最佳采样时间的测量在环境空气污染物</gydF4y2Batitle> <link href="//www.newsama.com/static/themes/hindawi/base.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/static/lib/basictable.css" rel="stylesheet" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/static/lib/owl.carousel.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/static/lib/owl.theme.default.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="preload" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.24/bib-related-content.min.css" as="style" class="next-head"> <link rel="preload" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.24/bib-related-content.min.css" as="style" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/css/common.9559906b.chunk.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/css/static/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/pages/journal_article.js.b1e6a4b4.chunk.css"> <style data-styled="NQpXC gnduKR jzXSTA bNmdOy epRoim bUhGXt gjctdt jGJLow kAzjOl ivbKJD fopjOz hbVEoI khbeDd gvAGTV kNoiZu diutvq bqeMOy bMdQcY ldSkVQ cmzomn fJLQxX kuxTps prcY bJcSpM elhyhe fTkdCR jCfZqq EwsTm mkXor dULvrJ dfaOeH jOLhQl iiusBg TsaZF cqhPZs gaRePw dEfJbW eBepOs fSPaCp bVEEaH etauus ctePXh gCIfTO OGgkt dUABlg jUTgTa eujois cQgXqt ewCAZX kdvWPs hAFFGk lkWWFY ehYbwJ legory epgILe kCfRMJ bjwAQR byflLi jXeALb UVThf dDyxFF fkVFlF dzZrgS jLUVhb dVCLgr bBmZJZ ewHMLz bbzREB jknsZc eSvjPB jntdRu hAzjHP mBGSe bkiEfx ztvYg cUsFHx duuwge lcOiDF gsmOCv kPshFw dULHFk jZOxOO eHMFfo XkrFe irNWJI iQSObO dMuGGA kfDwZY evMkvU fYrLtk fjviok hgKieC cIribm khHUcu cwITDy dbAANp eyHfWh cBTaXT becpDt qBdVJ jzTMLK gbrQxi hRnXob hymroZ cbcyj hmDWcT isgRZA ihmyEq itFKcQ cGuwDn jrsDZP gWTCXQ jGPvPL etzuBr gWgCNb WHkfb ibWUzs kdRRST cHatnS kxdGAZ jHPgUP fXBKFa hNPrIr bnbfTS cYsVdk inBNwS dkutRV hlGpbO filPdg ecHxGW gCiATD eEFYIL dsXEHZ iXKuYd" data-styled-version="4.4.1"> /* sc-component-id: sc-bdVaJa */ .EwsTm{height:200vh;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:1;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.8);} .EwsTm.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){} @media (min-width:992px){.EwsTm{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-htpNat */ .bUhGXt{color:black;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;} .bUhGXt:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bxivhb */ .ivbKJD{display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-ifAKCX */ .fopjOz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0;} .fopjOz li{padding:0 10px;} .fopjOz li a{padding:0;} .fopjOz a{-webkit-transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:border .25s ease-in-out 0s;border-bottom:2px solid #fff;border-radius:0;} .fopjOz a:hover{border-bottom:2px solid #9b9b9b;padding-bottom:4px;} .fopjOz .active{border-bottom:2px solid #57a61e;} /* sc-component-id: sc-EHOje */ .jOLhQl{vertical-align:middle;height:24px;}.iiusBg{vertical-align:middle;height:16px;}.TsaZF{vertical-align:middle;height:40px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bZQynM */ .bNmdOy{max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;width:100%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-htoDjs */ .khbeDd{vertical-align:middle;font-size:24px;}.gvAGTV{vertical-align:middle;font-size:9px;}.kNoiZu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;}.diutvq{vertical-align:middle;font-size:22px;}.bqeMOy{vertical-align:middle;font-size:20px;}.bMdQcY{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjdhpX */ .jzXSTA{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:1000;background:#fff;height:70px;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;-webkit-transition:all 0.5s;transition:all 0.5s;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;}} @media (max-width:767px){.jzXSTA{margin-bottom:70px;height:60px;}} .jzXSTA .header__padding{padding:0 20px;box-sizing:border-box;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA .header__padding{padding:0 0 0 20px;}} .jzXSTA .menu{position:fixed;top:60px;right:0;width:100%;background:white;} @media (max-width:991px){.jzXSTA .menu{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu{width:500px;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jzXSTA .menu{display:none;}} .jzXSTA .menu ul{list-style-type:none;text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0;} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu ul{padding:0;border-left:1px solid #e3e3e3;}} .jzXSTA .menu ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;padding:10px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;} .jzXSTA .menu .button_wrap{width:90%;margin:10px auto;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;} @media (min-width:768px){.jzXSTA .menu .button_wrap{display:none;}} .jzXSTA .menu .button__publishing{background-color:#6ba439;color:#fff;border-color:#6ba439;} .jzXSTA .menu .button__login{display:none;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#e3e3e3;} .jzXSTA.headerUp{-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);-ms-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-jzJRlG */ .jGJLow{-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .jGJLow a{padding:10px;} .jGJLow nav{-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} @media (max-width:991px){.jGJLow nav{display:none;}} .jGJLow nav ul{margin-right:16px;} .jGJLow nav ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;padding:10px 0px 4px;margin:0 6px;} @media (max-width:991px){.jGJLow .icon-themeable{border-left:1px solid #e3e3e3;padding:23px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767px){.jGJLow .icon-themeable{padding:18px 20px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.jGJLow.mobileButtonFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 51%;-webkit-flex:0 0 51%;-ms-flex:0 0 51%;flex:0 0 51%;max-width:51%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cSHVUG */ .ldSkVQ{display:none;padding:0;background-color:#fff;border:none;height:59px;} @media (min-width:768px){.ldSkVQ{height:69px;}} .ldSkVQ img{box-sizing:content-box;width:28px;padding:17px 20px;} @media (min-width:768px){.ldSkVQ img{padding:22px 20px;}} @media (max-width:991px){.ldSkVQ{display:inline-block;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kAzzGY */ .epRoim a{display:inline-block;padding:15px 0;} @media (max-width:767px){.epRoim a{padding:10px 0;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.epRoim.mobileLogoFlex{-ms-flex:0 0 49%;-webkit-flex:0 0 49%;-ms-flex:0 0 49%;flex:0 0 49%;max-width:49%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-chPdSV */ .hbVEoI{border:none;height:50px;background-color:#fff;margin:10px 0 0 17px;position:relative;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.hbVEoI{margin:0 3px 0 16px;padding:0;height:69px;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hbVEoI{height:59px;}} .hbVEoI img{box-sizing:content-box;} .hbVEoI .icon__cross{width:24px;height:24px;} @media (min-width:768px){.hbVEoI .icon__cross{padding:23px 20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hbVEoI .icon__cross{padding:0px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ckVGcZ */ .gjctdt{vertical-align:middle;height:39px;} @media (max-width:401px){.gjctdt{max-width:100%;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jKJlTe */ .inBNwS{background-color:#0d2934;font-size:16px;position:relative;z-index:3;} @media (max-width:991px){.inBNwS{z-index:0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eNQAEJ */ .dkutRV{border-bottom :1px solid;border-color:#828282;padding:29px 40px 30px 40px;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV{padding:40px 40px 40px 35px;}} .dkutRV .primary__footer .mobile{display:block;} .dkutRV .primary__footer .desktop{display:none;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV .primary__footer{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;}.dkutRV .primary__footer .mobile{display:none;}.dkutRV .primary__footer .desktop{display:block;}} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV .col5{-webkit-flex:0 0 18%;-ms-flex:0 0 18%;flex:0 0 18%;max-width:18%;}} .dkutRV address{font-style:inherit;line-height:1.5;font-size:16px;display:none;border-right:1px solid #EBEBEB;} @media (max-width:767px){.dkutRV address{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-bottom:20px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV address{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-right:50px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.dkutRV address{margin-right:70px;}} .dkutRV address p{margin:0;font-size:14px;} @media (max-width:767px){.dkutRV address p{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.dkutRV address p{font-size:16px;}} .dkutRV nav ul{list-style:none;padding:0;line-height:2;font-size:16px;margin:18px 0 0 0;} .dkutRV nav ul:first-child{margin:0;} @media (min-width:992px){.dkutRV nav ul{margin:0;}} .dkutRV nav ul li{line-height:22px;padding:5px;} .dkutRV nav ul li a{color:#d8d8d8;font-weight:500;display:block;font-size:16px;} .dkutRV nav ul li img{padding:2.5px 0 0 10px;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-hMqMXs */ .hlGpbO{padding-top:6px;color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:500;margin-bottom:29px;} @media (min-width:992px){.hlGpbO{-webkit-flex:0 0 25%;-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:-webkit-fit-content;max-width:-moz-fit-content;max-width:fit-content;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kEYyzF */ .ecHxGW{margin-right:20px;} .ecHxGW:last-child{margin-right:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kkGfuU */ .filPdg{margin-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iAyFgw */ .gCiATD{line-height:30px;font-size:11px;padding:10px 20px;text-align:center;} .gCiATD .textright{text-align:right;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:767px){.gCiATD .textright{text-align:center;}} @media (min-width:992px){.gCiATD .textright{font-weight:100;}} .gCiATD a{font-size:13px;color:#fff;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hSdWYo */ .etauus{display:inline-block;background-color:#fff;color:#4D8A17;border-color:#E3E3E3;width:auto;border-radius:5px;font-size:16px;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;} .etauus:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eHgmQL */ .fTkdCR{font-size:22px;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fTkdCR{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fTkdCR{font-size:25px;}} .fTkdCR:after{content:'';display:inline-block;margin-top:0.2em;margin-left:0.5em;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iRbamj */ .jZOxOO{font-size:30px;font-weight:500;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;-ms-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1;margin-top:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jZOxOO{font-size:40px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jZOxOO{font-size:40px;}} .jZOxOO sup,.jZOxOO sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:-10px;} .jZOxOO sub{top:10px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-Rmtcm */ .hNPrIr{font-size:20px;font-weight:500;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bRBYWo */ .fXBKFa{display:inline-block;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.fXBKFa{width:100%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fXBKFa.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hzDkRC */ .bnbfTS{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-flex:wrap;-ms-flex:wrap;flex:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;margin:0;width:100%;padding:0 !important;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .bnbfTS li{width:100%;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;padding:17px 0px;min-height:48px;} .bnbfTS li a{display:block;} .bnbfTS .iconBorder{border-right:1px solid #fff;} .bnbfTS img{width:23px;} .bnbfTS img.socialLinkedin{width:28px;} .bnbfTS .wechat-container{position:relative;} .bnbfTS .wechat-container .addthis_inline_share_toolbox{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:0 !important;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtRfpW */ .OGgkt{background-color:#6BA439;color:#fff;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .OGgkt img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .OGgkt span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .OGgkt span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.OGgkt span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.OGgkt span.text{padding-left:20px;}}.dUABlg{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;padding:20px;line-height:22px !important;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;} .dUABlg img{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .dUABlg span{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;} .dUABlg span.text{padding-left:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (max-width:360px){.dUABlg span.text{padding-left:5px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767.5px){.dUABlg span.text{padding-left:20px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kTUwUJ */ .eujois{width:20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dqBHgY */ .cQgXqt{width:20px;height:16px;color:#6ba439;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cbkKFq */ .kuxTps{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;position:fixed;top:60px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kuxTps{position:fixed;top:70px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.kuxTps{position:fixed;top:70px;}}.prcY{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;top:0px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.prcY{top:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.prcY{position:fixed;top:241px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hGoxap */ .dEfJbW{position:relative;background:#007d8d;} @media (max-width:991px){.dEfJbW{z-index:2;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW{width:50%;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;border-top:1px solid white;}} .dEfJbW.isHide{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW.isHide{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .dEfJbW .submit__button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.5);padding:0 20px;min-height:45px;} .dEfJbW .submit__button span.text{font-size:16px;} .dEfJbW .submit__button img{width:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dEfJbW .submit__button{min-height:58px;}.dEfJbW .submit__button img{width:22px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dEfJbW .submit__button{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fjmCvl */ .fSPaCp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fSPaCp{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp{border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.fSPaCp{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} .fSPaCp .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(0);-ms-transform:rotateZ(0);transform:rotateZ(0);}} .fSPaCp.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .fSPaCp .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fSPaCp .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);}} .fSPaCp .icon__hidden{display:none;}.bVEEaH{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bVEEaH{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH{border-top:none;border-right:0;padding:14.5px 15px;font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.bVEEaH{padding:14.5px 20px;font-size:16px;}} .bVEEaH .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH .icon__inactive{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(0);-ms-transform:rotateZ(0);transform:rotateZ(0);}} .bVEEaH.button__active{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH.button__active{border-right:1px solid #007f8f;}} .bVEEaH .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-90deg);transform:rotateZ(-90deg);line-height:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bVEEaH .icon__active{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);}} .bVEEaH .icon__hidden{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-TFwJa */ .gCIfTO{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;background-color:#007d8d;line-height:20px;padding:10px 20px;border:0;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gCIfTO{padding:16px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gCIfTO{-webkit-transition:all 0.25s;transition:all 0.25s;border-top:none;border-right:1px solid #fff;border-left:0;padding:14.5px 30px 14.5px 20px;width:calc(100% / 6);font-size:14px;}.gCIfTO:hover{background:#fff;color:#4A4A4A;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.gCIfTO{font-size:16px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bHwgHz */ .ctePXh{width:18px;margin-right:-4px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ctePXh{width:7px;font-size:7px;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.ctePXh{width:18px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-krDsej */ .ewCAZX{position:absolute;top:0;width:calc(100% - 20px);right:0;bottom:0;background:#fff;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;min-height:290px;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);} .ewCAZX.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);-ms-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.ewCAZX.