( C 1 0 - C 5 0 ) , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other contaminants (e.g., As, Cd, Cu, Pb) were recently discovered on the banks of the Saint-François and Massawippi rivers. Alluvial soils are contaminated over a distance of 100 kilometers, and the level of the contaminated-hydrocarbon layer in the soil profiles is among the highest at the Windsor and Richmond sites. Concentrations of lead and stable lead isotope ratios ( 2 0 4 P b / 2 0 6 P b , 2 0 7 P b / 2 0 6 P b , 2 0 8 P b / 2 0 6 P b ) are also used to identify contamination events. The maximum and minimum values detected in soil profiles for arsenic, cadmium, and lead vary from 3.01 to 37.88 mg k g 1 (As), 0.11 to 0.81 mg k g 1 (Cd) 12.32 to 149.13 mg k g 1 (Pb), respectively, while the 207Pb/206Pb isotopic ratio values are between 0.8545 and 0.8724 for all the profiles. The highest values of trace elements (As, Pb and Zn) were detected in the hydrocarbon layer ( C 1 0 - C 5 0 ) , most often located at the bottom of the profiles (160, 200, and 220 cm in depth). The various peaks recorded in the soils and the position of the profiles suggest that various contaminants were transported by the river on several occasions and infiltrated the soil matrix or deposited on floodplains during successive floods. Atmospheric particles which entered the river or deposited on riverbanks must also be considered as another source of pollution recorded in soils."> 使用铅浓度和稳定的铅同位素比值来确定冲积土壤污染事件</gydF4y2Batitle> <link href="//www.newsama.com/static/themes/hindawi/base.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/cpr9K8AjZYaP4CWVbtn5c/static/lib/basictable.css" rel="stylesheet" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/cpr9K8AjZYaP4CWVbtn5c/static/lib/owl.carousel.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-01.hindawi.com/next_assets/cpr9K8AjZYaP4CWVbtn5c/static/lib/owl.theme.default.min.css" media="none" class="next-head"> <link rel="preload" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.24/bib-related-content.min.css" as="style" class="next-head"> <link rel="preload" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bibblio.org/rcm/4.24/bib-related-content.min.css" as="style" 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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;margin-top:10px;min-width:55px;display:none;} @media (min-width:768px){.exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .expand_btn{display:none;}} .exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{-webkit-flex:9;-ms-flex:9;flex:9;text-align:left;padding:21px 37px 10px 0px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;} @media (min-width:768px){.exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 18px 10px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-text{padding:19px 21px 10px 21px;}} .exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption 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no-repeat 6px;background-position:center;padding:16px 0 16px 0;min-width:62px;max-width:62px;} @media (min-width:768px){.exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:16px 0 17px 0;min-width:52px;max-width:52px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url{padding:15px 0 17px 0;min-width:60px;max-width:60px;}} .exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption .caption-partial-url:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{font-size:14px;padding:0px 18px 17px 22px;} @media (min-width:768px){.exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 15px 15px 18px;}} @media (min-width:992px){.exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text{padding:0px 18px 19px 21px;}} .exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text figcaption{margin:0;padding:0;} .exFqMv .floats-partial-section .floats-partial-footer .floats-partial-caption-text svg{max-width:100%;} .exFqMv ol{font-size:16px;padding-left:32px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;line-height:24px;margin:15px 0;} .exFqMv ol li{margin:10px 0;padding-left:10px;word-break:normal;} .exFqMv ol li a{word-break:break-all;} .exFqMv ol li .reflinks{display:block;} .exFqMv ol li .reflinks a{color:#4D8A17;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .exFqMv ol li .reflinks a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .exFqMv ol li .reflinks .sep{color:#000000;} .exFqMv .table-wrapper{width:auto;overflow-x:auto;} .exFqMv .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;width:5px;height:5px;} .exFqMv .table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);} @media (min-width:768px){.exFqMv .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;width:auto;-webkit-break-word:word-break;break-word:word-break;margin:0 auto;}} @media (min-width:992px){.exFqMv .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:1324px){.exFqMv .table-wrapper{width:auto;}} @media (min-width:320px){.exFqMv{margin-bottom:33px;padding:0;}} @media (min-width:992px){.exFqMv{padding:0;margin-bottom:100px;}} @media (min-width:1325px){.exFqMv{margin-bottom:100px;}} .exFqMv .owl-stage{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .exFqMv .floats-partial-middle--thumbs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .exFqMv .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot svg{fill:#4D8A17;} .exFqMv .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot strong{color:#4D8A17;font-weight:500;} .exFqMv .floats-partial-middle--thumbs .partial-carousel-dot.active strong{color:#007B8B;} .exFqMv 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href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/" aria-label="Applied and Environmental Soil Science">应用和环境土壤学</gydF4y2Baa>/<gydF4y2Baa class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/contents/year/2010/" aria-label="2010">2010年</gydF4y2Baa>/<gydF4y2Baspan class="sc-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</bgydF4y2Bautton> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#materials-and-methods" aria-label="">材料和方法</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#results-and-discussion" aria-label="">结果与讨论</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conclusions" aria-label="">结论</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">确认</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</gydF4y2Baa></span> <span class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</gydF4y2Baa></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">研究文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="sc-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->2010年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</gydF4y2Baspan>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->235210年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</gydF4y2Baspan> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/235210" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/235210</gydF4y2Baa> </div> <div class="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>黛安娜圣洛朗,朱利安圣·洛朗,土地肥沃的Hahni, Bassam Ghaleb,卡米尔Chapados<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->”<gydF4y2Baspan class="adjust-article-svg-size">使用铅浓度和稳定的铅同位素比值来确定冲积土壤污染事件</gydF4y2Baspan>”,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --><i>应用和环境土壤学</gydF4y2Bai>,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->卷。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2010年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->235210年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->12<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- -->页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->2010年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->。<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <!-- -->https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/235210</gydF4y2Bap> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</bgydF4y2Bautton> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN kRoxOt article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">使用铅浓度和稳定的铅同位素比值来确定冲积土壤污染事件</gydF4y2Bah1> </div> <div class="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class=""><b>黛安娜圣洛朗</bgydF4y2Ba><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a>,<gydF4y2Basup>1</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">朱利安圣·洛朗<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>2</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">土地肥沃的Hahni<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup></span> <span class="">Bassam Ghaleb<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Basup>4</gydF4y2Basup> <!