研究文章|Open Access
在Dessie转诊医院,埃塞俄比亚东北部与糖尿病,高血压和心力衰竭患者的焦虑和抑郁的相关因素
抽象
Background。焦虑和depression are common in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure. However, they are usually unrecognized and untreated especially in developing countries. Identifying factors associated with anxiety and depression is helpful for early screening and management.目的。这项研究旨在评估与糖尿病,高血压和Dessie转诊医院,埃塞俄比亚东北心脏衰竭患者的焦虑和抑郁相关的因素。方法。基于体制-剖研究是在Dessie转诊医院从2019年2月22,传导到4月6日,2019年共404糖尿病,高血压和心脏衰竭的患者通过系统的采样技术都包括在内。数据采用面对面的面对面的采访收集。数据收集后,对数据进行清洗,并用文本,图形和表格呈现。多变量二元逻辑回归被部署在识别因素的<0.05的值。Result。总共有384名患者参与了94.8%的回应率。其中,32%,其中5.73%的人分别为焦虑和抑郁。谁没有读写发展焦虑7.89倍,可能与那些教育程度相比,患者是以上文凭(AOR:7.89; 95%CI:3.08-20.26; )。患者谁了物质,如聊天,香烟,水烟,大麻和酒精发展焦虑2.56倍,可能与他们的同行(AOR比:2.56; 95%CI:1.05-6.23; )。Patients whose level of physical activity is inactive develop depression 24 times more likely than patients who did a health-enhancing physical activity. Patients who are widowed develop depression 5 times more likely compared with married patients.Conclusion and Recommendations。文化程度低,单身和丧偶的,物质的使用,感觉差对疾病预后,以及每月的收入是与焦虑相关的因素。在另一方面,单身和不能做的身体活动进行统计与抑郁症有关。患者文化水平低和月收入应进行筛选,并支持焦虑。卫生保健提供者应以身体活动,以防止抑郁症的重要性病人提供建议。
1.简介
焦虑和抑郁是常见的精神疾病。生活在世界上的焦虑和抑郁的总人数估计分别为3.22亿和2.64亿,[1]。In spite of this fact, anxiety and depression are common in diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure patients than the general population [2]。
A systematic review and meta-analysis study reported that anxiety and depression were common among patients with chronic illness in both developed and developing countries [3]。在埃塞俄比亚进行的另一项系统性和荟萃分析表明,抑郁症是患者常见的合并症的糖尿病患者[4]。According to the national report of Australia Health, half of all Australians living with a chronic health condition experience depression or anxiety [5]。
焦虑和depression have a bidirectional relation with chronic illnesses [6,7]。焦虑症,高血压和心血管风险的审查表明,高血压患者更容易[发展焦虑8]。焦虑和抑郁引起交感神经系统的慢性刺激是导致胰岛素抵抗,影响心脏和血管的功能[6]。
有慢性疾病的发展焦虑或抑郁的风险更大放人。这是在美国和中国进行的一项研究称,这两种焦虑和抑郁是慢性疾病[主要合并症9]。One recent study which is conducted in 15 nations reported that anxiety is highly prevalent in patients with chronic illness especially in diabetes patients [10]。However, anxiety and depression are remaining unrecognized and untreated.
