的模拟中,肝癌和使用二维离散模拟野火火灾增长算法(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (b)</一个>)。麻省理工的计算假定相邻细胞之间的火行为的独立性,但依赖于点火位置,分辨率的计算和仿真时间。MTT方法复制火灾增长惠更斯原理在火边的增长和行为被建模为一个向量或波前<一个href="#B60">81年</一个>]。这种方法导致火焰形状和失真较小应对暂时的不同条件比技术,火灾增长模式从细胞间网格景观(<一个href="#B55">75年</一个>]。具体地说,一个矩形点阵定义的决议(最好是按比例缩小的输入数据)用于确定火灾蔓延或旅行时间(基于相同的方程上面设置为指定的静态计算)每个节点之间基于输入变量,燃料水分,风速和风向。除了火蔓延,火行为是存储为每个节点(<一个href="#B55">75年</一个>]。确定最小旅行时间从所有相邻节点的点火位置开始,直到最小累积旅行时间确定。广泛应用表明,惠更斯原理,特别是MTT算法可以准确地预测火势蔓延和复制大火边界在不同的风景<一个href="#B61">82年</一个>]。MTT算法广泛应用日常战略和战术野火管理规划和操作在美国野火问题[<一个href="#B62">83年</一个>,<一个href="#B63">84年</一个>]。</p> <p>第三类型的模拟,模拟多个火灾与MTT火灾增长模式生成燃烧概率(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (c)</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (d)</一个>)。程序模拟一个用户定义的随机发动机的数量(例如,1000 - 100000年)固定燃烧期。然后烧概率计算一个像素的次数比燃烧火灾模拟的总数。燃烧概率FlamMap措施一个像素的概率会烧给一个随机的点火的景观和建模的天气条件和燃烧期。</p> <h6 id="sec2.1.2">2.1.2。森林植被模拟器和火和燃料的扩展</h6> <p>燃料治疗处方patch-scale森林政权修改表面和树冠燃料载荷和物种组成,以满足火灾行为和其他管理目标。治疗方法包括稀疏序列、机械加工/移除燃料,燃烧或一些组合。处方开发是一个复杂的过程,尤其是考虑到过程的一个关键部分是评估治疗效果的潜在火行为,和火的潜在影响治疗。建模系统的功能是由林业局森林植被的通过扩展功能模拟器(阵线,(<一个href="#B64">52</一个>])与现有的火行为和一阶火效应模型创建扩展(FVS-FFE[火和燃料<一个href="#B18">18</一个>])。结合功能允许站和燃料动力的详细建模,森林和燃料管理、火灾行为,火灾影响树死亡率和燃料消耗。阵线distance-independent,单独的树木模型的基本单位是站管理、和预测依赖于站内树木之间的交互(<一个href="#B65">85年</一个>]。树木生长和死亡率预测的经验关系。执行模型与“关键字”命令在一个文本文件,和库存数据站在ASCII文本文件或微软Office访问的格式。合并后的功能(FVS-FFE)允许站和燃料动力的详细建模,森林和燃料管理、火灾行为,火灾影响死亡率,如树和燃料消耗。输入包括库存数据树密度、大小和物种,以及网站信息生态条件、地形和其他变量。模型被广泛用于探讨植被和燃料管理场景创建所需的(例如,火有弹性)站结构(密度、粒度分布、物种)和野火的影响。</p> <p>固定资产可用于模拟表面燃料动力、潜在火行为,和一阶火影响林分模拟的一部分。表面燃料模型(<一个href="#B52">72年</一个>)可以动态地选择基于载油量和站属性(见下文)。表面燃料可以修改与一些关键词来匹配预期的管理活动。FlamMap如上所述,火与耦合Rothermel行为建模,范·瓦格纳,斯科特和莱因哈特火行为模型。火灾影响,如树死亡率、燃料消耗,和烟雾预计根据一阶火影响模型实现的方法(FOFEM [<一个href="#B13">13</一个>])。FOFEM使用经验死亡率关系基于烧焦的高度来计算树的死亡率。固定资产还包含问题和燃料动力模型,木头积累,分解。这些模型都是由一系列的数据源和力学(详细描述<一个href="#B18">18</一个>]。模型输出包括预测燃料载荷随着时间的推移,和火灾隐患的措施包括潜在的火焰长度,树冠基础高度、树冠体积密度,焚烧和最高指数和潜在站在仿真期间的死亡率。如果规定的火灾或荒地火灾模拟,输出还包括预测火灾行为,燃料消耗,烟生产,树死亡。额外的输出包括存储碳的数量和粗木质残骸。艘渔船可以在空间环境中实现并行处理扩展(FVS-PPE)。景观是由站和仿真执行站在骑自行车到下一个时期。FVS-PPE承认站蔓延,模型管理约束(治疗)和动态治疗目标就像其他森林空间规划模型。这个系统被用来探索长期空间燃料管理问题在几项研究[<一个href="#B27">27</一个>,<一个href="#B66">53</一个>,<一个href="#B67">71年</一个>]。</p> <h6 id="sec2.1.3">2.1.3。火灾模型的局限性</h6> <p>最近的大部分批评[<一个href="#B44">44</一个>,<一个href="#B68">86年</一个>)是针对火灾行为模型的半经验的家庭(包括FlamMap)夫妇Rothermel [<一个href="#B35">35</一个>,<一个href="#B45">45</一个>)模型预测表面和树冠火的蔓延和范·瓦格纳的<一个href="#B34">34</一个>,<一个href="#B46">46</一个>树冠火过渡和传播模型。而这些模型继续被研究人员和从业人员广泛使用,假设和限制是重要的考虑在模型中描述的集成工作。与半经验的派生模型的一个主要问题是他们不占fire-atmospheric交互,他们没有明确包括fire-fuel交互,如燃烧和传热过程。另外他们拟定的状态火蔓延模型,这是不符合积极传播树冠火条件和特点。有人建议,另一类理论或基于物理模型,其中包括FIRETECH [<一个href="#B69">87年</一个>和世界粮食日<一个href="#B68">86年</一个>)在描述火灾传播更健壮。然而,这些模型在研究领域,需要计算资源,还没有广泛使用的燃料管理分析师。</p> <p>火行为模型的另一个主要问题在本文讨论树冠火的建模。皇冠火灾是很大挑战,仍然知之甚少<一个href="#B70">88年</一个>]。最近的一篇论文克鲁兹和亚历山大<一个href="#B44">44</一个>]讨论了因素导致王冠underpredictions模型。