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateX(-200%);-ms-transform:translateX(-200%);transform:translateX(-200%);}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.ewCAZX{left:100%;width:100%;padding-top:20px;z-index:-1;min-height:375px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ewCAZX{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dTdPqK */ .lkWWFY{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.lkWWFY.hide__submenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-300%);-ms-transform:translateY(-300%);transform:translateY(-300%);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.lkWWFY{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:186px;top:49px;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;background:#fff;z-index:-1;box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.21);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-itybZL */ .kdvWPs{font-weight:700;border:0;color:#4A4A4A;padding:10px 0;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;} .kdvWPs:focus-visible{outline-width:3px;outline-color:#8fc9ff;outline-style:solid;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kdvWPs{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fzsDOv */ .hAFFGk{margin:0px 10px 2px 20px;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);display:inline-block;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gPWkxV */ .legory{width:50%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jVODtj */ .epgILe{color:#007B8B;width:50%;font-size:16px;line-height:26px;margin:auto;padding:0 6%;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kUaPvJ */ .ehYbwJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:50%;padding:24.5px 2% 0;-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;} @media (min-width:1024px){.ehYbwJ{padding:24.5px 3% 0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-giadOv */ .eBepOs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.eBepOs{width:calc(100% / 6);}.eBepOs:first-child{border-left:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fONwsr */ .kCfRMJ{background-color:#D8D8D8;position:absolute;left:50%;display:inline-block;height:121px;width:2px;top:33px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-LKuAh */ .lcOiDF{padding:0;margin:10px 0 25px 0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iBEsjs */ .kPshFw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .kPshFw:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kPshFw{margin-top:10px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hzNEM */ .gsmOCv{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;background-color:#F2F2F2;padding:0 16px;} .gsmOCv.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .gsmOCv p{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .gsmOCv sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-chbbiW */ .mBGSe{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-kZmsYB */ .bkiEfx{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:16px;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.58px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.58px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.58px;letter-spacing:0.58px;margin:23px 0 0px !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bkiEfx{margin:34px 0 0px !important;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bkiEfx{margin:-4px 0 0 !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-RcBXQ */ .ztvYg{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;} .ztvYg a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .ztvYg a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iSDuPN */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Bold.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .dULHFk{font-weight:700;font-family:STIXGeneral-Bold;margin:19px 0 22px;font-size:25px;line-height:28px;-webkit-letter-spacing:normal;-moz-letter-spacing:normal;-ms-letter-spacing:normal;letter-spacing:normal;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dULHFk{font-size:25px;margin:20px 0 23px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dULHFk{font-size:30px;line-height:34px;margin:19px 0 22px;}} .dULHFk p{margin:0;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fZwumE */ .cUsFHx{padding:0 3px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-fQejPQ */ .duuwge{font-size:14px;} .duuwge:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-jtRlXQ */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Regular';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;} .cwITDy{font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;text-align:justify;} .cwITDy a{word-break:break-all;} .cwITDy h4:first-of-type{border-top:0px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:0;} .cwITDy h4{font-size:20px;font-family:"IBM Plex Sans",sans-serif;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:-3px;} .cwITDy h4#abstract{margin-top:-7px;margin-bottom:-3px;} @media (min-width:767.5){.cwITDy h4#abstract{margin-top:-6px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cwITDy h4#abstract{margin-top:34px;}} .cwITDy h4.references,.cwITDy h4.copyright{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding-top:23px;} .cwITDy h4.references{margin-bottom:-8px;} .cwITDy h5,.cwITDy h6{margin:22px 0;font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .cwITDy h6{margin:25px 0;text-align:left;} .cwITDy p{font-size:16px;word-break:break-word;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:25px auto;} @media (max-width:767px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section{margin:0 auto;overflow-x:hidden;}} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:19px 0px 19px 0px;height:254px;width:96%;overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;position:relative;cursor:pointer;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content table{margin:0 auto;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table object{z-index:-1;position:relative;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td{padding:4px 7px;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_left{text-align:left;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content .table-group table td.align_center{text-align:center;} @media (min-width:768px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:22px 0px 0 0px;height:197px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content{padding:23px 0px 13px 0px;height:215px;}} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-content:after{content:"";height:20%;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;background:-moz-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,color-stop(0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)),color-stop(100%,rgba(255,255,255,.7)));background:-webkit-linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0.5) 30%,rgba(255,255,255,0.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,0.9) 75%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);background:-o-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:-ms-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);background:linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 56%,rgba(255,255,255,.7) 100%);-webkit-filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#00ffffff',endColorstr='#ffffff',GradientType=1 );} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer{background-color:#F2F2F2;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;} @media (min-width:768px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .minimize_btn{display:none;}} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .cwITDy ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .cwITDy ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .cwITDy ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .cwITDy ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .cwITDy ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .cwITDy ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .cwITDy ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .cwITDy .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .cwITDy .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .cwITDy .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.cwITDy .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cwITDy .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.cwITDy .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.cwITDy{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.cwITDy{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.cwITDy{margin-bottom:100px;}} .cwITDy .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active svg{fill:#007B8B;} .cwITDy .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot .nowrap{white-space:nowrap;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-dot{text-align:center;cursor:pointer;border:0;width:100px;padding-bottom:20px;background-color:#fff;display:table-cell;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-dot:focus-visible{outline-offset:-3px;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-dot strong{font-size:16px;}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-dot img{width:90px;height:90px;border:1px solid #979797;margin:10px 0;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;padding-top:1px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel--single-image{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel--single-image img{width:100%;max-height:239px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:357px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel--single-image img{max-height:417px;}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:11px;padding-top:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel--single-image strong{font-size:16px;}} .cwITDy .owl-nav,.cwITDy .owl-dots{display:none;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{position:relative;height:auto;max-height:287px;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .owl-loaded{max-height:477px;}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.cwITDy .owl-stage-outer,.cwITDy .owl-stage{max-height:287px;height:auto;} @media (min-width:767.6px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.cwITDy .owl-stage-outer,.cwITDy .owl-stage{max-height:414px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content,.cwITDy .owl-stage-outer,.cwITDy .owl-stage{max-height:477px;}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content::after,.cwITDy .owl-stage-outer::after,.cwITDy .owl-stage::after{background:transparent;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-align-items:self-start;-webkit-box-align:self-start;-ms-flex-align:self-start;align-items:self-start;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{width:calc(100% - 110px);}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:100%;position:relative;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-middle--nav{width:20%;}} .cwITDy .floats-partial-middle{position:relative;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 17.5px;height:50px;width:61px;display:inline-block;border:0;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background-position-y:54.35%;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:51px;background-position-x:8px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-prev{width:59px;background-position-x:16px;}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{background:url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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') no-repeat 18.5px;height:52px;width:61px;display:inline-block;padding:0px;cursor:pointer;border:0;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:51px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .carousel-next{width:59px;}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:-50px;height:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .partial-carousel-next-prev{bottom:0;}} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-content{padding:12px;} .cwITDy .partial-carousel-wrapper .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{border-left:none;} .cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-content{display:none;} .cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer{background-image:url(https://w2o-xhtml-parsed-preprod.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/table_thumb.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:17px 17px;background-size:100px 70px;border-top:none;min-height:110px;position:relative;} .cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .table-thumb-overlay{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;left:17px;top:17px;height:70px;width:100px;} .cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text{padding-left:137px;padding-right:0px;position:relative;} .cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text .caption-text-overlay{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;top:20px;left:135px;height:20px;width:60px;} .cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{color:black;display:block !important;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:auto;margin-left:140px;margin-right:20px;padding:0px 0px 15px 0px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;} .cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .minimize_btn{display:none !important;} .cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .expand_btn{display:none !important;} @media (max-width:567px){.cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer{background-size:60px 45px;}.cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .table-thumb-overlay{height:45px;width:60px;}.cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text{padding:30px 0px 15px 95px;}.cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .caption-text .caption-text-overlay{top:30px;left:95px;}.cwITDy .partial-other-wrapper[data-section*="tab"] .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{margin:0px 20px;}} .cwITDy .owl-item{overflow-y:hidden;margin-bottom:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;} .cwITDy .supplementary--docs{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:2em;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy .supplementary--docs{padding-left:1em;}} .cwITDy .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;-webkit-flex:0 0 100%;-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cwITDy .supplementary--docs li{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;-webkit-flex:0 0 50%;-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%;}} .cwITDy .supplementary--docs li a::after{content:'';background :url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) no-repeat 5px;padding-right:35px;background-size:14px;} .cwITDy .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc{padding-left:19px;} .cwITDy .dataset-section .supplementary--dpis-desc p{margin:10px 0;} .cwITDy .table-group.fixed-width,.cwITDy .table-group.sidewaystable{min-width:auto;} .cwITDy .noliststyle{padding-left:1em;} .cwITDy .noliststyle li{padding-left:0;} .cwITDy .xml-content > hr{display:none;} .cwITDy sup,.cwITDy sub{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;top:5px;} .cwITDy sup{top:-5px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy a{position:relative;}} .cwITDy a div.tooltip{cursor:auto;position:absolute;width:280px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #adadad;padding:20px;margin:0;display:none;z-index:2;color:#000;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy a div.tooltip{width:400px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cwITDy a div.tooltip{width:572px;}} .cwITDy a div.tooltip .cross{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;display:block;height:14px;width:14px;cursor:pointer;} .cwITDy a div.tooltip ol{margin:0;padding:0 0 10px 20px;} .cwITDy a div.tooltip ol li{text-align:left;margin:0;} .cwITDy a div.tooltip.left{left:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy a div.tooltip.left{left:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cwITDy a div.tooltip.left{left:-100px;}} .cwITDy a div.tooltip.right{right:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cwITDy a div.tooltip.right{right:-20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cwITDy a div.tooltip.right{right:-100px;}} .cwITDy a div.tooltip a.seeRef{padding-left:30px;} .cwITDy .gloss-abbr tr td:first-child{white-space:nowrap;} .cwITDy table.algorithm td{word-break:keep-all;} .cwITDy h4#copyright + p a{word-break:break-word;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bGbJRg */ .dVCLgr{width:100%;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dVCLgr{width:19%;}} @media (min-width:1280px){.dVCLgr{width:24%;max-width:350px;}} .dVCLgr p{border:1px solid #E3E3E3;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bEjcJn */ .jLUVhb{-webkit-flex:1 0 30%;-ms-flex:1 0 30%;flex:1 0 30%;list-style:none;padding:0;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:2;margin:0;margin-top:50px;top:169px;max-height:calc(100vh - 165px);overflow-y:auto;}} @media (min-width:767.5px) and (max-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1200px){.jLUVhb{max-width:354px;-webkit-flex:1 0 20%;-ms-flex:1 0 20%;flex:1 0 20%;}} @media (min-width:1200px){.jLUVhb{-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;max-width:354px;}} .jLUVhb p{margin:0;padding:10px 0;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:24px;display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb p{display:block;padding:10px 20px;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}} .jLUVhb.links__hidden{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb.links__hidden{display:block;}} .jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:768px){.jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jLUVhb.translate{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}.jLUVhb.translate #leftSectionMenu{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-ePZHVD */ .ewHMLz{color:#4A4A4A;} /* sc-component-id: sc-likbZx */ .bBmZJZ{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;color:#4A4A4A;border:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:list-item;} @media (min-width:991px){.bBmZJZ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.bBmZJZ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .bBmZJZ:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} .bBmZJZ a{display:block;padding:10px 20px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-eKZiaR */ .dzZrgS{position:fixed;width:100%;height:50px;color:#4D8A17;background-color:#F2F2F2;border:none;font-size:16px;line-height:18px;font-weight:500;z-index:2;top:170px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;text-align:left;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS{padding-left:15px;border-bottom:4px solid #FFFFFF;}.dzZrgS.is-open{border-bottom:4px solid #F2F2F2;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.dzZrgS{top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS{display:none;}} .dzZrgS .icon__dots{cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);transform:rotate(90deg) translateY(8px);margin-right:15px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS .icon__dots{padding-right:20px;margin-bottom:2px;-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;}} .dzZrgS.