焦虑和depression have numerous negative health outcomes in patients with chronic illnesses. Medication nonadherence, rapid disease progression, and poor health outcomes were effects of untreated and unrecognized anxiety and depression [9]。焦虑和depression are so overwhelming; they can interfere with a person’s ability to function day to day and poor quality of life [11]。美国糖尿病协会透露,死亡风险的糖尿病患者在抑郁或焦虑或两者[存在高12]。
有迹象表明,影响慢性疾病患者中的焦虑和抑郁的患病率不同的因素。在埃塞俄比亚进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析显示,年龄,性别,病程均与抑郁症相关因素分析[4]。Low educational level, body mass index, income, lack of social support, and residence of patients were the other factors associated with anxiety and depression [11,13,14]。
鉴定患有焦虑和抑郁相关的因素是早期筛查和管理有帮助。然而,随着糖尿病患者,高血压和心脏衰竭的抑郁和焦虑相关的因素没有得到充分的发展中国家,包括埃塞俄比亚的评估。因此,这项研究开始于检查与治疗糖尿病,高血压,和Dessie转诊医院,埃塞俄比亚东北心脏衰竭中的焦虑和抑郁相关的因素。
2.方法
2.1。研究区域和时段
这项研究是在它在Dessie镇找到Dessie转诊医院进行。Dessie town, which is an administrative town of South Wollo Zone, is 401 km far from Addis Ababa in the northeast direction. Dessie Referral Hospital, which is one of the frontline hospitals in Ethiopia, serves more than 3.5 million people as a referral hospital. It has about 749 workers. From this, 548 are health professionals and 201 are administrative staffs serving in the hospital. Out of those health professionals, 332 are nurses and 61 of them are diploma nurses. The study was conducted from February 22, 2019 to April 6, 2019.
2.2。学习规划
An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed.
2.3。来源人口
患有糖尿病,高血压和心脏衰竭所有患者谁在随访Dessie转诊医院占全国人口的来源。
2.4。研究人群
患有糖尿病,高血压和心脏衰竭所有患者谁是在数据收集期间Dessie转诊医院随访的研究人群。
2。5. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2。5.1. Inclusion Criteria
(一世)On follow-up patients who are diagnosed either with hypertension or diabetes or heart failure and who are 18 years and above were included
2.5.2。排除标准
(一世)患者无法沟通被排除在外
2。5.3. Sample Size Determination
该sample size for the first objective was calculated by using the single-population proportion formula with 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error, and proportion of depression among patients with heart failure. Proportion, which is 51.1% %, was taken from a study conducted on depression among heart failure patients in three public hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia [15]。有人计算方法如下: where为样本大小, (标准化为95%置信区间正态分布曲线值), (proportion of depression among patients with heart failure) and (程度的误差裕度):
该refore, by adding a 5% nonresponse rate of 385, the total sample size was 404.
2.5.4。采样技术和程序
该研究使用了分层随机抽样技术。起初,患者的慢性疾病进行分层成糖尿病(DM),高血压,并根据他们的诊断心脏衰竭。在那之后,总样本量分配给基于其比例各阶层。然后,通过系统抽样在每个选定的研究对象th值,它是从6每个分层。该值是由样品中的每个分层的总人口中的比例来计算。第一个病人是通过简单随机抽样,从谁是在数据采集周期来随访患者选择。在此之后,数据收集在每6th直到总样本大小达到从每个分层患者。
2。5.5. Variables
Dependent variables were anxiety and depression, and independent variables were sociodemographic variables (sex, age, educational level, marital status, resident, occupation, monthly income, family size, weight, height, and BMI), disease characteristics (duration of disease since diagnosis, number of medication), perception towards prognosis of illness, substance and alcohol use (coffee and tea use, smoking, chat chewing, uses of hashish and shisha, and alcohol drinking), and physical activity.
2.6。数据收集工具和程序
2.6。1. Data Collection Tool
该data were collected by using a structured questionnaire which is adapted from previous research. It has 3 parts. The first part asked about the sociodemographic status of the study participants. The second part measured the level of anxiety and depression with generalized anxiety disorder and patient health questionnaire, respectively. In this study, internal reliability for GAD-7 questionnaires and PHQ-2 questionnaires were 0.76 and 0.8, respectively. The third part focused on factors such as physical activity, substance use, alcohol use, and support from anyone. Physical activity was screened by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-7) which is a standardized tool for measurement of physical activity for patients with chronic illnesses. All parts of the questionnaire were prepared in English version initially and translated into Amharic then back to English to check their consistency. Additionally, weight (in kilogram) and height (in meter) for nonpregnant and edematous patient were measured by data collectors during data collection.
