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小许明汤降低自噬激活和改善线粒体功能在脑缺血再灌注损伤
抽象
我们研究了小许明水煎是否减少自噬激活,并保持在脑缺血再灌注损伤线粒体功能。Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham, ischemia and reperfusion (IR), IR plus XXMD (60 g/kg/day) (XXMD60), IR plus cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg/day) (CsA), and IR plus vehicle (Vehicle). Focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion models were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Cerebral infarct areas were measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Cerebral ischemic injury was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE) and Nissl staining. Ultrastructural features of mitochondria and mitophagy in the penumbra of the ischemic cortex were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Mitophagy was detected by immunofluorescence labeled with LC3B and VDAC1. Autophagy lysosome formation was observed by immunofluorescence labeled with LC3B and Lamp1. The expression of LC3B, Beclin1, and Lamp1 was analyzed by Western blot. The rats subjected to MCAO showed worsened neurological score and cell ischemic damage. These were all significantly reversed by XXMD or CsA. Moreover, XXMD/CsA notably downregulated mitophagy and reduced the increase in LC3, Beclin1, and Lamp1 expression induced by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. The findings demonstrated that XXMD exerted neuroprotective effect via downregulating LC3, Beclin1, Lamp1, and mitochondrial p62 expression level, thus leading to the inhibition of mitophagy.
1.简介
线粒体在能量产生至关重要的作用,细胞程序性死亡,钙稳态,活性氧化磷酸化,以及细胞周期调控[1]。自噬是由溶酶体降解途径中的本体降解和不必要的蛋白质的回收和细胞器的关键保守的过程。饥饿[2],缺氧[3,内质网应激[4显著激活自噬。自噬在脑缺血损伤中的作用已被广泛研究。最近的研究发现自噬[五-7]被广泛诱发脑缺血再灌注损伤。这些发现已阐明自噬可能是破坏性[8]或保护[9]。自噬,作为一种类型的选择性自噬的,是维持线粒体稳态极其重要的通过去除损伤的线粒体[10]。自噬其调节响应于代谢需求线粒体数目是质量控制的一种形式,以消除受损的线粒体[11]。大量证据表明,缺血性大脑中包含内质网(ER)应激、氧化应激和兴奋性毒性的特定事件启动线粒体自噬[12]。自噬主要是明显的神经元[五]和星形胶质细胞[13]经受脑缺血。自噬的脑缺血的作用仍有争议。自噬增强脑缺血后减弱线粒体功能障碍[14,15]。其他的研究表明,一些有害的自噬过程中导致细胞死亡和自噬减弱可保护神经元的脑损伤[16,17]。人们普遍认为,如果不能充分去除受损的线粒体或过度降解,就会导致细胞死亡[10]。
小许明煎剂已被广泛用于治疗中风,并有显着的影响[18]。我们前期研究发现XXMD可以减轻血脑屏障的破坏,保护神经血管单元和线粒体免受脑缺血再灌注所致的脑损伤[19-21]。然而,XXMD是否可以调节自噬脑缺血再灌注尚未研究。因此,本研究旨在探索XXMD治疗对自噬和线粒体功能脑缺血再灌注后的效果。
2.材料和方法
2.1。动物
All experiments were performed on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (Experimental Animal Center and Central Lab, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, China) weighing 250~280 g. 92 rats were housed in temperature- and humidity-controlled (55 ± 5%) rooms with a 12 h light-dark cycle on a 12 : 12 h light. All animals were allowed to move and feed freely. The experimental protocols and animal handling procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine.
