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height="24"><span class="text">提交</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-krDsej ewCAZX hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-itybZL kdvWPs journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-fzsDOv hAFFGk journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK lkWWFY hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-kUaPvJ ehYbwJ"> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> </div> <div class="sc-jVODtj epgILe"></div> <span class="sc-fONwsr kCfRMJ"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-nrwXf byflLi breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/" aria-label="Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience">计算智能和神经科学</一个>/<一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/contents/year/2011/" aria-label="2011">2011年</一个>/<年代p一个nclass="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</年代p一个n></div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</button> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p><年代p一个nclass="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#simulation-and-results" aria-label="">结果</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#discussion" aria-label="">讨论</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conclusion" aria-label="">结论</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#supplementary-materials" aria-label="">补充材料</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|开放获取</p><div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积 2011年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n>文章的ID 869348年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/869348" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/869348</一个></div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>卡里姆El-Laithy马丁Bogdan, ”<年代p一个nclass="adjust-article-svg-size">强化学习框架与动态突触强化网络</年代p一个n>”,<i>计算智能和神经科学</我>, 卷。2011年, 文章的ID869348年, 12   页面, 2011年。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/869348</p></div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN kRoxOt article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">强化学习框架与动态突触强化网络</h1></div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>卡里姆El-Laithy</b><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><sup>1</年代up>和</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="">马丁Bogdan<年代up>1</年代up></年代p一个n><div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><年代p一个n>计算机工程、数学和计算机科学学院,Johannisgasse 26日04103莱比锡,德国</年代p一个n></p></div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>弗朗索瓦Benoit Vialatte</div> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年5月30日</年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年8月12日</年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年8月30日</年代p一个n></div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年10月23日</年代p一个n></div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ exFqMv article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4><p>集成Hebbian-based和强化学习(RL)规则提出了动态突触。拟议的框架允许Hebbian规则更新隐藏突触模型参数调节突触的反应而非突触权重。这是使用价值和执行时间的符号不同奖励每次试验后的信号。应用这个框架,强化网络测试与spike-timing-dependent突触学习异暂时编码的基础上计算。奖励值计算与网络的输出脉冲序列之间的距离和一个参考目标。结果表明,该网络可以获取所需的动力学和拟议的框架可以揭示Hebbian和RL的确实一个集成版本。拟议的框架是驯良的和更少的计算昂贵。突触的框架适用于广泛的类模型和并不局限于使用神经表示。这种普遍性,以及报告结果,支持采用引入方法受益于生物的突触模型广泛的直观的信号处理。</p><年代p一个nclass="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4><p>学习神经网络可以通过两个主要策略,即监督和非监督学习。无监督学习是遵循相关性在输入信息网络。唐纳德•海布在1949年提出(<一个href=”#B20">20.</一个>)的修改突触传递效能的相关性是由发射前和突触后神经元的活动。Spike-timing-dependent可塑性(STDP)突触,突触后飙升的增强作用遵循突触前的峰值在几十毫秒的时间窗口和抑郁的突触时峰值的顺序正好相反。因为这是与d·赫的假设一致,有时这种类型的STDP称为Hebbian STDP。当的符号改变突触强度的改变,这一过程可能会被称为anti-Hebbian STDP [<一个href=”#B17">17</一个>]。Hebbian学习规则实现这种依赖性突触变化的相对时间前和突触后动作电位和STDP Hebbian调制是突触变化后学习算法通过Hebbian或anti-Hebbian规则(<一个href=”#B19">19</一个>]。的一个有吸引力的模型在这方面是Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro (BCM)模型的发展方向选择性细胞视觉系统(<一个href=”#B4">4</一个>]。Hebbian学习规则的模型已收到相当大的支持(LTP)长期电位化实验和长期抑郁(有限公司)<一个href=”#B31">31日</一个>]。</p><p>许多研究调查如何Hebbian-based学习算法可以应用于赋予人工神经网络(ann)的性能,特别是那些使用强化神经元模型和/或突触模型实现STDP;见,例如,(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>,<一个href=”#B37">37</一个>为最近的评论。一个correlation-based Hebbian飙升神经元的学习规则提出了报告,输入和输出之间的相关性放电稳定(<一个href=”#B21">21</一个>]。一个生物的介绍了多层神经网络的学习算法(<一个href=”#B23">23</一个>]。结果表明:学习算法使得网络来解决部分没有反向传播异(XOR)的问题。应用Hebbian和anti-Hebbian规则在复发性网络实现STDP研究[<一个href=”#B7">7</一个>]。它已经表明,导致突触权重的近似收敛。这些研究都集中在STDP的计算性能,因此他们已经说明其功能在神经内稳态和监督和非监督学习。</p><p>值得注意的是,许多理论分析报道,Hebbian和anti-Hebbian调制STDP可以最小化或最大化的突触后(神经元)发射可变性给定特定的突触前输入(<一个href=”#B7">7</一个>,<一个href=”#B17">17</一个>,<一个href=”#B39">39</一个>]。这些研究表明,结合Hebbian规则和强化学习(RL) [<一个href=”#B34">34</一个>)促进学习能力的模拟生物神经系统。大量的研究调查了两个概念之间的集成站得住脚。例如,能够减少对特定任务所需的学习步骤相比,应用RL独自研究[<一个href=”#B5">5</一个>]。很差的任务定义用于通用机器学习机制。RL规则应用到spike-response模型(SRM)进行<一个href=”#B11">11</一个>]。这是通过添加一个Hebbian RL规则。后者研究也指导调查影响学习步骤的数目。已经表明,RL可以通过关联发生不规则的波动飙升与奖励信号网络神经元组成的泊松高峰列车(<一个href=”#B33">33</一个>,<一个href=”#B40">40</一个>]。激增的另一项研究试图教一个网络神经元输出特定的发射模式在不同的时间尺度和针对不同的输入组合(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>]。</p><p>通过所有这些研究一般,调制目标仅仅突触的突触权重参数化,也就是说,只有spike-timing<我>独立的</我>突触的参数调整的一部分。很少有人注意到突触隐藏的直接调制参数,例如,响应和恢复时间常数。</p><p>为了得到一个印象的相关性应用学习规则直接调整突触隐藏参数,回顾了在接下来的一些话题。采用spike-timing依赖性突触行动假定前和突触后飙升活动影响导致突触行动本身的内部机制。说不久,有一种闭环反馈机制调节突触行动观察通过突触可塑性的变化<一个href=”#B28">28</一个>,<一个href=”#B41">41</一个>]。在化学突触,钙离子缓冲,一般来说,到达峰值facilitatory角色和触发的突触前终端。这个缓冲提高了传播的突触前飙升,敦促从囊泡释放神经递质进入突触间隙。这个facilitatory角色的程度,但是,一定会等其他机制的贡献的池大小准备释放囊泡和postrelease恢复时间常数的神经递质。之间存在着依赖性突触资源的利用率(离子和神经递质),和整体突触行动是调制的高峰时间在突触前的网站。突触的动作因此影响突触后的活动。延迟之间的突触后允许神经传递素的吸收峰值裂和改革在突触前囊泡的终端。这些延迟释放过程基本上是调制的最初presynaptically监管(<一个href=”#B41">41</一个>]。因此,之间存在着相互依存STDP(突触前和突触后飙升)之间的相关性和突触的资源,例如,神经递质和离子的浓度。了解,相互依存关系源于突触行动和预处理和突触后动作电位的相对时间。这种相互依存关系表明,学习框架,一般来说,可能专门调整内部突触动态机制根据预定义的输入/输出的组合。</p><p>突触的类模型,实现STDP,整个突触反应源于两个贡献:突触权重和动态spike-timing依赖机制。后者源自隐藏突触之间的协同参数为例,通过响应时间常数和扩展的因素。马斯河和Zador报道,应用梯度下降优化隐藏参数的随机突触模型会导致学习原则上在神经回路(<一个href=”#B27">27</一个>,<一个href=”#B30">30.</一个>]。这种方法是基于以前的工作,<一个href=”#B1">1</一个>,<一个href=”#B2">2</一个>,<一个href=”#B29">29日</一个>];已经表明,突触动力学模型,在一般情况下,有限脉冲响应滤波器可以通过调节学习他们隐藏的参数。生物的突触模型,实现时间编码通过STDP可以作为集成的一般特征(多层)有限脉冲响应滤波器<一个href=”#B18">18</一个>]。</p><p>很有诱惑力,因此,调查是否Hebbian / anti-Hebbian调制STDP RL框架之内,也就是说,用奖励的信号,可能导致RL当学习指向调整隐藏的突触模型的参数。在这项研究中,我们提出一个后续研究的框架中引入[<一个href=”#B12">12</一个>]。(而不是产生的研究结果分别采用从[<一个href=”#B12">12</一个>]。)框架集成的概念学习和RL Hebbian / anti-Hebbian而显式地使用合理的生物神经元和突触的表示。介绍训练算法影响突触动态管理的值(例如,时间常数)而不是改变突触的重量。为了说明这一点,学习异(XOR)的计算选择。模拟神经网络使用(a)飙升Markram-Tsodyks突触模型(<一个href=”#B28">28</一个>),(b)漏integrate-and-fire神经元。建议的方法是随机学习算法的启发中引入的突触(<一个href=”#B13">13</一个>]。作者的知识,这是第一次试验开发这样一个框架培训隐藏在动态突触的突触参数模型。</p><p>它并不打算引入一种新颖的基于网络的解决方案XOR问题;相反,XOR的任务是选择作为学习算法的经典的基准问题。核心目标是提出一个合适的,但简单,学习算法实现Hebbian和RL规则强化网络通过调优与spike-timing-dependent突触的突触模型参数而非突触权重。这样一个框架的可用性打开新途径采用生物物理类突触模型神经信号的处理和计算。这些突触模型没有任何标量特征权重因素突触权重(见,例如,<一个href=”#B13">13</一个>,<一个href=”#B24">24</一个>]),这就是为什么他们没有广泛应用于信号处理的任务,需要调优模型参数来实现某些政权的动力学特征是预定义的输入和输出峰值模式之间的映射。</p><h4我d="models">2。模型</h4><p><年代p一个nclass="statement" id="head1"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">神经元模型</我></年代p一个n><br>神经元模型为漏integrate-and-fire (LIaF)神经元<一个href=”#B6">6</一个>]。描述每个神经元膜电位的电压<年代vg height="10.575" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:12.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.625 10.575" width="12.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg><span class="equation" id="EEq1"> <svg height="32.099998" id="M2" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 32.099998" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,32.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-46.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,116.55,55.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.96,52.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.65,63.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.729494" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.892994" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.806433" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 131.65,58.4 30.98,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,141.86,46.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.440001" y="-8.75"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.467888" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.53,52.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.117312" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.35,55.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.430622" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.594122" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.507561" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.446724" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.786945" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.426277" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.39045" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.342117" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.394287" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="84.557793" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.47123" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="94.710228" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="271.76999" y="-0.75999999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="275.9335" y="-0.75999999"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="282.185" y="-0.75999999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="10.9" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.27548pt;width:17.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.5 10.9" width="17.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.28)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>膜时间常数设定在20 msec和EPSP总观察兴奋性突触后电位从突触前终端。当<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:62.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 62.012501 14.7125" width="62.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1892252" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.352724" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.266163" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.892994" y="0"> ≥</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.93338" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.82,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,会生成一个高峰<年代vg height="16.375" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:85.199997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 85.199997 16.375" width="85.199997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.1892252" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.352724" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.68,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.19,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.015863" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.94,59.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.126064" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="12.5" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:13.1375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.1375 12.5" width="13.1375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是时候即时后<年代vg height="9.125" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:52.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.625 14.7125" width="52.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.117312" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.24,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>mV和<年代vg height="14.9" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:53.349998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 53.349998 14.9" width="53.349998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.08)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.4943199" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.91,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>mV。