2.6。2。Data Collection Procedures
拟订调查后,进行数据采集和1名学士护士作为导师4名护士学士学位招募。为期两天的培训给予了问卷的每一个项目和数据采集技术的意义每个人如问候的方式,以同意的方式,身高和体重的测量过程中监测数据质量的方式和途径寻址暧昧的项目。数据通过面对面的面对面的采访收集患者完成考察后。
Patients were interviewed with 7 questions to assess their level of physical activity. The total score of questions was categorized into three levels: inactive, those individuals who do not meet the criteria for minimally active or health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA); minimally active, 3 or more days of vigorous activity of at least 20 minutes per day or 5 or more days of moderate-intensity activity or walking of at least 30 minutes per day or 5 or more days of any combination of walking, moderate-intensity, or vigorous-intensity activities achieving a minimum of at least 600 metabolic equivalent (MET) (min/week); and health-enhancing physical activity, vigorous-intensity activity on at least 3 days achieving a minimum of at least 1500 metabolic equivalent (MET) (minutes/week) or 7 or more days of any combination of walking, moderate-intensity, or vigorous-intensity activities achieving a minimum of at least 3000 MET (minutes/week).
身高和体重期间由数据收集器数据收集期间测量了非妊娠和水肿的病人。为了避免患者反复访问重复采访,数据采集器,并要求核实患者是否采访或不前收集数据。校监及校长的调查密切监测数据收集过程。
2.6。3. Data Quality Assurance
数据的质量是通过训练数据采集器和监控器,精心设计问卷,监测数据收集过程,并检查数据的过程中数据收集时间的完整性放心。除了这些,所有问卷预先测试上在Hidar 11基层医院样本大小(40人)给地址混淆项的10%,以增加数据的质量。在测试前,一些受访者在迷茫焦虑的问题和身体活动问题的持续时间。为了解决这个困惑的问题,数据采集器试图提醒在调查问卷的每一部分时间在收集数据的时间。
2.6.4。数据处理和分析程序
数据采集后,完全收集的数据被输入到的EpiData 3.1版,并出口到统计软件包和服务产品(SPSS)版本25进行分析。在分析过程中,研究参与者谁在广泛性焦虑症的项目拿下9以上研究参与者谁在患者打进3及以上的健康问卷项目2(PHQ-2)7(GAD-7)问卷归类为焦虑,调查问卷被归类为阳性度抑郁症。这项研究的结果是通过使用文本,表格和图形呈现,和二元逻辑回归模型,考虑95%的置信水平和入学值of 0.05. Multivariable binary logistic regression was done by taking variables that have a值of ≤ 0.2 from bivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with anxiety and depression.
3.结果
3.1。社会人口和经济特点
在总共405名受访者中,384名受访者参与了94.8%的回应率。在这些当中,179(46.6%)为女性,152(39.6%)为文盲(无法读写),241(62.8%)是已婚,和138(35.9%)为农民。受访者的平均年龄为45( )的受访者53(13.8%)分别为65及以上岁。从他们的总受访者中,151(39.3%)生活在农村地区。虽然受访者149(38.8%)有更多的是家庭规模超过四个,上面五分之一的被访者总数84(21.9%)没有得到别人的支持。BMI,计算出371名未怀孕和水肿受访者中,并且在这些之中,上述的五分之一其中超重( kg/m2)(表1)。
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注:根据四分位数的月收入被归类;家庭规模的基础上平均;BMI是基于对埃塞俄比亚WHO重量分类。 |
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3.2。疾病特征
从总的研究参与者,39(10.2%),有对自己疾病的预后不佳的看法。对于64(16.7%)的研究参与者,疾病的持续时间,因为诊断为6岁以上。从总的研究参与者,26(6.8%),历时5种及以上的药物,每天在过去1个月(表2)。
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3.3. Substance and Alcohol Use
From the total study participants, majority 311 (81%) of them drank coffee and/or tea in the past one month. Only 4 (1%) respondents smoke cigarettes in the past month, and twenty-eight (7.3%) drank any type of alcohol in the past one month. From the sum score of alcohol drinking, smoking cigarette, chat chewing, and using shisha, and others, 32 (8.3%) of them took at least one substance in the past month (Table3)。
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3.4。体力活动
体力活动进行了评估仅332研究的参与者,因为其他人从分析数据,因为数据不完整的清理过程中排除。在这些受访者,身体活动为三分之一110(33.1%)它们的电平是不活泼的并且最低限度的活性(图1)。