这些来自(1)不相容Rothermel的之间的联系(<一个href="#B45">45</一个>)表面火蔓延模型和范·瓦格纳(<一个href="#B34">34</一个>]树冠火点火模型,(2)传播速度与固有的underprediction Rothermel表面和皇冠<一个href="#B35">35</一个>火蔓延模型,和(3)使用皇冠分数减少冠火焚烧传播速度(<一个href="#B44">44</一个>]。在FlamMap Rothermel火线强度计算的(<一个href="#B45">45</一个>)反应强度较低的2 - 3倍,(<一个href="#B44">44</一个>]相比邓炎昌[<一个href="#B57">78年</一个>火线强度。这将导致整体underprediction皇冠火灾发生。皇冠火势蔓延的速度也是低估了。观察和预测冠火蔓延速度实验火灾和森林大火在美国和加拿大也表明underprediction的2.6 - 3.75倍(图5 (<一个href="#B44">44</一个>])。这可能是由于应用树冠火模型目的以外的领域(<一个href="#B47">47</一个>]。Rothermel皇冠火灾的蔓延模型来源于线性相关的八个风力皇冠触发事件在落基山脉北部,直接关系到一个表面火蔓延速率与燃料模型计算10,因此使用不同的燃料模型之间创建一个脱节燃料表面模型和皇冠火蔓延速度(<一个href="#B36">36</一个>]。最后,范·瓦格纳皇冠火灾模型(<一个href="#B46">46</一个>]假定从表面逐渐发展到主动树冠火,可以缩放的王冠部分烧毁。然而,观测证据表明,从表面过渡到树冠火不是渐进的(<一个href="#B44">44</一个>,<一个href="#B70">88年</一个>]。</p> <p>最后,应该注意的是,火行为模型探讨了实现皇冠火转换不同,从而产生不同的结果。当前树冠火行为的理解是不足以确定最可靠的方式整合各种皇冠火灾模型。根据模型输出的目的,这可能是也可能不是一个限制。在规划或研究背景模型是用来评估相对火行为在不同治疗选择,重要的是捕捉到火行为的预测变化的建模工作(<一个href="#B71">89年</一个>]。然而,当绝对火行为指标要求确定火灾隐患和定位潜在的治疗位置,输出应该与观察和经验来确定哪个模型更准确地描述预期结果(<一个href="#B71">89年</一个>]。</p> <p>上述限制模型和输入数据是众所周知的用户社区,和小心火行为的应用程序模型一直在强调最近的论文(<一个href="#B26">26</一个>,<一个href="#B40">40</一个>]。虽然许多问题明显,主要从业人员继续使用的火灾行为模型为很多应用程序生成合理的结果。开发更先进的火灾模型和计算效率,这些模型将过滤领域,为他们的应用程序的所有阶段提高建模精度,特别是这里讨论建模WUI野火风险,模型不能够建模结构结构点火(<一个href="#B43">43</一个>]。</p> <h6 id="sec2.1.4">2.1.4。FVS-FFE的局限性</h6> <p>上面讨论的局限性以来FlamMap适用于FVS-FFE模型表面和皇冠火灾建模是用类似的实现框架。额外的限制模型的建模植被和燃料动力如下所述。FVS-FFE最重要的限制之一是nonforest生活植被和相关的燃料不是模仿,除了一个阵线版本属于北爱达荷州。燃料的计算模型从生活和死亡的表面和树冠燃料处理粗规则集,基于整体特征,确定燃料模型包括栖息地类型、树树冠覆盖,树种,和其他变量。因此,仔细检查所需要的燃料模型选择的用户。同样地,燃料模型选择长期模拟可以怀疑,和用户的干预过程需要详细的关键字声明。随着时间衰减的燃料池也是基于一组有限的经验关系中描述Rebain [<一个href="#B18">18</一个>),这些参数的变化对燃料模型选择可以有戏剧性的影响。</p> <h6 id="sec2.1.5">2.1.5节讨论。考虑火灾行为建模的数据</h6> <p>两个公认的数据与应用程序问题的火行为模型探讨了燃料的选择模型和量化的树冠燃料。本文中描述的所有火行为模型需要一个表面燃料模型通常是选择一组预定义或与领域燃料数据定义一个自定义模型。自定义燃料模型难以校准(<一个href="#B47">47</一个>)和很少验证观察火行为;未校准的自定义燃料模型只能用于比较相对差异而不是绝对火行为(<一个href="#B72">60</一个>]。改进了新的标准燃料模型(<一个href="#B52">72年</一个>最初的13燃料模型[]相对于<一个href="#B53">73年</一个>]。这些改进包括(1)更多的燃料模型选择微调模型地表火行为反过来会提高皇冠火灾预测,(2)增加适用性等更为多样化的火灾条件规定的火灾和减少严重火灾条件下,(3)增加代表燃料后处理表面条件的能力,和(4)所有燃料的燃料水分动态模型包括生活燃料(<一个href="#B52">72年</一个>]。尽管这些改进,燃料模型仍然依靠Rothermal表面火方程,和火行为仅仅是代表正面的燃烧。除了燃料模型本身的局限性,选择一个合适的燃料的过程模型是困难当燃料库存数据没有记录在站数据。</p> <p>已知的限制存在估计树冠燃料特色树冠火行为建模的关键(<一个href="#B36">36</一个>]。树冠基础高度和叶片含水量都是用来计算临界火行强度(<一个href="#EEq4">4</一个>),树冠体积密度用于确定活动皇冠火蔓延速度(<一个href="#EEq5">5</一个>)。对于multistrata站测量单个顶芽和平均冠的站的是一个很好的表示站作为一个整体(<一个href="#B47">47</一个>]。因为破坏性测量树冠燃料不是可行的,间接的方法使用树库存数据是必要的(<一个href="#B73">90年</一个>]。植被建模系统,如FVS-FFE用于过程库存数据来确定有效的树冠基地使用滑动平均高度和树冠体积密度。有效树冠基地高度是最低的高度在最小体积密度的燃料是发现和有效的树冠体积密度是最大意味着对于一个给定的窗口(<一个href="#B74">91年</一个>]。叶面水分很少聚集在字段和稀疏数据存在于湿度建模时使用。叶片含水量不同物种间、年龄的针,和季节,通常跨越100% (<一个href="#B36">36</一个>),默认值在FlamMap等许多火灾行为模型。</p> <h4 id="integration-and-systems-analysis-with-arcfuels">3所示。与ArcFuels集成和系统分析</h4> <p>我们建立了ArcFuels使用ArcObjects库(<一个href="#B41">41</一个>)和Visual Basic应用程序(VBA, (<一个href="#B75">92年</一个>在ArcMap])。ArcFuels脚本链接选择火行为与植被模型数据库和微软办公软件(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>)。