绝对不应期<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:51.712502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.712502 14.7125" width="51.712502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7059679" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.97,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>实现微秒。</年代p一个n></p><p><span class="statement" id="head2"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">突触模型(STDP)</我></年代p一个n><br>它是行之有效的现象学模型从马克拉姆et al。<一个href=”#B28">28</一个>,<一个href=”#B36">36</一个>短期突触可塑性。在下面,我们将这种模式称为Markram-Tsodyks模型。这个模型描述了动作电位的影响突触的集体利用功效<年代vg height="13.45" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:22.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.8375 13.45" width="22.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.00336" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和随后的复苏的过程<年代vg height="13.45" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:21.799999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.799999 13.45" width="21.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.1012239" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2647228" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.178162" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。它是一个综合模型,描述了两个突触行动的抑郁和便利化。它读取(<一个href=”#B3">3</一个>]<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq2"> <svg height="84.25" id="M13" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 84.25" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,84.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-4.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,107.31,63.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.828318" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.991817" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.905256" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 107.31,58.4 26.08,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.07,46.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.99" y="-8.75"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.220001" y="-16.969999"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.247166" y="-16.969999"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.587387" y="-16.969999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.776611" y="-16.969999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.940109" y="-16.969999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.853554" y="-16.969999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 151.29,58.4 39.8,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.41,46.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,168.81,43.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.8969121" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7828002" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.06,55.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.660004" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.354645" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.518143" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.431581" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.370747" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.722271" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.911495" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.074993" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.988434" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.927601" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.279121" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.510002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.199104" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="101.53933" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,300.52,52.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,303.74,52.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-1.74"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="170.38" y="-1.74"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="174.5435" y="-1.74"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="180.795" y="-1.74"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-218.28999" y="27.92"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-211.6384" y="27.92"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-203.63649" y="27.92"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-199.47299" y="27.92"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-195.55954" y="27.92"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 85.45,19.74 26.9,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,93.62,7.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.4" y="-8.75"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.630001" y="-18.01"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,139.07,22.75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.56,25.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.34214" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.50564" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.419079" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 130.25,19.74 53.9,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.52,7.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,154.92,4.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.13,16.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.28,13.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.77,16.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.82" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.542189" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.88241" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.896832" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.060333" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.97377" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.137272" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.076435" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.44046" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.669998" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="85.346603" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="96.699326" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,322.39,13.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,325.61,14.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.26"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="148.50999" y="-2.26"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="152.67349" y="-2.26"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.925" y="-2.26"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="10.825" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:22.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.0875 10.825" width="22.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是池恢复时间常数。<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:49.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.849998 14.7125" width="49.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2765059" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.440005" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.141613" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.481834" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.55,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.33,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>狄拉克δ函数和代表传入飙升<年代vg height="13.0125" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 13.0125" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。<br>假设一个突触前动作电位时间<年代vg height="13.0125" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:9.0375004px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.0375004 13.0125" width="9.0375004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可以表达的,萧条的过程(<一个href=”#EEq2">2</一个>),<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>神经递质池用于传播的一部分,<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:7.5374999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.5374999 7.1624999" width="7.5374999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的分数是<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>被利用,因为每一个高峰,神经递质释放概率模型。促进机制,另一方面,是由于增加突触利用在每个突触前峰值,可以由(制定<一个href=”#EEq2">3</一个>)。<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:24.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个常量值确定步骤增加<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:7.5374999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.5374999 7.1624999" width="7.5374999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.825" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.825001 10.825" width="21.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>弛豫时间常数,在哪里<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:24.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>应该有界<年代vg height="13.125" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:32.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.674999 13.125" width="32.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ]</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。后传入的尖峰,<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:7.5374999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.5374999 7.1624999" width="7.5374999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从其当前值增加,<年代vg height="13.45" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:22.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.8375 13.45" width="22.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.00336" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="16.424999" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:185.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 185.1125 16.424999" width="185.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.95,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.45,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6268301" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.667219" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.593641" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.757139" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.670578" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.609745" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.949966" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,9.32,59.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,22.81,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.542189" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.894913" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.821335" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.984833" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.898273" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.061771" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,飘向其基线值<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:24.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>与时间常数<年代vg height="10.825" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.825001 10.825" width="21.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>动作电位之间的关系。规则使<年代vg height="13.45" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:50.037498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 50.037498 13.45" width="50.