3.5. Prevalence of Anxiety
从总的研究参与者,123(32%)有焦虑。在总的高血压患者中,34.8%有焦虑。焦虑基于病情的患病率呈现于图2。
3.6。抑郁症患病率
In this study, among the total of 384 study participants, only 5.73% had depression. From the total heart failure patients, 11.1% had depression. The prevalence of depression based on the disease condition is presented in Figure3。
3.7. Factors Associated with Anxiety
其中有焦虑的关联变量值≤0.2双变量logistic回归教育状况,婚姻状况,职业,居住地,对疾病的预后,体力活动,身体质量指数,月收入的看法,有人支持和物质使用(聊天,香烟,水烟,大麻,和酒精)。这些在多因素Logistic回归分析,以确定与焦虑相关的因素进入。然而,在多因素Logistic回归,只是受教育程度,婚姻状况,月收入,对疾病预后的感知和物质使用了与焦虑相关处值<0.05。根据结果,谁不读,写患者发展焦虑7.89倍,可能与那些教育程度是以上文凭(AOR比:7.89; 95%CI:3.08-20.26; )。患者谁了物质,如聊天,香烟,水烟,大麻和酒精发展焦虑2.56倍,可能与他们的同行(AOR比:2.56; 95%CI:1.05-6.23; )(Table4)。
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Notes: Hosmer and Lemeshow
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在显著变量值<0.05在双变量逻辑回归。 |
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3.8。因素有关抑郁症
变量s which have an association with depression at值≤0.2双变量logistic回归分析性别,婚姻状况,职业,居住地,感知朝着疾病预后,体力活动,身体质量指数,药物数量,而月收入。这些在多因素Logistic回归分析,以确定与抑郁症有关的因素进入。然而,在多因素Logistic回归,只是婚姻状况和体力活动都与抑郁症相关的处值<0.05。根据结果,患者的体力活动水平处于非活动状态更有可能发展抑郁症24倍谁做一个健康的加强体育锻炼的患者(AOR:24.03; 95%CI:6.01-96.08; )。Patients whose marital status is widowed develop depression 5 times more likely compared with patients who are married (AOR: 4.75; 95% CI: 1.25–18.05; )(Table5)。
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Notes: Hosmer and Lemeshow
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在显著变量值<0.05在双变量逻辑回归。 |
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4。讨论
焦虑和depression are common in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure. Despite this fact, there is lack of attention to screening and early treatment. Identifying risk factors is helpful for early screening and treatment. Thus, this study was carried out to assess factors associated with anxiety and depression among patients with diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure in Dessie Referral Hospital.
在这项研究中,糖尿病患者,高血压和心脏衰竭中的焦虑患病率为32%(95%CI:27.3%-36.7%)。这一发现与在韩国(30%)进行的研究的发现是一致[16]和巴西(33.7%)[17]。这不仅是一个研究的三个亚洲国家(柬埔寨,缅甸和越南)(17%)进行的调查结果低18]。However, this finding was lower than studies conducted in Saudi Arabia (45%) [19]。这样做的原因差异可能是在研究期间,源人口和社会经济差异的区别。此外,使用不同的工具可能是其他原因的差异。
这项研究表明,糖尿病患者,高血压和心脏衰竭中抑郁症的患病率为5.73%(95%CI:3.4%-8.3%)。这一发现与孕妇抑郁症在马来西亚(6.9%)进行的一项研究幅度线[20]。然而,这是不是在西北埃塞俄比亚(51%)的三家公立医院进行的研究下15],亚的斯亚贝巴(21%)[21], the pooled prevalence of depression among patients with diabetes in Ethiopia (39.73%) [22],沙特(37.4%)[19],中国(31.4%)23], and the three Asian countries (39.1%) [18]。该possible justification for this discrepancy might be the difference in tool, source population, and socioeconomic difference. For example, in a study conducted in three public hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia, only patients with heart failure were included. In addition, a study conducted at Addis Ababa included asthmatic patients. In this study, patients with heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes were included.
