蚯蚓在热带种植土壤和植物残体修改线虫(马达加斯加):一个Mesocosm实验</gydF4y2Batitle> <link rel="preload stylesheet" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.28.0/bib-related-content.min.css"> <link rel="preload" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.hindawi.com/new/next_assets/2023-08-03-0017a694320dbe69a559e8120be98c/_next/static/css/b2661f2cd4bd618b.css" data-n-g=""> <style id="__jsx-903e4b2e5d3241e4">div#__next{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:100vh;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}</style> </head> <body> <div id="__next"> <section class="ant-layout"> <div> <header class="ant-layout-header"> <div class="header__width-wrapper"> 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href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/323640" aria-label="Doi-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/323640</gydF4y2Baa></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示引用</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <h1 class="articleHeader__title">蚯蚓在热带种植土壤和植物残体修改线虫(马达加斯加):一个Mesocosm实验</gydF4y2Bah1> <div class="articleHeader__authors"> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author"><strong>塞西尔Villenave</gydF4y2Bastrong><a href="//www.newsama.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" aria-label="Mail Option"><span role="img" class="anticon"> <svg version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 1401 1101"> <path fill="#6ba439" d="M132.5 2.1C101.4 6 71.1 20.5 48.3 42.4c-22.7 21.7-37.5 48.3-44.6 80l-2.2 10.1v837l2.2 10.1c6.7 30 19.3 53.9 39.8 75.3 23.3 24.3 56.4 40.9 90 45 12.8 1.6 1122.2 1.6 1135 0 38.9-4.8 75.9-25.6 100-56.4 15-19.3 24.2-39 29.8-63.9l2.2-10.1v-837l-2.2-10.1c-7.1-31.8-21.9-58.3-44.6-80.1-20.2-19.2-43.9-31.7-73.6-38.5l-9.6-2.3L705 1.4c-321.9-.1-568.5.2-572.5.7zm1123.4 99.5c1.7.4 3.1 1 3.1 1.4 0 .5-125.6 87.7-279 194L700.9 490.2 422 297C268.5 190.7 143 103.4 143 103c0-.5 1-1.1 2.3-1.3 3.5-.7 1107.1-.8 1110.6-.1zM401 404c164.4 113.8 299.4 207 300 207 .6 0 135.6-93.2 300.1-207 164.5-113.9 299.3-207 299.5-207 .2 0 .4 170.9.4 379.7 0 417.9.5 386-6.1 398.3-6.2 11.6-19 21.4-31.9 24.4-5.8 1.4-67.4 1.6-562 1.6s-556.2-.2-562-1.6c-12.9-3-25.7-12.8-31.9-24.4-6.6-12.3-6.1 19.6-6.1-398.3 0-208.8.2-379.7.5-379.7S236.6 290.1 401 404z"></path> </svg></span></a>,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">博多Rabary<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>2</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">艾米莉Kichenin<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">吉布里尔·Djigal<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="articleHeader__authors_author">和<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->Eric Blanchart<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> </div> <div class="simpleShowMore"> <button class="simpleShowMore__button">显示更多</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <div class="articleHeader__academicEditor"> <strong>学术编辑器:</gydF4y2Bastrong> <span>Natchimuthu Karmegam</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline"> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>收到了</gydF4y2Bastrong> <span>2009年7月17日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item "> <strong>接受</gydF4y2Bastrong> <span>2009年12月04</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleHeader__timeline_item articleHeader__timeline_item_sticky"> <strong>发表</gydF4y2Bastrong> <span>2010年2月10</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articleBody"> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>模式线虫目前的几个特征,导致其使用的适合作为土壤质量。分析nematofauna的结构是一个相关的方式来理解土壤生物过程。