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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.hMPMVR .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .hMPMVR .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.hMPMVR .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.hMPMVR .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .hMPMVR .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption 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class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|开放获取</p> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积 2008年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代pan>文章的ID 749204年 <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代pan> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/749204" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/749204</一个></d我v> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>人士Fatourechi Rabab k·沃德,加里·e·桦木, ”<年代pan class="adjust-article-svg-size">自学大脑计算机接口的性能数据污染的眼球运动工件和数据记录在随后的会议</年代pan>”,<i>计算智能和神经科学</我>, 卷。2008年, 文章的ID749204年, 13   页面, 2008年。 https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/749204</p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</button> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN hHHqqR article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">自学大脑计算机接口的性能数据污染的眼球运动工件和数据记录在随后的会议</h1></d我v> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>人士Fatourechi</b><一个class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a>,<年代up>1</年代up></span> <span class="">Rabab k .病房,<年代up>1,2</年代up> 和</年代pan> <span class="">加里·e·桦木<年代up>1,2,3</年代up></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><span>图像和信号处理实验室,电子和计算机工程系,温哥华,不列颠哥伦比亚大学,加拿大</年代pan></p> <p><sup>2</年代up><span>计算研究所、信息和认知系统,温哥华,不列颠哥伦比亚大学,加拿大</年代pan></p> <p><sup>3</年代up><span>尼尔乡绅社会,本拿比,公元前,加拿大</年代pan></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</button> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</b>法比奥Babiloni</d我v> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">07年8月2007年</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2007年12月20日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2008年2月27日</年代pan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代pan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2008年5月11日</年代pan> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ hMPMVR article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4><p>特定的自学BCI的性能(SBCI)研究了使用两个不同的数据集来确定其是否适合使用在线:(1)污染的数据大幅度眼球运动,和(2)数据记录在一个会话后续设计使用的原始会话系统。没有数据被拒绝的一部分在随后的会议。因此,这个数据集可以被视为一个“pseudo-online”测试集。SBCI在调查中使用特性提取三个特定的神经现象。这些神经现象属于一个不同的频带。因为许多著名的工件的主要是低频(例如,眼球运动)或主要是高频性质(例如,肌肉运动),预计该系统性能在artifact-contaminated数据显示了一个相当可靠。分析数据的四个参与者使用污染的时代大幅度动构件显示系统的性能恶化略。此外,系统的性能在会话期间后续原始会话仍基本一样在原始会话为四分之三的参与者。这温和的性能可以被认为是可以容忍的,因为允许artifact-contaminated数据作为输入使系统可供用户。</p> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4><p>自学大脑计算机接口(SBCI)允许个人控制设备只使用他们的大脑信号,当他们希望(<一个href="#B1">1</一个>]。SBCI系统的性能通常是通过两个目标函数确定:(1)真正的积极(TP),也就是说,有意控制的比例(IC)命令正确检测到SBCI系统,和(2)假阳性率(FP),也就是说,误报率由系统生成的时间用户无意控制(不控制(数控)时期)。换句话说,FP率是计算错误决策的比例在数控。</p> <p>上面的功能,然而,历来计算超过时间没有污染的工件。由于生理的构件(如眼球运动(小城镇)和肌肉运动(EMG)可能在测试过程中经常出现的一个SBCI系统,他们需要有效地处理。各种自动拒绝和删除技术提出了在文献中处理这些工件,然而,他们中的大多数患有一些缺点,可能会限制他们的应用程序在在线测试系统(<一个href="#B2">2</一个>]。</p> <p>一个解决方案是设计一个SBCI系统的结构是健壮的工件。作为一个例子,考虑一个SBCI系统使用功能从不同的神经现象,每个属于不同的频带。我们假设这样一个SBCI系统应该有一个良好的性能的构件,由于每个类型的工件是在特定频段通常只突出。例如,小城镇构件主要是低频的,而大多是高频的EMG工件。为了验证这个假设,我们检查系统的性能提出了(<一个href="#B3">3</一个>)使用数据污染工件。这个SBCI系统采用特征提取三个神经现象,每一个都属于不同的频带:(1)刺激潜力(可机读护照),(2)改变的力量μ节奏(CPMR),和(3)改变β节律(CPBR)的力量。这些现象是用来区分故意控制(IC)命令和没有控制(NC)脑电图段。</p> <p>在[<一个href="#B3">3</一个>),系统的性能进行了测试使用artifact-free数据从四个强壮的参与者。在五个交易日的数据收集,数据没有污染的大幅度动构件被用来训练系统。使用这些数据,实现TP率平均为56.2%,而平均FP率为0.1%。</p> <p>我们进行两项研究试验,来测试系统的性能期间污染工件。在第一项研究中,我们评估系统的性能在时代从第一个五个交易日,污染大幅度眼球运动的活动(例如,眨眼)。在第二项研究中,我们评估系统的性能数据记录在“后续会话”。对于每一个参与者,六分之一的会议,“后续会话”被记录在稍后的日期,发生一到六天之后第五次会议。一样的范式在前面5会话用于数据记录。所有的时代,是否含有任何工件,在第二项研究中使用。本研究可以被看作是一个系统的性能测试在“pseudo-online”环境中,但没有反馈用户的性能给用户。</p> <p>在下一节中,我们提供更多的背景信息的状态的艺术SBCI系统,处理工件的方法,以及如何使用多个神经现象可能会导致一种更健壮的性能的工件。</p> <h4 id="background">2。背景</h4><h5我d=”年代ubsec2.1">2.1。SBCI的艺术系统</h5><p>目前,两种不同的方法对BCI系统的设计追求:同步和自学<一个href="#B4">4</一个>]。在同步方法中,形成传统的BCI系统的设计方法,用户只能在特定的时间间隔执行控制系统指定的。而同步BCI系统可以实现分类精度高(<年代vg height="8.8500004" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 8.8500004" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,8.85)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>90%),他们的应用程序是有限的,因为用户无法执行控制。此外,大多数同步系统假定用户将产生一个有意的控制(IC)命令指定控制时期。换句话说,同步BCI系统不能识别这些时间,用户不愿执行控制操作(称为无法控制、数控、时间)。因此,这些系统可能会变得不稳定的数控时期(<一个href="#B5">5</一个>]。同步的BCI系统的解决这些缺点,自学BCI的概念(SBCI)提出了一个SBCI系统经常使用,因此它应该能够识别集成电路模式的数控。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig1/" target="_blank">1</一个>显示了一个典型的例子国SBCI系统旨在识别集成电路模式(生成的结果正确的手指弯曲)的数控状态。当系统检测到一个IC命令,它生成一个逻辑“1”状态,否则,输出是逻辑“0”状态。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="749204.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 典型的SBCI系统识别集成电路命令相关的执行正确的手指弯曲。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>很难比较不同SBCI研究的结果直接与对方,因为协议进行实验,收集IC和数控时代,评价的性能以及在研究上所使用的神经现象有很大的不同。出于这个原因,大多数SBCI论文只是比较当前的结果与先前的研究。在表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>我们报告的总结,结果因为它使得基于脑电图各SBCI研究。记住,直接比较是不可能的,这只表大概暗示不同SBCI系统的相对性能。这个表的行显示不同SBCI研究。列3到6显示系统的速率生成一个输出,真阳性率(TPR),假阳性率(玻璃钢),和错误的激活率(远),分别。显示许多假阳性预计平均每100秒的数据。请注意,研究1,2,3报告的TPR值高玻璃钢值使用接受者操作特征(ROC)曲线。然而,为了做一个公平的比较,TPR值表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>估计从相同的中华民国情节低玻璃钢值。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">研究</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">参考书目</td><td一个lign="center">每秒的频率(数字分类器的决策)</td><td一个lign="center">TPR (%)</td><td一个lign="center">玻璃钢(%)</td><td一个lign="center">远(%)</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" rowspan="3">研究1</td><td一个lign="center"></td> <td align="center">LF-ASD</td><td一个lign="center" rowspan="3">16</td><td一个lign="center"> <svg height="8.9125004" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> </svg>20%</td><td一个lign="center" rowspan="3">2</td><td一个lign="center" rowspan="3">33</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(<一个href="#B10">6</一个>]</td><td一个lign="center">OPM</td><td一个lign="center"> <svg height="8.9125004" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> </svg>10%</td></tr><tr> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">Mu-ASD</td><td一个lign="center"> <svg height="8.9125004" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> </svg>10%</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">研究2</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">(<一个href="#B23">7</一个>]</td><td一个lign="center">25</td><td一个lign="center"><span style="width: 29.299999px;"> <svg height="11.75" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.4368pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.299999 11.75" width="29.