ArcFuels系统提供了一个逻辑流从站规模的植被景观分析,燃料,和火行为,使用许多不同的模型和一个简单的用户界面在ArcMap(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>,<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>、表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>)。广泛使用了阵线数据库的扩展(<一个href="#B76">93年</一个>)利用Microsoft Office访问和Excel软件。特定功能的ArcFuels包括(1)交互式系统内ArcMap模拟燃料与FVS-FFE治疗处方,(2)一个自动生成的数据块Excel展示站内燃料治疗改变野火的行为随着时间的推移和站条件(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>(d)),(3)扩大stand-specific治疗模拟景观植被变化和燃料提出了管理活动(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>),(4)数据联系FlamMap模拟景观尺度火行为治疗和测量性能的野火概率,传播率,和火强度(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>),(5)可以很容易地修改和重新评估燃料处理场景,和(6)观察和分析空间火灾行为在ArcMap输出。系统建立过程全国LANDFIRE网格数据(<一个href="#B54">74年</一个>)和库存数据列表树广泛使用在一些地区的火灾行为分析(数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)。总结了一个原型系统由蒸机(<一个href="#B77">94年</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="572452.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 分析过程的流程图设计和测试燃料治疗和其他植被管理项目根据国家环境政策法案。几种治疗方案必须提出和分析解决项目的目的和需要(例如,减少火灾风险)和对其他资源的影响值。分析过程的自动化与ArcFuels可以探索更多的治疗选择和利用火行为模型。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="572452.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab3/">3</一个><t一个ble> ArcFuels出现工具栏(红色)中概述的ArcMap窗口。不同的按钮的功能见下表。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="572452.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.005.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> ArcFuels ArcMap内界面,显示的图像分析燃料治疗处方要求一系列变薄,表面燃料减少,underburn,野火提供演示的数据。(一)数字正色摄影站项目区域边界;(b)访问数据库包含森林和燃料信息;(c)模拟植被动力学和野火阵线(d)查看输出电子表格,包括ArcFuels-generated图形模拟显示火灾行为变量的潜在火灾输出报告;(e) sv形象描绘野火预处理;(f) sv图像描绘治疗序列包括野火在治疗结束后的行为。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个米e="572452.fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.006a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</strong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个米e="572452.fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.006b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig6"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个米e="572452.fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.006a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</strong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个米e="572452.fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.006b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</strong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig6"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 流程图(a)的过程来创建二进制景观文件FlamMap火行为建模和FARSITE从库存或LANDFIRE网格数据太。艾米丽研究区域和ArcFuels形式(b)是用来转换ArcGIS网格。治疗是影响使用调整数据库中描述ArcFuels用户指南。存在一个单独的形式处理输出从阵线模拟或使用多个ArcGIS网格数据的来源。表单可以用来修改LANDFIRE网格数据,以反映燃料提出治疗。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>ArcFuels脚本分布在一个ArcMap项目文件ArcMap版本9.0,9.1,9.2,9.3和10.0。脚本访问通过工具栏项目文件加载时(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>、表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>)。一个广泛的示范数据集和相应的用户指南开发与ArcFuels分布,覆盖范围广泛的燃料管理和规划问题(<一个href="#B78">95年</一个>]。