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.00336" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.63019" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.670578" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>说明了响应的状态参数<年代vg height="7.0124998" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="7.1624999" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:7.5374999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.5374999 7.1624999" width="7.5374999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>常规输入脉冲序列如图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig1/" target="_blank">1(一)</一个>。兴奋性突触后反应(EPSP)通过一个动作电位<年代vg height="13.45" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:148.8875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 148.8875 13.45" width="148.8875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.603504" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.555172" y="0"> P</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.519342" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.682842" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.596279" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.22311" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.2635" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.003815" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.355339" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.281761" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="84.445259" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.358704" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.310371" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="101.6619" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="106.76311" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="110.92661" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="114.84006" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="10.55" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>突触的基线水平输出。的一种抑制性突触,<年代vg height="10.55" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:61.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 61.612499 10.55" width="61.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.515983" y="0"> →</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.645094" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.209648" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。<br>在这种突触模型,<年代vg height="10.55" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>可能被视为突触权重。它代表了spike-timing<我>独立的</我>贡献的突触反应。动态突触的贡献<年代vg height="10.725" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:11.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.375 10.725" width="11.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在任何时候即时<年代vg height="9.125" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>评估是<年代vg height="13.45" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:100.775px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 100.775 13.45" width="100.775" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1269503" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.290449" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.203888" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.830717" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.871105" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.972332" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.13583" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.049271" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.988434" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.339958" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.26638" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.429878" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.343315" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(<一个href=”#B26">26</一个>]。这种动态的价值贡献取决于相关参数的值:<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:24.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.825" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.825001 10.825" width="21.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.825" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:22.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.0875 10.825" width="22.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。在下一节中,我们将解释如何学习规则曲调只有动态部分通过调节这些参数调节spike-timing-dependent响应。</年代p一个n></p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.001a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.001a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.001b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.001b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="869348.fig.001c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.001c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig1"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.001a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.001a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.001b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.001b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个me="869348.fig.001c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.001c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig1"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.825" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.0875 10.825" width="22.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.9" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 88.537498 14.9" width="88.537498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.08)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,60.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.12,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.132469" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.383968" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.635471" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.45" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.799999 13.45" width="21.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.1012239" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2647228" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.178162" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.45" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.8375 13.45" width="22.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.089921" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.00336" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 模拟状态Markram-Tsodyks参数模型,=130毫秒,微秒。(一)常规脉冲序列刺激在100赫兹。(b)和(c)说明的时间进程和分别对常规脉冲序列。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="reinforcement-learning-framework">3所示。强化学习框架</h4><p>RL是一个证明的工具,用于开发一个智能代理没有一个明确的主管和没有一套教学,奖励的信号与环境相互作用产生的,和它代表监督的来源<一个href=”#B34">34</一个>]。为了解释该学习框架,让我们首先考虑仿真设置。网络结构类似的用于(<一个href=”#B17">17</一个>,<一个href=”#B40">40</一个>被认为是;参见图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(一个)。网络有两个输入神经元<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.512501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.512501 14.2375" width="19.512501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.2375" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:19.512501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.512501 14.2375" width="19.512501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>喂养他们的输出通过一个隐藏层(<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:70.162498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 70.162498 14.3875" width="70.162498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.44,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2137508" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.59,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-35.71,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> …</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>一个输出神经元<年代vg height="14.35" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:28.025px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.025 14.35" width="28.025" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.31,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。网络的输出是一个高峰火车<年代vg height="13.4875" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:10.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.675 13.4875" width="10.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。输入与Poisson-distributed高峰列车峰电位区间和输入神经元。并行,输入峰值火车是美联储XOR门。仿真给出了部分的细节<一个href=”#sec4">4</一个>。XOR门提供正确的输出脉冲序列(目标输出)作为参考<年代vg height="9.9375" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4375 9.9375" width="8.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。一个基本的问题是如何设置(图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig2/" target="_blank">2(一个)</一个>)可以映射到RL配置。</p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.002a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.002a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.002b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.002b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="869348.fig.002c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.002c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig2"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.002a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.002a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.002b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.002b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个me="869348.fig.002c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.002c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig2"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#sec3.4">3所示。4</一个><年代vg height="9.9375" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4375 9.9375" width="8.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.75" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.9125 10.75" width="11.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.4875" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.675 13.4875" width="10.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.325" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.325" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.75" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.9125 10.75" width="11.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.1" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.762501 11.1" width="44.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.230333" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="11.1" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.975 11.1" width="16.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <a href="#B12">12</一个><t一个ble> (一)网络设置和仿真的示意图表示。不同颜色的输入线表示不恒等的输入峰值火车。虚线箭头表示这些突触连接允许学习(细节部分中解释)。(b)的网络输入样本。(c)相应的网络输出。在这两种面板,浅灰色线表示参考峰值的位置(或)。蓝线是对应的(或)。注意,在较低的面板(c)的长度(或)是,在那里=5。(b)和(c)都是采用从[]。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。奖励的信号</h5><p>描述,奖励信号(或反馈参数),<年代vg height="11.1" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:36.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.237499 11.1" width="36.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.492657" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,可以代表进步在捕获特定时间动力学(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>]。这个奖励是基于不同目标高峰火车和网络的实际输出。至于距离,van Rossum引入了一种算法,用于计算两个峰值之间的距离火车(<一个href=”#B38">38</一个>]。这是一个无量纲距离计算两个峰值之间的不同的列车。计算了过滤两列车指数滤波器和计算两列火车的集成方不同。每个高峰时间<年代vg height="14.9375" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:10.55px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.55 14.9375" width="10.55" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在<年代vg height="13.4875" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:10.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.675 13.4875" width="10.