2.2。XXMD的制备
药材购自中国医药大学第一附属医院的中国传统医药药房购买。如先前报道XXMD制备[19-21]。The first decoction lasted for 1 h in a drug (1) : distilled water (10) ratio (w ^:v),然后收集悬浮液。以上过程重复三次。将收集的药材用75%乙醇浸泡24 h,得到液体。将三种煎煮的混合悬液在2000×g离心20 min,得到上清液。将乙醇缓慢加入悬浮液中,搅拌至乙醇浓度为75% (v/v)。Mixed suspension and the liquid obtained from the gruffs were centrifuged at 2000 ×g for 20 min and then concentrated at the final concentration of 2 g/ml (w ^/v)。最终,液体储存为研究对象。
2.3。组和药物管理局
We previously examined the effects of different dosages of XXMD on cerebral ischemic injury and found that 60 g/kg/day gave maximal protective effects in the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury [19]。既往研究表明免疫抑制剂环孢素A (CsA, Solarbio Life Science, China, Beijing, China)可减轻大鼠脑缺血引起的脑损伤[22,23]。它公知的是环孢素可以抑制线粒体通透性转换,线粒体肿胀[24,25,以及自噬[26,27]。据报道,环孢素A禁止显示,细胞色素C流出到细胞质[28]。在目前的研究中,我们设计环孢素A在本研究中的控制处理。In addition, evidence has determined that the dose of 10 mg/kg CsA is the optimal dose for neuroprotective effects in ischemic brain injury [28,29]。大鼠随机分为5组:假手术对照组(sham)、缺血再灌注(IR)组、缺血再灌注加XXMD (60g /kg/day, XXMD60)组、缺血再灌注加环孢素A (10mg /kg, CsA)组、缺血再灌注加二甲亚砜乙醇(Vehicle)组。
该药品监督管理局进行了局部缺血诱导前在8:00和18:00进行一天两次3天,一直持续到实验结束。该XXMD60组中的大鼠口服给药XXMD。在深水和IR组另一些人的蒸馏水相同体积。The rats in the CsA group were intraperitoneally injected with CsA, which was dissolved in polyethoxylated castor oil and 95% ethanol and further diluted with saline at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. The same solution lacking CsA was used for vehicle treatment.
2.4。局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型
如先前所述进行局灶性脑缺血和再灌注[19-21]。Briefly, the rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg, i.p.), and the left common carotid artery (CCA) was exposed. A unified nylon monofilament (Beijing Sunbio Biotech, Beijing, China), with a diameter of 0.26 mm and a length of 40 mm with its tip rounded, was inserted about 20 mm from the CCA bifurcation to block the origin of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Reperfusion was initiated by withdrawal of the suture until the tip cleared the lumen of the ECA after 90 min of occlusion. In the current study, the rats in the IR, XXMD60, CsA, and Vehicle groups subjected to cerebral ischemia followed by reperfusion. Animals in the Sham group only underwent the same surgical procedure, but the suture was not inserted. Examination of neurological deficits was performed at 24 h after reperfusion. The neurological deficits were scored on a four-point scale described by Hara et al. [30.,而没有任何可检测到的神经缺陷的MCAO大鼠被排除在进一步的研究之外。
2.5。神经功能缺损评分
Examination of neurological deficits was performed at 24 h after reperfusion. The neurological deficits were scored on a four-point scale described by Hara et al. [30.]具有小的修改:0-无神经功能缺损,1-轻度局灶性神经功能缺损(动物显示前肢屈伸),2-中度局灶性神经功能缺损(耐横向推和前肢屈伸不盘旋下降),和3-严重焦点赤字(带盘旋抵抗力下降至横向推和前肢屈伸)。在本研究中,进行MCAO而没有任何可检测的神经缺陷的大鼠被排除在以下的调查和分析,以排除操作故障。
2.6。脑梗死面积
大鼠在深麻醉下处死,经血管灌注生理盐水。将脑从头端至尾端切成冠状切片,在37℃避光下用1% 2,3,5-三苯基四唑氯化染色15 min。然后,按白色梗死区和红紫色非梗死区区分脑组织。脑梗死面积根据前期研究计算[20.]。
2.7。一般组织学
The rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg, i.p.) and perfused transcardially with normal saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4) at 24 h after reperfusion. Then, the brain tissues were postfixed in the above fixative for 24 h and processed routinely for paraffin embedding. A series of 5 μ米厚的切片切割在旋转切片机用于苏木精和伊红(HE)染色和如先前所描述Nissl染色[20.,21]。随机统计5个损伤区缺血皮质半暗带内未受损细胞数。
2.8。电子显微镜
透射电子显微镜来研究线粒体自噬和缺血再灌注后的形态。At 24 h after reperfusion, the rats were perfused transcardially with cold 0.9% saline, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde. 1.0 mm3位于同侧皮质梗死周围区域的冠状切面用2%锇钉90分钟,脱水,并嵌入Epon 812树脂(TAAB, Berks, UK)。金刚石刀切取超薄切片(60 nm),用醋酸铀酰和柠檬酸铅染色,用电子显微镜(JEM-1400,东京,日本)观察。
2.9。ATP含量测量
纯化线粒体根据制造商的说明(建成生物工程公司,南京,中国)用纸巾线粒体分离试剂盒提取。Briefly, fresh brain cortical tissue was homogenized in 1 : 10 (w ^/v) ice-cold homogenization buffer plus 1 mM PMSF and centrifuged at 600在4℃下放置5分钟。上清液在11000离心for 10 min at 4°C. The isolated mitochondrial fraction was collected for malonaldehydes (MDA, markers of oxidative damage), ATP assay, and Western blot. The ATP level was assessed with an ATP assay kit (Jiancheng Bioengineering Inc., Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and a previous study [14]。线粒体分数在10000离心for 10 min, and then the supernatant was collected for the following assay. ATP reagents were added into a microwell for 5 min at 37°C, and samples were added and mixed for 10 s and measured by a Synergy HT multimode microplate reader. Results were expressed as nmol per mg protein calculated against a standard curve.