蚯蚓发挥重要作用在土壤有机质生物功能和动态。对土壤nematofauna很少被研究的影响。我们研究了热带endogeic蚯蚓的影响,<gydF4y2Bai>Pontoscolex corethrurus</gydF4y2Bai>,在线虫群落结构在休战领域mesocosm马达加斯加的实验。十个不同的治疗有或没有蚯蚓,有或没有有机残留物(大米、大豆)进行了比较。有机残留物被应用于土壤表面或与土壤混合。丰富的线虫(细菌和真菌喂食器)是高的<gydF4y2Bai>p . corethrurus</gydF4y2Bai>比他们的缺席。植物残体的类型以及它们的本地化的丰度和组成有明显影响土壤线虫。线虫群落结构的分析表明,蚯蚓活动导致了整体的激活微生物室没有特定刺激细菌或真菌的隔间。</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>土壤生物分解和矿化中起主导作用的有机质(OM) [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B23">1</gydF4y2Baa>]。它们参与过程,影响碳(C)封存的修改以及土壤物理结构和化学性质。他们还与其他土壤动物和这些相互作用导致复杂的食物网(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">2</gydF4y2Baa>]。线虫是微小的有机体(长约1毫米在成人阶段)丰富的土壤(几百万米<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7125 13.775" width="13.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>土壤),他们提供一个高物种多样性(约11000个物种已经被描述)。线虫生活在土壤颗粒之间的薄膜水和现在不同的喂养行为。在过去的20年里,许多研究已经开展了关于这些microfaunal生物,因为它们可以是一个有效的工具来评估土壤质量和土壤生物功能(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">2</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B27">4</gydF4y2Baa>]。因为他们出现在不同层次的土壤食物网和现在向应力变量宽容,nematofauna OM分解途径和土壤污染状况提供信息(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">3</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B10">5</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B36">7</gydF4y2Baa>]。线虫与其他土壤生物包括蚯蚓,也扮演着重要的角色在土壤生物功能和OM动力学(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B12">8</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">9</gydF4y2Baa>]。直到现在,关于线虫之间的相互作用和蚯蚓的研究都集中在蚯蚓钻洞的贡献和铸造活动nematofauna丰富,成分,和活动(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">10</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B29">14</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些研究主要是在温带地区进行或在特定条件下,如vermicomposting。结果表明,线虫和蚯蚓是特定于站点和物种之间的相互作用。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>在马达加斯加,就像在其它热带国家,替代种植制度正在开发,以减少水土流失和环境影响和提高作物生产力的可持续性。免耕系统与活的还是死的(覆盖物)覆盖植物有益环境和作物生物量(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">15</gydF4y2Baa>]。在马达加斯加,它已被证明,这些种植制度增加碳封存在土壤,减少水土流失<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">15</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,他们增加密度,活动,土壤动物的多样性和土壤微生物特别是蚯蚓和(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B11">16</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>本研究项目的一部分,旨在确定土壤聚合蚯蚓活动的后果,OM动力学,在马达加斯加和土壤生物活动免耕系统(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B11">16</gydF4y2Baa>]。在目前的实验中,我们专注于之间的交互热带endogeic游隼蚯蚓<gydF4y2Bai>p . corethrurus</gydF4y2Bai>,土壤nematofauna。这蚯蚓被选为接种实验,因为它是主要的研究领域,在土壤虽然喂养和生活。这是一种侵入性的蚯蚓,起源于南美洲。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>土壤生物的丰度和多样性,包括线虫,取决于种植实践(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">17</gydF4y2Baa>]。事实上,OM修正案如粪土一般对微生物生物量有积极的影响,因此在线虫密度(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B30">18</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">19</gydF4y2Baa>]。有机资源应用的质量(特别是碳氮比(C / N)、木质素,酚类化合物,和纤维素含量)影响的营养结构nematofauna [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">3</gydF4y2Baa>]。OM耕作也能导致修改公司的线虫密度(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B18">20.</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">21</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>在这项研究中,我们测试了蚯蚓和之间的交互nematofauna下应用不同的有机物(大米残留物或大豆残留物)把覆盖物或埋在土壤中。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="materials-and-methods">2。材料和方法</gydF4y2Bah4> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。研究网站</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>这项研究是在马达加斯加在该地区进行的Antsirabe (19<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.6125" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:4.