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-120px);-ms-transform :translateY(-120px);transform :translateY(-120px);top:170px;} @media(min-width:991.5px){.dzZrgS.translate{-webkit-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);-ms-transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);transform :translateY(-130px) rotate(90deg);}} /* sc-component-id: sc-jrIrqw */ .eHMFfo{padding:0;margin:20px 0;} .eHMFfo span{font-size:14px;} .eHMFfo span.isHide{display:none;} .eHMFfo span i{font-style:italic;} .eHMFfo span i.isHide{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-hjRWVT */ .irNWJI{width:16px;margin:0 2px 2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iybRtq */ .iQSObO{width:16px;margin-bottom:2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iQtOjA */ .kfDwZY{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;margin-top:7px;padding:0;color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .kfDwZY:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.kfDwZY{margin-top:5px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fHxwqH */ .dMuGGA{overflow-y:hidden;height:auto;max-height:100%;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .dMuGGA.isHide{max-height:0;-webkit-transition:all .5s;transition:all .5s;} .dMuGGA p:first-child{margin-top:15px;} .dMuGGA p{font-size:14px;line-height:23px;display:block;} .dMuGGA sup{margin-top:-5px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cEvuZC */ .XkrFe{border:none;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;height:2px;margin:15px 0;} .XkrFe.hr__author{margin-bottom:12px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cBdUnI */ @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:991.5px){.hRnXob{display:none;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hRnXob{z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-exkUMo */ .hymroZ{background-color:#6ba339;color:#ffffff;display:none;} .hymroZ span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.hymroZ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.hymroZ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-kcDeIU */ .cbcyj{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:none;} .cbcyj span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.cbcyj{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.cbcyj{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.cbcyj:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cbcyj.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-BngTV */ .hmDWcT{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:none;} .hmDWcT span.text{padding-left:20px;} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.hmDWcT{display:none !important;}} @media (min-width:991px){.hmDWcT{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.hmDWcT:hover{background-color :#5D9230;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.hmDWcT.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hBbWxd */ .kdRRST{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-top:1px solid #ffffff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:14px;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:20px 55px 20px 25px;} @media (max-width:1279.5px){.kdRRST{padding-right:20px;}} @media (max-width:991.5px){.kdRRST{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dyGzUR */ .cHatnS div{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} .cHatnS div:last-of-type{padding-top:20px;} .cHatnS span{color:#4F4F4F;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:26px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-drKuOJ */ .kxdGAZ{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse;height:100%;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;} .kxdGAZ span{padding-top:15px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cTjmhe */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.ihmyEq{width:100%;z-index:1;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cugefK */ .itFKcQ{background-color:#F2F2F2;color:#4A4A4A;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media (min-width:991px){.itFKcQ{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.itFKcQ:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.itFKcQ.hide{display:none !important;}} .itFKcQ.active .icon-themeable{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);} /* sc-component-id: sc-fnwBNb */ .etzuBr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-iNhVCk */ .gWgCNb{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-radius:0;border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;font-size:16px;color:#4a4a4a;font-weight:500;padding:11px 20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;} @media (min-width:991px){.gWgCNb{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.gWgCNb:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eAKXzc */ .WHkfb{-webkit-flex:1 0 90%;-ms-flex:1 0 90%;flex:1 0 90%;padding-left:50px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.WHkfb{padding-left:93px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.WHkfb{padding-left:50px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-bfYoXt */ .cGuwDn{width:20px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-gbOuXE */ .jGPvPL{width:22px;height:21px;padding:2px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dRFtgE */ .jrsDZP{-webkit-flex:1 0 80%;-ms-flex:1 0 80%;flex:1 0 80%;padding-left:26px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jrsDZP{padding-left:69px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jrsDZP{padding-left:20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1279.5px){.jrsDZP{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-gkFcWv */ .gWTCXQ{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gWTCXQ{padding-left:20px;max-width:100px;display:inline;}} @media (min-width:1279.5px){.gWTCXQ{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-hUfwpO */ .jHPgUP{width:100%;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:none;cursor:pointer;} .jHPgUP li{background-color:#f2f2f2;} @media (min-width:991px){.jHPgUP li{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.jHPgUP li:hover{background-color :#ffffff;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} .jHPgUP h3{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-imABML */ .ibWUzs{background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:block;border-top:1px solid #ffffff;border-radius:0;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;padding:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} .ibWUzs .right__icon{padding:0;height:16px;width:20px;} @media (min-width:991px){.ibWUzs{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}.ibWUzs:hover{background-color :#D8D8D8;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;transition:background-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.ibWUzs.hide{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-cjHlYL */ .mkXor{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:25%;float:right;margin-top:-49px;} @media (max-width:374px){.mkXor{width:26.5%;}} @media (min-width:992px){.mkXor{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-dRaagA */ .dULvrJ{background-color:#6ba339;color:white;-webkit-flex:1 0 25%;-ms-flex:1 0 25%;flex:1 0 25%;z-index:100;padding:14px 16px 10px 19px;border-radius:0px;border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff;} @media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767px){.dULvrJ{border-bottom:none;padding:16px 16px 14px 16px;font-size:14px;}.dULvrJ .article_toolbar_icon{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-fEUNkw */ .dfaOeH{margin-right:16px;width:24px;height:24px;} /* sc-component-id: sc-dREXXX */ .cqhPZs{width:16px;height:auto;float:right;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cqhPZs{width:24px;height:24px;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-nrwXf */ .byflLi{font-size:14px;padding:16px 20px 24px;} @media (max-width:991px){.byflLi{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-eitiEO */ .jXeALb{font-size:14px;} .jXeALb:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: sc-bhlBdH */ .UVThf{font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;} /* sc-component-id: sc-OxbzP */ .eEFYIL{width:100%;height:auto;background-color:#4A4A4A;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;padding:15px 20px;line-height:20px;position:fixed;bottom:0px;z-index:3;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .25s;-webkit-transition:transform .25s;transition:transform .25s;} .eEFYIL a{color:#7ED321;} .eEFYIL p{display:inline;margin:0;} .eEFYIL.hideBanner{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);-ms-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%);} /* sc-component-id: sc-bYnzgO */ .dsXEHZ{background:transparent;border:none;height:20px;width:20px;margin-left:20px;padding:0;cursor:pointer;} /* sc-component-id: sc-cPuPxo */ .iXKuYd{min-width:20px;height:20px;} /* sc-component-id: baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 */ .cmzomn{margin-top:140px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.cmzomn{margin-top:85px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.cmzomn{margin-top:70px;min-height:calc(100vh - 334px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 */ .dDyxFF{width:100%;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.dDyxFF{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap;padding:0 20px;max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1100.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__collabText{font-size:12px;}} @media (min-width:1100.5px) and (max-width:1200.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__collabText{font-size:14px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px) and (max-width:1071.5px){.dDyxFF .partenership__logoWrapper img{margin-left:20px;margin-bottom:10px;}.dDyxFF .partenership__logoWrapper img:last-child{margin-left:0;margin-bottom:0;}} @media (max-width:1150px){.dDyxFF .journal-metrics-container{display:none;}.dDyxFF .journal_report_link-border-helper{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 */ @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.fkVFlF{width:20%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.fkVFlF{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 */ .jzTMLK{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.5s;-webkit-transition:transform 0.5s;transition:transform 0.5s;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jzTMLK{width:20%;margin-bottom:60px;}.jzTMLK.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.jzTMLK{width:25%;}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 */ .bbzREB{margin:0 20px;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.bbzREB{width:calc(60% - 40px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.bbzREB{width:calc(50% - 40px);}} /* sc-component-id: threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 */ .jknsZc{margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;} @media only screen and (min-width:768px){.jknsZc{max-width:688px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:992px){.jknsZc{max-width:100%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1075px){.jknsZc{max-width:572px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 */ .gnduKR{width:100%;margin-top:170px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:179px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gnduKR{margin-top:180px;min-height:840px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 */ .fJLQxX{width:100%;max-width:1440px;z-index:3;-webkit-transition:all 0.5s;transition:all 0.5s;} .fJLQxX.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-120px);-ms-transform:translateY(-120px);transform:translateY(-120px);} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fJLQxX.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.fJLQxX.translate{-webkit-transform:translateY(-130px);-ms-transform:translateY(-130px);transform:translateY(-130px);}} /* sc-component-id: article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 */ .elhyhe{background-color:#007b8b;opacity:0.8;color:#fff;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:17px 0 17px 20px;line-height:23px;height:60px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;font-weight:500;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.elhyhe{line-height:26px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.elhyhe{line-height:50px;padding:5px 0 5px 20px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 */ .jCfZqq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;height:50px;width:100%;background-color:#007b8b;color:#fff;text-align:left;padding-left:14px;padding-right:0;border:0;border-top:1px solid #fff;} .jCfZqq span{font-size:24px;padding-right:14px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jCfZqq{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 */ .bJcSpM{background-color:#fff;display:block;position:relative;} .bJcSpM h1,.bJcSpM h2{color:#fff;} .bJcSpM h2{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bJcSpM h2{font-size:25px;}} .bJcSpM h1{font-size:20px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.bJcSpM h1{font-size:24px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.bJcSpM h1{font-size:40px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 */ .eSvjPB{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;} .eSvjPB .author__editor--hr{display:block;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 */ .jntdRu{width:100%;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.jntdRu{margin-top:52px;}} .jntdRu p{margin:12px 0;line-height:20px;} .jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:100%;min-width:306px;padding-left:7px;padding-right:7px;} @media (min-width:346px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{width:543px;margin:auto;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{max-width:612px;width:75%;margin:inherit;margin-left:50px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}} @media (min-width:1100px){.jntdRu .articlecontent__alignment{margin-left:118px;}} .jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:12px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu .article__title{padding-bottom:15px;}} .jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:65px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.jntdRu .article__summary{padding-bottom:75px;}} @media (min-width:767.5px){.jntdRu #vjs_video_3 button{-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;left:40%;margin-top:0;}} .jntdRu .video-js .vjs-big-play-button{top:calc(50% - 22.5px);left:calc(50% - 50px);} .jntdRu .video-js{margin:20px 0;} .jntdRu a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .jntdRu a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 */ .hAzjHP{background-position:0px 0px;background-origin:content-box;background-size:99%;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 */ .evMkvU{padding:0;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 */ .fjviok{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:15px 0 30px;border-bottom:1px solid #E3E3E3;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.fjviok{border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;margin:20px 0 30px;}} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 */ .hgKieC{-webkit-flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%;border-right:1px solid #E3E3E3;padding:5px 0 15px;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC{padding:5px 0;}} .hgKieC.notPublished{display:none;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.notPublished{display:block;}} @media (max-width:767.5px){.hgKieC.isPublished{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.hgKieC.isPublished span:first-child::after{content:':';padding-right:3px;}} .hgKieC:last-child{border-right:none;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 */ .cIribm{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 */ .khHUcu{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 */ .fYrLtk{margin:-7px 0 -5px;font-size:14px;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 */ .eyHfWh{position:relative;} .eyHfWh.hide{display:none;} .eyHfWh hr{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-30px;border-top:1px solid #E3E3E3;border-bottom:0;}.cBTaXT.hide{display:none;} .cBTaXT hr{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 */ @font-face{font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold';src:url('https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/_/hindawi-ui/fonts/STIXGeneral-Regular.otf');} .qBdVJ{padding:0 20px 20px;} .qBdVJ .bib__image{display:none;} .qBdVJ .bib__title{font-size:20px;} .qBdVJ .bib__name{font-size:18px;font-family:'STIXGeneral-Bold',serif !important;color:rgb(74,74,74);font-weight:700;} .qBdVJ .