2.10。MDA水平测量
使用MDA测定试剂盒(南京建城生物工程有限公司)根据生产厂家的方案和一项前期研究检测MDA水平[14]。Briefly, the MDA reagent was incubated with the supernatant of mitochondrial lysis for 40 min at 95°C and then was detected with a Synergy HT multimode microplate reader at 532 nm absorbance. Results were expressed as nmol per mg protein.
2.11。免疫荧光染色
脑切片脱蜡,随后通过将抗原修复方法,然后用PBS洗涤三次。The sections were blocked with 5% normal goat serum for 1 h at room temperature and incubated with a primary antibody at 4°C overnight. After washing with PBS, sections were incubated with an appropriate secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. Sections were stained with DAPI (Beyotime, Haimen, Jiangsu, China) for 15 min and observed with a fluorescence microscope (Olympus/BX51) after three 5 min washes with PBS. For double immunofluorescence, sections were incubated consecutively with pairs of primary and secondary antibodies. Sections were examined under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus/BX51, Tokyo, Japan). Double-stained cells of different groups were counted throughout five lesion regions randomly in the penumbra of the ischemic cortex.
2.12。免疫组织化学染色
对于免疫组织化学,大脑切片用二甲苯脱石蜡,梯度醇中再水合,而将抗原修复。将切片用0.3%H孵育2Ø2在PBS中。用5%正常山羊血清封闭后,将切片用在适当浓度的小鼠单克隆抗体Beclin1基因在4℃下温育过夜。After washing in PBS, the sections were incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Hua’an Biotechnology, Hangzhou, China) for 1 h at 37°C and then visualized using a general SP immunohistochemical kit (Solarbio Life Science, Beijing, China). The sections were photographed and observed with a light microscope (Olympus/BX51, Tokyo, Japan).
2.13。Western印迹
蛋白质溶液的质量相等,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的合适浓度的电泳分离,并转移至聚偏氟乙烯膜(Millipore,贝德福德,马萨诸塞州,美国)。After blocking with 5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST) for 2 h at room temperature, the membranes were probed with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. After washing with TBST three times for 10 min each, the membranes were incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Eventually, the targeted antigens were detected by standard chemical luminescence methods (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) on the Bio-Rad ChemiDoc™ MP imaging system. Band intensities were measured with Quantity One software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).
2.14。统计分析
数据以均数±均数标准误差(SEM)表示。统计学显著性由单因素方差分析确定,随后进行Tukey的多重比较检验或非配对学生的检验Ť-测试使用SPSS 11.5 for Windows(芝加哥,IL, USA)。所有被认为具有统计学意义 。
3.结果
3.1。XXMD减少脑梗死面积和改善神经缺陷
脑梗死面积和脑缺血再灌注引起的神经功能障碍是由TTC染色和原的评分分别评估。假手术组大鼠未见神经功能缺损和脑梗死面积。XXMD (60 g/kg/day) and CsA (10 mg/kg/day) treatment significantly reduced infarct areas in the territory of the middle cerebral artery compared to the IR group ( )。遭受缺血再灌注大鼠表现出严重的神经功能障碍;然而,XXMD或环孢素治疗与IR组相比降低显著神经功能缺损评分( )(图1)。
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3.2。XXMD缓解细胞损伤
细胞损伤是由HE染色和Nissl染色估计。HE的图像染色显示与胞浆丰富和清晰核细胞中的假手术组在被安排有序。After 90 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion, most neurons in the ischemic penumbra of the cerebral cortex appeared shrunken and deep stained in the IR group. In contrast to the IR group, residual neuron structures were improved with visible membranes and nuclei and more intact neurons in the XXMD60 and CsA groups. The characteristics of ischemic injury in the Vehicle group were similar to those in the IR group. Nissl staining found that most cells were shrunk with an enlarged intercellular space and had deep color staining in the IR and Vehicle group. However, these characteristic changes were improved by XXMD and CsA treatment. Furthermore, there were more intact cells in the penumbra of the ischemic cortex in the XXMD-treated or CsA-treated rats compared to the IR group ( )(图2)。