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.5749998 10.6125" width="4.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,68.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∘</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>52岁;47<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.6125" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:4.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.5749998 10.6125" width="4.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,68.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∘</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>04 E)海拔1500米。年平均温度是16<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.6125" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:4.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.5749998 10.6125" width="4.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,68.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∘</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>C和年平均降雨量1300毫米。气候是亚热带湿润炎热和潮湿的夏季(Oct-Apr)和寒冷和干燥的冬季(May-Sep)。土壤采样地点是高度不饱和的红色铁铝质(暗色dystrustept),有62%的粘土主要为1:1矿产,但呈现的暗色的特征。上10厘米的土壤碳含量为45.6 g公斤<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7125 13.775" width="13.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>干燥的土壤体积密度为0.76 g厘米<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7125 13.775" width="13.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 3</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>pH值,<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.25" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-5.32956pt;width:21.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.075001 10.25" width="21.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.8)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> H</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.63,63.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 6.25px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.01,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> O</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>是5.7,C / N比值为14.8,和可交换的阳离子能力17.3 cmol公斤吗<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7125 13.775" width="13.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>干土(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">15</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>实验是在现场进行的100米的昌盛<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.2125001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.2125001 13.775" width="6.2125001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>情节和持续了5个月(从2005年1月到2005年6月,在湿季)(见[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B11">16</gydF4y2Baa>更多细节)。五十塑料桶(20厘米深)直径25厘米满心8公斤的土壤之前已筛在2毫米和单一化,并被引入到土壤,然后桶内外表面水平相似。在桶里满是土之前,他们的底部钻(8孔直径1厘米),覆盖着一个蚊帐,这样水可以流但蚯蚓无法逃脱。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。实验设计</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>十个不同的治疗进行了测试:五治疗接种蚯蚓和五个没有蚯蚓。中五个治疗(有或没有蚯蚓)、两个收到大豆残留物,另外两个大米残留物,和一个没有收到任何残留物。残留物应用时,它们被放置在土壤表面或掩埋。每个处理重复5次,导致田间试验共有五十昌盛。在每个bucket蚯蚓(E +),六成人或接近成年的蚯蚓的物种<gydF4y2Bai>Pontoscolex corethrurus</gydF4y2Bai>穆勒1856 (Glossoscoloscidae<gydF4y2Bai>)</gydF4y2Bai>附近的采样研究网站,2005年1月接种。这endogeic geophagous蚯蚓是一个热带游隼蚯蚓(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">22</gydF4y2Baa>丰富的研究领域,喂养和生活在土壤中。大豆(<gydF4y2Bai>大豆L。</gydF4y2Bai>)和大米(<gydF4y2Bai>栽培稻L。</gydF4y2Bai>)添加了残留在同一数量的测量在裁剪领域在当地免耕系统,也就是说,293 g m<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7125 13.775" width="13.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(18.3 g /桶)大豆残留物和365 g m<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7125 13.775" width="13.