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.qBdVJ .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info,.qBdVJ [class*='bib--txt'] .bib__link .bib__info,.qBdVJ [class*='bib--txt'] .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 0 !important;} .qBdVJ .bib__author{font-size:14px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(132,132,132);margin-top:3px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:20px;opacity:1;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:500;} .qBdVJ #biblio_sidebar .bib__link{border-top:1px solid rgb(227,227,227) !important;padding-top:5px !important;padding-bottom:5px !important;} .qBdVJ #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child{border-top:0 !important;padding-top:0 !important;} .qBdVJ #biblio_sidebar .bib__link:first-child .bib__info{padding-top:0 !important;} .qBdVJ #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link .bib__info,.qBdVJ #biblio_widget .bib--split .bib__link.bib__link--image .bib__info{padding:10px 15px 10px 0 !important;} @media (min-width:767.5px){.qBdVJ{padding:0 40px 20px;}} @media (min-width:991.5px){.qBdVJ{padding:0 20px;}} /* sc-component-id: biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 */ .becpDt{font-size:20px;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans';color:#000;font-weight:600;margin-top:34px;margin-bottom:18px;padding:0 20px;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 */ .gbrQxi{display:none;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.gbrQxi{display:block;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar{top:110px;z-index:-100;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar .pdf_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.gbrQxi .article_top_toolbar .ref_desktop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} .gbrQxi .article_toolbar_views{margin-top:-58px;display:block;text-align:right;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.isgRZA .article_bottom_toolbar{top:292px;z-index:-10;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 */ @media (min-width:991.5px){.bjwAQR{padding:16px 20px 24px;height:60px;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 */ .NQpXC .content,.NQpXC .contentWrapper{overflow:visible;} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-4 */ .cYsVdk{max-width:350px;} @media (max-width:991.5px){.cYsVdk{display:none !important;}} /* sc-component-id: journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 */ .dbAANp{background-color:#f5f5f5;padding:15px 20px 24px 20px;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:20px;} @media (min-width:991.5px){.dbAANp{margin-top:-64px;margin-bottom:40px;}} .dbAANp .hrTitleRef{padding:0;margin-top:0;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;} .dbAANp #biblio_widget{padding:0;}</style> </head> <body style="margin:0;box-sizing:border-box"> <div id="__next"> <div class="static_page"> <div class="page no__focus__outline"> <header class="sc-fjdhpX jzXSTA"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd header__padding"> <div class="sc-kAzzGY epRoim mobileLogoFlex _1fpqArXPCxgnlv2rXZC2sl _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/" aria-label="Home"><img alt="标志”src="https://preprod-admin.w2o.hindawi.com/themes/custom/hindawi_extended/logo.svg" class="sc-ckVGcZ gjctdt"></a> </div> <div class="sc-jzJRlG jGJLow mobileButtonFlex _2v1j-tLx3hx0tgKcpPzH6B _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd"> <nav class="sc-bxivhb ivbKJD"> <ul class="sc-ifAKCX fopjOz sc-kpOJdX kAzjOl"> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/" aria-label="Publish with us">雷电竞下载苹果</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Publishing partnerships">raybet推荐吗</a></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li class="navigation__link"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link link" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</gydF4y2Baa></li> </ul> </nav> <button class="sc-chPdSV hbVEoI icon__search" aria-label="Search"><span class="sc-htoDjs khbeDd icon__search icon-colored _3hSk3ArgsWMFh5QJIGblNr icon-themeable" title="" font-size="24"></span></button> <button aria-label="Hamburger Menu" class="sc-cSHVUG ldSkVQ"><span class="sc-htoDjs khbeDd hamburger icon-colored _20YUA8q5mREEBfJm8VsdXV icon-themeable" title="" font-size="24"></span></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"></div> <main class="baseContent__Main-sc-134g3di-2 cmzomn article__BaseStyle-sc-10qhnp8-0 gnduKR DADtd11SJ4KyWZ2l6zAnr base_style journal_article__ArticleBaseStyle-sc-12fk6zy-3 NQpXC"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy width_wrapper"> <div id="journal__navigation" class="sc-cbkKFq kuxTps article__StickyStyle-sc-10qhnp8-1 fJLQxX"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article__WhiteWrapper-sc-10qhnp8-5 bJcSpM" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/" aria-label=""><h2 class="sc-eHgmQL fTkdCR article__SubtitleStyled-sc-10qhnp8-2 elhyhe _1ZrXcsbATVL_kHOpFAan9k">分析方法在化学杂志》上</gydF4y2Bah2></a> <button class="article__JournalMenuTitle-sc-10qhnp8-3 jCfZqq journalNavCheck" id="journalMenuTitle"><span>+</gydF4y2Baspan>杂志菜单</gydF4y2Babutton> <div class="sc-bdVaJa EwsTm isHide" id="fadeOut"></div> <div class="sc-cjHlYL mkXor"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-dRaagA dULvrJ article-toolbar-link" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jamc/2008/814715.pdf" aria-label="" download=""><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-fEUNkw dfaOeH article_toolbar_icon" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24">PDF<gydF4y2Baimg alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-dREXXX cqhPZs" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <nav id="journal__nav" class="sc-hGoxap dEfJbW article__JournalNavigationStyle-sc-10qhnp8-4 gaRePw isHide journalNavCheck"> <div class="sc-giadOv eBepOs journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-fjmCvl fSPaCp journalNavCheck" color="">日报》概述<gydF4y2Baspan class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__inactive icon-white _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__active icon-colored icon__hidden _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/guidelines/" aria-label="For authors">对于作者</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="For reviewers">对于审查员</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="For editors">的编辑器</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-TFwJa gCIfTO" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/contents/year/2022/" aria-label="Table of Contents">表的内容</gydF4y2Baa> <div class="sc-giadOv eBepOs journalNavCheck"> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-fjmCvl bVEEaH journalNavCheck" color="">特殊的问题<gydF4y2Baspan class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__inactive icon-white _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-bHwgHz ctePXh journalNavCheck icon__active icon-colored icon__hidden _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW OGgkt submit__button journalNavCheck" href="https://review.hindawi.com/submit?journal=jamc" aria-label="" target="" id=""><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ jUTgTa" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">提交</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-krDsej ewCAZX hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-itybZL kdvWPs journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-fzsDOv hAFFGk journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK lkWWFY hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-kUaPvJ ehYbwJ"> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> </div> <div class="sc-jVODtj epgILe"></div> <span class="sc-fONwsr kCfRMJ"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-nrwXf byflLi breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/" aria-label="Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry">分析方法在化学杂志》上</gydF4y2Baa>/<gydF4y2Baa class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/contents/year/2008/" aria-label="2008">2008年</gydF4y2Baa>/<gydF4y2Baspan class="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</gydF4y2Babutton> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#experimental" aria-label="">实验</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#results-and-discussion" aria-label="">结果与讨论</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conclusions" aria-label="">结论</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#related-articles" aria-label="">相关文章</gydF4y2Baa></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2008年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</gydF4y2Baspan>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 814715年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/814715" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/814715</gydF4y2Baa> </div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>理查德·j·c·布朗,丹尼尔罩,安德鲁·s·布朗<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> ”<gydF4y2Baspan class="adjust-article-svg-size">最佳采样时间的测量在环境空气污染物</gydF4y2Baspan>”,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --><i>分析方法在化学杂志》上</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 卷。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2008年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->814715年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 6<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->   页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2008年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->。<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/814715</gydF4y2Bap> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN dULHFk article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">最佳采样时间的测量在环境空气污染物</gydF4y2Bah1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>理查德·j·c·布朗</gydF4y2Bab><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6106-0996" aria-label="Redirect to Doi" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-iybRtq iQSObO" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></a>,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">丹尼尔罩<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup> 和</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="">安德鲁·s·布朗<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</gydF4y2Basup><span>分析科学团队,生活质量部门,国家物理实验室,特丁顿,英国米德尔塞克斯TW11 0 lw,</gydF4y2Baspan></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</gydF4y2Bab>彼得·b·斯托克</gydF4y2Badiv> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2007年11月14日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2007年12月23日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2008年3月13日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ cwITDy article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>没有任何形式的测量结果是不完整的相关表述的不确定性。一般来说,目的是减少测量不确定性在某种程度上,这是适合的目的,或达到一个可接受的水平的不确定性,比如“数据质量目标”。本文演示了如何抽样时间用来测量在环境空气污染物在一个给定的时间段,特别是自动仪器,会影响测量结果的不确定性。结果表明,总体结果的不确定性严重取决于测量仪器的精度特征随分析物。确定这些特征的一个例子对汞气测量和结论可能最佳抽样倍减少不确定性。为不确定性最小化的情况下使用长采样周期,这种策略的含义的“信息丰富”的检测数据和短期的事件,以及峰值浓度,进行了讨论。</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>空气污染仍然是一个问题的关注科学和医学社区,以及公众的成员,媒体,和环境压力集团(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">1</gydF4y2Baa>]。几个需求驱动需要准确的空气质量测量,包括测量一般人群的接触各种各样的有毒化合物,评估符合立法限制或类似的目标值,告知政策发展和评估减排策略的有效性,并为公众提供空气质量信息,并输入到其他科学研究。因此,立法限制现在已经对环境空气中的一些元素和化合物。一个例子是欧盟空气质量框架指令的第四个女儿指令(DD) [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>),这就需要苯并(a)芘的测定,倪,下午,和Cd<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>大小分数(微粒的空气动力学直径10 ?<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.175" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:21.799999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.799999 10.175" width="21.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> 米</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>或更少)的环境空气,气态总汞(电报),和镍的沉积,Cd,和Hg DD包括“数据质量目标”,指定要求的最低数据捕获和时间覆盖的测量,测量结果和最大不确定性的。因此,重要的是要努力减少这些测量的不确定性,适用在这种情况下(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>]。这是特别重要的在开发的标准方法<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>]。许多参数可以对测量的不确定性影响的污染物浓度在一个给定的时间段;在这其中,采样时间是一个重要的,但很少考虑,变量。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>本文探讨了采样时间对整个测量的不确定性的影响自动仪器操作通过积累污染物样品对于一个给定的时期,之前收集污染物的测量问题。这种类型的测量策略的例子包括汞蒸气的诱捕金色涂布硅陷阱之后,热解吸和原子荧光测量,和碳氢化合物的捕获聚合物吸收管与气相色谱法测定热解吸和紧随其后。虽然本文的重点是自动空气质量监测技术(在测量过程中通常没有用户干预),这里描述的一般原则也可扩展的手动测量(哪里有在测量过程中用户干预,通常之间的采样和分析阶段)。结果表明,总体结果的不确定性严重取决于测量仪器的精度特征随分析物。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="experimental">2。实验</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>本文中描述的原则与测量仪表的精度特征如何随分析物丰富插图使用气相汞测量。使用容量泵发生汽相汞采样(KNF Neuberger NMP 05)将空气通过“Amasil”(金色涂布二氧化硅)吸附管的速度100 ?毫升?·?敏<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup>。很短的采样线组成的大约5 ?厘米的聚四氟乙烯管连接吸附管周围的环境和之前是0.8吗?<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.175" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:21.799999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.799999 10.175" width="21.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> 米</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>孔隙大小过滤去除颗粒。分析气相汞样品发生使用PS分析先生用荧光探测器高洁之士二世分析器。仪器校准的气密注射器的使用,使多个注射已知的大量的汞蒸气在永久吸收管的分析器。已知的大量的汞蒸气产生使用水银玻璃钟罩装置,它允许一个饱和蒸汽的汞开发钟罩内的空气,在平衡与大气通过毛细管(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="results-and-discussion">3所示。结果与讨论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>考虑一个给定的时间段<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,污染物的质量浓度的平均值是必需的。考虑这个测量是由一个自动工具,积累的污染物在一个采样周期(由用户定义),<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.0125" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 13.0125" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>之前,测量量,或质量,收集污染物。鉴于一个微不足道的“转换”假设样本之间的时间,我们可以写<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq1"> <svg height="33.025002" id="M5" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.025002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-45.58)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.99,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 192.38,60.73 7.14,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.38,48.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.3,45.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.19,57.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.241877" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="269.92999" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="274.09351" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="280.345" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1374998" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是采样周期的数量相等的长度在整个时期。(样品时间不是微不足道的“转换”,或数据捕获不到100%,还应该考虑的要求ISO 11222:2002 [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>]。)假设的主要不确定性这种测量仪器响应的可重复性;这将是一个非常好的近似的污染物质量浓度较低。也认为,仪器不随时间漂移明显,空气的体积的不确定性采样相比,被认为是非常小的分析步骤。这通常是一个良好的逼近,尤其是准确质量流量控制系统(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">9</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,它会认为其他系统的不确定性不随采样时间或污染物质量浓度。两个不同的情景会考虑:当小质量浓度的变化观察时间期间<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,当大质量浓度的变化观察时间期间<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="subsec3.1">3.1。场景的特点是小质量浓度在时间的变化<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></h5> <p>在这种情况下,假定被测污染物的质量浓度采样周期不显示出较大的差异<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。的确,汽相汞在后台监控的地点,这是证实的结果如图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>显示了月平均汽相汞质量浓度在Eskdalemuir(农村背景监测站点)从2005年2月到2006年1月(包容)。可以看到,测量值都符合年度平均水平,在测量的不确定性,在此期间。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="814715.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jamc/volume-2008/814715/figures/814715.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 每月平均汽相汞在Eskdalemuir质量浓度测量,英国从2005年2月到2006年1月。误差线代表95%置信区间扩大了测量的不确定性。虚线代表在此期间未加权的平均水平。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>平均质量浓度,<gydF4y2Basvg height="15.1" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.0625 15.1" width="8.