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3.3。XXMD减少自噬的形成缺血半暗带皮层
电镜观察缺血半暗区神经元自噬特征。假手术组线粒体和细胞核正常(图)3(一个))。After 24 h of reperfusion, neurons displayed mitochondrial swelling, loss of matrix density, and the formation of vacuoles. Some partially degraded mitochondria and numerous autophagic vacuoles were detected in the IR group and Vehicle group (Figures3 (b)和图3(e))。较高放大倍数显示含有损坏的线粒体(图双层膜的自噬体图3(g),3(I)和3(j)的)。与此相反,在XXMD治疗组和CsA组(图中检测到一些轻微的肿胀和接近正常基质密度线粒体3 (c)和3(d))。自噬经常观察,而且比在IR和车组更加丰富。在CsA组神经元中观察到典型的自体溶酶体(图3(H))。
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3.4。XXMD改善线粒体功能
再灌注24小时后测定ATP和MDA水平,评估线粒体功能。与假手术大鼠相比,IR组和Vehicle组MDA水平显著升高( ), while treatment with 60 g/kg/day XXMD or 10 mg/kg/day CsA dramatically suppressed the production of MDA in the rats subjected to cerebral ischemia compared with that in the IR group ( )。此外,我们发现脑缺血再灌注后ATP水平显著下降( ),以及XXMD或环孢素治疗特别是防止与IR组相比ATP水平的降低( )(图4)。
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3.5。XXMD下调自噬在缺血皮质半影
微管相关蛋白1轻链3B(LC3B,自噬标记)和电压依赖性阴离子选择性通道1(VDAC1,线粒体标志物)的免疫荧光染色来确定自噬。细胞核被染色4 ,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)。对于LC3B免疫反应产物分布在细胞质中。在假手术的动物,皮质细胞弥漫性和弱染色在细胞质中LC3B。阳性细胞与收缩细胞质中的形态发生改变之后在IR和媒介物组脑缺血再灌注。受此刺激受到刺激后,激烈的LC3B染色在缺血半暗带主要是观察在细胞质中出现颗粒状。LC3B(红色)是用共定位VDAC1(绿色)在细胞质中发现,自噬增加(黄色)发生在皮层神经元,这表明缺血再灌注显著促进自噬( )。自噬的Immunointensity从XXMD处理或环孢素治疗组的样品中降低,并且自噬上环孢素治疗的抑制效果更明显( )(图五)。
3.6。XXMD减少自溶酶体形成缺血皮质半影
自噬体与溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体,降解蛋白质和细胞器,完成自噬过程。免疫荧光染色LC3B(自噬标记物)和溶酶体相关膜蛋白1(溶酶体标记物Lamp1)检测各组自噬溶酶体的形成。MCAO组大鼠与假手术组相比,Lamp1标记的阳性细胞明显增多( )。与Lamp1(绿色)共定位的细胞质中LC3B(红色)显示自噬溶酶体,提示缺血再灌注激活了自噬溶酶体形成的显著增加( )。然而,增加从XXMD处理或环孢素治疗组的样品(被大幅抑制 )。此外,CsA对自噬溶酶体形成的影响最大( )(图6)。
3.7。XXMD调控自噬相关蛋白表达与P62转运到线粒体
To investigate the effects of XXMD on mitophagy and the activity of the lysosomal pathway, we detected expression of mitophagy-related proteins including LC3B, Beclin1, and Lamp1 in the ischemic cortex 24 h after reperfusion by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The results of Western blots were consistent with immunohistochemistry staining for Beclin1 and immunofluorescence staining for LC3B and Lamp1. The findings showed that cerebral ischemia and reperfusion resulted in a significant increase in LC3B, Beclin1, and Lamp1 expression compared with the Sham group ( )。Treatment with XXMD or CsA markedly downregulated LC3B, Beclin1, and Lamp1 expression after 90 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion compared with the IR group ( )。P62可通过LC3结合结构域结合泛素化的线粒体直接phagophores [14,31,32]。我们用Western blot线粒体分数进一步研究p62的表达水平。如图图7(F)和图7(G),在此相反的Sham组在大鼠缺血再灌注后的线粒体级分中检测到p62的表达显著增加( )。这些结果还表明,XXMD/CsA处理降低了p62向线粒体的易位,说明XXMD/CsA显著降低了线粒体自噬( )(图7)。
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4。讨论
In present study, the rats treated with XXMD/CsA showed markedly decreased brain damage at 24 h after reperfusion following 90 min of cerebral ischemia. XXMD treatment significantly suppressed mitophagy activation, and reduced mitophagy may play a vital role in brain injury following ischemia and reperfusion.