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.15)"> <path d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5 q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" id="x33"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,11.15)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,11.15)"> <path d="M594 629l-404 -661l-31 23l402 661zM194 635q70 0 107 -56t37 -125t-37.5 -125.5t-107.5 -56.5t-107 56.5t-37 124.5q0 70 37.5 126t107.5 56zM193 605q-28 0 -45 -29t-21.5 -59.5t-4.5 -62.5t4.5 -63t22 -60t45.5 -29q22 0 37.5 16t22 42t9 48t2.5 45q0 152 -72 152z M567 351q69 0 106 -56t37 -125t-37 -125.5t-107 -56.5t-107.5 56.5t-37.5 124.5q0 43 14.5 83t49 69.5t82.5 29.5zM566 322q-28 0 -45 -28.5t-22 -59.5t-5 -64q0 -23 3 -46t10.5 -48.5t23 -41.5t36.5 -16q28 0 45 29.5t21 59.5t4 62q0 24 -2.5 46.5t-9.5 48.5t-22 42t-37 16 z" id="x25"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center">2</td><td一个lign="center">25</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">研究3</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">(<一个href="#B19">8</一个>]</td><td一个lign="center"><span style="width: 6.5625px;"> <svg height="11.6375" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5625 11.6375" width="6.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.362)"> <path d="M219 216l-18 -23q-36 13 -73.5 51t-37.5 79q0 26 18.5 51.5t65.5 60.5q2 2 16.5 12.5t20 15l17.5 14.5t18 17l13.5 16.5t10.5 18t3 17.5q0 26 -16 40.5t-44 14.5t-53.5 -13.5t-41.5 -27t-19 -13.5q-11 0 -26 13.5t-15 30.5q0 19 21 36q21 18 48.5 28t42.5 10h1 q63 0 112 -49t49 -111q0 -48 -48 -88l-38 -29q-39 -28 -56.5 -48.5t-17.5 -42.5q0 -40 47 -81zM184 -12q-23 0 -38.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t39 16.5t39 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-40 -16z" id="x3F"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"> <svg height="8.9125004" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> </svg>20%</td><td一个lign="center">2</td><td一个lign="center"><span style="width: 6.5625px;"> <svg height="11.6375" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5625 11.6375" width="6.5625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.362)"> <path d="M219 216l-18 -23q-36 13 -73.5 51t-37.5 79q0 26 18.5 51.5t65.5 60.5q2 2 16.5 12.5t20 15l17.5 14.5t18 17l13.5 16.5t10.5 18t3 17.5q0 26 -16 40.5t-44 14.5t-53.5 -13.5t-41.5 -27t-19 -13.5q-11 0 -26 13.5t-15 30.5q0 19 21 36q21 18 48.5 28t42.5 10h1 q63 0 112 -49t49 -111q0 -48 -48 -88l-38 -29q-39 -28 -56.5 -48.5t-17.5 -42.5q0 -40 47 -81zM184 -12q-23 0 -38.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t39 16.5t39 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-40 -16z" id="x3F"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">研究4</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">(<一个href="#B22">9</一个>]</td><td一个lign="center">16</td><td一个lign="center">67.8</td><td一个lign="center">2</td><td一个lign="center">33</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">研究5</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">(<一个href="#B33">10</一个>]</td><td一个lign="center">16</td><td一个lign="center">54.0</td><td一个lign="center">1</td><td一个lign="center">16</td></tr><tr> <td align="left">研究6</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">(<一个href="#B3">3</一个>]</td><td一个lign="center">8</td><td一个lign="center">56.2</td><td一个lign="center">0.1</td><td一个lign="center">1.2</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="7"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 比较不同SBCI TPR和得率达到的研究。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>从表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab1/" target="_blank">1</一个>,前五个研究生成相对大量的假阳性。FP率很低的唯一系统研究[6<一个href="#B3">3</一个>)的性能,在新的条件下研究在当前的研究中。请注意,在<一个href="#B3">3</一个>只有那些时代,没有污染的大幅度眼球运动的活动(例如,但工件)被用于评估性能。因为这系统表现出良好的性能在FP的低利率而有合理的TP利率,下一个逻辑步骤是测试性能数据污染的生理工件。</p> <h5 id="subsec2.2">2.2。生理BCI系统的工件</h5><p>生理工件是不受欢迎的潜力,污染脑电图信号。这些工件可以修改的形状驱动BCI系统神经现象。因此,工件可能阻止SBCI系统正确识别控制命令,或者他们可能会导致系统来识别一个artifact-related模式作为一个有意的控制命令(导致一个错误的激活)。的两个生理工件检查最BCI研究眼电图(小城镇)和肌电图(EMG)工件。大量的研究表明,小城镇和EMG活动生成的工件可能影响神经现象用于BCI [<一个href="#B6">11</一个>,<一个href="#B7">12</一个>]。这些工件往往是无意识的,在信号采集和控制他们并不容易。因此,需要避免,拒绝或删除它们从脑电图信号。</p> <p>最近的评估的结果指出,大多数BCI研究不报告他们如何处理存在的工件提出设计或他们手动拒绝突出的构件(<一个href="#B2">2</一个>]。然而,这些系统仍然可能遇到问题的在线测试系统,在生理工件发生频繁。在一些研究中,方法是使用自动拒绝数据污染工件(<一个href="#B10">6</一个>,<一个href="#B8">13</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B11">15</一个>]。自动拒绝数据时代的一个缺点是污染的工件是可用的系统是控制的时间大大减少。例如,生理的构件(如眨眼频繁发生,使SBCI系统无法控制这些时期。</p> <p>另一种方法是采用自动工件去除方法,如过滤、回归,独立分量分析(见[<一个href="#B2">2</一个>详细的审查)。很少有BCI研究这些方法用于去除工件(<一个href="#B12">16</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B14">18</一个>]。不幸的是,这些工件自动去除方法时出现的几个问题。首先,大多数工件去除方法,如过滤和回归的神经系统会删除相关有用的信息从脑电图信号现象。尽管独立分量分析等先进的方法减少了大脑活动,这个问题并非完全缓解(<一个href="#B15">19</一个>]。其次,消除肌肉(EMG)工件并不是一个简单的过程,各种来源的EMG工件应该确定。第三个问题是工件去除方法的计算复杂度,这远高于工件拒绝的方法。</p> <p>另一种方法,这些方法将在下一节讨论。</p> <h5 id="subsec2.3">2.3。鲁棒性的工件</h5><p>另一种方法来删除或拒绝的工件从脑电图信号是设计一个BCI系统健壮的工件。在这种情况下,构件的存在不会影响BCI系统的性能。这种方法在BCI文献没有得到太多的关注。如果成功实施,这种方法比以前的方法更有优势。首先,系统变得可用。第二,神经现象不会从大脑信号,第三,如果这个设计处理所有工件在一起,那么就不会有需要设计不同的方法处理不同类型的小城镇工件(例如眨眼,对准目标,眼滚动)以及EMG工件(例如,面部肌肉移动,下巴紧握)。</p> <p>SBCI的方法提高鲁棒性的工件是设计的系统使用多个神经现象来检测IC命令。每个神经现象有自己的时空特征更突出特定的频段。系统取决于某些神经现象预计将强有力的工件的频率内容集中在频带以外的神经现象。作为一个例子,刺激潜力(可机读护照)低频内容<年代vg height="8.8500004" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 8.8500004" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,8.85)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>4赫兹(<一个href="#B10">6</一个>),而肌肉工件主要位于频带<年代vg height="8.8500004" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 8.8500004" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,8.85)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ></t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>10赫兹(<一个href="#B6">11</一个>,<一个href="#B16">20.</一个>]。因此,一个MRP-based BCI系统预计将有一个健壮的肌肉的存在工件的性能。同样,μ和β节律覆盖频率高于8赫兹,而动的构件(如眨眼主要影响脑电图信号的低频分量。因此,BCI系统基于μ和β节律预计将有强劲表现的小城镇工件。</p> <p>现在考虑一个SBCI系统,在任何时间使用特征提取的实例可机读护照以及μ的力量和β节律的变化。如果三个特征向量提取这三个神经现象分别进行分类,该系统预计将更健壮的肌肉运动(EMG)和眼球运动(小城镇)工件SBCI系统相比,使用特征提取只有一个神经的现象。这是因为系统的性能是影响只是部分的小城镇和肌电图的构件。这个想法是在图解释一个简化的形式<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="749204.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 演示如何使用多个神经现象会导致性能的改善。(一)用户的大脑状态(NC:无法控制;集成电路:有意的控制),(b)“理想”小城镇检测器的输出(N:没有工件;Y: artifact-contaminated), (c)的输出“理想”EMG探测器,(d)的输出MRP-based SBCI (“1”: IC检测;“0”:数控检测),(e)的输出CPBR-based SBCI,和(f)混合BCI系统的输出。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>假设情况SBCI系统能够正确识别所有的输入模式,只要没有工件输入信号。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(一个)显示真实用户的大脑状态在很短的时间内。设计这个简单的SBCI系统,我们假设大脑只有两种状态:有意的控制(IC)和控制(数控)。假设期间如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>,用户的问题只有两个IC命令,如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(一)图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(b)展示了一个理想的眼球运动的输出(小城镇)检测器,可以正确地识别所有小城镇工件。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(c)展示了理想的肌肉运动的输出(EMG)检测器。字母“Y”显示了含有特定工件的时期,和字母“N”节目不是污染这工件的时期。数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(d)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(e)显示两个SBCI系统的输出,使用MRP和CPBR,分别。在这里,“1”是由系统生成的逻辑输出检测到当一个“IC”状态,“0”是逻辑输出检测到当一个“数控”状态。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(f)的输出显示了一个SBCI系统,结合了SBCIs数据所示的输出<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(d)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(e),使用逻辑”和“操作符。</p> <p>自此次工件主要影响低频势如可机读护照,预计的性能MRP-based SBCI系统主要是受这些工件。作为第一个IC命令恰逢一个小城镇工件的存在,这个系统不检测IC命令(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(d))。同样,SBCI系统图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(e)提取相对高频CPBR使用功能,所以它的性能是脆弱的高频EMG工件。