下载套件发布的<一个href="http://www.fs.fed.us/wwetac/arcfuels/" target="_blank">http://www.fs.fed.us/wwetac/arcfuels/</一个>支持文献和案例研究的例子。我们也完成了案例研究出版物燃料处理问题演示应用程序的系统(<一个href="#B119">96年</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">类别</td> <td align="center">按钮</td> <td align="left">描述</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">林分水平</td> <td align="center">站</td> <td align="left">设置选项阵线/ FVS-FFE包括出口类型,应用燃料治疗处方,治疗分析,治疗比较工具。外部链接打开sv。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">选择站</td> <td align="left">切换按钮,允许用户选择个人站在景观阵线/ FVS-FFE运行。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">火灾模型</td> <td align="left">外部链接关系和BehavePlus开放。内部编码版本的BehavePlus(“行为计算器”)快速站和火焰传播速度的计算长度而不同燃料模型和/或火的气候信息。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">景观水平</td> <td align="center">单元格数据</td> <td align="left">切换按钮,允许用户选择风景看到内每个像素值与FARSITE网格三明治。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">修改网格值</td> <td align="left">工具,允许修改网格值(整数或浮点)在整个景观或用户定义的部分。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">景观</td> <td align="left">多种功能:(1)应用处方使用“站弹出菜单中选择“ArcGIS的风景,和基于网格的选择,(2)设置和运行阵线/ FVS-FFE(包括所有阵线功能)包括治疗分析、碳补偿计算,(3)创建景观从阵线数据文件、网格数据,或多个来源,优化模型(4)恢复治疗。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">火灾模型</td> <td align="left">外部链接打开FlamMap FARSITE, FlamMap的内部编码的命令行版本。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">风险</td> <td align="left">使用FlamMap 5.0和FVS-FFE输出来计算和分析条件火焰长度、矩阵损失函数和火灾隐患。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">转换</td> <td align="left">单和批次转换的数据指向shapefile网格和ASCII文件,和直接的属性导出到Excel。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">其他</td> <td align="center">项目和文件</td> <td align="left">ArcFuels之间链接的位置信息与程序,GIS图层,GIS和阵线数据库层,输入和输出数据文件夹。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">ArcFuels帮助</td> <td align="left">ArcFuels版本信息。</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="3"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> ArcFuels工具栏按钮的描述。</div> </div> </div> <p>ArcFuels是实现燃料领域的治疗项目,用于燃料管理的研究中,我们继续加强系统分析过程和消除瓶颈。最主要的问题是有关尴尬的用户界面和数据疲弱联系。我们开发工作集中在五个关键领域:(1)建模与FVS-FFE燃料治疗,(2)重复测试和调整景观燃料处理场景,(3)用燃烧建模和概率风险分析来测量性能的燃料治疗,(4)景观分析碳补偿,和(5)空间优化燃料治疗。下面将描述这些单独的焦点地区。</p> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。建模与FVS-FFE燃料治疗</h5> <p>ArcFuels添加一个空间上下文FVS-FFE和促进其应用站和景观建模的燃料治疗。站水平分析FVS-FFE通常涉及模拟活动,比如变薄,燃料咀嚼,underburning,检查火行为的影响和感兴趣的其他值<一个href="#B8">8</一个>]。站在ArcFuels建模是在互动中实现的<我>选择站</我>函数(数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>、表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>)意图,用户可以把站在高分辨率图像(1:12000颜色)数字正色摄影和点击通过FVS-FFE站处理库存数据。ArcFuels生成图表站指标,燃料载荷和火行为和其他输出要求的用户。直接链接到阵线处方文件允许高效的编辑控制燃料管理选项的关键词。治疗和模拟火灾可以可视化(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>(f))通过时间使用FVS-generated站数据可视化系统(sv;McGaughey)。的林分水平迭代建模涉及验证数据和研究不同处理组合一套站共同组成一个协调的景观燃料治疗策略。在景观尺度建模输出写入到数据库和<我>景观</我>工具可用于构建连结控制协定文件(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>)火灾行为建模与野火FlamMap测试治疗选择。后处理开发和燃料动力站可用于确定再处理频率随着时间的推移。