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>卷积是一个指数函数吗<年代vg height="16.637501" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:99.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 99.75 16.637501" width="99.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.217831" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.38133" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.544828" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.233932" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.574154" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.45,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.02,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-0.98,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,3.58,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>与<年代vg height="14.9375" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-4.77652pt;width:34.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.837502 14.9375" width="34.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.61,61.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,导致时间序列<年代vg height="13.6125" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:24.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.1 13.6125" width="24.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.016103" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。同样,每个激增<年代vg height="9.9375" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4375 9.9375" width="8.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>这个指数函数卷积,导致时间序列<年代vg height="13.6125" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:23.112499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.112499 13.6125" width="23.112499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1514759" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.314975" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.228414" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。从产生的时间序列<年代vg height="13.6125" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:24.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.1 13.6125" width="24.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9391651" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.016103" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="13.6125" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:23.112499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.112499 13.6125" width="23.112499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1514759" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.314975" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.228414" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>van Rossum距离测量<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq4"> <svg height="37.337502" id="M73" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 37.337502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,37.3375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-42.13)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,121.54,54.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.34" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.140653" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.304152" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.243317" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.457067" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.108665" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.747997" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 178.52,57.28 10.97,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.52,45.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.92,42.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.77,46.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,199.77,68.19)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∞</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.25" y="25.530001"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.46,54.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.02" y="0"> ]</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1599998" y="-0.039999999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.675023" y="-0.039999999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.838522" y="-0.039999999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.751961" y="-0.039999999"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.703629" y="-0.039999999"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.04385" y="-0.039999999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.770943" y="-0.039999999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.934444" y="-0.039999999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.847881" y="-0.039999999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.65,59.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,281.52,54.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.565035" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="192.60001" y="0.22"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="196.7635" y="0.22"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="203.015" y="0.22"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="10.8375" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.8375 10.8375" width="13.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是指数滤波器的时间常数。它控制的程度影响每穗第二峰值;也就是说,它决定了这个距离测量的时间尺度。在这里,<年代vg height="10.8375" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.8375 10.8375" width="13.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>设置任意15毫秒。</p><p>为了减少输入变化的影响对观察到的性能(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>),暂时参考脉冲序列和网络的输出编码(或箱)与一个不重叠的时间窗口宽度<年代vg height="11.1" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:16.975px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.975 11.1" width="16.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>首先是5毫秒。在每个时间窗口中,有一个或多个峰值被解释为有一个数字(高),否则为零(低)。因此,对于任何脉冲序列的长度<年代vg height="10.325" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1875 10.325" width="11.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>扔进垃圾箱了<年代vg height="11.1" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:16.975px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.975 11.1" width="16.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>msec窗口,高峰列车映射与长度较短的版本<年代vg height="11.1" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:32.387501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.387501 11.1" width="32.387501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.8521242" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.327958" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。换句话说,输出脉冲序列<年代vg height="13.4875" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:10.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.675 13.4875" width="10.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>200毫秒时代被映射到一个扔进垃圾箱的版本<年代vg height="10.325" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>这是40步长。同样的,<年代vg height="9.9375" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4375 9.9375" width="8.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>映射到<年代vg height="10.75" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.9125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.9125 10.75" width="11.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>;参见图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (c)</一个>。因此,奖励被定义为信号<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq5"> <svg height="18.575001" id="M84" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 18.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.69,60.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.492657" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.607584" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.647972" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.91,65.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.922496" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.668016" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.582432" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="26.991167" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="29.179169" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="35.603134" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.93,61.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="223.19" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.3535" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.605" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:55.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 55.674999 10.9125" width="55.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.515023" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.555412" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.806911" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.932661" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.184162" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。这个定义的<年代vg height="11.1" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:36.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.237499 11.1" width="36.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.492657" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>地图上的距离<年代vg height="13.625" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:72.550003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.550003 13.625" width="72.550003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.528486" y="0"> ∈</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.568874" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.732374" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.983875" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.197624" y="0"> ∞</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.775402" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的范围<年代vg height="13.45" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:32.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.674999 13.45" width="32.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.616247" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.867746" y="0"> ]</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>时,最多奖励的价值统一的距离消失,也就是说,在相同的输出。<年代vg height="11.1" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:36.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.237499 11.1" width="36.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.492657" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是无量纲的;这是一个介绍框架的关键属性,因为所需的物理单位(这将清楚的一致性(<一个href=”#EEq6">6</一个>))。奖励的价值信号是用来调节突触参数代表特定的生物物理与物理单位的数量相当。</p><h5我d="sec3.2">3.2。仿真设置映射到一个RL计划</h5><p>在标准的RL问题,代理人代表学习者和决策者。所有代理之外的环境。环境对其代理人对其当前状态(活动),并产生回报。随着时间的推移代理试图最大化这些奖励(<一个href=”#B34">34</一个>]。至于使用时间差异(TD) RL计划,环境状态是代表在每一集的输入模式(试验)。政策是由突触模型制定和更新规则,它设置动态突触强度,用于每个动态试验。安的行动是输出脉冲序列(分别地。,从它的输出神经元)。XOR门和计算<年代vg height="11.1" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:13.95px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.95 11.1" width="13.95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>被视为学习的顾问代理。以不同的方式说,网络本身是代理。这个代理有两个政策;它们是突触参数化和更新规则。附加到该代理,有一个顾问。后者计算的距离参考脉冲序列,应用装箱和饲料报酬价值更新规则(代理的第二政策)。(两个规则支持这个描述的RL设置<一个href=”#B34">34</一个>]。首先,政策代表sensory-output规则。这是代理的方式输入信息的行为。第二,任何无法改变以外的任意的被认为是它,因此它的环境的一部分。)增强突触模型(代理的第一个政策)旨在提高动作的质量是更好的提取时间差异错误而不是奖励值(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>]。换句话说,不是调制参数的变化受培训奖励值,时态错误所需的奖励和当前奖励值之间使用。这种方法基本上是没有介绍神经生物学的证据,作为神经网络的不发达在第一名<一个href=”#B34">34</一个>]。在神经科学研究已经发现,多巴胺神经元的放电活动在许多大脑皮层区域出现像这TD算法中的误差函数(<一个href=”#B8">8</一个>,<一个href=”#B32">32</一个>]。</p><h5我d="sec3.3">3.3。Hebbian更新规则</h5><p>突触行动的动力都是通过电化学的贡献机制代表通过模型参数:<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:24.