这个系统正确识别IC命令;然而,有两个假阳性发生在数控时期由于EMG构件的存在。因为系统在图的输出<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(f)相结合的逻辑输出数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(d)和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(e)使用”和“操作符,它只能检测一个“IC”当MRP-based和CPBR-based SBCI系统检测到一个“集成电路”。因此,这个系统的性能不如在检测IC命令。然而,由于”和“操作符的,假阳性的数量显著降低。自<年代vg height="13.55" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:96.675003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 96.675003 13.55" width="96.675003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1139669" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.277466" y="0"> N</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.179602" y="0"> C</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.519102" y="0"> )</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.145931" y="0"> ≫</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.287067" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.401031" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.564533" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.728027" y="0"> C</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.067535" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,预计系统图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(f)将有一个优越的性能相比其他两个系统在数控时期(见[<一个href="#B3">3</一个>数学证明)。同样的争论也可以申请artifact-contaminated时期。因为此次工件影响超过CPBR可机读护照,预计系统图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(f)将有一个健壮的性能在他们面前。类似的论点可以对EMG构件,主要影响更高频率的神经CPBR等现象。注意,当小城镇和EMG工件同时发生(见第一次样品图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>),那么这三个系统的性能可能会受到影响。可以看到,系统图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig2/" target="_blank">2</一个>(f) TP率为50%。然而,它只有一个假阳性,这是低于其他两个系统产生的数量。</p> <p>在下一节中,SBCI系统提出的一个总体描述(<一个href="#B3">3</一个>)提供,数据收集过程和评价方法进行了讨论。</p> <h4 id="methods">3所示。方法</h4><h5我d=”年代ubsec3.1">3.1。自学大脑计算机界面设计</h5><p>SBCI的结构如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig3/" target="_blank">3</一个>。系统使用特征提取<我>N</我>=18双脑电图信号。对于每一个神经现象和每EEG信号,使用平稳小波变换特征提取(SWT) 5级分解。至于μ和β特性,这些频带是第一次带通滤波,样本值的平方计算功率值。SWT应用然后计算小波系数。减少小波特征空间的维数,匹配滤波(使用cross-covariance函数),模板执行。模板创建的每个神经现象和为每一个脑电图通道平均培训时代中的数据。计算每个时代的cross-covariance后,表示最大的特点的cross-correlogram经过一段0.125秒的时间最大的发生被提取。这个过程只进行逼近和细节级别最低的SWT分解。对于每个神经现象和为每一个脑电图通道,设计了一种支持向量机(SVM)(导致的<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:22.65px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.65 10.9125" width="22.65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>分类器)。每个SVMis逻辑状态的输出“1”当一个集成电路检测模式,“0”在其他情况下。对于每一个神经的现象,多分类器系统(MCS)分类的输出<我>N</我>年代vm使用多数投票规则。2 nd-stage MCS结合了三个MCS的输出(每个MCS是归因于一个神经的现象)来生成最终的分类标签。混合遗传算法(近半年)然后使用。该算法同时发现(1)特性的子集,(2)为每个支持向量机参数值,和(3)相结合的配置三个mcs导致接近最佳性能(测量<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:60.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.962502 10.9125" width="60.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.603504" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.943005" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.418839" y="0"> F</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.370506" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.334679" y="0"> R</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>率)。请参阅[<一个href="#B3">3</一个>为更多的细节在训练和模型选择的方法SBCI系统。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="749204.fig.003" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.003.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 改进的SBCI的总体结构。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="subsec3.2">3.2。数据收集</h5><p>数据收集从四个右撇子(三个男性和一个女性)健全的参与者在31日,56岁之间。他们都签署了同意书之前参与实验。</p> <p>有意的控制(IC)数据收集参与者进行了引导右手食指弯曲运动。随机间隔5.6到7.0秒(平均6.7秒),直径2厘米的白色圆圈显示在用户的监测<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:20.1px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.1 10.9125" width="20.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>第二,促使参与者执行运动按一个开关。在应对这一线索,主题必须执行一个右手食指弯曲提示出现后一秒秒的延迟被用来避免视觉诱发电位(VEP)信号造成的影响。预计这是一次个人尝试的运动,但这一次可能会有所不同从一个人到另一个地方,从一个运动到另一个(见[<一个href="#B17">21</一个>更多细节)。</p> <p>脑电图信号记录来自13个单极脑电图通道(根据国际10 - 20 F系统<年代ub>1</年代ub>F<年代ub>z</年代ub>F<年代ub>2</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>3</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>1</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>z</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>2</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>4</年代ub>C<年代ub>3</年代ub>C<年代ub>1</年代ub>C<年代ub>z</年代ub>C<年代ub>2</年代ub>C<年代ub>4</年代ub>位置),采样128 Hz。信号被转换为双极电极EEG信号因为这样更容易产生更多的判别MRP功能比单极电极(<一个href="#B10">6</一个>]。转换计算之间的区别是由相邻的脑电图渠道和导致的生成以下18双脑电图:F<年代ub>1</年代ub>足球俱乐部<年代ub>1</年代ub>F<年代ub>1</年代ub>- f<年代ub>z</年代ub>F<年代ub>2</年代ub>- f<年代ub>z</年代ub>F<年代ub>2</年代ub>足球俱乐部<年代ub>2</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>3</年代ub>足球俱乐部<年代ub>1</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>3</年代ub>- c<年代ub>3</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>1</年代ub>足球俱乐部<年代ub>z</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>1</年代ub>- c<年代ub>1</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>z</年代ub>足球俱乐部<年代ub>2</年代ub>C<年代ub>1</年代ub>- c<年代ub>z</年代ub>C<年代ub>2</年代ub>- c<年代ub>4</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>2</年代ub>足球俱乐部<年代ub>4</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>4</年代ub>- c<年代ub>4</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>2</年代ub>- c<年代ub>2</年代ub>,俱乐部<年代ub>z</年代ub>- c<年代ub>z</年代ub>C<年代ub>3</年代ub>- c<年代ub>1</年代ub>C<年代ub>z</年代ub>- c<年代ub>2</年代ub>和F<年代ub>z</年代ub>足球俱乐部<年代ub>z</年代ub>。</p> <p>在实验中,参与者进行了右手食指弯曲。一个基于阈值检测器是用来标记任何时代小城镇振幅超过25<我>μ</我>“与眼球运动工件污染的时代”。振幅测量作为两个电极之间的区别,一个放在下面的眼睛水平和其他正确的眼睛。时代的IC类型包括artifact-free数据收集在一个区间,其中包含运动的发生(测量手指开关激活)。的时间间隔开始<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:62.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 62.662498 14.7125" width="62.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.8550882" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7409763" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.856688" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.78,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>第二,1秒前运动的开始和结束<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:57.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 57.1875 14.7125" width="57.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-68.04,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> fi</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.883616" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2596159" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.692672" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.0972" y="0"> h</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.59,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,1秒后运动。表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>显示了所有参与者的记录数据的时间表。对于每一个参与者,“第一天”被认为是起源日期,日期,其余的数据收集时,被数相对于“俊”。