从燃料碳,野生动物,和其他影响治疗也可以分析与FVS-FFE站(<一个href="#B79">58</一个>和景观尺度<一个href="#B66">53</一个>]。的<我>选择站</我>函数还建立了NEXUS火行为模型输入文件执行快速火行为的敏感性分析在不同天气条件下(<一个href="#B80">61年</一个>]。</p> <p>除了上述功能,我们建立了三个专业建模接口ArcFuels促进(1)治疗处方灵敏度分析,(2)建筑loss-benefit功能风险分析,和(3)分析碳燃料的影响治疗。处方ArcFuels敏感性分析提供了一个简单的建模过程,探索不同燃料治疗处方参数如何影响火灾行为和其他输出。用户可以改变阵线关键字参数(强度变薄、燃料咀嚼、underburning和野火)在指定的时间范围和步骤,和ArcFuels将批处理运行并生成电子表格结果和图表的一个站,或生成多个站的数据库。过程是非常有用的发现FVS-FFE阈值和其他非线性行为和支持模型。形式也可以用来改变参数敏感性分析与生态价值观(如碳和野生动物栖息地)。</p> <p>治疗分析过程也可以用于构建loss-benefit功能所需的定量风险分析(<一个href="#B81">97年</一个>,<一个href="#B82">98年</一个>]。的过程中,我们设计了火灾风险分析(<一个href="#B83">54</一个>)结合燃烧概率输出从FVS-FFE FlamMap和损失函数计算预期损失(后续部分中描述)来量化条件的变化(例如,站结构、物种组成、老生长密度)。在这个过程中,每个站在研究区域是在预定义的表面下FVS-FFE火焚烧的火焰长度和间隔匹配输出概率从FlamMap燃烧。然后处理postfire数据建立损失函数描述站条件的变化作为火焰长度的函数。损失函数与燃烧输出概率计算站条件的预期变化。这种方法被用来量化预期的损失(<一个href="#B81">97年</一个>几个感兴趣的属性包括旧的增长,北方斑点猫头鹰的栖息地,和碳<一个href="#B84">55</一个>,<一个href="#B67">71年</一个>]。流程正在扩大全国树列表数据集和火灾模拟输出从消防程序分析<一个href="#B63">84年</一个>]分析了燃料治疗对年度野火的影响碳排放(k . Riley森林服务,落基山研究所)。</p> <p>第三个界面添加ArcFuels提高碳的后处理输出由FVS-FFE(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig7/" target="_blank">7</一个>、表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>)。特定的兴趣是不同类型的碳排放的影响和潜在的抵消燃料治疗(<一个href="#B85">99年</一个>]。问题涉及到后处理站模拟有或没有治疗,总结各种碳池测量差异。偏移量计算涉及占碳从网站和固定在建筑产品,以及添加日志渣排放排放池(表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>)。我们写ArcFuels脚本,自动计算的一部分<我>选择站</我>和<我>景观</我>功能。计算景观碳燃料治疗的影响在后续部分中描述。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab4"> <table class="table-group" id="tab4"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">碳池</td> <td align="center">吨哈<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">碳排放没有处理</td> <td align="center">12.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">没有治疗碳储量</td> <td align="center">49.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">燃料处理碳排放</td> <td align="center">18.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">燃料处理碳储量</td> <td align="center">31.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">碳balance-emissions</td> <td align="center">−6.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">碳balance-stocks</td> <td align="center">−17.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">全碳量变化</td> <td align="center">−23.6</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="2"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表4</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 示例计算从ArcFuels分析碳燃料的影响治疗。火和燃料扩展的森林植被模拟器用于模拟燃料治疗和野火,和由此产生的碳池相比,相同站没有治疗。在这个例子中,收获残渣燃烧在网站上,从而导致排放。碳平衡决定是否治疗可能会造成碳抵消。数据为451吨。艾米丽研究区域。</div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="572452.fig.007" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.007.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig3/">3</一个><t一个ble> ArcFuels-generated图治疗和野火影响的燃料选择碳池FVS-FFE模拟和ArcFuels脚本生成站1020 Mt。艾米丽研究区域。图生成过程中描述的图,用户可以站在ArcMap动力学模型,同时查看遥感图像数码正色摄影等。仿真包括变薄(2002),underburning(2003),燃料(2004),和野火(2005)。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。