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.92)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>随着时间的推移,期间,<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的话,是<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq2"> <svg height="36.075001" id="M13" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 36.075001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,36.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.14)"> <g> <path d="m 176.35,60.45 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.35,52.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.059999" y="-9.7799997"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8148546" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.83,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.9300003"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="9.9300003"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="9.9300003"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.51,61.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.86,58.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 199.41,55.17 36.67,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.64,43.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.639999" y="-8.7600002"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="259.48001" y="-8.7600002"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="263.64349" y="-8.7600002"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="269.89499" y="-8.7600002"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.05" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:12.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.0875 11.05" width="12.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.6,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在采样时间的平均质量浓度是衡量<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.0125" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 13.0125" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。方标准的不确定性相结合<gydF4y2Basvg height="15.1" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.0625 15.1" width="8.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.92)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.799999" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:31.975px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.975 17.799999" width="31.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.8)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1199999"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.15,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m -56.99,69.43 6.36,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.99,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的话,是<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq3"> <svg height="48.349998" id="M18" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 48.349998" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,48.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-33.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.06,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,151.99,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1199999"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.86,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 161.03,58.08 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.03,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3390212" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.95,65.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.05,43.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.58,35.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.21,44.75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.73" y="-4.9200001"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.13,46.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.13,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.28" y="4.9200001"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.65" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ·</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.13,46.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.35,44.75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.69,61.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,267.56,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="206.56" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="210.7235" y="0"> 3</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.97501" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.7125" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:29.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.9 14.7125" width="29.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.51,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.29,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的不确定性<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.05" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:12.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.0875 11.05" width="12.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.6,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.05" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:10.6375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.6375 11.05" width="10.6375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.76,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>灵敏度系数<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.05" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:12.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.0875 11.05" width="12.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.6,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。自<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq4"> <svg height="37.587502" id="M23" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 37.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,37.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.93)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.65,53.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.84,50.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.53,53.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.8" y="-8.3500004"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 207.71,70.71 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.71,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 198.77,57.08 15.86,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.77,45.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2765059" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.41,42.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.29,53.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.24" y="-7.25"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 232.53,57.08 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.55,45.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4299998" y="-8.75"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="241.57001" y="-8.75"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="245.73351" y="-8.75"> 4</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="251.985" y="-8.75"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>由此可见,<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq5"> <svg height="60.150002" id="M24" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 60.150002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,60.15)"> <g transform="translate(72,-23.88)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,154.96,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.89,45.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1199999"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.76,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 169.93,48.64 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.93,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3390212" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.86,56.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.95,33.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.48,26.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.11,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.3600001" y="-14.43"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.28" y="-9.5100002"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.65" y="-14.43"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.11,51.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.33,49.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 217.47,43.36 30.46,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.59,31.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.540001" y="-8.75"> ]</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.29,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.66,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.46001" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.6235" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.875" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>如果我们假设<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.9" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:155.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 155.825 11.9" width="155.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.48)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.6,62.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.91,66.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.52,62.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.45,66.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.115887" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.769163" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,10.68,62.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,29.38,66.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,47.76,62.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的,也就是说从上面的假设<gydF4y2Basvg height="15.05" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.49493pt;width:227.10001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 227.10001 15.05" width="227.10001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.51,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.29,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.593641" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.757139" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.17,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-2.58,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.408497" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.334919" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.498417" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,49.28,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,64.5,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.593641" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.757139" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.62,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,105.46,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>对于一个稳定的分析仪器。因此,一个好的近似,<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq6"> <svg height="50.837502" id="M27" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 50.837502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,50.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-31.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.62,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.54,45.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1199999"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.42,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 170.58,48.64 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.58,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.73" y="-14.43"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.66" y="-9.5100002"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.02" y="-14.43"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.018744" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.0084" y="0"> ·</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.372429" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.95,51.53)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.17,49.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 217.31,43.36 30.47,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.44,31.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.530001" y="-8.75"> ]</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.14,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.01,40.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.11" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.2735" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="226.52499" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>所以<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq7"> <svg height="56.462502" id="M28" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 56.462502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,56.4625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-26.83)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.04,42.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.97,39.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.54,42.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 184.7,51.27 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.7,42.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.219999" y="-14.42"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.150002" y="-9.5"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.509998" y="-14.42"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.56,54.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.78,52.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 211.92,45.99 30.47,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.25,30.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> v</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 229.85,41.87 6.21,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.85,30.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.73" y="-11.92"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="244.27" y="-11.92"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="248.4335" y="-11.92"> 7</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="254.685" y="-11.92"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>这是一个已知的一系列测量结果显示小变化(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B10">10</gydF4y2Baa>]。假设仪器重复性不确定性是主要贡献在低质量浓度等环境空气中发现第一近似,不确定性<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.05" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:12.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.0875 11.05" width="12.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.6,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是由<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq8"> <svg height="28.9625" id="M30" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 28.9625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,28.9625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-48.83)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.55,57.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9200001" y="4.9200001"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.29" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.19,54.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.41,52.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.07" y="-4.9200001"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.11039" y="-4.9200001"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.86,54.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.08,57.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.03999" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="243.20351" y="0"> 8</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="249.455" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.8375" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.325 10.8375" width="13.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是测量仪器的重复性的<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.05" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:12.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.0875 11.05" width="12.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.6,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。因此,<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq9"> <svg height="38.349998" id="M33" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.349998" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.37,57.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.29,54.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.86,57.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 191.02,65.76 6.36,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.02,57.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.85" y="-9.2399998"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.990857" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.21,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 218.25,60.49 17.81,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.25,44.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> v</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 229.85,56.36 6.21,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.85,45.