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(14.6 g /桶)大米残留。大豆残留物主要是由伍迪树枝以C / N介于16 - 23在水稻残留物主要由稻草和C / N介于45和64<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">23</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B20">24</gydF4y2Baa>]。残留物被切成2 - 3厘米。昌盛随机位于实验区。在实验中通过自然降雨桶被浇水。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。分析</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>5个月后,昌盛被移除,其内容分为清廉和10 - 20 cm土层。土壤是大致分类检查蚯蚓还活着。蚯蚓都活着,因为他们大多出现在10 - 20 cm层,这一层的所有分析。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>线虫提取从平均93克的湿润和均质土壤(最小。90克,最大。使用柯布95克)的方法。它由用大量的水混合土壤允许短暂的时间重粒子来解决,然后把混合物从500年通过几个网格大小的筛子<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.6750002" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米到50<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.6750002" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>m保留大碎片或线虫;第二步是用于进一步清理样例(48小时40<gydF4y2Basvg height="9.6750002" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:9.6374998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.6374998 9.6750002" width="9.6374998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>米筛)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">25</gydF4y2Baa>]。线虫是双目显微镜下计数和固定在65年<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.6125" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:4.5749998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 4.5749998 10.6125" width="4.5749998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,68.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∘</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>C和4%福尔马林,随后安装mass-slide识别(5厘米×7.5厘米幻灯片)。平均每个幻灯片175线虫被确认。线虫被确定家庭或属七营养水平和分配给组根据Yeates et al。<gydF4y2Baa href="#B37">26</gydF4y2Baa>]:bacterial-feeders fungal-feeders,昆虫病原、plant-feeders根hair-feeders,杂食动物和捕食者。Microbivorous线虫类群也分配给c p组后t Bongers和h Bongers [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B10">5</gydF4y2Baa>]。殖民者(c)和持续程序(p)是两个极端的规模从1到5,分别。c p值考虑线虫的生态特征,也就是说,他们的人口和他们的生活史策略(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B10">5</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.4">2.4。统计分析</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>不同类群和营养集团密度是由方差分析评估(Xlstat 2006 Addinsoft)<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.2" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-2.73372pt;width:71.550003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.550003 14.2" width="71.550003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> l</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> o</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.217831" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.38133" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.383492" y="0"> +</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.723709" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.975212" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>数据的转换。双向方差分析的首次演出是50个样本测试添加蚯蚓和残留的影响。10个样品之前没有收到任何残留物被排除在外执行三方方差分析测试不仅添加蚯蚓的影响和残渣的质量,还残留的位置的影响。非参数多维标度分析(MDS)使用底漆软件(PRIMER-E有限公司)进行比较的结构之间nematofauna治疗。统计显著差异在社区组成治疗之间相似性评估分析:ANOSIM(它使用排列/随机方法相似矩阵)。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="results">3所示。结果</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>在我们的实验中,31个线虫类群被确定。Bacterial-feeders代表总数的74.9% nematofauna包括12个类群(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。Fungal-feeders(5分类群)占线虫数量的13.7%。一个昆虫病原线虫(<gydF4y2Bai>Steinernema)</gydF4y2Bai>出现在一些样品和密度代表总数的0.3%。