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.825" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:22.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.0875 10.825" width="22.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.825" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.825001 10.825" width="21.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。用这些参数<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。的价值<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>后增加,或减少Hebbian规则吗<年代vg height="13.5125" id="M96" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:72.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.224998 13.5125" width="72.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.5125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.367626" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.408016" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.435181" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.786705" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vg height="13.55" id="M97" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:41.387501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.387501 13.55" width="41.387501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.7395973" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.716031" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.75642" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是学习速率(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>,<一个href=”#B29">29日</一个>),根据预处理和突触后之间的配对活动。实现这个基本Hebbian规则如下:读取参数的值导致facilitatory机制增加和抑郁的贡献机制是减少高峰时突触前神经元突触后神经元诱导所需的峰值。“想要”这个词在这里指一个正确的打击。如果突触前峰值不引起突触后飙升,没有预计上升的过程了。是否需要的是通过比较来判断参考脉冲序列。到目前为止,这是完整意义上的监督学习。TD的学习框架,我们使用一个半球错误信号<年代vg height="14.6375" id="M98" style="vertical-align:-3.26671pt;width:33.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.887501 14.6375" width="33.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.66,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>应用于合格的突触更新它们的参数<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq6"> <svg height="15.75" id="M99" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 15.75" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.9,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Δ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.367626" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.408016" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.435181" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.79921" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.452003" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.803528" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.72,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.39999" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.56349" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.815" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="9.875" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9375 9.875" width="7.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>设置为0.01。<年代vg height="14.6375" id="M101" style="vertical-align:-3.26671pt;width:33.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.887501 14.6375" width="33.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.66,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>时间不同的错误,通常是计算预测误差。通常计算的理想之间的差异(或预期)奖励和一个扩展当前的价值(<一个href=”#B34">34</一个>]。扩展当前的奖励是通过跟踪衰减参数<年代vg height="10.8125" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:8.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.5749998 10.8125" width="8.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。在这项研究中,<年代vg height="14.6375" id="M103" style="vertical-align:-3.26671pt;width:33.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.887501 14.6375" width="33.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.66,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>们之间的时间差异错误值(<年代vg height="10.9375" id="M104" style="vertical-align:-0.20064pt;width:35.787498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.787498 10.9375" width="35.787498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.227454" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.267843" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)当前的奖励和之前的前一个审判。它读取<年代p一个nclass="equation" id="EEq7"> <svg height="19.924999" id="M105" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.924999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,109.88,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,116.17,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,140.36,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.74" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.59" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.392834" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.082657" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.85,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.272912" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.992512" y="0"> v</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.368512" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.801567" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="22.177568" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="26.553568" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.08,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.143053" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.832878" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.32,58.01)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.395104" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.300768" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.186657" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="22.562656" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,295.81,58.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="-2.51"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="178.31" y="-2.51"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="182.4735" y="-2.51"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="188.72501" y="-2.51"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个比例因子与秩序的价值<年代vg height="14.6375" id="M107" style="vertical-align:-3.26671pt;width:33.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.887501 14.6375" width="33.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.66,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>参数的顺序在训练。它是整个仿真设置为7。</p><p>基于情景(每次试验后),错误值的符号是用来改变参数值的变化的方向,增加或减少的值调优参数。有一个签署了价值,这种学习规则允许anti-Hebbian突触可塑性(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>,<一个href=”#B29">29日</一个>]。回忆的直接调制突触模型参数实现梯度下降(<一个href=”#B1">1</一个>,<一个href=”#B2">2</一个>),该规则优化误差函数<年代vg height="14.6375" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-3.26671pt;width:33.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.887501 14.6375" width="33.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.66,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>启发式的方式。隐式实现稳定的最大奖励的目的是保存通过最小化误差值<年代vg height="14.6375" id="M109" style="vertical-align:-3.26671pt;width:33.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.887501 14.6375" width="33.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.66,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>]。计算奖励值从高峰列车之间的距离没有装箱强化了输入的变化。这个结果显著恶化,时间误差的波动将会太高。因此,装箱是用来抑制这种可变性和分离,在一定程度上,学习从它的性能效果。</p><p>在这项研究中,隐藏的模型参数服从训练<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M110" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:24.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.825" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:22.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.0875 10.825" width="22.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vg height="10.825" id="M112" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.825001 10.825" width="21.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>;任意初始值设置为0.5,100年,分别和50毫秒。<年代vg height="10.55" id="M113" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是固定的,<年代vg height="14.375" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:54.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 54.099998 14.375" width="54.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.804752" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.64,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。请注意,<年代vg height="10.55" id="M115" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在这种突触模型表示突触的重量。因此,选择在这个研究是固定的和被排除在训练过程中为了强调突触模型参数的直接优化的作用。回忆(后注意上面提到的<一个href=”#EEq5">5</一个>)<年代vg height="11.1" id="M116" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:36.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.237499 11.1" width="36.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.492657" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是无量纲的,如果奖励值的单位,例如,比特和<年代vg height="7.1374998" id="M117" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>表示<年代vg height="10.825" id="M118" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:22.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.0875 10.825" width="22.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或<年代vg height="10.825" id="M119" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:21.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.825001 10.825" width="21.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,(<一个href=”#EEq6">6</一个>)将不会再纠正。</p><p><年代p一个nclass="statement" id="head3"><span class="statement-title"><i class="statement-title">参考脉冲序列</我></年代p一个n><br>在拟议的框架中,可用性和需要参考脉冲序列代表一个重大问题。可能认为与监督学习,实际的期望输出值(参考)不应该用于RL正确行为的环境。相反,一个代理提取所需信息的下一个动作的历史环境行为和奖励。这样做是隐含在拟议的框架。输出和参考脉冲序列之间的距离仅适用于基于情景。因此,使用网络行为的历史,因为它是相对于参考,奖励产生的距离信号。因此,拟议的框架模型正确一个突触STDP RL问题合理的实现。正如前面提到的,函数值是引用和输出峰值之间的距离火车。从宏观(认知)的角度来看,需要参考脉冲序列要求记忆来完成学习的需要。反过来,这就引出了一个根本性的问题,是否记忆是学习的先决条件。 Here, we entertain that memory is needed for learning, at least for the condition when the input information has never been presented to the network. In the simulations presented here, this condition is fulfilled.</年代p一个n></p><h5 id="sec3.4">3.4。资格的痕迹</h5><p>资格表示突触,造成了一个正确的或错误的输出峰值。这些合格的突触可以确定分析(<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>,<一个href=”#B17">17</一个>,<一个href=”#B40">40</一个>]或进而在[<一个href=”#B16">16</一个>,<一个href=”#B22">22</一个>,<一个href=”#B25">25</一个>]。为了保持复杂性至少,后一种方法是采用的研究。一般来说,这种方法依赖于理解飙升活动在网络中流动。换句话说,对于一系列的神经活动,突触的神经网络不影响输出峰值的时间与相同的贡献。在这项研究的手,只是选择允许训练远期隐藏输入神经元和神经元之间的突触连接(如图所示,虚线图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig2/" target="_blank">2(一个)</一个>)。也就是说,只有向前突触的模型参数更新根据提出的学习框架。</p><h4我d="simulation-and-results">4所示。仿真和结果</h4><p>输入数据是一组600高峰列车总时代200 msec 1毫秒的离散化。每个输入脉冲序列与一个泊松分布的峰电位区间整体50赫兹的频率。这组安排在两个子集,每一个输入神经元的输入设置。图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (b)</一个>显示了一个示例的两个输入列车,注意,这里的时代是200毫秒的仿真时代(<年代vg height="10.325" id="M120" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.1875 10.325" width="11.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)。样本的输出脉冲序列和参考图给出<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig2/" target="_blank">2 (c)</一个>以及相应的分箱版本。</p><p>旁边的值奖励,表现了与距离<年代vg height="11.1" id="M121" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:13.95px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.95 11.1" width="13.95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>两短的参考和网络输出峰值表示列车。计算每集。考虑时间的角色功能嵌入输入(输出)列车,其他指标的性能。这个指标是最大的互关联系数<年代vg height="11.1" id="M122" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:14.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.05 11.1" width="14.