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4099998" y="-11.92"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="244.27" y="-11.92"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="248.4335" y="-11.92"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="254.685" y="-11.92"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>因此,相对的不确定性<gydF4y2Basvg height="15.1" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.0625 15.1" width="8.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.92)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.625" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:45.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.299999 17.625" width="45.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.2,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.49,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m -46.33,70.71 6.36,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.33,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的话,是<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq10"> <svg height="39.775002" id="M36" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 39.775002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,39.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-40.18)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,168.81,56.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.74,53.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.56,53.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.27,56.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 194.43,64.63 6.36,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.43,56.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.23" y="-10.38"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.990857" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.91,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 221.66,59.35 21.96,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.73,43.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> v</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 235.33,55.22 6.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.33,44.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4899998" y="-11.92"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.53999" y="-11.92"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.70351" y="-11.92"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.955" y="-11.92"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="249.2065" y="-11.92"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="12.2625" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:27.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.575001 12.2625" width="27.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.7,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的相对可重复性测量的仪器吗<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.05" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:12.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.0875 11.05" width="12.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.6,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。首先检查,似乎相对质量浓度测量随着时间的不确定性<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>减少,<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.0125" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 13.0125" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>减少,因此<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1374998" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>增加。然而,不一定是这样,理解,有必要检查取样时间的变化对测量的影响过程,特别是,如何<gydF4y2Basvg height="12.2625" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:27.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.575001 12.2625" width="27.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.7,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>随数量或质量,污染物的测量。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>测量系统要么是异方差的,重复测量的绝对标准偏差变化的一些功能进行测量分析物的数量,或在限制的情况下,同方差的,重复测量的绝对标准偏差不不同分析物被测量的量的变化。尽管大多数异方差的测量系统,在一个小范围的分析物的量,他们通常可以近似同方差的行为。然而,由于采样时间(因此累积污染物质量)正在考虑在这个研究可以在几个数量级的变化,我们必须考虑到测量系统将显示一些异方差性。异方差的行为可以通过Horwitz-type函数实证模型(通常是用来描述多个实验室的再现性)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B11">11</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B12">12</gydF4y2Baa>)的形式<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq11"> <svg height="18.5375" id="M43" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 18.5375" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.33,61.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.67,57.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.36,61.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.092562" y="0"> ·</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.444084" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.69,66.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.7799997"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.3,61.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.57001" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.73351" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="243.985" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="250.2365" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>因此,<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq12"> <svg height="30.424999" id="M44" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.424999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.59,52.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.93,48.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.84,48.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.03,52.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.32" y="-6.5500002"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.080057" y="0"> ·</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.431581" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.2,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.11344" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.10856" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.69,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.35,47.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.04,52.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.83" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.9935" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.245" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.49651" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1750002" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:7.9749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9749999 7.1750002" width="7.9749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.7375" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.4749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.4749999 10.7375" width="7.4749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是常数(<gydF4y2Basvg height="12.3" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-1.29163pt;width:35.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.174999 12.3" width="35.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.3)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7398367" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.780226" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="12.3" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-1.29163pt;width:34.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.674999 12.3" width="34.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.3)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)描述个人测量系统的问题,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.05" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:15.25px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.25 11.05" width="15.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是污染物的质量(可互换的数量,相对的知识分子或原子质量的污染物)收集在每个采样周期<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.0125" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 13.0125" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。如果质量浓度的微小变化的初始条件在时间期间,然后污染物收集的质量在每个采样周期大约比例抽样时间,和,因此,采样周期的数量成反比,<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.799999" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:84.300003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 84.300003 17.799999" width="84.300003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.8)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.38,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.43,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-33.74,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.48,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,这样<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq13"> <svg height="31.275" id="M52" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 31.275" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,31.275)"> <g transform="translate(72,-46.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.41,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.75,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.66,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.85,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.529999" y="-7.25"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.580177" y="0"> ·</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 219.99,59.37 27.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.99,47.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.21,50.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.0278559" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.022976" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.398975" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.21,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.66" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="223.8235" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.075" y="0"> 3</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.32649" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.7375" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:8.6000004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.6000004 10.7375" width="8.6000004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个常数同样描述个人测量系统的问题。替换成(<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq10">10</gydF4y2Baa>)给<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq14"> <svg height="39.75" id="M54" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 39.75" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,39.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-40.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.42,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.34,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.16,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.88,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 175.04,64.65 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.04,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.43" y="-7.25"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.018744" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.571033" y="0"> ·</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 218.17,59.37 44.84,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.17,44.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.39,47.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.0278559" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.022976" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.398975" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.2,43.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> v</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 256.8,55.25 6.21,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.8,44.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4099998" y="-11.93"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="211.07001" y="-11.93"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.23351" y="-11.93"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.485" y="-11.93"> 4</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.7365" y="-11.93"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>预期的变化<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.625" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:45.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.299999 17.625" width="45.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.2,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.49,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m -46.33,70.71 6.36,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.33,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.625" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:56.587502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.587502 17.625" width="56.587502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.18,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.46,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m -37.3,70.71 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-37.3,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,当采样周期从1增加到的数量<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1374998" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,可以表示为<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq15"> <svg height="21.5875" id="M58" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 21.5875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-54.73)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,154.59,59.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.54,56.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.36,56.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.08,59.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 189.24,67.54 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,189.24,59.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.018744" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.48,64.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.87,59.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ·</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3499999" y="0.18000001"> v</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 252.82,70.71 6.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.82,59.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2139912" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.05" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.2135" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.465" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.71649" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>这只是的价值的比率<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.625" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:45.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.299999 17.625" width="45.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.2,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.49,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m -46.33,70.71 6.36,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.33,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>为<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1374998" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>采样周期的价值<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.625" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:45.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 45.299999 17.625" width="45.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.02,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.2,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.49,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m -46.33,70.71 6.36,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.33,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>1采样周期。方程(<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq15">15</gydF4y2Baa>)是各种策划<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.7375" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.4749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.4749999 10.7375" width="7.4749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="814715.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jamc/volume-2008/814715/figures/814715.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.7375" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.4749999 10.7375" width="7.4749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 预期之间的关系变化的相对标准不确定度平均质量浓度和数量的采样周期,不同的价值观0(gydF4y2Ba顶线)和1之间(底线),0.1的增量。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>显示为一个纯粹是同方差的测量系统,限制情况<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.9125" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:34.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.674999 10.9125" width="34.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,平均质量浓度的相对不确定性增加采样周期的数量增加。在现实中,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0625" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:34.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.674999 11.0625" width="34.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>几乎所有病例。作为<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.7375" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.4749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.4749999 10.7375" width="7.4749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>增加,增加的不确定性平均质量浓度增加采样周期的数量变得越来越小。