Plant-feeders代表densit总数的6.1%<gydF4y2Bai>y</gydF4y2Bai>;9属是identifed<gydF4y2Bai>(Pratylenchus</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Paratylenchus</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Aorolaimus</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Rotylenchus</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Helicotylenchus</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Tylenchorhynchus</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>有</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Paratrichodorus</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Xiphinema</gydF4y2Bai>)。根hair-feeders(只有Tylenchidae家族成员)代表线虫数量总数的3.9%,而杂食动物和食肉动物(主要是各种矛线类,<gydF4y2Bai>Aporcellaimellus</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Discolaimus</gydF4y2Bai>1.2%)在一起。丰富的方差分析结果总结了不同分类单元表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>。只有一个蚯蚓之间双向方差分析和统计上显著的交互的残留;在我家有更多互动三个因素之间的方差分析(蚯蚓的残留,残留的位置)(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 丰富(个人公斤<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7125 13.775" width="13.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>线虫的干土)治疗:Earthworm-No蚯蚓,加上大米residue-with大豆残留不残留,在治疗埋residue-mulch残渣。显著差异以黑体显示*或不同的字母(Newman-Keuls测试,<gydF4y2Bai>P</gydF4y2Bai>< . 05)。蚯蚓和残留的影响的分析结果得到双向方差分析(<gydF4y2Bai>n</gydF4y2Bai>= 50),包括所有的样品,而本地化的影响是通过一个3路方差分析评估(<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.9125" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 10.9125" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 4</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)不包括样品没有残留的输入。重要的交互双向方差分析(蚯蚓(E)×残留物(R)和我家的方差分析(E×R,本地化(L)×E、L×R, R E××L)所示的表* (<gydF4y2Bai>P</gydF4y2Bai>< . 05)。</gydF4y2Badiv> <a class="table-thumb-overlay" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/tab1" target="_blank" aria-label="View full page"></a> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。蚯蚓对密度的影响不同的线虫类群</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>总线虫密度明显高于治疗<gydF4y2Bai>p . corethrurus</gydF4y2Bai>比(表徵治疗<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。fungal-feeders的密度明显高于在蚯蚓的存在。三个线虫类群在接种治疗更丰富:两个bacterial-feeders,<gydF4y2Bai>Acrobeloides</gydF4y2Bai>,和一个fungal-feeder Prismatolaimidae<gydF4y2Bai>Aphelenchus</gydF4y2Bai>。fungal-feeders,所有类群均呈增长趋势的蚯蚓(仅具有统计学意义<gydF4y2Bai>Aphelenchus</gydF4y2Bai>然而,细菌以外的喂食器没有一个分类单元<gydF4y2Bai>Acrobeloides</gydF4y2Bai>和Prismatolaimidae显示任何反应的迹象)。没有一个类群数量显著降低是由于蚯蚓的存在。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。残留的影响之外的密度不同的线虫类群</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>的残留没有导致任何统计上显著差异的三个治疗(大豆、大米、或无残留)总线虫密度(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>),但导致fungal-feeders显著差异,治疗更丰富的残留物,无论残渣质量,比治疗没有残留物。bacterial-feeders,一组(Panagrolaimidae)更丰富的大豆比没有残留,残留而几组(Rhabditidae,<gydF4y2Bai>Alaimus</gydF4y2Bai>和<gydF4y2Bai>Amphidelus</gydF4y2Bai>)更丰富的水稻残留在补充道。的丰度<gydF4y2Bai>Acrobeles</gydF4y2Bai>和<gydF4y2Bai>Cervidellus</gydF4y2Bai>减少由于大米和大豆残留物,分别。fungal-feeders,<gydF4y2Bai>Aphelenchus</gydF4y2Bai>密度明显高于大豆残留,而<gydF4y2Bai>4</gydF4y2Bai>密度与水稻和大豆高残留。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>线虫密度明显高于在昌盛埋比与农地膜残留(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。此外,bacterial-feeders密度明显高于在埋残渣治疗Rhabditidae明显增加,<gydF4y2Bai>Acrobeloides</gydF4y2Bai>Plectidae,<gydF4y2Bai>Rhabdolaimus,</gydF4y2Bai>和<gydF4y2Bai>Amphidelus</gydF4y2Bai>没有任何交互,而Panagrolaimidae密度,Prismatolaimidae,<gydF4y2Bai>Rhabdolaimus</gydF4y2Bai>蚯蚓和本地化之间的相互作用和提高<gydF4y2Bai>Cervidellus</gydF4y2Bai>、Prismatolaimidae Alaimidae残留物和本地化之间的相互作用。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>Tylencholaimoidea fungal-feeder组,更丰富的治疗埋比与农地膜残留没有交互与其他治疗(蚯蚓和残渣),而<gydF4y2Bai>4</gydF4y2Bai>本地化的残留物也表现出显著的影响残留和本地化之间的交互。