-- -->和</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="">卡米尔Chapados<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup></span> <div class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</gydF4y2Basup><span>Geographie et Laboratoire de矫揉造作的en geomorphologie fluviale溶胶,魁北克大学Trois-Rivieres, 3351年,boul。Trois-Rivieres·德·弗基斯,C.P. 500年,加拿大的QC</gydF4y2Baspan></p> <p><sup>2</gydF4y2Basup><span>Environnement)等发展耐用,城镇de Trois-Rivieres C.P. 368年Trois-Rivieres, QC,加拿大</gydF4y2Baspan></p> <p><sup>3</gydF4y2Basup><span>部门de Chimie等生物,科学de l 'Environnement,魁北克大学Trois-Rivieres, 3351年,boul。Trois-Rivieres·德·弗基斯,C.P. 500年,加拿大的QC</gydF4y2Baspan></p> <p><sup>4</gydF4y2Basup><span>GEOTOP,魁北克大学蒙特利尔,210大道肯尼迪总统,pk - 7150, QC,加拿大蒙特利尔</gydF4y2Baspan></p> </div> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</bgydF4y2Bautton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</bgydF4y2Ba>Artemi Cerda先生</gydF4y2Badiv> <div class="articleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2009年3月23日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">修改后的</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2009年12月02</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2010年1月24日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</gydF4y2Baspan> <span class="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2010年4月12日</gydF4y2Baspan> </div> </div> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ exFqMv article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>土壤污染的碳氢化合物<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.75" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:54.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 54.5 14.75" width="54.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.28,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.088001" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.86,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.61,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>多环芳烃(多环芳烃)和其他污染物(如,Cd,铜、铅)是最近发现的银行Saint-Francois和Massawippi河流。冲积土壤污染的距离100公里,和contaminated-hydrocarbon的水平层土壤中的配置文件是在温莎和里士满网站名列前茅。浓度的铅和铅同位素比值稳定<gydF4y2Basvg height="16.950001" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:232.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 232.7 16.950001" width="232.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.95)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.44)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 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transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,36.44,60.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> P</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9641709" y="0"> b</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.215671" y="0"> ,</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,52.79,65.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> 8</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,66.41,60.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> P</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9641709" y="0"> b</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.215671" y="0"> /</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,83.1,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,96.73,60.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> P</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9641709" y="0"> b</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.215671" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>也用于识别污染事件。最大和最小值在土壤剖面中发现砷,镉,铅变化从3.01到37.88毫克<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.5" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt;width:29.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.2125 17.5" width="29.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> k</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1514759" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.55,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(如),0.11到0.81毫克<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.5" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt;width:29.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.2125 17.5" width="29.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> k</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1514759" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.55,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(Cd) 12.32 - 149.13毫克<gydF4y2Basvg height="17.5" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt;width:29.2125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.2125 17.5" width="29.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.5)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> k</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1514759" y="0"> g</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.55,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>(Pb),分别为,<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb同位素比率值在0.8545和0.8724之间的所有配置文件。最高价值的微量元素(如,铅和锌)检测在油气层<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.75" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:54.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 54.5 14.75" width="54.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.28,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> - - - - - -</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.088001" y="0"> C</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.86,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.61,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,通常位于底部的概要文件(160、200和220厘米深度)。各种山峰记录在土壤和概要文件的位置表明,各种污染物被运送河边几次,渗透到土壤基质或沉积在泛滥平原连续洪水。大气粒子进入河流或沉积在河岸也必须被视为另一个记录在土壤污染的来源。</gydF4y2Bap> <span class="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>近年来,越来越多的环境科学研究土壤和沉积物污染的特点是使用的铅稳定同位素来确定该元素的来源和来源(地球成因学的或人为的),评价其在环境中持久性<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">1</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>]。矿业和工业活动已经推出了各种形式的污染物进入环境和密集的化石燃料的使用也导致了铅和其他重金属影响环境不同程度(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B5">5</gydF4y2Baa>]。在过去的二十年里,研究研究了铅同位素特征跟踪发射源和评估最近的铅污染时空变化来自铅冶炼厂和制造厂和使用alkyllead石油产品,特别是在1990年之前(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B7">7</gydF4y2Baa>]。大气中被公认为主要运输工具(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>),但污染河流运输也构成一个向量(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B9">9</gydF4y2Baa>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baa href="#B11">11</gydF4y2Baa>]。研究还考察了铅污染的土壤、沉积物和地下水蓄水层以及其他金属,通常是地球化学相关(例如,Cd,和锌)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B12">12</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>]。结果表明,铅同位素作为指标影响大范围的环境污染事件的媒体环境。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>其他研究人员已经画在铅和铅同位素比值(<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>铅、<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)地球化学示踪剂来识别相关的大气和土壤地球化学变化在矿区工业活动(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B11">11</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B14">14</gydF4y2Baa>]。土壤中的铅被广泛认为是不动的和持久的,尽管它的土壤中移动性可以增加与高浓度的有机物复杂或螯合物,从而发挥关键作用的运动剖面(铁和其他元素<gydF4y2Baa href="#B14">14</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>]。稳定的铅同位素比值可以作为辅助工具在约会污染事件和沉降率的评估,包括使用的铅- 210 (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">17</gydF4y2Baa>]。主要有四个稳定同位素(<gydF4y2Basup>204年</gydF4y2Basup>铅、<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>铅、<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb和<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)的放射性衰变<gydF4y2Basup>238年</gydF4y2Basup>U,<gydF4y2Basup>235年</gydF4y2Basup>U和<gydF4y2Basup>232年</gydF4y2Basup>Th产生放射成因铅同位素(206、207和208 Pb) (<gydF4y2Baa href="#B8">8</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>]。虽然各种来源的铅有特定同位素签名,稳定的铅同位素应用通常区分主要来自自然或人为来源(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B18">18</gydF4y2Baa>]。铅同位素分析被证明是一种有效的识别技术的起源在不同的陆地,海洋和水生生态系统<gydF4y2Baa href="#B1">1</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B12">12</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B13">13</gydF4y2Baa>]。铅的同位素组成也不影响任何可测量的程度上的物理或化学过程(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>本研究关注的污染沿着河岸Saint-Francois和Massawippi河流(加拿大魁北克)由政府从未正式报告。最近发现导致土壤污染的识别C<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>- c<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>碳氢化合物和其他污染物(如重金属)。污染延伸超过100多公里的河岸之间尤的直辖市和Drummondville(魁北克南部)。