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的Gaussian-filtered版本之间<年代vg height="10.325" id="M123" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.75" id="M124" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.9125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.9125 10.75" width="11.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>;<年代vg height="10.325" id="M125" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.75" id="M126" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.9125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.9125 10.75" width="11.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是扔进垃圾箱(短)版本的输出和参考高峰火车<年代vg height="13.4875" id="M127" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:10.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.675 13.4875" width="10.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="9.9375" id="M128" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4375 9.9375" width="8.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,分别。这个指标是从未使用过培训或更新模型参数的值。</p><p>网络的隐层神经元5,实现和仿真与七个隐层神经元重复。网络有一个输出神经元;也就是说,网络规模<年代vg height="10.325" id="M129" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:28.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.475 10.325" width="28.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.103384" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>分别为7和10个神经元。所需的最低数量的神经元,解决XOR问题是5。在这两种网络,两个隐层神经元之间的突触输入和随机选择的抑制性突触。隐藏层和输出神经元之间,只有一个选择突触抑制。抑制性突触的选择是在模拟没有改变。小型网络(<年代vg height="10.6" id="M130" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:40.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.625 10.6" width="40.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.103384" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.143772" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)的平均值<年代vg height="13.625" id="M131" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:52.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.012501 13.625" width="52.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.065155" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.228654" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.955507" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.156755" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.333958" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="13.625" id="M132" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:52.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.099998 13.625" width="52.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.140173" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.303672" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.030525" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.231773" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.408978" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在过去的50集10.9±1.5,0.83±0.068,分别。对于这个网络,奖励信号图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig3/" target="_blank">3(一个)</一个>示数据和性能措施<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig3/" target="_blank">3 (b)</一个>和<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig3/" target="_blank">3 (c)</一个>。更大的网络(<年代vg height="10.325" id="M133" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:28.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.475 10.325" width="28.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.103384" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>10),类似于前面设置的值<年代vg height="13.625" id="M134" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:52.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.012501 13.625" width="52.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.065155" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.228654" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.955507" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.156755" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.333958" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>开始在25 - 35岁之间,体验一个整体随时间衰减,达到渐近稳定在100集的训练;均值在过去的50集的观察距离是3.21±2.33。<年代vg height="13.625" id="M135" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:52.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.099998 13.625" width="52.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.140173" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.303672" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.030525" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.231773" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.408978" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>有过去50集的平均值0.93±0.03。给出了进一步的详细概述网络性能的一个快照的模拟输入/输出发射模式和内部EPSP的输出神经元在图S1(补充材料、在线doi: 10.1155 / 2011/869348)。</p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.003a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.003b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="869348.fig.003c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.003c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig3"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.003a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.003b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个me="869348.fig.003c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.003c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig3"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="13.625" id="M136" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.012501 13.625" width="52.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.065155" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.228654" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.955507" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.156755" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.333958" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="13.625" id="M137" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.099998 13.625" width="52.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.140173" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.303672" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.030525" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.231773" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.408978" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 仿真结果的五个隐层神经元和窗口大小设置为5毫秒。(一)奖励值的信号。(b)的引用和输出信号之间的距离,。(c)最大互相关系数参考和输出信号之间的观察,。快照从模拟输入/输出发射模式和内部EPSP的输出神经元给出图S1。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>训练的时间演化参数见图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>。收敛可以清楚地看到从三个调谐参数的进化说明报告。这些插图报告时间的调优参数的兴奋和抑制性突触。对于初始值的学习性能的影响,不同的起始值用于参数训练。自组织行为是观察。训练有素的参数,最后值收敛到有价值的培训试验时初始值的变化。图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>说明了一个这样的例子<年代vg height="14.3875" id="M138" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt;width:24.5375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,开始培训从0.1而不是0.5导致类似的最终值收敛。</p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.004a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.004b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="869348.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.004c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig4"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.004a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.004b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个me="869348.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.004c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig4"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="10.825" id="M139" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.825001 10.825" width="21.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.695616" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.5815039" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="10.825" id="M140" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.0875 10.825" width="22.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.34)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.3875" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 进化的训练参数:(一),和(b)随着时间的推移在(c)。subfigures,样本的兴奋性突触(Exc)和一个抑制(异烟肼)。对于这两种类型,起始值是相同的。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="869348.fig.005" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.005.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.3875" id="M142" style="vertical-align:-3.25792pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.5375 14.3875" width="24.5375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.14,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.8661122" y="0"> E</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 自组织行为训练参数。改变训练参数的初始值不影响最终收敛值。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>正如上面提到的,随时动态突触的突触强度<年代vg height="9.125" id="M143" style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:5.0124998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.0124998 9.125" width="5.0124998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是<年代vg height="13.45" id="M144" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:100.775px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 100.775 13.45" width="100.775" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.1269503" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.290449" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.203888" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.830717" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.871105" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.972332" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.13583" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.049271" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.988434" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.339958" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.26638" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.429878" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.343315" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。让<年代vg height="14.6" id="M145" style="vertical-align:-2.67102pt;width:38.087502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.087502 14.6" width="38.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⟨</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.0012002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.12815" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.291649" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.205088" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.368587" y="0"> ⟩</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是这个突触的突触强度的时间平均超过所有的时间步骤试验(集)。的时间进程<年代vg height="14.6" id="M146" style="vertical-align:-2.67102pt;width:38.087502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.087502 14.6" width="38.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⟨</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.0012002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.12815" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.291649" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.205088" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.368587" y="0"> ⟩</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>没有训练有素的兴奋和抑制性突触(发现隐藏层和输出神经元之间的)在图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig6/" target="_blank">6(一)</一个>;值归一化之间的零和团结和平滑。同样的,时间的<年代vg height="14.6" id="M147" style="vertical-align:-2.67102pt;width:38.087502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.087502 14.6" width="38.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⟨</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.0012002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.12815" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.291649" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.205088" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.368587" y="0"> ⟩</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>训练有素的兴奋和抑制性突触(发现输入和隐藏层神经元)在图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (b)</一个>;值归一化零和团结和之间<年代vg height="9.8625002" id="M148" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>设在对数刻度。