昆虫病原和根hair-feeders也更丰富的治疗埋残留物(没有交互)。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。蚯蚓和残渣对Nematofauna的结构</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>没有显著差异的结构nematofauna(31个类群丰度)治疗有蚯蚓和治疗没有蚯蚓(相似性分析:ANOSIM,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.25" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。相比之下,有一个显著差异nematofauna结构之间治疗饭残留物和治疗与大豆残留物(ANOSIM,<gydF4y2Bai>P</gydF4y2Bai>< . 05)(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。离群值是一个复制的治疗与蚯蚓,饭渣,农地膜残留发生不明原因Aphelenchoididae扩散。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="partial-carousel-wrapper"> <div class="floats-partial-section"> <div class="floats-partial-content"> <div class="partial-carousel--full-image partial-carousel-4d37d792f3f483c9c097a7792d997bba"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/323640/figures/323640.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs"> <div class="partial-carousel-dots-4d37d792f3f483c9c097a7792d997bba partial-carousel-thumbnail"> <button aria-label="Slide to " class="partial-carousel-dot"><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/323640/thumbnails/323640.fig.001_th.jpg"><br><strong></strong></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle--nav"> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev-4d37d792f3f483c9c097a7792d997bba partial-carousel-next-prev"> <button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-prev"></button> <button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-next"></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="View full page" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/323640/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>多维标度分析(MDS) nematofauna结构不同的有机物治疗(<gydF4y2Bai>n</gydF4y2Bai>在每个类别= 10)。</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>没有显著差异的结构之间nematofauna治疗没有残留,残留的两个治疗(大豆和大米)(ANOSIM,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.25" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> ></gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。此外,混合土壤的残留导致显著不同社区的结构比以治疗没有残留物或残留在土壤表面(ANOSIM,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.25" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="discussion">4所示。讨论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>先前的研究表明,放牧和摄入的线虫,蚯蚓能直接影响线虫群落结构导致线虫密度减少(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B22">13</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B14">27</gydF4y2Baa>]。与这些结果,我们发现线虫密度明显高于接种蚯蚓的治疗。这些差异可能是由于蚯蚓生态。事实上,蚯蚓修改土壤生态系统属性由铸造活动(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">28</gydF4y2Baa>),可能因此对土壤微生物产生间接影响。蚯蚓增加土壤OM矿化碎片还在通过肠道微生物的活化时肠道粘液分泌,刺激微生物活性(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">29日</gydF4y2Baa>]。这可能导致启动效应允许消化更复杂的化合物。这个消化排泄到铸件的产品丰富的部分消化OM和无机氮(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">30.</gydF4y2Baa>]。这些圆柱代表直接可用的食物资源开发的微生物。bacterial-feeders的占主导地位的集团,<gydF4y2Bai>Acrobeloides</gydF4y2Bai>更丰富的存在<gydF4y2Bai>p . corethrurus</gydF4y2Bai>。此外,fungal-feeders(和特别<gydF4y2Bai>Aphelenchus</gydF4y2Bai>)更丰富的治疗接种蚯蚓。这些结果表明,蚯蚓活动刺激微生物群落导致microbivorous线虫密度的增加。Hyvonen et al。<gydF4y2Baa href="#B21">12</gydF4y2Baa>]表明线虫密度的减少发生在他们的实验中蚯蚓的存在是由于摄入的蚯蚓和死亡在消化运输;然而,大多数bacterial-feeding线虫类群影响蚯蚓的存在(<gydF4y2Bai>Acrobeloides</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Bai>Alaimus</gydF4y2Bai>Plectidae)在他们的研究。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>尤其是真菌喂食器,积极回应了蚯蚓的存在。因为没有与残留的交互类型,增加必须由蚯蚓的活动主要是控制自己(修改物理和化学属性)。但这个有趣的问题需要进一步发展更好的理解。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>这个实验的主要线虫(<gydF4y2Bai>Acrobeloides</gydF4y2Bai>Panagrolaimidae,<gydF4y2Bai>Aphelenchus</gydF4y2Bai>和Aphelenchoididae)具有机会主义线虫高殖民化和繁殖能力。