模拟和测试景观燃料治疗项目</h5> <p>景观分析燃料处理场景检查所有治疗的总效应对潜在的火灾行为(<一个href="#B14">14</一个>]。在国家森林,辅助分析对野生动物的影响,视觉质量、水生栖息地,和其他值也需要在一个典型的项目。景观治疗设计的关键因素是空间安排,单位大小和总面积治疗(<一个href="#B59">80年</一个>,<一个href="#B86">One hundred.</一个>]。FlamMap程序前面描述的是广泛用于分析景观火行为。ArcFuels脚本是一个包装FlamMap数据输入和输出,简化治疗方案,输入的准备和火行为的地理处理输出,分析治疗效果。ArcFuels内空间可以制定治疗方案,然后模拟阵线。假话景观地图文件可以由阵线输出,或从ArcGIS网格数据如LANDFIRE(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>),或两者的组合,使用<我>景观</我>Fl一个米Map模拟的工具。这样,林分水平燃料组合治疗方法可以在不同的景观配置测试迭代优化燃料管理计划。空间燃料处理设计与并行处理也可以建模扩展FVS-PPE) (<一个href="#B87">101年</一个>),演示了一些景观研究[<一个href="#B67">71年</一个>,<一个href="#B59">80年</一个>]。ArcFuels接口FVS-PPE提供命令结构来模拟典型森林空间规划问题(<一个href="#B88">102年</一个>与景观治疗目标和约束)。系统可以用来探索燃料管理程序之间的权衡和其他重要的管理目标,如森林恢复、重要的陆地和水生物种栖息地的保护,和其他生态价值观。</p> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。燃烧概率建模和风险分析</h5> <p>当MTT火势蔓延算法FlamMap是多线程并行处理和编制为64位SMP操作(<一个href="#B61">82年</一个>),计算可行的火灾模拟成千上万的生成地图在大面积燃烧概率和强度(10000 - 2000000公顷)。广泛的测试表明,该算法可以复制火大小分布在美国大陆<一个href="#B89">105年</一个>]。这个方法之前,火燃料处理项目的可能性是量化相对较少(< 10)预定的点火位置。MTT算法的结合成火行为模型(<一个href="#B21">21</一个>)使其可行的快速生成燃烧表面对不同管理场景概率(数字<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (c)</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (d)</一个>)。新模型,使用MTT算法包括时空点火概率,逃脱,年度燃烧和燃烧条件,产量估计概率(<一个href="#B61">82年</一个>]。燃烧概率建模是目前应用在美国(<一个href="#B90">106年</一个>]。</p> <p>我们用火焚烧FlamMap概率建模耦合效应建模FVS-FFE创建一个风险评估系统的燃料管理项目。这个系统是用来完成几个案例研究量化景观野火风险并比较治疗选择<一个href="#B83">54</一个>),检查预期从景观燃料碳补偿治疗(<一个href="#B66">53</一个>]。在第一项研究中,北方斑点猫头鹰野火风险计算(<我>思occidentalis caurina</我>)在俄勒冈州中部的栖息地<一个href="#B84">55</一个>]。这项研究证明的可行性进行操作风险分析栖息地保护计划和量化风险的变化从几个燃料的治疗方案。部分的分析纳入NEPA五山丘燃料管理项目文档(<一个href="#B91">107年</一个>]。定量风险分析的分析是第一个应用燃料治疗计划在联邦土地。在另一项研究中,一个风险框架是用于分析生态管理目标之间的权衡(大火弹性树)和保护荒地城市住宅结构的界面(WUI)。前使用的预期死亡率量化大树,后者与燃烧概率在住宅结构的位置。在随后的应用,分析了扩大规模来分析火灾风险因素(概率,火焚烧强度)社会和生态价值观在俄勒冈州中部的德舒特国家森林(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig8/" target="_blank">8</一个>),俄勒冈州和华盛顿州(图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig9/" target="_blank">9</一个>)。这些例子的火灾风险因素可以用来识别社会和生态风险值,并优先考虑燃料管理活动。故事情节也可以用来说明火灾风险因素的变化从燃料管理项目(<一个href="#B67">71年</一个>]。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="572452.fig.008" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.008.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 散点图的烧伤概率和条件与FlamMap模拟火焰长度估计荒地城市界面(WUI)和北方斑点猫头鹰嵌套网站060万公顷在俄勒冈州中部的德舒特国家森林。数据点的平均值多边形(ca 100 - 3000公顷)。该图显示了相对风险的可能性(概率燃烧)和潜在的强度(平均火焰长度)个人wui和巢网站。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig9"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig9"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="572452.fig.009" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jc/volume-2011/572452/figures/572452.fig.009.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图9</span> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452/fig9/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B120">103年</一个><一个href="#B121">104年</一个><t一个ble> 散点图的年度燃烧概率和条件火焰长度估计的荒地城市界面(WUI)毗邻国家森林在俄勒冈州和华盛顿州,美国WUI定义从SILVIS获得项目]。