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">参与者ID</td><td一个lign="center">1日会议</td><td一个lign="center">第二次会议</td><td一个lign="center">第三次会议</td><td一个lign="center">第四次会议</td><td一个lign="center">第五次会议</td><td一个lign="center">6日会议</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">有所</td><td一个lign="center">第一天</td><td一个lign="center">第三天</td><td一个lign="center">第五天</td><td一个lign="center">第八天</td><td一个lign="center">第十天</td><td一个lign="center">一天<b>12</b></td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">AB2</td><td一个lign="center">第一天</td><td一个lign="center">第三天</td><td一个lign="center">第四天</td><td一个lign="center">第八天</td><td一个lign="center">天9</td><td一个lign="center">一天<b>10</b></td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">AB3</td><td一个lign="center">第一天</td><td一个lign="center">第二天</td><td一个lign="center">第四天</td><td一个lign="center">第八天</td><td一个lign="center">天9</td><td一个lign="center">一天<b>15</b></td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">AB4</td><td一个lign="center">第一天</td><td一个lign="center">第三天</td><td一个lign="center">第五天</td><td一个lign="center">第八天</td><td一个lign="center">第十天</td><td一个lign="center">一天<b>12</b></td></tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="7"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 记录数据的时间。对于每个参与者来说,第一天第一天,参与者参加了实验。剩下的日子屈指可数了对第一天的那个特定的参与者。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>一个SBCI应该区分IC和数控时代。出于这个原因,数控会话中的数据也需要代表时代期间,用户不打算控制。一个数控会话期间,参与者被要求计算的次数,一个白色的球反弹监视器的屏幕。数控课程包含细心以及nonattentive NC数据。每个数控会议持续了大约两分钟。在每一天的记录,两个这样的数控会话记录。数控部分选择如下:一个窗口的宽度<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:82.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 82.662498 14.7125" width="82.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.87,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> fi</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.883616" y="0"> n</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.2596159" y="0"> 我</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.692672" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.0972" y="0"> h</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.12,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.87,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.3432641" y="0"> t</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.8550882" y="0"> 一个</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7409763" y="0"> r</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.856688" y="0"> t</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.08,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>秒滑在每个EEG信号的数控会话期间收集的步骤16次样品(0.1250秒)。对于每个数控时代,由SBCI特征提取和分类。这导致每秒8分类决策的系统。每一秒的窗口,工件没有检测,特征提取SBCI系统培训。</p> <p>此次活动的IC和数控时代超过一个预定义的阈值(±25<年代vg height="9.6750002" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>V)被标记为污染大幅度眼球运动工件和没有用于系统的培训。</p> <h5 id="subsec3.3">3.3。评价</h5><p>在[<一个href="#B3">3</一个>),嵌套了五倍交叉验证被用来评估系统的性能在所谓的“artifact-free”数据。内部交叉验证设置用于模型选择,和外部交叉验证集被用来估计泛化误差。为每个外部交叉验证集,20%的数据被用于测试,其余的用于训练和模型验证。为了选择模型,数据集被进一步分成五个折叠。对于每一个褶皱,80%的数据被用于训练分类器,和20%的人用于模型验证。在artifact-contaminated测试系统的性能数据,所有的时代都标记为artifact-contaminated被用作研究1的测试集。</p> <p>的方法计算TP率如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>。在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(一)样本EEG信号,如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(b),输出的物理切换显示。如前所述,数据从1秒前1秒后,一个决策点是用于分类。假设系统没有处理延迟和SBCI系统理想的检出率,SBCI系统的输出应该是显示在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(c)。换句话说,IC命令是由系统1秒后按下开关。虽然,开关的具体时间激活,神经现象可能不完全寿命及其开关激活。因此,我们也认为任何激活的时间范围<年代vg height="13.3125" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:109.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 109.225 13.3125" width="109.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.3125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.728054" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.979553" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.105305" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.356804" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.608303" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.635471" y="0"> +</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.975693" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.227192" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.352943" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.604439" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.855942" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.107445" y="0"> ]</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>秒左右的预期激活开关为真阳性(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig4/" target="_blank">4</一个>(c))。激活被视为假阳性。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="749204.fig.004" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.004.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> TP率计算方法:(a)脑电图信号,(b)的输出手开关,(c) SBCI的输出。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="results">4所示。结果</h4><h5我d=”年代ubsec4.1">4.1。分析SBCI Artifact-Contaminated数据上的表现</h5><p>表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab3/" target="_blank">3</一个>显示了TP和FP的平均利率noncontaminated和artifact-contaminated数据。计算平均在5外验证集。括号里的数字显示标准差。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="center" rowspan="2">参与者id</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">测试noncontaminated数据</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">对受污染的数据测试</td></tr><tr class="thead"> <td align="center">TPR (%)</td><td一个lign="center">玻璃钢(%)</td><td一个lign="center">TPR (%)</td><td一个lign="center">玻璃钢(%)</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="4">有所</td><td一个lign="center">58.6</td><td一个lign="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">(8.6)</td><td一个lign="center">0.1</td><td一个lign="center">47.7</td><td一个lign="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">(0.1)</td><td一个lign="center">(7.9)</td><td一个lign="center">0.5</td></tr><tr> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">(0.3)</td></tr><tr> <td align="center" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="4">AB2</td><td一个lign="center">64.2</td><td一个lign="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">(7.5)</td><td一个lign="center">0.0</td><td一个lign="center">51.0</td><td一个lign="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">(0.0)</td><td一个lign="center">(4.0)</td><td一个lign="center">0.1</td></tr><tr> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">(0.0)</td></tr><tr> <td align="center" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2">AB3</td><td一个lign="center">46.9</td><td一个lign="center">0.3</td><td一个lign="center">43.7</td><td一个lign="center">0.7</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(10.4)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.2)</td><td一个lign="center">(4.8)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.2)</td></tr><tr> <td align="center" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2">AB4</td><td一个lign="center">55.0</td><td一个lign="center">0.1</td><td一个lign="center">64.7</td><td一个lign="center">0.4</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(5.3)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.1)</td><td一个lign="center">(5.7)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.1)</td></tr><tr> <td align="center" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2">的意思是</td><td一个lign="center">56.2</td><td一个lign="center">0.1</td><td一个lign="center">51.8</td><td一个lign="center">0.4</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(7.2)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.1)</td><td一个lign="center">(9.1)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.1)</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 比较的平均测试结果artifact-contaminated和noncontaminated数据。