本研究的目的是试图识别通过土壤的污染事件和放射产生的方法,包括分析重金属(如Cd,铜、镍、锌)和铅浓度、稳定的铅同位素比值(<gydF4y2Basup>204年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>铅、<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>铅、<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)和沉降率(<gydF4y2Basup>210年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)的冲积土壤。本研究关注的是铅浓度和泛滥平原土壤中的铅同位素组成的模式。使用在石油产品(如汽油、燃料油)在1990年之前,禁止在加拿大这个日期之后(含铅汽油的逐步淘汰在加拿大开始在1980年代和含铅汽油终于在1990年禁止(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B6">6</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B19">19</gydF4y2Baa>]。)提供了一个相对较好的指标碳氢化合物污染的漫滩沉积物(铅的存在),并帮助估计通过使用放射污染事件的日期数据(铅同位素签名和铅- 210)。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="materials-and-methods">2。材料和方法</gydF4y2Bah4> <h5 id="sec2.1">2.1。站点的位置</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>网站正在研究位于沿着Saint-Francois Massawippi河流(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>),形成Saint-Francois流域盆地的一部分,覆盖面积10230公里<gydF4y2Basup>2</gydF4y2Basup>。从海拔304到762米的高度,它到达在美国阿巴拉契亚山脉的顶峰(VT)。在上游流域的一部分,救援特点是山,山和山谷由林区和农业土地,而下游盆地是一个平坦的农田景观的一部分,小城镇和城市的路易斯塔里夫。河岸的特点是不同的不同的冰川地貌部分组成,冰水的沉积或冰湖的材料和河流沉积。Saint-Francois和Massawippi河流的中间部分(采样站点)的特点是低冲积平原(小于3米高)覆盖的漫滩沉积物主要由粉砂和细砂质壤土材料和不成熟的土壤regosolic和cumulic粗骨土土壤(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B20">20.</gydF4y2Baa>]。周期性的洪水。这些河流洪水可能会经历多个(每年<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">17</gydF4y2Baa>]。他们穿过前工矿区和农业土地是水质恶化的主要因素。污染的痕迹(如碳氢化合物、多环芳烃和重金属)事实上一直在沿着河岸(冲积土壤<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">17</gydF4y2Baa>]。除了许多工业活动、采矿长期以来的一个主要来源区河道的污染物排放主要Massawippi河。数千吨的铜、镍和钨Eustis-Capelton矿山生产。一项研究表明,这些矿山负责铜浓度Saint-Francois和Massawippi河流<gydF4y2Baa href="#B21">21</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B22">22</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig1"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="235210.fig.001" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.001.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 研究区域和位置采样站点的里士满(RIC-9 STO-6)、温莎(STE-1)和Massawippi魁北克南部(MAS-13)。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <h5 id="sec2.2">2.2。采样和实验室分析</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>现场调查发现在漫滩沉积物进行四个站点(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。这些抽样地点位于河岸最近冲积土壤(不到一千年)。对于每一个网站,一个战壕挖沿着河岸以达到污染层(烃层),在某些情况下被发现在超过1米的深度。90年,土壤样品都是从五个概要文件(MAS-13、STE-1 STE-1-2, STO-6和RIC-9)。详细的形态学描述概要文件用于描述纹理,颜色地平线(孟塞尔图表)和油气层的深度。此外,土壤的视野领域被确定使用加拿大土壤系统分类的标准<gydF4y2Baa href="#B23">23</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">24</gydF4y2Baa>]。收集土壤样本在20-cm-deep概要部分,直到达成油气层污染。土壤样品分析在实验室的结构组成、pH值和总有机碳(TOC)。粒度分析,干燥的分数通过筛选,而细分数获得使用比重计(Boyoucos方法)。化学分析的方法包括确定使用的pH值<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.8875" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:32.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.424999 10.8875" width="32.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> ∶</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.579699" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>土壤溶液比(CaCl<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub>:0.01米)和TOC含量方法<gydF4y2Baa href="#B25">25</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B26">26</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>烃样品分析使用气相色谱法,加上火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)。的检出限<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>C<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>碳氢化合物是60毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>干物质。金属浓度(Pb, Cd,铜和锌)和铅同位素分析,土壤样本混合在一个容器,确保同质性、存储在无菌控制,冷藏。抽样方法是按照标准建立的魁北克l 'Environnement Ministere [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B27">27</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>)和国家de la研究中心研究所——淡特Environnement) (INRS-ETE),中心geoscientifique de魁北克(CGQ)和生物学实验室实验室协议。样本用于分析重金属铅浓度和同位素比值(<gydF4y2Basup>204年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>铅、<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>铅、<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)。金属浓度水平决定使用一个提取过程采用Ministere de l 'Environnement [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>]。inr地球化学实验室(INRS-ETE /δ实验室),土壤样本使用HNO溶解<gydF4y2Basub>3,</gydF4y2Basub>以及由此产生的液体残留分析了电感耦合等离子体质谱(icp)获得微量金属浓度和同位素组成。空白样本准备每批10或12样本。铅浓度分析,完整的程序,包括验证所需的重复分析实验室测试,可在政府文件(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>]。质量控制和可接受性标准(QA / QC)必须符合文档DR-12-SCA-01 Ministere de l 'Environnement [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>)和应用如下:(i)曲线确定系数应该至少0.995;和(2)重复分析方法必须在方法论的量化限制(MQL)。随机测试检查标准不应超过20%的目标值,除了一级标准,用于确保足够的灵敏度。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec2.3">2.3。年龄和Pb约会和沉降率</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>的同位素<gydF4y2Basup>210年</gydF4y2Basup>铅测定方法用于土壤剖面STE 1(温莎网站)来确定基于放射性核素活动沉积物的沉积率。为此,铅210 CRS模型(恒定速率的供应)被用来的深度和时间密切相关<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B4">4</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B29">29日</gydF4y2Baa>]鉴于多余<gydF4y2Basup>210年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb活动减少理论上以指数的方式,从而确定沉降率(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B29">29日</gydF4y2Baa>]。有两种类型的<gydF4y2Basup>210年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb:第一个原始直接从大气中(支持或不支持的过剩<gydF4y2Basup>210年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)和原位产生的第二个镭衰变的结果(<gydF4y2Basup>226年</gydF4y2Basup>Ra),源自238 -铀的分析沉积物(支持领导)。假设主要来自大气的流动从每年是恒定的,和就可以估计沉降率在相对较长的时间内(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B29">29日</gydF4y2Baa>]。通过Nriagu [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B30">30.</gydF4y2Baa>]实际上显示了更大的使用的铅1800年后,构成一个额外的指标解释的人为污染的来源。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>该方法用于<gydF4y2Basup>210年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb年龄约会是α能谱法,这种技术提供了更大的灵活性比β光谱学和精度比伽马射线光谱。α能谱法GEOTOP-UQAM-McGILL使用实验室分析。其他地方提供了更完整的描述方法(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">17</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="results-and-discussion">3所示。结果与讨论</gydF4y2Bah4> <h5 id="sec3.1">3.1。冲积土和Hydrocarbon-Contaminated层</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>分析了冲积土壤分类在Cumulic粗骨土(CU.R)加拿大土壤系统分类的子群(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">24</gydF4y2Baa>]。土壤没有发展和特点是缺乏啊视野,积累的视野(B),以及化学改变。分析通常显示的土壤pH值范围从3.45到7.09,平均值是4.63和TOC率从0.12到1.48%(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>和<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>)。土壤的pH值(MAS-13)矿区(Eustis-Capelton)更酸性底部的概要文件(120厘米),可能由于酸化有毒废物的存在<gydF4y2Baa href="#B21">21</gydF4y2Baa>发现底部的土壤剖面,它来自于前尤矿区(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B22">22</gydF4y2Baa>)位于上游几公里。大部分的冲积土壤检查由精细材料,主要是良好的砂质壤土,细壤质砂土或砂质壤土(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>和<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>),这是一个共同特征的洪水或河流沉积在这些河流<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">17</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B20">20.</gydF4y2Baa>]。可能是说这统一格式(基本上好的材料)的主要特征是土壤形成的冲积平原河流正在研究。应该指出的是,fine-textured土壤保留更多的污染物比粗矩阵(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B31">31日</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab1"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab1"> <table class="table-group" id="tab1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">位置/网站/土壤剖面</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">Massawippi MAS-13 / MAS-13</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">温莎STE-1 / STE-1</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">温莎STE-1 / STE-1-2</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">里士满STO-6 / STO-6</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">里士满RIC-9 / RIC-9</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">UTM (nad - 83)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">273294 5022783</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">732928 5051683</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">732929 5051682</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">724376 5057125</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">724175 5057482</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">土壤类型</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">Cumulic粗骨土(CU.R)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">Cumulic粗骨土(CU.R)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">Cumulic粗骨土(CU.R)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">Cumulic粗骨土(CU.R)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">粗骨土(铜)。