当<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.075" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:50.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 50.299999 13.075" width="50.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.63163" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.75738" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.008881" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>平均质量浓度的不确定性是独立的采样周期的数量。的值<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.075" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-1.76814pt;width:50.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 50.299999 13.075" width="50.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.63163" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.75738" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.008881" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>平均质量浓度的相对不确定性开始采样周期的数量却在不断增加。指数<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.7375" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.4749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.4749999 10.7375" width="7.4749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>也可能值高于1,在这种情况下,减少不确定性的趋势越来越多的采样时间将持续下去。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>这一分析表明,为了减少平均质量浓度测量的不确定性,确定指数是至关重要的<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.7375" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.4749999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.4749999 10.7375" width="7.4749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>测量系统的问题。作为一个例子,该系统用于测量样品在英国重金属监测网络<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>)——PS分析爵士高洁之士二世仪检查,以确定其可重复性特征随质量的分析物引入;这些数据呈现在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="814715.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jamc/volume-2008/814715/figures/814715.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 之间的关系正常化相对可重复性和正常化分析物质量的PS分析爵士高洁之士二世的乐器。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>如预期的<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq12">12</gydF4y2Baa>),一块之间正常相对可重复性和正常化分析物质量在对数刻度,如图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>,产生一个合理与梯度约为线性关系<gydF4y2Basvg height="4.5999999" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 4.5999999" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,4.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-68.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,68.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>0.5,等于<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.8625" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:32.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.9375 10.8625" width="32.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.31)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6520758" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.992296" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,在这种情况下<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.1" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:46.400002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.400002 11.1" width="46.400002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.63163" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.75738" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。因此,爵士的高洁之士二世仪器数据显示小的差异的不确定性将观察到的平均质量浓度改变采样周期。当然,作出决定前,在最优数量的采样周期,必须确定每一个测量装置的特点,这些工具和技术之间会有所不同(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B14">14</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="subsec3.2">3.2。场景的特点是大质量浓度在时间的变化<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></h5> <p>对于被测展品数量显著变化随时间(例如,在路边监控网站),平均价值的不确定性一系列连续测量,根据定义,二次矩的平方根的意思(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B10">10</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>),当离散的方式表达<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq16"> <svg height="48.349998" id="M75" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 48.349998" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,48.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-33.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,150.51,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.44,54.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1199999"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.31,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 165.48,58.08 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.48,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.219999" y="-7.2600002"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3390212" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 192.7,52.8 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.72,40.92)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.05,65.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.14,43.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.67,35.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7169924" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.3,44.75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.7399998" y="-4.9200001"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.66" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.030001" y="-4.9200001"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.68,46.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.9,44.75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.24,61.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,263.11,49.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="204.75999" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="208.92349" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="215.175" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.4265" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>这样,平均质量浓度的不确定性值等于根号的平方之和与测量相关的不确定性在每个采样周期。因此很明显,平均质量浓度的相对不确定性最小化减少个体采样周期的不确定性。为了简化这种情况下,我们可能近似(<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq16">16</gydF4y2Baa>)<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq17"> <svg height="28.9625" id="M76" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 28.9625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,28.9625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-48.83)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.24,57.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.17,54.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.73,57.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 185.9,65.69 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.9,57.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3390212" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 211.92,65.69 5.93,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.92,57.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9299998" y="4.9200001"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.29" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.56,54.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.78,52.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6100001" y="-4.9200001"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.09" y="-4.9200001"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.25349" y="-4.9200001"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="243.505" y="-4.9200001"> 7</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="249.7565" y="-4.9200001"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="16.200001" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:29.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.9 16.200001" width="29.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.04)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 5.93,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.51,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.29,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是所有个体采样时间平均不确定性。(当没有变化<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.7125" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:29.9px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.9 14.7125" width="29.9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.51,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.29,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>的情况下,以小浓度的变化,这个近似成为一个平等。)不像(<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq7">7</gydF4y2Baa>),没有依赖<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1374998" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>在这个阶段。类似于(<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq10">10</gydF4y2Baa>),<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq18"> <svg height="49.3125" id="M80" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 49.3125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,49.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-32.55)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.19,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.12,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.69,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 195.85,70.71 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.85,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3390212" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 221.88,70.55 7.33,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.88,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.21,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.43,62.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-62.419998" y="25.35"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.93,33.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.75,33.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.47,36.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 195.63,45.37 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.63,36.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 221.66,45.2 7.34,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.66,36.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229,33.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.91,33.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.62,36.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.25" y="-12.19"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="228.4135" y="-12.19"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="234.66499" y="-12.19"> 8</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="240.9165" y="-12.19"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<gydF4y2Basvg height="16" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.325 16" width="13.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.2)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 7.34,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,59.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.424999" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-4.37273pt;width:27.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.575001 17.424999" width="27.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.06)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,70.71 7.34,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,59.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.7,59.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>平均可重复性,平均相对可重复性,分别的仪器采样周期。因此,类似于(<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq10">10</gydF4y2Baa>)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq15">15</gydF4y2Baa>),它遵循<gydF4y2Baspan class="equation" id="eq20"> <svg height="19.225" id="M83" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.225" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.225)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.88,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 吗?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.83,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.6320801" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.65,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.36,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <g> <path d="m 200.53,69.43 6.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.53,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3390212" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.978354" y="0"> ˜</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.018744" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.77,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.75,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.12" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.28349" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.535" y="0"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.7865" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg></span>方程(<gydF4y2Baa href="#eq20">19</gydF4y2Baa>)是绘制在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig4/" target="_blank">4</gydF4y2Baa>。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="814715.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jamc/volume-2008/814715/figures/814715.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.7375" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.4749999 10.7375" width="7.4749999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 的变化之间的关系的相对标准不确定度平均质量浓度和数量的采样周期,不同的价值观0(gydF4y2Ba顶线)和1之间(底线,与横坐标重合),0.1的增量。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>表示在图的情况<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig4/" target="_blank">4</gydF4y2Baa>,因为<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0625" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:34.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.674999 11.0625" width="34.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,平均质量浓度的相对不确定性增加的数量增加采样时间内的时期。因此,在这种情况下的不确定性将会使用尽可能少的采样时间最小化。当<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.8625" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:34.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.674999 10.8625" width="34.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.31)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,平均质量浓度的相对不确定性是独立的采样周期的数量。只有在情况<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.0625" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:34.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.674999 11.0625" width="34.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3397408" y="0"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是不确定性最小化通过增加采样周期的数量。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="subsec3.3">3.3。采样时间的影响在时间序列中包含的信息</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>在上述情况下,采样周期的数量减少,在某些情况下,减少平均浓度测量的不确定性。然而,这是牺牲时间序列数据中包含的信息。显然,获得的数据点的数量在时间期间,<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>成正比,采样周期的数量,<gydF4y2Basvg height="7.1374998" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。而数据的平均时间,<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.125" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ? ?</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>将保持不变,浓度波动将丢失的细节,特别是短期,高浓度的山峰。这种效果是显示在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig5/" target="_blank">5</gydF4y2Baa>对点<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>质量浓度在2006年在伦敦马里波恩路(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>],它显示了详细数据丢失的采样周期的数量减少。这是进一步证明了相对标准偏差的减少数据,和质量浓度峰值,随着采样周期的增加,如图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig6/" target="_blank">6</gydF4y2Baa>。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="814715.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jamc/volume-2008/814715/figures/814715.fig.005.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <sub>10</gydF4y2Basub> <svg height="10.725" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.4625 10.725" width="17.4625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <sup>−3</gydF4y2Basup> <svg height="10.725" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.4625 10.725" width="17.4625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <sup>−3</gydF4y2Basup> <svg height="10.725" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.4625 10.725" width="17.4625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <sup>−3</gydF4y2Basup> <svg height="10.725" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.4625 10.725" width="17.4625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> <sup>−3</gydF4y2Basup> <table> 测量的点gydF4y2Ba质量浓度在2006年在伦敦马里波恩的道路,从上到下:每小时(+ 400所抵消gydF4y2Ba⋅米),6gydF4y2Ba个小时(+ 300所抵消gydF4y2Ba⋅米),gydF4y2Ba每日(+ 200所抵消gydF4y2Ba⋅米),gydF4y2Ba每周(+ 100所抵消gydF4y2Ba⋅米),gydF4y2Ba每月没有soffset。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="814715.fig.006" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/jamc/volume-2008/814715/figures/814715.fig.006.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <sub>10</gydF4y2Basub> <table> 相对标准偏差的变化(红色子弹)和峰值浓度(蓝色子弹)测量的点gydF4y2Ba质量浓度在马里波恩,伦敦,2006年改变采样周期。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>显然对于某些应用程序,如气味监测(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">17</gydF4y2Baa>),确定短期峰值浓度是非常重要的。这同样适用于点<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>测量,不仅限制设置为年平均浓度,而且还24小时平均的数量超过一个阈值水平(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B18">18</gydF4y2Baa>]。短期峰值浓度的知识也可以在空气污染造型有很大价值<gydF4y2Baa href="#B19">19</gydF4y2Baa>]。然而,这些化合物的情况不同,平均暴露在很长一段时间,而不是急性暴露在非常短的时间内,被认为是最重要的,或者这些化合物的影响是累积汞等。在这些情况下,最好有数据不确定性最低的健康研究,空气质量治理策略和政策可以最好的评估和通知。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="conclusions">4所示。