脑缺血再灌注损伤是一个复杂的病理过程。坏死、凋亡和自噬细胞死亡是三种不同类型的细胞死亡,被认为涉及神经组织损伤[33]。大量证据表明,自噬被激活,其特征是自噬体内线粒体异常或缺血半暗区自噬小泡融合[14,34]。不足或过度自噬可导致细胞死亡,而引起损坏线粒体积累或除去不可缺少线粒体的,分别[17,35]。我们以前的研究结果已经证明,XXMD可以通过线粒体p53途径保护缺血性损伤和抑制凋亡的线粒体[21]。然而,XXMD是否涉及在调节脑损伤线粒体自噬是未知的。在这项研究中,我们进一步探讨脑缺血再灌注治疗XXMD对自噬和线粒体功能脑缺血再灌注后的影响所致自噬。电镜显示零散嵴是肿或空泡化线粒体自噬激活之后出现缺血再灌注。尽管如此,线粒体损伤明显减轻指示嵴结构的相对完整的,和自噬和自噬的几个结构出现在XXMD-或环孢素治疗组。线粒体是在脑细胞的产生和(ROS)的活性氧的作用[那些必不可少的细胞器36]。缺血再灌注后线粒体受损可导致ROS升高,同时线粒体ATP水平被认为是细胞死亡的指标[14]。The present results demonstrated that treatment with 60 g/kg/day XXMD or 10 mg/kg CsA dramatically prevented the decrease in ATP content and reduced MDA levels, suggesting that inhibition in ROS production and protection of mitochondrial function may also have a role in protective effects of XXMD.
LC3B,为揭示自噬体的自体吞噬的活化过程中存在的最广泛使用的标记物,附着于自噬体膜,这表明LC3B的量与自噬体的数量[密切相关36,37]。表明增加的LC3B免疫反应主要定位于细胞在局部缺血皮层和XXMD治疗的半影细胞质结果下调LC3B表达。VDAC1,丰富的线粒体外膜蛋白,形成圆柱形通道〔38]。此外,我们使用抗lc3b和VDAC1抗体双重免疫荧光标记检测线粒体自噬。LC3B与VDAC1在细胞质中共定位,提示缺血再灌注显著促进线粒体自噬。使用xxmd和csa治疗组同侧半球LC3B/VDAC1 colabeling显著下降。Beclin1是3类磷酸肌醇3激酶(PI3K)复合体的组成部分,是自噬和LC3所必需的,Beclin1参与自噬体形成的早期阶段[33,36]。The data showed that LC3B and Beclin1 expression was increased after 24 h of reperfusion, whereas XXMD or CsA treatment robustly prevented ischemia-reperfusion-induced upregulation of LC3B and Beclin1 expression. Additionally, marked upregulation of the lysosomal marker Lamp1 further supported the notion that mitophagic/lysosomal pathway was activated in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. XXMD or CsA treatment downregulated Lamp1 expression. In addition, p62, a sensitive marker for mitophagy, recruits phagophores through an LC3-binding domain to degrade the damaged mitochondria [31,32]。我们进一步证明XXMD下调P62转位到线粒体响应缺血再灌注损伤。基于上述发现,我们假设,XXMD缺血皮层的半影调制选择性线粒体自噬形成后在大鼠脑局部缺血和再灌注。
在这项研究中提出的证据表明,XXMD治疗可以部分地通过调节自噬发挥对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。这可以在对局灶性脑缺血和再灌注损伤的治疗XXMD的新机制棚灯。
五,结论
总之,目前的研究表明,自噬在缺血皮质的脑缺血再灌注后半影增加。此外,XXMD / CSA下调LC3B,Beclin1基因,和灯1的表达和降低p62的转位到线粒体,这可能与衰减线粒体功能障碍和中风后抑制自噬。
数据可用性
用来支持这项研究的结果的数据是可用的,请相应的作者。
利益冲突
作者宣称,他们没有利益冲突。
作者的贡献
芮邋嗯和张勇同等贡献这项工作。
致谢
这项研究得到了国家自然科学基金(批准号:)的资助。81503422)。
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