</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">结构类(见[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">24</gydF4y2Baa>])</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">砂壤土</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">壤土</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">壤土、砂壤土</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">砂壤土</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">壤质砂土</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">土壤pH值0.01 CaCl<gydF4y2Basub>2</gydF4y2Basub></td> <td align="center">3.45 - -6.09</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.98 - -7.09</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.32 - -5.92</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.28 - -5.03</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.71 - -5.38</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">c . org。(%)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.12 - -1.02</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.39 - -0.68</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.64 - -0.91</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.36 - -1.48</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.12 - -1.44</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">油气层深度(cm)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">220年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">180年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">32</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">60</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">没有一丝的碳氢化合物</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">烃C<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>- c<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>浓度(毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"> <svg height="8.9125004" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"> <path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path> </g> </svg>60</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">660年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">340年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">< 80</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">油气层颜色(孟塞尔图表)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">10年4.5 / 2</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">10年2.5 / 2</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">10年2.5 / 2</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">10年5/3</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">10年3/3</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="6"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表1</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab1/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 土壤采样站点的描述和一些特点概要文件。</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab2"> <table class="table-group" id="tab2"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">土壤剖面</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">深度(cm)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">pH值</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">总有机碳(%)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">结构的一堂课<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.975" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.39069pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.2125 11.975" width="12.2125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.7)"> <path d="M319 325l-25 -7q-33 99 -103 99q-29 0 -47 -19.5t-18 -49.5t22 -49.5t62 -36.5q63 -26 95 -57t32 -79q0 -64 -50 -101t-115 -37q-35 0 -67.5 10.5t-46.5 23.5q-5 11 -11 51t-6 67l27 5q14 -53 46.5 -88.5t75.5 -35.5q29 0 50 19.5t21 50.5t-19.5 51.5t-59.5 39.5 q-28 12 -46 22.5t-38.5 27t-30.5 38.5t-10 49q0 54 42.5 92t109.5 38q48 0 88 -18q6 -15 13 -50.5t9 -55.5z" id="x73"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,6.3,11.775)"> <path d="M433 39l-85 -51q-27 0 -47 20q-16 16 -24 44q-5 -3 -24 -16.5t-27 -18.5t-23 -13.5t-25 -12t-19 -3.5q-52 0 -86 36.5t-34 85.5q0 71 81 99q128 43 155 65v17q0 54 -23 83.5t-62 29.5q-28 0 -45 -19t-29 -66q-7 -23 -29 -23q-15 0 -29 13t-14 30t31 40q25 19 68.5 40.5 t81.5 29.5q49 0 82 -27q45 -39 45 -123v-185q0 -60 35 -60q18 0 36 11zM275 84v156q-12 -6 -49 -23t-41 -19q-31 -14 -46 -31t-15 -43q0 -35 22.5 -55.5t48.5 -20.5q19 0 42 10.5t38 25.5z" id="x61"></path> </g> </svg></td> <td align="center">Pb(毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>)</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>受污染的网站</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">MAS-13</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">0-20</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">6.09</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.31</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">18.73</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">20 - 40</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.50</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.30</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">18.38</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">奖金的</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.37</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.34</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">22.38</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">60 - 80</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.59</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.54</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">17.79</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">80 - 100</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.46</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.12</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">19.18</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">100 - 120</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.24</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.42</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">21.84</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">120 - 140</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">3.83</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.85</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">FLS的</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">36.34</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">140 - 160</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">3.63</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.95</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">FLS的</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">49.65</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">160 - 180</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.07</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.75</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">FLS的</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">42.18</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">180 - 200</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">3.45</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.72</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">FLS的</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">121.80</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">200 - 220</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">3.45</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.02</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">SL</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">149.13</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">220 - 240</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">3.97</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.55</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">MFS</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">22.41</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">STO-6</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">0-20</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.03</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.48</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">25.25</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">20 - 40</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.77</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.21</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">35.74</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">奖金的</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.43</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.63</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">37.29</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">60 - 80</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.28</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.71</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">30.57</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">80 - 100</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.56</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.36</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">12.32</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>未被污染的网站(没有碳氢化合物层)</gydF4y2Bai></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">RIC-9</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">0-20</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.38</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.44</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">25.73</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">20 - 40</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.26</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.25</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">34.38</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center">奖金的</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.71</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.10</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">目前</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">34.88</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="6"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">最大值</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">6.09</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.48</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">149.13</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">最小值</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">3.45</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.12</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">12.32</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">平均值</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.70</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.75</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">38.80</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="6"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr class="table-fn"> <td> <svg height="17.7125" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6375 17.7125" width="11.6375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,2.9,5.4)"> <path d="M433 39l-85 -51q-27 0 -47 20q-16 16 -24 44q-5 -3 -24 -16.5t-27 -18.5t-23 -13.5t-25 -12t-19 -3.5q-52 0 -86 36.5t-34 85.5q0 71 81 99q128 43 155 65v17q0 54 -23 83.5t-62 29.5q-28 0 -45 -19t-29 -66q-7 -23 -29 -23q-15 0 -29 13t-14 30t31 40q25 19 68.5 40.5 t81.5 29.5q49 0 82 -27q45 -39 45 -123v-185q0 -60 35 -60q18 0 36 11zM275 84v156q-12 -6 -49 -23t-41 -19q-31 -14 -46 -31t-15 -43q0 -35 22.5 -55.5t48.5 -20.5q19 0 42 10.5t38 25.5z" id="x61"></path> </g> </svg>:目前:良好的砂质壤土;读者:细壤质砂土;SL:砂壤土;MFS:中等细沙(见[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B24">24</gydF4y2Baa>])。<bgydF4y2Bar></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表2</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 土壤性质和土壤中铅浓度样本收集contamined地点(MAS-13 STO-6)和未被污染的网站(RIC-9)。</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <p>现场观察和河岸的样本显示,最高度污染的土壤从尤温莎(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>)。Massawippi河畔含有污染物,可以追溯到前尤我的,虽然没有污染土壤中可观察到的上游材料。从尤到里士满,然而,河岸都含有碳氢化合物(C<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>- c<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>)和重金属(参见[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B33">33</gydF4y2Baa>])。考虑到受污染的土壤的厚度,最成问题的网站在Massawippi地区。污染层可能扩展到超过一米深度在河岸存款和颜色和气味更明显。基于这些观察,放电的起源似乎是尤。前矿区仍被用作纸浆和纸张浪费的存储区域,作为垃圾填埋场对矿业废物含有铜、铅和锌(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B21">21</gydF4y2Baa>]。污染土样在尤我网站(欧盟)显示一个相对较高的C<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>- c<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>碳氢化合物的污染率,即380毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>干物质。Massawippi现场(MAS-13)率<gydF4y2Basvg height="8.8500004" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:10.825px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 10.825 8.8500004" width="10.825" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,8.85)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.92)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>60毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>,温莎(STE-1 STE-1-2)和里士满(STO-6)网站不同的值从660到80毫克/公斤(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。最严重的污染油气层(C<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>- c<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>)被发现在Massawippi (MAS-13配置文件)和温莎网站(STE-1概要文件),深度为200 - 220厘米和160 - 180厘米,分别。在其他一些土壤资料中发现Massawippi和Saint-Francois河流<gydF4y2Baa href="#B33">33</gydF4y2Baa>),可以发现油气层的表面(5 - 10厘米)配置文件和一个深度从60到90厘米。这个点的再活化在洪水或地方和网站泄漏污染层。最后,RIC-9,发现30多米的河岸,不会显示任何碳氢化合物的痕迹,与其他配置文件。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig2"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig2"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="" name="235210.fig.002" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.002.jpg"> <br> <strong></strong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图2</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig2/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <sub>10</gydF4y2Basub> <sub>50</gydF4y2Basub> <table> 土壤剖面的碳氢化合物层(C- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -gydF4y2Bac160- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -180年厘米)的深度。污染层可以超过30厘米厚在温莎地区河岸(左岸)。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>审核档案中记录的信息的法国国立de路易斯塔里夫(例如,区域性报纸),污染事件似乎发生在Saint-Francois河两次,也就是说,10月25日1955年5月17日,1963年,尽管没有提供详细的事件或原因。1963年的报纸文章提到的存在大片的石油在河上路易斯塔里夫区(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig1/" target="_blank">1</gydF4y2Baa>)。没有报纸文章河污染的情况下(例如,卸油)Massawippi河。然而,它是可能的,其他污染事件(例如,当地污染)发生,但并不是所有的咨询文件中提到的。然而,超过100公里的河岸的存在被碳氢化合物(C<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>- c<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>)指向一个或多个主要的泄漏在河里。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。土壤中重金属浓度和铅同位素比值</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>获得的结果为铅和其他金属浓度的土壤资料为选定的网站(温莎和Massawippi里士满)呈现在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>,表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab2/" target="_blank">2</gydF4y2Baa>和<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>。金属元素的浓度水平分析必须遵守对污染场地的环境部的标准(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B27">27</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B28">28</gydF4y2Baa>)为标准开发的A、B和C,也就是说,6日,30至50毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>砷(作为),1.5,5和20毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>镉(Cd)、40、100和500毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>铜(铜)、50、500和1500毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>铅(Pb)和110年、500年和1500毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>分别为锌(锌)。一般来说,铅浓度和其他金属或非金属元素(例如,Cd)相对较低,除了MAS-13概要,这超过砷浓度的标准(37.9毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>)、铅(121.8和149.1毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>)。这个概要文件显示独特的山峰(160和220厘米深度)的污染(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>)。作为和高架更深的概要文件中铅浓度超过表面上,通常在污染土壤中铅的来源和其他元素是由大气污染物的输入(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B10">10</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B16">16</gydF4y2Baa>]。最高浓度发现底部的土壤剖面(超过1米),很可能污染(烃层)污染物进行了河流在低水平。事实上,几乎所有的土壤资料观察Massawippi地区含油气层底部的概要文件。样品的污染层只能当Massawippi河在低水平,也就是说,在3.76和6.61米<gydF4y2Basup>3</gydF4y2Basup>/ s,通常在九月和十月初<gydF4y2Baa href="#B34">34</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-other-wrapper" data-section="tab3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-tab3"> <table class="table-group" id="tab3"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr class="thead"> <td align="left">深度(cm)</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">在毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup></td> <td align="center">Cd毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup></td> <td align="center">铜毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup></td> <td align="center">Pb毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup></td> <td align="center">锌毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup></td> <td align="center"><sup>204年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"><sup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"><sup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td class="thead-hr" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">0-20</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">7.20</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.39</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">23.