结论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>本文描述了如何的不确定性时间序列的平均变化的函数个体采样周期的长度。时间序列的平均值将保持不变,无论采样周期。平均的不确定性已经调查了场景,在污染物浓度预计不会有很大的波动,和场景更大的浓度的变化。已经表明结果是至关重要的是依赖于测量仪器的精度特征如何随分析物。汽相汞测量的例子在英国重金属监测网络,它已经表明,平均不强烈影响的不确定性采样时间。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>采样周期的选择之间的平衡实现定制数据与一个可接受的不确定性,以及测量数据的使用要求。一般来说,一个人应该行动以减少测量数据的不确定性;在某些情况下,这将需要更长的采样期。这对污染物的测量是可以接受的,或长期累积造成不良的健康影响,低风险。许多这样的污染物只要求立法平均每年的基础上报告,因此长采样周期可以很容易地适应。然而,正如已经观察到,长期的使用抽样时间有不利影响测量数据的丰富的信息。污染物,对健康造成的影响就是峰值浓度在短时间内,或者立法要求短期平均数据报告,或抽样活动旨在衡量短期峰值浓度的污染物,长采样时间是不能接受的。在这些情况下,采样周期的选择必须满足这些需求之间的平衡和交付定制的不确定性。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="acknowledgement">确认</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>这个工作的资金由英国丢国家测量系统的化学和生物计量知识库项目。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</gydF4y2Bah4> <ol> <li id="B1">d . Vallero<gydF4y2Bai>空气污染的基础</gydF4y2Bai>、学术出版社,伦敦,英国,2007年第四版。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B2">欧洲委员会DG的环境,“欧洲议会和理事会指令2004/107 / EC委员会2004年12月15日有关砷、镉、汞、镍和多环芳烃在环境空气,”<gydF4y2Bai>欧盟官方杂志</gydF4y2Bai>卷,L023 3-16, 2005页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Council%20Directive%202004/107/EC%20of%20the%20European%20Parliament%20and%20of%20the%20Council%20of%2015%20December%202004%20relating%20to%20arsenic,%20cadmium,%20mercury,%20nickel%20and%20polycyclic%20aromatic%20hydrocarbons%20in%20ambient%20air&author= European Commission DG Environment&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B3">r·j·c·布朗和m·j·t·弥尔顿”准确和可追踪的化学测量的发展。”<gydF4y2Bai>化学学会评论</gydF4y2Bai>,36卷,不。6,904 - 913年,2007页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1039/b507452p">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Developments%20in%20accurate%20and%20traceable%20chemical%20measurements&author=R. J. C. Brown &author=M. J. T. Milton&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B4">r·j·c·布朗和m·j·t·弥尔顿”为微量元素分析技术分析:概述,“<gydF4y2Bai>趋势分析化学</gydF4y2Bai>,24卷,不。3、266 - 274年,2005页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2004.11.010">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analytical%20techniques%20for%20trace%20element%20analysis:%20an%20overview&author=R. J. C. Brown &author=M. J. T. Milton&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B5">e·j·斯涅克”类型批准新en标准仪器和不确定性的计算测量<米ath id="C1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mtext> 所以</米text> </mrow> <mn> 2</米n> </msub> </mrow> </math>,<米ath id="C2" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mtext> 没有</米text> </mrow> <mn> 2</米n> </msub> </mrow> </math>有限公司和<米ath id="C3" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mtext> O</米text> <mn> 3</米n> </msub> </mrow> </math>在环境空气。”<gydF4y2Bai>Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung Der空气</gydF4y2Bai>,卷63,不。4、163 - 166年,2003页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Type%20approval%20of%20instruments%20and%20uncertainty%20calculations%20in%20the%20new%20EN-standards%20for%20the%20measurement%20of%20SO2,%20NO2,%20CO%20and%20O3%20in%20ambient%20air&author=E. J. Sneek&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B6">f . Bunzel k·伯杰,r . Neuroth“标准化的欧洲参考测量方法测定铅、,Cd和倪环境air-validation和决心的测量不确定性,”<gydF4y2Bai>Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung Der空气</gydF4y2Bai>,卷63,不。4、157 - 162年,2003页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Standardisation%20of%20a%20European%20reference%20measurement%20method%20for%20the%20determination%20of%20Pb,%20As,%20Cd%20and%20Ni%20in%20ambient%20air—validation%20and%20determination%20of%20the%20measurement%20uncertainty&author=K. Berger&author=F. Bunzel&author=&author=R. Neuroth&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B7">r . Dumarey e . Temmerman r .大坝,j .小姐”的准确性vapour-injection标定方法测定汞的合并/低温蒸气原子吸收光谱法,“<gydF4y2Bai>分析Chimica学报</gydF4y2Bai>卷,170年,第340 - 337页,1985年。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)81759-6">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20accuracy%20of%20the%20vapour-injection%20calibration%20method%20for%20the%20determination%20of%20mercury%20by%20amalgamation/cold-vapour%20atomic%20absorption%20spectrometry&author=R. Dumarey&author=E. Temmerman&author=R. Dams&author=&author=J. Hoste&publication_year=1985" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B8">ISO 11222:2002”,空气质量检测的时间平均空气质量测量的不确定性,”2002年,ISO, Genev。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Air%20quality—determination%20of%20the%20uncertainty%20of%20the%20time%20average%20of%20air%20quality%20measurement&author= ISO 11222:2002&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B9">伍尔夫和m·a·韦茨”测量不确定性低流量的校准环境空气采样,”<gydF4y2Bai>质量与可靠性工程国际</gydF4y2Bai>,21卷,不。6,605 - 619年,2005页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qre.678">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Measurement%20uncertainty%20in%20the%20calibration%20of%20low-flow%20ambient%20air%20samplers&author=S. S. Wulff &author=M. A. Weitz&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B10">p . p . Ballesta”,平均的不确定性时间序列的测量及其在环境立法,”<gydF4y2Bai>大气环境</gydF4y2Bai>,39卷,不。11日,第2009 - 2003页,2005年。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.009">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20uncertainty%20of%20averaging%20a%20time%20series%20of%20measurements%20and%20its%20use%20in%20environmental%20legislation&author=P. P. Ballesta&publication_year=2005" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B11">m·汤普森和p . j . Lowthian Horwitz-like函数描述精度水平测试,”<gydF4y2Bai>分析师</gydF4y2Bai>卷,120年,第272 - 271页,1995年。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1039/an9952000271">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20Horwitz-like%20function%20describes%20precision%20in%20a%20proficiency%20test&author=M. Thompson &author=P. J. Lowthian&publication_year=1995" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B12">m·汤普森和p . j . Lowthian”霍维兹函数再现。”<gydF4y2Bai>采用AOAC公认的国际期刊</gydF4y2Bai>,卷80,不。3、676 - 679年,1997页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Horwitz%20function%20revisited&author=M. Thompson &author=P. J. Lowthian&publication_year=1997" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B13">r . j . c .布朗,r . e . Yardley d Muhunthan et al .,“25年的全国环境金属测量在英国:浓度水平和趋势,”出现<gydF4y2Bai>2008年环境监测和评估</gydF4y2Bai>。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9914-9">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Twenty-five%20years%20of%20nationwide%20ambient%20metals%20measurement%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom:%20concentration%20levels%20and%20trends&author=R. J. C. Brown&author=R. E. Yardley&author=D. Muhunthan et al." target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B14">m·汤普森和r .木”,利用不确定性函数来预测和指定的性能分析方法,”<gydF4y2Bai>认证和质量保证</gydF4y2Bai>,10卷,不。9日,第478 - 471页,2006年。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-005-0040-5">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Using%20uncertainty%20functions%20to%20predict%20and%20specify%20the%20performance%20of%20analytical%20methods&author=M. Thompson &author=R. Wood&publication_year=2006" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B15">c·f·迪特里希,“科学和工业测量的数据,”<gydF4y2Bai>不确定性,校准和概率</gydF4y2Bai>亚当Hilger,布里斯托尔英国,第二版,1991年版。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20statistics%20of%20scientific%20and%20industrial%20measurement&author=C. F. Dietrich&publication_year=1991" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B16">2007年9月,<gydF4y2Baa href="http://www.airquality.co.uk/">http://www.airquality.co.uk/</gydF4y2Baa>。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks"></span></li> <li id="B17">g·h·德鲁r .史密斯诉杰拉德et al .,“适当性选择不同的平均时间造型慢性和急性暴露于环境气味,”<gydF4y2Bai>大气环境</gydF4y2Bai>第41卷。。13日,2870 - 2880年,2007页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.022">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Appropriateness%20of%20selecting%20different%20averaging%20times%20for%20modelling%20chronic%20and%20acute%20exposure%20to%20environmental%20odours&author=G. H. Drew&author=R. Smith&author=V. Gerard et al.&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B18">欧洲委员会DG环境理事会指令1999/30 / EC的欧洲议会和理事会1999年4月22日有关限制值二氧化硫,二氧化氮和氮的氧化物,在环境空气颗粒物和领先,”<gydF4y2Bai>欧洲共同体的官方杂志</gydF4y2Bai>卷,L163 41-60, 1999页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Council%20Directive%201999/30/EC%20of%20the%20European%20Parliament%20and%20of%20the%20Council%20of%2022%20April%201999%20relating%20to%20limit%20values%20for%20sulphur%20dioxide,%20nitrogen%20dioxide%20and%20oxides%20of%20nitrogen,%20particulate%20matter%20and%20lead%20in%20ambient%20air&author= European Commission DG Environment &publication_year=1999" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> <li id="B19">a . Venkatram”占平均时间在空气污染造型,“<gydF4y2Bai>大气环境</gydF4y2Bai>,36卷,不。13日,2165 - 2170年,2002页。<gydF4y2Baspan class="reflinks">视图:<gydF4y2Baa href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00200-5">出版商的网站</gydF4y2Baa><span class="sep">|</gydF4y2Baspan><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Accounting%20for%20averaging%20time%20in%20air%20pollution%20modelling&author=A. Venkatram&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</gydF4y2Baa></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>版权©2008年理查德·j·c·布朗等。这是一个开放分布式下文章<gydF4y2Baa rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</gydF4y2Baa>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div id="related-articles" class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</gydF4y2Bah4>对本文没有相关内容可用。<gydF4y2Badiv id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 qBdVJ"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jamc/2008/814715.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/pdf.svg" height="24"><span class="text">PDF</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-kcDeIU cbcyj ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavLarge"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/jamc/2008/814715.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</gydF4y2Baspan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</gydF4y2Baspan></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jamc/2008/814715.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML</gydF4y2Badiv><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> </div> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-imABML ibWUzs" href="//www.newsama.com/reprints/814715/confirm" aria-label="Order Printed Copies" target="_blank" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__opcNav"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</gydF4y2Baspan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<gydF4y2Baspan>948年</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div> 下载<gydF4y2Baspan>713年</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2008/814715" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</gydF4y2Bah3> <ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/814715&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/814715" aria-label="Sharing on Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialLinkedin" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialLinkedin.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/814715" aria-label="Sharing on Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialFacebook" title="" role="presentation" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/EOR5BK0GkVsxWG8Cyh5LP/_next/static/node_modules/hindawi-ui/src/icon/svg/socialFacebook-HINDAWI.svg" height="24"></a></li> <li class="iconBorder"> <div class="wechat-container"> <img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialWechat" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"> <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"></div> </div></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:?subject=On the Optimum Sampling Time for the Measurement of Pollutants in Ambient Air&body=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/814715" aria-label="Sharing on Mail" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialMail" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 cBTaXT journal_article__BiblioIntegratorSidebar-sc-12fk6zy-4 cYsVdk biblioWrapperRight biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">相关文章</gydF4y2Bah4>对本文没有相关内容可用。<gydF4y2Badiv id="biblio_sidebar" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 qBdVJ"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="sc-jKJlTe inBNwS"> <section class="sc-eNQAEJ dkutRV"> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd primary__footer footer__bodypadding"> <div class="sc-hMqMXs hlGpbO mobile"> 遵循我们:<gydF4y2Banav role="navigation" class="sc-kkGfuU filPdg"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> <nav class="E_HUmlU2Hj3PpkDmWzKPd _3wm8FgzqRuRWouJG31YgKx" role="navigation"> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link about_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/" aria-label="About us">关于我们</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link contact_us" href="//www.newsama.com/about/contact/" aria-label="Contact us">联系我们</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link partnerships" href="//www.newsama.com/publishing-partnerships/" aria-label="Partnerships">合作伙伴关系</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link blog" href="//www.newsama.com/blog/" aria-label="Blog">博客</gydF4y2Baa></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link journals" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/" aria-label="Journals">期刊</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link article_processing_charges" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/article-processing-charges/" aria-label="Article Processing Charges">文章处理费用</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link print_editions" href="//www.newsama.com/print-editions/" aria-label="Print editions">印刷版</gydF4y2Baa></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link authors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/authors/" aria-label="Authors">作者</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link editors" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/editors/" aria-label="Editors">编辑器</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link reviewers" href="//www.newsama.com/publish-research/reviewers/" aria-label="Reviewers">评论家</gydF4y2Baa></li> </ul> <ul class="_2k5c8zEhMT-84kRD4oDgAz _1SoDWGr_FVsil9klRfjnhb"> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link hindawi_xml_corpus" href="//www.newsama.com/hindawi-xml-corpus/" aria-label="Hindawi XML Corpus">雷电竞APP</a></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link open_archives_initiative" href="//www.newsama.com/open-archives-initiative/" aria-label="Open Archives Initiative">开放档案计划</gydF4y2Baa></li> <li><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link fraud_prevention" href="//www.newsama.com/preventing-and-protecting-against-fraud/" aria-label="Fraud prevention">欺诈防范</gydF4y2Baa></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="sc-hMqMXs hlGpbO desktop"> 遵循我们:<gydF4y2Banav role="navigation" class="sc-kkGfuU filPdg"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://twitter.com/hindawi" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/hindawilimited/" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDIK_O7FATPEkhad_sQVaSg" aria-label="Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-kEYyzF ecHxGW" href="https://www.facebook.com/HindawiLimited/" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje TsaZF" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="40"></a> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <div class="sc-bZQynM bNmdOy"> <section class="sc-iAyFgw gCiATD"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/privacy/" aria-label="Privacy Policy">隐私政策<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> |</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/terms/" aria-label="Terms of Service">服务条款<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> |</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/" aria-label="Responsible Disclosure Policy">负责信息披露政策<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> |</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/cookie-policy/" aria-label="Cookie Policy">饼干的政策<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> |</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/copyright/" aria-label="Copyright">版权<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> |</gydF4y2Baa> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="//www.newsama.com/modern-slavery-statement/" aria-label="Modern slavery statement">现代奴隶制的声明<gydF4y2Ba!-- --></a> </section> </div> </footer> <div class="sc-OxbzP eEFYIL advWrapper hideBanner"> <span><p>文章奖:2020年杰出的研究贡献,选择由我们的首席编辑。<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/article-year-award/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">获奖的文章阅读</gydF4y2Baa>。</gydF4y2Bap></span> <button class="sc-bYnzgO dsXEHZ"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje iiusBg sc-cPuPxo iXKuYd" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="16"></button> </div> </div> </div> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.newsama.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQ4MGW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> </div> </body> </html>