计算平均超过5外验证集。括号中的数字表示标准偏差。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>检查artifact-contamination对性能的影响,我们进行了双向方差分析(方差分析)。首先,“TP率”被认为是依赖变量,和“参与者”和“工件污染”被认为是独立的变量。至于“工件污染”,有两种情况:“污染”和“noncontaminated”。方差分析显示出非常重要的“参与者”的主要影响<年代vg height="13.45" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:74.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.375 13.45" width="74.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.053612" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.094002" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.345501" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.471252" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.722752" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.974251" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.22575" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。“工件污染”的主要效应不显著<年代vg height="13.6375" id="M21" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:66.550003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.550003 13.6375" width="66.550003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.053612" y="0"> ></t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.094002" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.345501" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.471252" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.722752" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.974251" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。TP的平均速度在所有参与者artifact-contaminated数据noncontaminated数据为56.2%和51.8%。TP的平均利率因此当artifact-contaminated测试数据仅下降了4.4%。</p> <p>接下来,“FP率”被认为是依赖变量,和“参与者”和“artifact-contamination”被认为是独立的变量。方差分析显示一个高度显著的主效应“参与者”(<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M22" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:58.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.012501 14.3625" width="58.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.51,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),一个高度显著的主效应“工件污染”(<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:58.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.012501 14.3625" width="58.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.51,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。之间的相互作用的影响不显著(<年代vg height="11.0625" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.0625" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> ></t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。FP的平均利率为所有四个参与者noncontaminated测试集对artifact-contaminated数据是0.1%和0.4%。因此,尽管平均FP利率之间的差异具有统计学意义,系统的平均FP率是使用artifact-contaminated数据只增加了0.3%。</p> <h5 id="subsec4.2">4.2。测试数据记录在随后的会议</h5><p>在[<一个href="#B3">3</一个>节),<一个href="#subsec4.1">4所示。1</一个>以上,我们研究系统的性能数据收集前五个交易日使用嵌套的交叉验证方法。我们保留数据记录在过去(六)会话在这项研究中,他们表示为数据记录在“后续会话”。参与者有所、AB2 AB3, AB4,“后续会话”数据,分别记录在天2、1、6和2记录数据后使用fo设计系统(见表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab2/" target="_blank">2</一个>)。</p> <p>“后续会话”数据可以被认为是一个“完整的”测试,因为没有这些数据被用于设计系统的一部分,并且没有数据的一部分(工件)污染是否被拒绝在分析。</p> <p>SBCI当的性能测试报告的“后续会话”数据表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>。TP和FP率代表的列,行代表的参与者id。两套数控数据被认为是:数控数控会话期间收集的数据,也就是说,两分钟的会议期间,运动没有执行,和NC数据收集期间故意动作进行的会话。后者数据,NC数据收集连续时期两个运动的尝试。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab4"> <table class="table-group" id="tab4"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left" rowspan="2">参与者id</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">结合测试结果在前五</td><td一个lign="center" colspan="2">subsequentsession测试结果</td></tr><tr class="thead"> <td align="center">TPR (%)</td><td一个lign="center">玻璃钢(%)</td><td一个lign="center">TPR (%)</td><td一个lign="center">玻璃钢(%)</td></tr><tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" rowspan="2">有所</td><td一个lign="center">50.3</td><td一个lign="center">0.5</td><td一个lign="center">62.9</td><td一个lign="center">0.3</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(8.0)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.2)</td><td一个lign="center">(8.8)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.2)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left" rowspan="2">AB2</td><td一个lign="center">55.0</td><td一个lign="center">0.1</td><td一个lign="center">46.3</td><td一个lign="center">0.1</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(5.0)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.0)</td><td一个lign="center">(5.1)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.1)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left" rowspan="2">AB3</td><td一个lign="center">44.2</td><td一个lign="center">0.7</td><td一个lign="center">46.6</td><td一个lign="center">0.8</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(5.7)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.2)</td><td一个lign="center">(6.0)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.2)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left" rowspan="2">AB4</td><td一个lign="center">61.2</td><td一个lign="center">0.4</td><td一个lign="center">39.7</td><td一个lign="center">1.8</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(5.3)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.1)</td><td一个lign="center">(8.0)</td><td一个lign="center">(1.0)</td></tr><tr> <td align="left" rowspan="2">的意思是</td><td一个lign="center">52.7</td><td一个lign="center">0.4</td><td一个lign="center">48.8</td><td一个lign="center">0.8</td></tr><tr> <td align="center">(7.2)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.2)</td><td一个lign="center">(9.9)</td><td一个lign="center">(0.7)</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="5"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表4</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 比较平均的结果使用数据记录在第一个五个交易日与使用数据记录在随后的会议。计算平均超过5外验证集。括号中的数字表示标准偏差。</d我v> </div> </div> <p>TP和FP系统计算数据结果记录在第一个五天也报道在表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>。请注意,这些值的组合结果artifact-contaminated和noncontaminated数据。在[<一个href="#B3">3</一个>),5倍交叉验证嵌套分析导致五组不同的特性和分类器参数值为每个参与者。结果在表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>因此显示经过平均5外为每个参与者交叉验证集。括号中的数字是标准偏差。</p> <p>为进一步检查SBCI的性能,我们进行了双向方差分析研究。首先,“TP率”被认为是依赖变量,和“参与者”和“会话”被认为是独立的变量。至于“会话”,有两个值:“当前”和“后续”。我们比较了TP利率归因于分类时代的“当前”测试集分类与归因于时代的“后续会话”。方差分析显示相当重要作用的“参与者”<年代vg height="13.45" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:66.550003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.550003 13.45" width="66.550003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.053612" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.094002" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.345501" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.471252" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.722752" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.974251" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,但它并没有显示出显著的主效应“会话”<年代vg height="13.6375" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:66.550003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.550003 13.6375" width="66.550003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.053612" y="0"> ></t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.094002" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.345501" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.471252" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.722752" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.974251" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>。