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">18.75</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">85.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0549</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8555</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.0898</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">20 - 40</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">6.76</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.44</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">29.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">18.32</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">104.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0553</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8598</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.1000</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">奖金的</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">6.78</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.50</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">34.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">20.31</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">106.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0553</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8607</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.0968</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">60 - 80</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">6.45</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.47</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">31.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">21.47</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">109.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0554</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8609</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.0950</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">80 - 100</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.88</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.57</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">36.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">26.38</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">119.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0560</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8714</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.1104</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">100 - 120</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">3.01</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.30</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">22.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">19.89</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">89.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0556</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8654</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.1066</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">120 - 140</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.68</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.47</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">28.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">27.96</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">105.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0555</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8622</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.0999</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">140 - 160</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">4.24</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.53</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">28.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">34.70</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">111.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0562</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8724</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.1116</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">160 - 180</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">7.16</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.80</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">44.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">50.82</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">144.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0559</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8693</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.1094</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">的意思是</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5.79</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.49</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">31.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">26.51</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">108.0</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0555</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.8641</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">2.1021</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">其中</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.48</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.13</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">6.78</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">10.57</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">17.12</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0004</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0057</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.0076</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">偏态</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">-0.95</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.17</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.79</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.80</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.92</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.08</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">0.20</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center"><span style="width: 38.462502px;"> <svg height="11.125" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.462502 11.125" width="38.462502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"> <path d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x2212"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.041,10.862)"> <path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"> <path d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x2212"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.041,10.862)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,18.2,10.862)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.076,10.862)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.235,10.862)"> <path d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5 t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" id="x38"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="width: 38.462502px;"> <svg height="11.175" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.462502 11.175" width="38.462502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"> <path d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x2212"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.041,10.862)"> <path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,18.2,10.862)"> <path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.076,10.862)"> <path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.235,10.862)"> <path d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5 q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" id="x39"></path> </g> </svg></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="9"> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">标准(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B19">19</gydF4y2Baa>]</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">6</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1.5</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">40</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">50</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">110年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">标准B</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">30.