通过调查动态突触强度的不训练时间的课程,他们几乎重叠,显然有两种不同范围的行为。在第一次150集,在融合之前,两个突触(兴奋性和抑制性)平均突触强度<年代vg height="18.85" id="M149" style="vertical-align:-2.67102pt;width:39.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.174999 18.85" width="39.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.85)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⟨</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6" y="-2.73"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.00216" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.165659" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.079098" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.242598" y="0"> ⟩</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的<年代vg height="12.05" id="M150" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:87.525002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 87.525002 12.05" width="87.525002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.36)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≈</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.935303" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.288025" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.539528" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.665276" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。下半年,在过去的150集平均突触强度<年代vg height="12.2375" id="M151" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:87.525002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 87.525002 12.2375" width="87.525002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≈</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.683804" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.036526" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.288025" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.413776" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.665276" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。在训练有素的突触,突触强度的行为是完全不同的。这两种类型的突触试图优化自己的势力范围。换句话说,兴奋性突触经历了一个逐步转向最大化其突触强度和稳定。中值增加从<年代vg height="15.425" id="M152" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:149.175px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 149.175 15.425" width="149.175" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.404415" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.433502" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.26,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.61,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.71747" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.744637" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.522224" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.773724" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,36.42,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在第一次150集150 0.0388±0.052在第二次的。抑制的强度降低从0.0126±0.0833到<年代vg height="15.475" id="M153" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:177.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 177.825 15.475" width="177.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.907415" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.685001" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.936501" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-17.76,65.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,0.06,60.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.71747" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.968971" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.996136" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.773724" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.025223" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,59.35,65.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>最低的范围并保持稳定。由于大跨度的价值观在训练的情况下,半对数图上所示的值轴澄清两行之间的差异,见图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (b)</一个>。</p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.006a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.006b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig6"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="869348.fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.006a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="869348.fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2011/869348/figures/869348.fig.006b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig6"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.6" id="M154" style="vertical-align:-2.67102pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.087502 14.6" width="38.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⟨</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.0012002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.12815" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.291649" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.205088" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.368587" y="0"> ⟩</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="9.8625002" id="M155" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.875 9.8625002" width="7.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.11)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <table> 时间进程的动态突触强度。是一个突触的突触强度的时间平均在步骤一集。值归一化之间的零和统一。(一)未经训练的平均动态突触强度兴奋(Exc)和抑制性突触(异烟肼)(平滑)。(b)的平均动态突触强度训练兴奋(Exc)和抑制性突触(异烟肼)(清晰的插图的线,设在在对数刻度)。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>相对较大的网络与13日17时隐层神经元和20 (<年代vg height="10.325" id="M156" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:28.475px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.475 10.325" width="28.475" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.103384" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>16、20和23日resp)调查。增强的性能是观察到的<年代vg height="13.625" id="M157" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:52.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.099998 13.625" width="52.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.140173" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.303672" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.030525" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.231773" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.408978" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>全面提高为0.01,0.013,和0.017,分别。改变时间窗的影响也在调查中。绩效指标的均值在不同面元窗口设置(4、5、7微秒)表进行了总结<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>。4和7 msec窗口,输入飙升的时代列车改变为了得到最终被版本的40步长;即输入脉冲序列的长度改变了160年和280年msec,分别。</p><div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">窗口</td> <td align="center">距离</td> <td align="center">Max。cross-correl。多项式系数。</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span style="width: 16.975px;"> <svg height="11.1" id="M158" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.975 11.1" width="16.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 52.012501px;"> <svg height="13.625" id="M159" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.012501 13.625" width="52.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.065155" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.228654" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.955507" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.156755" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.333958" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 74.1875px;"> <svg height="13.925" id="M160" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.1875 13.925" width="74.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.140173" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.303672" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.030525" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.231773" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.408978" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.572475" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.735973" y="0"> %</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.075714" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">4毫秒</td> <td align="center">4.63±5.12</td> <td align="center">89.50±6.01</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">5毫秒</td> <td align="center">3.21±2.33</td> <td align="center">93.09±3.04</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">7毫秒</td> <td align="center">6.83±5.41</td> <td align="center">94.42±3.01</td> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="3"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代p一个n><一个一个r我一个-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 性能措施的总结与7隐层神经元网络。</div> </div> </div> <p>正常的评价结果,通过计算正确的1和0支安打在[<一个href=”#B17">17</一个>,<一个href=”#B40">40</一个>)揭示了相对贫穷在这里给出的情况下的表现。的意思是正确的命中率<年代vg height="13.4875" id="M161" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:10.675px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.675 13.4875" width="10.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="9.9375" id="M162" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4375 9.9375" width="8.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是<年代vg height="12.5125" id="M163" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:76.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.337502 12.5125" width="76.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.5125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.99)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0"> %</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.995659" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.335876" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.587379" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.713127" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,而增加<年代vg height="12.5125" id="M164" style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:76.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 76.337502 12.5125" width="76.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.5125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.99)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0"> %</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.995659" y="0"> ±</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.335876" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.587379" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.713127" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>之间的<年代vg height="10.325" id="M165" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.75" id="M166" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.9125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.9125 10.75" width="11.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在<年代vg height="11.1" id="M167" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:16.975px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.975 11.1" width="16.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>= 5。应该指出,一方面,这经典的评价方法的结果似乎从我们的观点来看,在这里不适用。输入峰值出现的时间是网络仅仅输入特性,因为神经元和突触表示这里实现时序动态。比较的数量(命中率)中出现的1和0输出和参考高峰列车抑制所有的时间信息,消除了参与突触STDP意识到的动力学。这就是为什么我们使用two-binned高峰列车之间的距离以及它们之间的最大互相关系数作为性能指标。措施都是敏感在高峰火车时间信息。另一方面,该框架在这里比以前的方法从[<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>,<一个href=”#B40">40</一个>网络规模)的需要,学习速度和time-to-convergence。拟议的框架与30神经元网络的尺寸结果正确的击中率<我>~</我>91%之间<年代vg height="10.325" id="M168" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.325" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="10.75" id="M169" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.9125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.9125 10.75" width="11.