TP的平均速度对当前测试集是52.7%,和TP的平均利率“后续会话”中的数据是48.8%。</p> <p>接下来,我们比较了FP利率在“当前”测试集,与FP利率数据的标记“后续会话”方差分析显示一个高度显著的主效应“参与者”(<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:58.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.012501 14.3625" width="58.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.51,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),一个重要的“会话”的主要影响<年代vg height="13.45" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:66.550003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.550003 13.45" width="66.550003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.053612" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.094002" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.345501" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.471252" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.722752" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.974251" y="0"> )</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,一个高度显著影响的相互作用(<年代vg height="14.3625" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:58.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.012501 14.3625" width="58.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.3625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.51,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。“当前”上的平均FP率测试集的数据是0.4%和0.8%“后续会话”。</p> <p>请注意,TP的平均速度在参与者有所AB3第一5会话是49.8%和51.9%的后续会议。这三个参与者的平均FP率为0.4%的条件。这些结果表明,除了AB4,系统并维持其性能测试与新数据集。</p> <p>我们策划的输出两个参与者表明SBCI系统集成电路的检测命令并配合的运动(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig5/" target="_blank">5</一个>)。为了有一个更清晰的图像,输出是绘制小代表时间(约20 - 30秒)。运动的爆发是实线绘制,和SBCI是策划的输出作为钻石。一位与会者(参与者有所)、TPs和fn也显示(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig5/" target="_blank">5(一个)</一个>)。请注意<我>x</我>设在代表秒。这些结果表明,SBCI确实检测IC命令,由于SBCI检测模式前后的激活开关。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="749204.fig.005a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.005a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="749204.fig.005b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.005b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="749204.fig.005c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.005c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig5"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="749204.fig.005a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.005a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="749204.fig.005b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.005b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个me="749204.fig.005c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.005c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig5"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> SBCI输出期间手指动作执行时(a)有所主题,主题AB2 (b)和(c)的输出SBCI一定数控会话时动作不会出现了AB。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>我们还展示了在数控SBCI会话的输出为代表的用户(参与者有所)。为了清楚起见,SBCI系统的输出作为一个实线(见图绘制<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (c)</一个>)。请注意,这里的<我>x</我>设在显示分不秒。这些情节表明系统能够长期保持一种数控状态NC数据。这是一个值得注意的优势相对FP率高,令人沮丧的用户(<一个href="#B18">22</一个>]。</p> <h5 id="subsec4.3">4.3。增加一个防反跳组件的影响</h5><p>作为讨论的部分<一个href="#subsec4.2">4所示。2</一个>,当系统测试在后续会话,其参与者4的性能恶化。FP率减少,一些研究表明,使用后处理,如引入耐火时间的概念(<一个href="#B19">8</一个>]或[防反跳组件<一个href="#B18">22</一个>]。在本节中,我们检查的效果添加防反跳组件SBCI的输出。</p> <p>消除抖动SBCI系统的输出的方式类似于消除抖动的物理交换机已被证明改善FP率(<一个href="#B18">22</一个>]。防反跳组件连续监视输出。一个激活后(即检测到。,一个change in state from 0 to 1), the output is automatically set to the logical state ‘‘1’’ (IC) for one sample. However, if a debounce window is present, then the output is forced to stay at ‘‘0’’ (NC) for a period of<年代vg height="14.35" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:20.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.2875 14.35" width="20.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> b</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>样品,<年代vg height="14.35" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:20.2875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.2875 14.35" width="20.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> b</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是防反跳窗口的宽度的数量决定。防反跳组件的功能是显示在图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6(一)</一个>显示开关的输出。年底有一个激活此图所示的窗口。的点,一个黑色圆显示样品的时间。请注意,两个连续的决策之间的时间(黑眼圈)SBCI系统是0.125秒,随着SBCI让每秒8决策(<一个href="#B3">3</一个>]。现在考虑SBCI的输出如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (b)</一个>。有许多FPs,即使系统能够正确检测IC命令。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (c)</一个>展示了系统的输出时防反跳组件的长度<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.487499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.487499 14.7125" width="47.487499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> b</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.35,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>决定样本添加到系统。我们可以看到,一些FPs被防反跳组件。随着防反跳窗口的长度增加<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.487499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.487499 14.7125" width="47.487499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> b</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.35,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>决定样品(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (d)</一个>),FP年代的数量急剧下降。然而,如图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (e)</一个>显示,当防反跳窗口的长度<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.487499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.487499 14.7125" width="47.487499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> b</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.35,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 8</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>决定样本,早先FP激活的存在迫使SBCI的输出逻辑的“0”值8样本。因此,这个时代的TP激活最后不幸的是不再检测。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6</一个>清楚地表明,存在一个权衡选择防反跳窗口的长度。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig6"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig6"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="749204.fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="749204.fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="749204.fig.006c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)”n一个me="749204.fig.006d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(e)”n一个me="749204.fig.006e" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006e.jpg"> <br> <strong>(e)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig6"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="749204.fig.006a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="749204.fig.006b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”n一个me="749204.fig.006c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)”n一个me="749204.fig.006d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006d.jpg"><br><strong>(d)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(e)"><img alt="(e)”n一个me="749204.fig.006e" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.006e.jpg"><br><strong>(e)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig6"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图6</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 防反跳组件的操作。