</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">5</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">One hundred.</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">500年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">500年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">标准C</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">50</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">20.</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">500年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1500年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">1500年</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> <td align="center">- - - - - -</gydF4y2Batd> </tr> <tr class="table-tr"> <td colspan="9"> <hr class="tbody-hr"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">表3</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> 铅和重金属浓度和铅同位素组成在土壤剖面在温莎网站(STE-1)。</gydF4y2Badiv> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig3"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig3"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="235210.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.003a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="235210.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.003b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”name="235210.fig.003c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.003c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig3"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="235210.fig.003a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.003a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="235210.fig.003b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.003b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”name="235210.fig.003c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.003c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig3"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图3</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig3/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <a href="#B19">19</gydF4y2Baa> <table> ,Cd和土壤铅浓度选择概要文件(STE-1、STO-6 RIC-9和MAS-13)。A和B的虚线划类基于MDDEP标准[的土壤污染]gydF4y2Ba。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>土壤剖面STE-1在180厘米含铅浓度水平表明,略超过标准的价值50.82毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>)。这个样品是直接取自污染油气层深度(160 - 180厘米)。在相同的概要文件(STE-1),对其他金属元素浓度水平(例如,铜和锌),一些样品值超过标准(表<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>),除了上面的视野(0-40厘米)。这些结果可以作为指标的污染事件(石油排放最有可能)可能发生在不同的时间Saint-Francois河沿岸。概要STO-6,重金属和类金属元素的浓度分析(例如,Cd和Pb)在地下高视野(40 -厘米深度),这表明污染物浸出,产生的层或低渗透污染水域的污染物到河岸。RIC-9概要,的浓度,Cd和Pb比得上STO-6概要文件获得的值并显示一个类似的模式Cd和Pb(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>)。例如,最大的铅浓度达到40厘米的深度(34.4毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>),一个类似的价值,获得STO-6概要(35.7毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>在同一深度)(40厘米)。注意形象RIC-9位于31 m远离河岸,没有跟踪碳氢化合物污染的土壤中检测出概要文件。这是有可能的,不过,其他污染物(如Cd和Pb)把河边有可能达到这个网站(RIC-9)在大洪水<gydF4y2Baa href="#B35">35</gydF4y2Baa>),或者这些污染物中发现地下一层(20 - 40厘米)来自大气的影响。众所周知,铅的细颗粒物和其他污染物可以长距离运输<gydF4y2Baa href="#B2">2</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B3">3</gydF4y2Baa>)和沉积在土壤表面。随着时间的推移,这些污染物穿透较低的视野通过迁移或浸出(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B12">12</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B36">36</gydF4y2Baa>];镉和锌通常比领导更容易remobilized,然而[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B15">15</gydF4y2Baa>]。不过,微量金属的浓度(Cd, Pb)检测表面的概要文件(RIC-9和STO-6)相当低。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>所有的配置文件(图的值<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>)显示,许多山峰,表明浓度水平的铅和其他元素(如Cd)的深度40岁,60岁,80厘米和两座山峰强浓度水平的Cd 100和180厘米深处的STE-1概要文件,相对高浓度的80厘米的深度剖面STO-6,和非常高浓度的镉和铅在概要MAS-13 220厘米的深度。这些山峰在土壤资料表明几个独立的污染事件可能与各种污染物排放到河里。峰发现底部的土壤资料(100、180或220厘米)只能由河与运输相关的污染物因其位置概要文件,而污染物在低深度(40厘米)最有可能也来自交通污染物的河边(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B32">32</gydF4y2Baa>通过大气沉降物,但污染(如人为沉积在土壤表面)的可能性不能排除。这两个可能的来源(河流和大气)可以部分解释变异性的同位素值在不同的配置文件(图中找到<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig4/" target="_blank">4</gydF4y2Baa>),不过这样的变化可以归因于产品排入河流或运输的类型的(例如,混合的铅与油气层或从我的浪费)。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig4"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig4"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="235210.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="235210.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”name="235210.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(d)”name="235210.fig.004d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004d.jpg"> <br> <strong>(d)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(e)”name="235210.fig.004e" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004e.jpg"> <br> <strong>(e)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(f)”name="235210.fig.004f" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004f.jpg"> <br> <strong>(f)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(g)”name="235210.fig.004g" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004g.jpg"> <br> <strong>(g)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(h)”name="235210.fig.004h" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004h.jpg"> <br> <strong>(h)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig4"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="235210.fig.004a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="235210.fig.004b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”name="235210.fig.004c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(d)"><img alt="(d)”name="235210.fig.004d" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004d.jpg"><br><strong>(d)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(e)"><img alt="(e)”name="235210.fig.004e" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004e.jpg"><br><strong>(e)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(f)"><img alt="(f)”name="235210.fig.004f" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004f.jpg"><br><strong>(f)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(g)"><img alt="(g)”name="235210.fig.004g" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004g.jpg"><br><strong>(g)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(h)"><img alt="(h)”name="235210.fig.004h" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.004h.jpg"><br><strong>(h)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig4"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图4</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig4/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 土壤中浓度的铅和铅同位素比例概要(STE-1、STO-6 RIC-9和MAS-13)。图表展示了几个山峰,可以与各种土壤污染事件记录在配置文件。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>值获得土壤中铅同位素比值概要范围从0.0548到0.562 (<gydF4y2Basup>204年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb), 0.851到0.872 (<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)和2.081 - 2.111 (<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)。对于每个概要文件,<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>获得的铅同位素比值变化在0.851和0.867之间(MAS-13), 0.855和0.872 (STE-1), 0.852和0.868 (STO-6),和分别为0.860和0.865 (RIC-9)(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig4/" target="_blank">4</gydF4y2Baa>)。的同位素比值<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb获得相同的土壤资料的观察显示了类似的模式<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb比率。例如,<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb比率获得STE-1和MAS-13土壤资料范围从2.089到2.111和2.086至2.105,分别。最高的变化记录STO-6概要文件,但也有显著差异MAS-13和STE-1概要文件。有趣的是,同位素比值之间的差异更明显的底部的概要文件。</gydF4y2Bap> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。趋势的铅同位素比值和污染事件</gydF4y2Bah5> <p>两种土壤中铅的浓度配置文件(STE-1和MAS-13)更高的底部配置文件高峰在160年,180年和220厘米(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>)。的浓度在不同深度资料STE-1和MAS-13还表现出类似的模式最大峰值在160,180和220厘米和Cd的另一个峰值浓度剖面MAS-13的220厘米。概要STO-6,两个最大峰值和Cd浓度达到80年和40厘米的深度,和类似的深处的铅浓度。通过检查只有在概要文件STE-1, STO-6 MAS-13,发现这个元素的浓度根据深度逐渐增加。这也是为的浓度,除了STO-6概要文件。土壤剖面曲线的相似性表明至少两到三个重大污染事件可能与泄漏或释放的污染物进入Massawippi和Saint-Francois河流的水。此外,铅浓度水平实际上是最高的油气层,即50.82毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>STE-1概要(180厘米),149.13毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>MAS-13概要(220厘米)。