这些线虫特化种和扰动的问题迅速做出反应。他们有一个c p值等于1或2。土壤筛选、手动同质化和土壤存储之前的实验导致了简化nematofauna昌盛而自然生态系统中是最弱的(最脆弱)类群可能死于昌盛的准备。在自然条件下,蚯蚓活动也可能影响这些脆弱的类群。一些c p线虫3和4也积极回应埋残留。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>整合OM通常会导致微生物生物量的增加(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。我们的研究结果表明,埋残留物处理对总线虫密度起到了积极的作用,主要是通过bacterial-feeders的密度的增加。这个结果可以解释为改善可用性埋残留的微生物而农地膜残留。增加大量的bacterial-feeder线虫(主要是c p 1和2 c p)反映微生物生长(增加<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">32</gydF4y2Baa>),也许还增加了微生物生物量(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B35">33</gydF4y2Baa>]。因此,当残留物被埋,微生物活动可能会增加,主要可能特化种线虫。我们的研究结果,得到了在热带条件下,与先前的研究是一致的在温带地区<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">21</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B34a">34</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B34b">35</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>在这个实验中,线虫结构根据不同的两种类型的残留物;这种差异不是丰度与不同的不同的营养集团而是bacterial-feeding社区组成的差异。bacterial-feeding线虫类群的比例是非常不同的从一个治疗,这表明微生物群落退化这些残留不同取决于残留物应用的质量。我们发现显著增加水稻的一些bacterial-feeders残渣治疗,包括Rhabditidae、一个机会c p 1线虫。负责大豆治疗增加了两个机会c p 1和2 bacterial-feeders Panagrolaimidae和<gydF4y2Bai>Drilocephalobus</gydF4y2Bai>,而且一个fungal-feeding分类单元(<gydF4y2Bai>Aphelenchus)</gydF4y2Bai>,一个c p 2机会线虫。线虫社区提出了不同的模式取决于土壤中可用的资源(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">36</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B33">37</gydF4y2Baa>]。新鲜的土壤中有机质的输入后,通常bacterial-feeding c p 1机会线虫Rhabditidae率先发展和逐步取代fungal-feeding c p 2投机取巧的线虫。Rhabditidae更高密度的残留在我们的实验中演示了这两种情况下的OM精加工的细菌,而发展fungal-feeding c p 2线虫<gydF4y2Bai>Aphelenchus</gydF4y2Bai>人群表明,条件有利于真菌的发展(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">3</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">31日</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>fungal-feeders的密度与水稻残留高度高估了复制;有一个无法解释的Aphelenchoididae扩散。考虑到这一点,有一个趋势,大量的fungal-feeding线虫与大豆高于饭(1541和2084个人公斤<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.775" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.7125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.7125 13.775" width="13.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>干燥的土壤,职责)。实际上,在这个实验中,有更多的树枝比水稻大豆治疗治疗,从而解释了发展的真菌能够消化木质素等复杂化合物(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">31日</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B33">37</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B25">38</gydF4y2Baa>]。当纠正Aphelenchoididae治疗的价值“地膜残留”,省略离群值复制,我们发现fungal-feeding线虫(<gydF4y2Bai>4</gydF4y2Bai>和Tylencholaimoidea)丰富埋残留明显多于农地膜残留。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="conclusion">5。结论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>我们的结果表明,蚯蚓<gydF4y2Bai>p . corethrurus</gydF4y2Bai>积极的影响总线虫密度主要通过增加主导bacterial-feeding的密度(<gydF4y2Bai>Acrobeloides</gydF4y2Bai>)和fungal-feeding (<gydF4y2Bai>Aphelenchus</gydF4y2Bai>线虫。线虫群落的结构表明,大豆分解残留更fungal-based比大米残留。线虫动物群的组成变化大,有机物被埋在土壤表面比离开的时候。埋残留负责bacterial-feeder线虫种群的发展,反映出刺激细菌室。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="acknowledgment">承认</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>本研究是在项目进行的0575年Nemageco-Icones c0042由法国环境和能源发展机构(ADEME)。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> </div> <div class="ArticleReferences_xmlContent__p_40j"> <h4 class="ArticleReferences_references__GH2t_" id="references">引用</gydF4y2Bah4> <ol class="ArticleReferences_orderedReferences__mJr9M"> <li class="ArticleReferences_articleReference__ouEuh" id="B23"> <div class="referenceContent"> <p class="referenceText">p . 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