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>我们计算的性能SBCI系统防反跳组件添加。数据<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig7/" target="_blank">7(一)</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig7/" target="_blank">7 (d)</一个>显示TP率(TPR)、FP率(玻璃钢)<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:60.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.962502 10.9125" width="60.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.603504" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.943005" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.418839" y="0"> F</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.370506" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.334679" y="0"> R</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>利率分别为所有参与者,作为防反跳窗口的长度的函数(以秒为单位)。图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig7/" target="_blank">7 (e)</一个>显示了所有参与者的平均图。请注意,TPR的尺度,玻璃钢,和<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:60.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.962502 10.9125" width="60.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.603504" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.943005" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.418839" y="0"> F</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.370506" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.334679" y="0"> R</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是不同的;我们不得不重新调节玻璃钢和<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:60.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.962502 10.9125" width="60.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.603504" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.943005" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.418839" y="0"> F</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.370506" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.334679" y="0"> R</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>所以所有的情节都可以相同的图所示。这些数据显示,如防反跳窗口的长度从0到1的样本(0.125秒),发生在TP和FP利率下降(尤其是FP一个更大的下降率)。结果,<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:60.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.962502 10.9125" width="60.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.603504" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.943005" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.418839" y="0"> F</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.370506" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.334679" y="0"> R</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>所有参与者比例增加。这些结果表明,一个非常小的防反跳窗口(<年代vg height="14.9" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:74.837502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 74.837502 14.9" width="74.837502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.08)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> b</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.35,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 2</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.908134" y="0"> 5</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>秒)积极的影响SBCI系统的性能。然而,进一步增加防反跳组件的长度并没有增加<年代vg height="10.9125" id="M40" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:60.962502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.962502 10.9125" width="60.962502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.603504" y="0"> R</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.943005" y="0"> /</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.418839" y="0"> F</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.370506" y="0"> P</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.334679" y="0"> R</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>通过比率超过价值<年代vg height="14.7125" id="M41" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:47.487499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.487499 14.7125" width="47.487499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> d</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> b</t年代pan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.35,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>决定样本(或0.125秒)。是这种情况除了AB4参与者,在一个更大的防反跳窗口改进了性能。因此,我们得出这样的结论:在这项研究中最小的防反跳窗口取得了卓越的结果对于大多数参与者,然而,一个定制的防反跳窗口将进一步提高性能的一些人。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig7"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig7"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="749204.fig.007a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.007a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="749204.fig.007b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.007b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”n一个me="749204.fig.007c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.007c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)”n一个me="749204.fig.007d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.007d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(e)”n一个me="749204.fig.007e" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.007e.jpg"> <br> <strong>(e)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig7"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="749204.fig.007a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.007a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="749204.fig.007b" 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class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图7</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig7/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <svg height="14.85" id="M42" style="vertical-align:-2.22495pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.6875 14.85" width="66.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.012)"> <path d="M592 498l-30 -3q-13 63 -31 89q-13 19 -33.5 25.5t-75.5 6.5h-70v-493q0 -60 16 -75.5t86 -19.5v-28h-286v28q68 4 83.5 19.5t15.5 75.5v493h-62q-60 0 -83 -7t-33 -24q-12 -17 -32 -90h-29q10 116 12 180h20q10 -16 21 -20.5t34 -4.5h395q19 0 28.5 5t21.5 20h21 q2 -89 11 -177z" id="x54"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.551,12.012)"> <path d="M46 650h247q112 0 169 -41q64 -49 64 -141q0 -91 -56.5 -143t-138.5 -62q-23 -3 -45 -1l-74 19v-157q0 -63 15.5 -77t83.5 -19v-28h-271v28q60 5 74 20t14 77v400q0 65 -12.5 79t-69.5 18v28zM212 559v-245q31 -12 73 -12q59 0 102 38t43 124q0 77 -42.5 115.5 t-108.5 38.5q-44 0 -56 -12q-11 -8 -11 -47z" id="x50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.036,12.012)"> <path d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144 q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" id="x52"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.592,12.012)"> <path d="M368 703l-264 -866h-60l265 866h59z" id="x2F"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,37.596,12.012)"> <path d="M493 503l-29 -4q-13 56 -28 80q-13 22 -35.5 29.5t-78.5 7.5h-76q-22 0 -27.5 -5t-5.5 -27v-238h103q66 0 82.5 12t25.5 62h29v-193h-29q-9 54 -25.5 67t-82.5 13h-103v-181q0 -64 15 -78.5t84 -19.5v-28h-272v28q61 5 74.5 19.5t13.5 78.5v399q0 64 -13 78t-72 19v28 h440q1 -40 10 -147z" id="x46"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,46.588,12.012)"> <path d="M46 650h247q112 0 169 -41q64 -49 64 -141q0 -91 -56.5 -143t-138.5 -62q-23 -3 -45 -1l-74 19v-157q0 -63 15.5 -77t83.5 -19v-28h-271v28q60 5 74 20t14 77v400q0 65 -12.5 79t-69.5 18v28zM212 559v-245q31 -12 73 -12q59 0 102 38t43 124q0 77 -42.5 115.5 t-108.5 38.5q-44 0 -56 -12q-11 -8 -11 -47z" id="x50"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,56.073,12.012)"> <path d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144 q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" id="x52"></path> </g> </svg> <table> TP率、FP率,比例的函数的长度为(a)主题有所防反跳窗口,(b) AB2主题,(c) AB3主题,(d) AB4主题,和所有四个参与者(e)的平均值。