在这项研究中,焦虑有文化水平低一个显著关联。谁不读,写开发焦虑7.89倍,可能与那些教育程度相比,患者是以上文凭(AOR:7.89; 95%CI:3.08-20.26; )。这一发现可能的理由可能与患者的文化程度低不良的卫生观念和管理有关。这一发现与研究,在巴基斯坦的糖尿病患者[中进行的报道相一致14]。
这项研究表明,患者的身体活动,其级别是不活动的更可能发展抑郁症24倍谁做一个健康的加强体育锻炼的患者(AOR:24.03; 95%CI:6.01-96.08; )。该possible justification for this might be because of the stimulation of the hypothalamus and the production of endorphins during exercise. When endorphins are produced, they resemble the opiates and produce analgesia and sense of wellbeing. This is in line with the finding of a study conducted in Pakistan [24]。
婚姻状况was statistically associated with depression. According to the finding, patients who were single reported depression 4 times more likely compared with married patients (AOR: 4.02; 95% CI: 1.05–15.41, )。造成这种情况的可能理由可能是缺乏对单个患者的社会支持。这一发现与研究亚的斯亚贝巴[进行的调查结果相一致21], 沙特阿拉伯 [19],和西班牙[25]。
物质使用和depressi之间的关系on was not seen. This is consistent with the report of a study conducted in Addis Ababa [21]。However, the association between substance use and depression was reported in different studies [15,26]。不像抑郁症,物质的使用统计与焦虑有关。患者谁了物质,如聊天,香烟,大麻和酒精发展焦虑2.56倍,可能与他们的同行(AOR比:2.56; 95%CI:1.05-6.23; )。这可能是因为戒断作用。
5. Limitation of Study
This study has limitations although it has different methodological strengths. However, having a cross-sectional study design is the limitation of this study. This study assessed anxiety and depression for only diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure patients. It cannot be generalized for other chronic illnesses.
6. Conclusion and Recommendations
文化水平较低,是单一的,更高的月收入,以及疾病的预后不佳的看法,用的糖尿病患者,高血压和心脏衰竭中的焦虑相关的因素。在另一方面,单身和非活动身体活动是糖尿病患者,高血压和心脏衰竭中与抑郁症相关的因素。患有糖尿病,高血压和心脏衰竭任何病人应进行筛选,得到公认的焦虑和抑郁治疗。文化水平低和月收入的患者应及早焦虑筛选。医疗保健提供者,糖尿病患者,高血压和身体活动心脏衰竭,防止抑郁症提供咨询。研究人员应该多调查就影响患者与其他慢性疾病中抑郁和焦虑的因素。政策制定者应为焦虑和抑郁的筛查和治疗的指导方针。
数据可用性
该data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
伦理审批
数据采集周期之前,从医学研究的Wollo大学伦理委员会(的COM / NURS / 135/11)所获得的道德关和审批。支持性的信交给了Dessie转诊医院和医院管理者获得许可,落实学习。
Consent
Prior to interviewing the respondents, the aim and objectives of the study were clearly explained to the participants and oral informed consent was obtained. Additionally, participants were informed about the right to ask questions and stop response in anywhere. Confidentiality and anonymity were ensured throughout the execution of the study.
利益冲突
该authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.
作者的贡献
Afework Edmealem构思和设计研究,并进行数据的分析和解释。卡里达·桑切斯OLIS博士建议和监督数据的设计理念,分析和解释,并在研究的每一步受到批评。所有作者阅读并认可的终稿。保密性和匿名性在整个研究的执行进行了保证。
致谢
We want to forward our heartfelt thanks to the study participants and data collectors for their commitment and cooperation during data collection period. We would also like to thank Dessie Referral Hospital and Wollo University for their support.
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