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在<年代vg height="11.1" id="M170" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:16.975px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.975 11.1" width="16.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>= 5仍然与这些结果从[<一个href=”#B17">17</一个>,<一个href=”#B40">40</一个>)与网络规模增加了一倍。在提出的学习模式<一个href=”#B33">33</一个>,<一个href=”#B40">40</一个>]等发达突触模型不适用于最近修改的随机突触模型(<一个href=”#B14">14</一个>)或动态突触模型(<一个href=”#B24">24</一个>]。在这些模型的分析推导,认为飙升一代和突触资源的利用率是有条件地相互独立的。虽然这是原则上并没有错,它限制了这些方法的适用性其他突触模型不满足这个条件。提出了RL框架避免挫折,因此它可以应用于广泛的突触模型类。</p><p>的值<年代vg height="13.625" id="M171" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:28.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.8375 13.625" width="28.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.065155" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.228654" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.804512" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>依赖于时间尺度参数<年代vg height="10.8375" id="M172" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.8375 10.8375" width="13.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。它可以显示距离变化量由于插入和位移成反比<年代vg height="10.8375" id="M173" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.8375 10.8375" width="13.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>(<一个href=”#B38">38</一个>]。简单的单词,更大的价值<年代vg height="10.8375" id="M174" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.8375 10.8375" width="13.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>产生较小的值之间的距离的火车。由于距离测量引入框架中扮演着关键的角色,的影响<年代vg height="10.8375" id="M175" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.8375 10.8375" width="13.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>性能研究。模拟是重复的值<年代vg height="10.8375" id="M176" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.8375 10.8375" width="13.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:5、10、15、20、25 msec和五个隐层神经元<年代vg height="11.1" id="M177" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:16.975px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.975 11.1" width="16.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在5毫秒。只要<年代vg height="12.5" id="M178" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:57.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 57.612499 12.5" width="57.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,62.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.51,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-39.07,62.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.905664" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.7915521" y="0"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7059679" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M179" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:48.162498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.162498 14.3625" width="48.162498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.51,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.12863" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,对观察到的性能没有显著影响。否则,要么<年代vg height="14.5" id="M180" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:41.037498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.037498 14.5" width="41.037498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,60.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.51,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>msec或<年代vg height="14.9" id="M181" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:48.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.849998 14.9" width="48.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.08)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,60.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.51,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>提出设置msec,奖励值<年代vg height="14.6375" id="M182" style="vertical-align:-3.26671pt;width:33.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.887501 14.6375" width="33.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.66,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>太大(或小)的正确方向和更新速度。因此,性能非常稳定。这可以通过改变补偿比例因子<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M183" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>相应的。据报道在类似的限制<一个href=”#B15">15</一个>)作为高斯过滤版本被用来代替指数的平滑滤波器的列车。限制了<年代vg height="10.8375" id="M184" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:13.8375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.8375 10.8375" width="13.8375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.55,63.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>这里不限制学习框架的使用。</p><p>的值<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M185" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M186" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>相对相关。<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M187" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>调整的范围奖励的信号。具体地说,它的调整最小和最大值奖励0和1之间的值取决于张成的空间距离的值。对应于这个范围内,<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M188" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>放大或减少的影响<年代vg height="14.6375" id="M189" style="vertical-align:-3.26671pt;width:33.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.887501 14.6375" width="33.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.66,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.2618876" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.044688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在学习速率<年代vg height="9.875" id="M190" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9375 9.875" width="7.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.1)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。因此,整体性能可以稍微敏感的特定组合<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M191" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M192" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。然而,这种敏感性的变化取决于输入数据集,因为关键球员的距离范围<年代vg height="11.1" id="M193" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:13.95px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.95 11.1" width="13.95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>值。例如,当网络响应之间的距离和相应的参考高峰列车不同5至30日的值<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M194" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M195" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在脚本中选择报道。当这些不同距离10至150年,<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M196" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M197" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>应该有不同的选择。在一般情况下<年代vg height="7.1750002" id="M198" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:8.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.9375 7.1750002" width="8.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>被选中的范围<年代vg height="11.1" id="M199" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:36.237499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.237499 11.1" width="36.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.492657" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>接近统一。其他值进行相应的调整。</p><h4我d="discussion">5。讨论</h4><p>开发这个框架基本上是出于需要一个适当的和简单的箝制网络学习算法,利用动态突触。在这些网络中,突触并不表示为加权常数。因此,改变突触通过经典反向传播或响应<年代vg height="10.7375" id="M200" style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.9875002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.9875002 10.7375" width="7.9875002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>规则是不合适的<一个href=”#B17">17</一个>]。此外,分析推导,例如在<一个href=”#B40">40</一个>)和其他类似的研究为基础,在一定程度上,假设神经递质的释放是独立的在任何特定时间的生成过程。尽管这不是错误的假设,它限制了他们的技术的应用扩展到其他突触模型,在神经递质释放的概率性质只是负责飙升一代(<一个href=”#B13">13</一个>,<一个href=”#B24">24</一个>]。</p><p>在这项研究的手,一个框架提出了直接调优过程隐藏而不是扩展突触的突触参数重量。调查突触的行为动态强度图<一个href=”http年代://www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>提供更多的洞察这里提出的学习框架的影响。从突触强度的时间演化的未经训练的突触,只影响收敛的波动范围。训练有素的突触,突触强度在收敛转向全新的动态机制。这是有效的兴奋和抑制性突触。除了具体的数值,这种行为表明,这里的学习框架提出了能够调节动态突触反应的一部分,以获取所需的输入-输出关系。</p><p>至于XOR计算,比较我们的结果正确的数支安打报道为例(<一个href=”#B17">17</一个>可能进行进一步的研究。占的时间特性的输出是一个关键问题,本研究提出的框架有别于前的。这里的网络是高度的输出时间内容的特点。距离测量,占比信号的统计特性,例如,随机事件同步测量(<一个href=”#B10">10</一个>),可能代表一个额外的价值框架表示。确定使用哪个距离测量是研究在未来研究中加以解决。</p><p>调优参数的检测到自组织行为表明,突触动态编码的统计特征峰电位区间隐式。换句话说,时间信息嵌入编码输入峰值列车动力学的突触连接。这说明学习框架实现的核心作用不仅在实现所需的计算,还以捕获时间信息的输入和存储在突触动力学。</p><p>参考脉冲序列的可用性以及持有奖励值从先前的试验需要模拟神经系统记忆。这并不代表一个问题在模拟环境中,由于电脑配备足够的计算资源来完成这项工作。然而,这提出了一个重要的问题,当生物同行正在接受调查。生物神经系统能够提供这样的参考输出,保持某种痕迹表明前面的成功(或失败)在最近生成的输出?没有办法检查是否有一个生成参考输出能力;然而,有证据,神经系统保持跟踪最近的神经行为的正确性;所谓的P300的检测信号的脑机接口实验是一个直接的例子这样的迹象;见,例如,(<一个href=”#B35">35</一个>)最近的一次审查。这个信号是一种特定形式的脑电图(EEG)波和作为衡量决策过程的认知功能。机制生成的信号不清楚,和他们的存在表明,然而,神经系统比较他们计划所需的反应,也就是说,正确的反应。这阐明了该框架的合理性。</p><p>直觉上,引入框架并不局限于Markram-Tsodyks突触模型。它适用于大范围的动态突触模型的主要假设满足底层有限脉冲响应动力学;见,例如,(<一个href=”#B24">24</一个>]。此外,奖励信号的估计并不认为突触模型的某些特征。基于这个意义上的通用性,本文提供的方法是有用的在随机的情况下,生物需要合理的或复杂的表征仿真(<一个href=”#B13">13</一个>,<一个href=”#B14">14</一个>]。能够捕获XOR运算支持任务,需要使用这种方法直观的信号处理和计算能力。考虑的简单的数学实现更新规则和奖励的计算值,这个框架可以作为在线自适应控制方案和优化网络性能。</p><p>本研究是一个介绍性的例子是为了扩展提出了方法和研究它与更大的网络,可能由multihidden层。除此之外,要实现更复杂的测试任务比XOR问题。同时,使用其他神经元和突触表示仍然被认为是代表了未来任务。除此之外,该算法还没有被证明是最优的学习收敛速度或最小的错误,它可能是适合的改进。稳定性分析是一个悬而未决的问题;这种分析应采用直接相关的突触模型以及奖励的价值函数的信号。</p><h4我d="conclusion">6。结论</h4><p>在这项研究中,一个学习框架。它是基于Hebbian / anti-Hebbian更新的概念影响突触的动力学参数的值。它控制通过一个情景奖励信号来自网络的输出之间的比较和参考高峰列车。网络以其突触动力学可以通过引入了学习算法,实现所需的异或计算的非线性函数。通过有趣的假设某些机制在生物神经系统可能被视为学习通过奖励(<一个href=”#B8">8</一个>,<一个href=”#B9">9</一个>)的生物合理性的方法是本研究的主要方面考虑机器学习作为主要目标。换句话说,类内error-driven学习一些感受相关的概率模型,该方法提供了一个替代经典的方法将强化学习应用于调节突触权重。因此,它让对强化学习模型更接近合理的无监督学习模型而实现Hebbian视角。后续研究计划调查的学习性能介绍与其他突触模型框架。此外,还有待观察,如果引入框架可以用来扩展网络的存储容量的输入模式的数量,可以存储和检索。</p><h4我d="supplementary-materials">补充材料</h4><div class="sup-content"> <p>本节提供了一个额外的快照在网络的内部动力。提出了信息说明了实际网络活动的输入信号。网络展示的活动在一个特定时间即时EPSP的输出神经元而言,三个神经元和短的解雇行为被版本的输出/参考信号。</p><p>输出神经元的EPSP反映了上升时间依赖可塑性(STDP)讨论这项工作的开始。可以看出通过研究图1中的响应时间演化(a)补充,兴奋性反应的大小变化明显激增与输入的变化随着时间的演化历史。突触行动应对变化的输入特征是状态参数<我>r</我>(<我>t</我>),<我>u</我>(<我>t</我>)。</p><ol class="supplementary--docs"> <li><a href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/cin/2011/869348.f1.pdf">补充图</一个></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4><ol> <li id="B1">A, e·A·湾,美国劳伦斯和A·c·Tsoi”一些训练算法的统一视图与冷杉过滤突触,多层感知器”<我>神经网络的信号处理4</我>,页146 - 154,IEEE出版社,1995年。<年代p一个nclass="reflinks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20unifying%20view%20of%20some%20training%20algorithms%20for%20multilayer%20perceptrons%20with%20fir%20filter%20synapses&author=A. 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Regehr&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4><p>版权©2011卡里姆El-Laithy和马丁·波格丹。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p></div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4><div id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 kbSZJl"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-exkUMo hymroZ 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2011/869348.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</年代p一个n></年代p一个n> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/cin/2011/869348.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</div><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</年代p一个n><年代p一个nclass="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<年代p一个n>2789年年</年代p一个n></div> <div> 下载<年代p一个n>1230年年</年代p一个n></div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2011/869348" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</div> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3><ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/869348&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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