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <h4 id="conclusions-and-discussion">5。结论和讨论</h4><p>开发一个新的BCI系统包括两个阶段:设计系统,并进一步测试其性能。第二阶段涉及更广泛的探索系统的性能,研究它如何执行在不同情况下包括在线测试,使用的数据来自患者运动障碍和系统性能的稳定性。另一个重要的测试包括评估系统的性能数据污染工件。这是因为在网络应用程序工件发生频繁。因此,有必要系统有效地处理的工件。</p> <p>一种方法来处理工件未收到关注的BCI文学是设计一个BCI系统健壮的工件。一个解决方案,提高了鲁棒性构件是BCI系统采用多个神经现象。在本文中,我们调查了多少SBCI系统的性能,使用超过神经现象(每个属于不同的频带)会影响工件的存在。为此,我们进行了两项研究,进一步探索SBCI系统的性能,使用三个特定的神经现象(<一个href="#B3">3</一个>]。具体地说,我们分析了其性能数据污染大幅度眼球运动工件和数据记录在随后的会议。此外,我们分析了影响添加防反跳组件BCI系统的输出。</p> <p>我们的分析结果表明,平均利率不会改变不同时期小城镇时工件被拒绝时的情况相比,他们存在于测试集。TP的平均利率下降只有4.4% artifact-contaminated数据时使用(从56.2%到51.8%)。进一步的证据表明,大幅度动构件没有一个伟大的对该系统的检测能力的影响。这种鲁棒性性能可以归结主要使用三个神经现象从不同频段检测故意控制(IC)模式。</p> <p>尽管平均FP率从0.1%上升到0.4%,这个值仍低于FP因为它使得基于脑电图的一些最近开发的SBCI系统相同的(或更高版本)输出率和速度相对相同的TP (<一个href="#B23">7</一个>,<一个href="#B22">9</一个>,<一个href="#B18">22</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B21">24</一个>]。这意味着,平均而言,这个SBCI系统生成低错误率相对于这些系统。Th我年代change in the FP rate is a tradeoff as the system becomes available at all times, that is, even when artifacts such as eye blinks occur. While the performance of the SBCI system was better when tested on artifact-free data [<一个href="#B3">3</一个>),只有在这些时间间隔的大幅度眼球运动的活动,如眨眼不发生。因此,接受适度降低性能,系统控制在任何时候都可用。</p> <p>还应该指出,三四个参与者的性能没有变化时测试的数据后续会话pseudo-online环境(见表<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/tab4/" target="_blank">4</一个>)。这种形式的初步证据表明,系统的性能仍然强劲虽然与事件相关电位随时间变化(<一个href="#B24">25</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B26">27</一个>]。然而,更多的研究需要验证系统的性能稳定的长时间。</p> <p>至于AB4参与者,我们发现许多假阳性的发生之间的连续运动的尝试(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig8/" target="_blank">8(一个)</一个>),但在数控会话FP率很低(即。《外交政策》,<年代vg height="11.5375" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:46.387501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.387501 11.5375" width="46.387501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 1</t年代pan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> %</t年代pan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig8/" target="_blank">8 (b)</一个>)。我们相信的原因不同IC命令之间的系统有许多FPs是由于NC数据之间运动的尝试并不用于训练系统。这些观察提出问题的本质应该用于NC数据优化SBCI系统训练。这个调查是留给未来的研究。</p> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig8"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig8"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”n一个me="749204.fig.008a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.008a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</年代trong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”n一个me="749204.fig.008b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.008b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</年代trong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig8"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”n一个me="749204.fig.008a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.008a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</年代trong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”n一个me="749204.fig.008b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/cin/volume-2008/749204/figures/749204.fig.008b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</年代trong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig8"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图8</年代pan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig8/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> (a)的输出SBCI期间为主题AB4手指动作执行时;(b)的输出SBCI数控会话期间AB4动作不会出现了主题。</t一个ble> </div> </div> </div> <p>增加一个防反跳组件导致FP利率下降,因为它掩盖了多个连续帧。我们的研究表明,大多数参与者需要一个小的防反跳窗口为提高性能。这个防反跳的最佳大小窗口(也被发现只有一个输出样本)表明,有场合连续系统错误地识别两个数控时代作为集成电路。通过添加防反跳窗口,多个连续帧被当作一个FP,因此FP率降低。两个问题出现时,使用一个更大的防反跳窗口。首先,如果防反跳窗口的宽度相对较大(如两秒,推荐在<一个href="#B18">22</一个>),如果发生FP密切IC命令之前,IC命令被防反跳组件。系统的TP率因此下降(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (e)</一个>)。第二,随着防反跳窗口的宽度增加,SBCI系统变得不可用的时间长(见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (d)</一个>和<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig6/" target="_blank">6 (e)</一个>)。这限制了实用性的SBCI,会有很长一段时间的系统不可用。我们的分析还表明,拟议中的SBCI,防反跳窗口的使用很短的时间提高其性能。广泛防反跳窗户,然而,可能需要一个人当多个FPs连续发生(例如,参与者AB4,见图<一个href="//www.newsama.com/journals/cin/2008/749204/fig8/" target="_blank">8(一个)</一个>)。</p> <p>多项研究表明,神经现象相关尝试运动由健全的个人承担很多相似之处与那些试图通过脊髓损伤患者(<一个href="#B17">21</一个>,<一个href="#B27">28</一个>- - - - - -<一个href="#B30">31日</一个>]。基于这些研究,试图从两组激活相似的运动皮质和产生相似的运动模式。这些证据使我们基地健全的受试者的数据,分析实际执行特定的运动。通过使用这些个人的数据,然后可以标签时代EEG信号的使用手指的输出开关。生成的数据分析患者运动障碍,然而,也非常重要,是留给未来的研究。</p> <p>一个重要的未来研究的在线测试系统。因为其他现有SBCI FP率高的系统,到目前为止只有两个SBCI研究都是在特定的条件下进行以在线的方式(<一个href="#B31">32</一个>,<一个href="#B32">33</一个>]提出以来因为它使得基于脑电图SBCI误报率远低于其他SBCI系统和有一个良好的性能在artifact-contaminated时期,未来的研究应该关注的在线测试系统的性能。</p> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</h4><p>这部分工作是支持NSERC格兰特在90278 - 06赛季和下CIHR格兰特拖把- 72711。作者要感谢克雷格威尔逊对他有价值的评论。</p> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4><ol> <li id="B1">s·g·梅森和g . e .桦木、“时间控制模式直接大脑interfaces-rethinking异步和同步的定义,”<我>十一届国际会议上进行人机交互(HCI 05)</我>拉斯维加斯,内华达州,美国,2005年6月。<年代pan class="reflinks">视图:<一个href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Temporal%20control%20paradigms%20for%20direct%20brain%20interfaces—rethinking%20the%20definition%20of%20asynchronous%20and%20synchronous&author=S. 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Mason" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代pan></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4><p>版权©2008人士Fatourechi et al。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4><d我v id="biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 kCVTCa"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop 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height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</年代pan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</年代pan></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/cin/2008/749204.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML</d我v><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</年代pan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</年代pan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<年代pan>1118年</年代pan> </div> <div> 下载<年代pan>591年</年代pan> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2008/749204" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</d我v> </div> </div> <nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3><ul class="sc-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/749204&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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