火灾模拟输出获得(]。每一个点代表WUI多边形的平均值。该图显示了相对风险的可能性(年度燃烧概率)和潜在强度个人wui(平均火焰长度)。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.4">3.4。景观分析燃料处理对碳排放的影响</h5> <p>用火碳动力学行为分析模型,如FVS-FFE已成为常见的火灾建模已经激发了运动和质疑碳影响从燃料管理程序<一个href="#B85">99年</一个>,<一个href="#B92">108年</一个>,<一个href="#B93">109年</一个>]。的潜在碳排放燃料治疗依赖于碳的分布在不同的池(活着,死了,表面,树冠,等等)和池火行为的贡献。燃料管理活动差异影响碳池,导致underburning排放和木头制造过程。正面(<一个href="#B94">110年</一个>)和消极的(<一个href="#B93">109年</一个>,<一个href="#B95">111年</一个>)碳影响燃料治疗报告。这些碳研究使用stand-scale仿真模型(一个燃料类型)燃料治疗和野火,和假定碳影响燃料治疗仅限于治疗单位,和森林大火将燃烧站(即治疗。,燃烧概率= 1.0)。展示景观风险解决问题的方法,结合实际燃烧概率估计,我们使用ArcFuels, FVS-FFE, FlamMap碳动力学模型的大火灾容易景观(<一个href="#B66">53</一个>]。研究区是一个160000公顷的分水岭Fremont-Winema在俄勒冈州,南部国家森林。碳损失函数是建立在ArcFuels和FVS-FFE通过燃烧每一站在火强度的研究区域范围,并记录排放和碳池的变化。我们估计通过模拟50000年FlamMap野火烧概率和记录火灾在给定强度的概率。计算<我>预期</我>从燃料治疗我们结合碳损失函数与火焰长度概率输出,产生碳影响的概率估计占未来不确定性野火事件。结果表明,景观效果的治疗预期碳燃烧概率,低表现在强度和减少碳的损失外治疗领域。尽管景观效果的燃料治疗观察,净碳损失还观察到的主要是由于排放underburns燃料治疗,和从制造业的木材产品。碳的研究有助于更完整的会计影响从燃料管理活动已经省略了其他研究[<一个href="#B85">99年</一个>,<一个href="#B93">109年</一个>]。</p> <h5 id="sec3.5">3.5。燃料处理空间优化</h5> <p>战略的概念将燃料治疗阻止火灾的发展被芬尼在模拟研究[<一个href="#B96">56</一个>,<一个href="#B86">One hundred.</一个>]。治疗位于交错、重叠模式垂直于主风是最有效的降低利率的传播。此外,个人的存在最优维治疗单位,通过燃烧所需的时间等于单位时间消耗。尽管这个概念主要是理论,实证数据从控制火灾在牧场支持仿真结果,和景观的概念本身是有用的燃料管理。地区5中的概念被规划者制度化(加州)的森林服务作为一个关键组件的协作“Fireshed评估”的过程(<一个href="#B97">112年</一个>]。ArcFuels成为Fireshed评估过程的分析引擎(<一个href="#B77">94年</一个>和有针对性的版本ArcFuels是为此目的开发的。森林服务创建了一个国家项目,促进更广泛的应用程序的概念<一个href="#B98">113年</一个>),治疗和促进使用一个自动化的优化模型(汤姆)为FlamMap开发<一个href="#B96">56</一个>]。汤姆系统位于治疗阻止的最快路线旅行和最大限度地减少传播率在景观单位面积治疗。这个过程需要两个输入景观,一个未经处理的,和其他包含如果所有可能的治疗方法是实现燃料特点,给予行政和其他操作限制。建设这些输入数据需要大量的地理空间处理正确定位处理单元和模拟燃料提出了管理活动的变化。ArcFuels之内,我们开发了一个数量的接口和脚本允许交互式和地理空间规则处理作业方便输入数据准备汤姆。我们还建立了一个系统建立一个新的FlamMap景观基于最优治疗位置网格生成的汤姆,从而允许更详细分析汤姆的治疗选择。</p> <h4 id="arcfuels-workshops—teaching-integrated-landscape-analysis">4所示。ArcFuels Workshops-Teaching综合景观分析</h4> <p>有不断增长的需求更广泛的培训对燃料管理和恢复景观规划项目(<一个href="#B99">114年</一个>]。当前的大部分火灾建模培训由美国土地管理机构专注于特定的火行为的应用模型,与景观规划,缺乏集成过程所使用的燃料管理规划。为了解决这个差距,我们建立了培训课程和用户指南ArcFuels专门提供说明解决各种现实的燃料管理问题,包括测量燃料处理的例子,对社会和生态价值观的影响。本教程包括一个演示的风险概念测试燃料治疗效果。教程的数据包含一套完整的网格(例如,LANDFIRE [<一个href="#B54">74年</一个>])和stand-based [<一个href="#B100">115年</一个>,<一个href="#B101">116年</一个>信息,允许不同的场景和数据模型的发展。例如,与网格数据<一个href="#B54">74年</一个>),燃料计划过程进行使用ArcFuels脚本的功能相结合,ArcGIS功能,以及FlamMap。对于stand-based数据,学生使用ArcFuels脚本,FVS-FFE, sv和FlamMap。在第三个场景中,教程混合这两个数据类型和展示如何通知与站数据网格分析,可供只有部分的景观。具体来说,本教程演示如何使用阵线开发调整因素修改网格数据,以反映后处理条件。辅助文档ArcFuels附录描述包括GIS空间分析和数据操作特别有用的景观燃料计划过程。我们已经进行了超过15研讨会在过去五年规划团队在美国出席,包括超过200个燃料专家,涉及学生和教师和学术机构。</p> <h4 id="discussion-and-conclusions">5。讨论和结论</h4> <p>虽然我们的许多示例应用程序来自案例研究在美国国家森林,系统的体系结构和集成的方法是相关风险评估和燃料管理计划的努力。我们解决的主要差距在集成工具操作应用程序来解决火灾风险问题。最终产品的一个重要的工作是提供一个高效的工作环境,允许用户交互用火行为模型在地理空间中,从而更好地理解其局限性和偏见的<一个href="#B44">44</一个>]。应用程序的系统规划者和研究者都持续增长,特别是在联邦土地管理机构像森林服务需要有资格获得资金综合景观分析新的国家计划。有争议的林务局燃料与ArcFuels治疗项目已经完成,FlamMap,阵线,分析经受住了法院的挑战。燃料管理规划工具的差距在这个工作主要是分散和不协调的研究项目的工件模型和火行为,更重要的是,缺乏操作的上下文模型的开发过程。尽管最近的评论记录和编制大量的火灾行为和植被信息模型(表1和表2 (<一个href="#B13">13</一个>]),我们注意到,绝大多数的模型描述从未用于联邦NEPA计划工作在任何规模,主要是因为模型或工具是从来没有为这个目的设计的。我们的工作与ArcFuels展示了模型集成框架,关注操作上下文建模。杠杆ArcObjects和ArcMap的方法,认识到地理空间分析燃料管理的核心问题。ArcFuels最初版本以来,许多其他野火建模工具开发人员采用了相同的ArcGIS集成方法(<一个href="#B102">117年</一个>- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -<一个href="#B104">119年</一个>),利用ArcFuels代码。</p> <p>我们也取消了一些,但并不是所有的障碍,采用一种基于风险的野火管理框架,建议由监管机构(<一个href="#B105">120年</一个>]。我们的分析框架有助于一个一致的分析过程评估社区面临的风险水平从荒地火灾<一个href="#B106">121年</一个>]。风险可能性提供了一个综合指数,强度,和潜在的影响。燃烧建模和概率风险分析将发挥重要作用的研究来解决管理问题,包括碳补偿分析,了解时间和空间权衡的燃料治疗(<一个href="#B27">27</一个>生态保护储备,野火的影响。</p> <p>我们继续发展ArcFuels,开展火灾风险评估研讨会和燃料管理规划。ArcFuels代码更新微软网络框架,提高可移植性和兼容性ArcGIS的新版本。其他工作正在进行中,以构建一个分布式系统与ArcFuels相似,如综合燃料处理决策支持系统(IFT-DSS [<一个href="#B13">13</一个>,<一个href="#B99">114年</一个>])。该系统旨在提供分析工具对燃料治疗计划在互联网上使用基于服务器的火灾模型和地理处理。我们的观察与领域工作单位在过去的十年中,问题的复杂性和多样性的数据问题依赖于森林燃料计划需求的地理处理的灵活性,将很难满足GIS如ArcMap之外。此外,ArcGIS仍然是大多数的企业空间数据系统公共土地管理机构在美国,和其功能在网上复制,非商业系统需要大量的编程资源。这些问题,结合扩大燃料要求治疗计划,包括气候变化和碳会计的影响,集体需要增加灵活性在地区范围内应对手头的问题。多种多样的目标,包括生态系统修复,野生动物栖息地管理、碳封存,和应对气候变化问题,一个完全的公信力和燃料管理特定环境景观规划将缺乏集成与这些其他管理问题。森林有许多ArcMap应用程序使用的服务专家的资源管理问题,和似乎集成资源分析提出管理项目是最好的在ArcMap地理空间环境。公司数据中心带宽问题和跨部门额外的潜在问题与一个跨部门系统中描述<一个href="#B99">114年</一个>),机构基础设施和重大变化将被要求完全部署一个基于互联网的系统方法。ArcFuels脚本迁移到基于云的GIS计算环境和美国农业部林务局Citrix服务器系统GIS是在进步,消除了许多假定的可访问性问题(<一个href="#B99">114年</一个>与当前桌面ArcFuels。)</p> <p>有许多建模需要跟上需求的规划者面临日益复杂的一系列野火风险问题在大型易燃的风景。众多的问题和局限性与当前火灾行为模型讨论了数篇论文需要解决。基于物理火模型(<一个href="#B68">86年</一个>)来取代本文中描述的林野火灾蔓延模型将有助于提高火灾模拟方法,特别是在WUI地区。直到改进模型开发、案例研究需要包括详细的参数和假设,以便准确报告比较的结果。校准与经验数据和敏感性分析应该伴随所有建模工作,以确保适当的应用程序建模工具的燃料管理和火灾风险评估问题。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4> <p>作者感谢约翰·安德森ArcFuels编程贡献。达纳·西蒙,杰夫•巴伯布丽姬特奈勒,贝尔尼Bahro,乔•夏洛克·迪安娜墙,劳伦·米勒和内森安波易ArcFuels的发展做出了贡献,本文提出的想法。较早的一份草案米歇尔Bounopane编辑提供建议。从联合消防科学项目资助(03-4-1-04),和美国森林服务西部荒地环境威胁评估中心。</p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4> <ol> <li id="B1">d . c .鞋底铁掌m·a·芬尼a . a .蒸机m·p·汤普森和k . m . 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.蒸机等。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4> <div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 hFGNjP"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jc/2011/572452.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jc/2011/572452.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</span></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jc/2011/572452.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</span><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</span></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<span>6109年</span> </div> <div> 下载<span>2465年</span> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2011/572452" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</div> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/572452&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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