峰值记录在配置文件的底部(160、180、220厘米)可以解释为石油泄漏或其它石油产品泄漏发生在水在最低水平。很可能导致发现底部的概要文件是由于该元素的浸出到这个深度。导致分数不太在土壤和倾向于集中在表面移动视野(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B36">36</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B37">37</gydF4y2Baa>]。此外,最高浓度的铅分析概要文件相关的层中的碳氢化合物最常发现底部的概要文件,特别是在Massawippi铅水平最高的地方。最后,请注意,碳氢化合物(如汽油、汽车或燃油)是水不溶混及其迁移进入地下水不足(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B38">38</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B39">39</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>虽然很难证实的确切起源烃(C<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>- c<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>)污染土壤中观察到的配置文件。此外,没有研究在受污染的土壤或在自然土壤化学和同位素的水平在这一领域已经完成。唯一的研究,可用于比较来自Ministere des Ressources naturelle [<gydF4y2Baa href="#B40">40</gydF4y2Baa>),它提供了各种重金属的浓度从土壤和沉积物样品获得部门A4的阿巴拉契亚的地理区域位于我们的研究区域。基于这项研究,获得的值的平均浓度,铜,铅和锌在土壤和沉积物(自然背景值)是11.1毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>10.1 (SD), 11.5毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>66.5 (SD), 15.3毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>17.5 (SD)和67.3毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>分别为82.3 (SD)。如果这些值相比,得到了在我们的档案,浓度超过1.5到10的背景因素利率MAS-13概要文件(不包括),高出两到三倍,其他三个配置文件(STE-1, STO-6 RIC-9),不含砷。记录显示相对高浓度的铜(44毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>)和铅和锌(50.82和144毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>STE-1概要文件(表)<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/tab3/" target="_blank">3</gydF4y2Baa>)底部的概要文件(80 - 100和160 - 180厘米)可能源于我尤。这些元素的一部分,可能源自前矿业网站可能已经把下游温莎(STE-1)和里士满(STO-6)网站。同样有可能的是,产生的大气粉尘中的金属含量积累我在地下的视野,虽然铜值不是过于高(29 - 34毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>)STE-1概要文件,例如(见[<gydF4y2Baa href="#B33">33</gydF4y2Baa>])。尤斯蒂的矿石中提取网站由铜和黄铁矿(黄铜矿矿石),和大约39000吨的矿石(铜主要)从1865年到1939年每年提取一次<gydF4y2Baa href="#B41">41</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>稳定同位素比率(<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb和<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)获得了领先MAS-13概要显示密切与铅浓度剖面(图相似<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig4/" target="_blank">4</gydF4y2Baa>)。之间的相关性<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb和<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb铅在相同的概要文件是三国高比率(<gydF4y2Basvg height="14.1125" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt;width:59.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.337502 14.1125" width="59.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.1125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.71)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.5,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 9</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="11.25" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0"> <</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0"> 5</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>,<gydF4y2Basvg height="10.8125" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:42.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.912498 10.8125" width="42.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 1</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.969212" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>),和高铅浓度之间<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb和<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb比率(<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.9875" id="M19" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:59.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.337502 13.9875" width="59.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.81)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.5,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 6</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>和<gydF4y2Basvg height="13.9875" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:59.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.337502 13.9875" width="59.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.81)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.5,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 。</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0"> 7</gydF4y2Batspan> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0"> 8</gydF4y2Batspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg>)。各种山峰(160、200、220厘米)的MAS-13剖面显示一系列污染事件,包括至少一个可与石油泄漏(碳氢化合物层200 - 220厘米)。概要的同位素值在不同于那些获得地下视野(20 - 40厘米)。碳氢化合物污染的土壤样本中获取的值为STE-1剖面深度(180厘米)表明同位素值从0.869 (<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)到2.109 (<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb),分别。这些代表值显著不同的估计的表面轮廓(0-20厘米):0.855 (<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)和2.089 (<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)。在概要文件STE-1,浓度的铅水平达到180厘米的深度,一个值为50.82毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig4/" target="_blank">4</gydF4y2Baa>)。通过比较获得的同位素比值的MAS-13 (0.869<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>0.855 Pb)和STE-1概要文件(<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>每个概要文件Pb)略有不同。这是一个迹象表明污染的来源可能不同,要么与石油产品泄漏(如汽油、燃油)或其他污染物排放。考虑峰值的位置(160、180、200和220厘米)的土壤中铅同位素比值记录概要文件从Massawippi采样(MAS-13)和Saint-Francois河岸(STE-1),这是有可能的,然而,至少有两个独立的污染事件发生在不同的时间间隔。STO-6概要文件,有稍高铅浓度水平在40 - 60厘米,深度相关的同位素值0.865 - -0.868 (<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb)和2.097 - -2.102 (<gydF4y2Basup>208年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb),分别是相对不同的观察值的其他资料(MAS-13 STE-1)。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>为了估计的相对时间存款STE-1的冲积土壤剖面中发现,210 -铅方法(CRS供应模型常数率)是用于获取一系列实足的沉积物存款和评估该站点的年平均沉降率。图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig5/" target="_blank">5</gydF4y2Baa>介绍了数据,比较不同浓度的金属微量元素(如,铜、锌)STE-1剖面(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig5/" target="_blank">5(一个)</gydF4y2Baa>),浓度水平的铅同位素比值(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (b)</gydF4y2Baa>),除了收集的沉积率和日历日期CRS模型(图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (c)</gydF4y2Baa>)。最强的浓度的微量元素记录概要文件的底部(160 - 180厘米),在最高的一层烃污染。证据表明,油气层渗透了河流存款日期之前或期间1700 - 1800(在前工业化时期(图)<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (c)</gydF4y2Baa>)。记住,采矿作业开始在该地区在1850年代开放铜矿Ascot乡,包括阿斯科特(1851 - 1864),风光(1864 - 1865)和Eustis-Capelton矿山(1863 - 1865)(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B41">41</gydF4y2Baa>]。只是后来在1910年代和1900年代,大量工业活动如木材加工、纸浆和造纸、重工业、化学过程发生尽管早在1850年各行业来到该地区(纺织、纸浆和纸张)<gydF4y2Baa href="#B42">42</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <div class="floats-partial-section partial-carousel-wrapper" data-section="fig5"> <div class="floats-partial-content fig-content-fig5"> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(一)”name="235210.fig.005a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.005a.jpg"> <br> <strong>(一)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(b)”name="235210.fig.005b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.005b.jpg"> <br> <strong>(b)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> <div class="partial-carousel--single-image"> <img alt="(c)”name="235210.fig.005c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.005c.jpg"> <br> <strong>(c)</gydF4y2Bastrong> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-middle"> <div class="floats-partial-middle--thumbs fig-thumbs-fig5"> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(a)"><img alt="(一)”name="235210.fig.005a" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.005a.jpg"><br><strong>(一)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(b)"><img alt="(b)”name="235210.fig.005b" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.005b.jpg"><br><strong>(b)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> <button class="partial-carousel-dot" aria-label="(c)"><img alt="(c)”name="235210.fig.005c" src="https://static-01.hindawi.com/articles/aess/volume-2010/235210/figures/235210.fig.005c.jpg"><br><strong>(c)</gydF4y2Bastrong></button> </div> <div class="partial-carousel-next-prev fig-nav-fig5"> <button class="carousel-prev" aria-label="Previous"></button> <button class="carousel-next" aria-label="Next"></button> </div> </div> <div class="floats-partial-footer"> <div class="floats-partial-caption"> <span class="caption-text">图5</gydF4y2Baspan> <a aria-label="full view" class="caption-partial-url" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig5/" title="" target="_blank"></a> </div> <div class="floats-partial-caption-text"> <table> 地球化学和同位素图STE-1土壤剖面,沉积率(厘米/ y)获得的同位素210 -铅(CRS模型)。</gydF4y2Batable> </div> </div> </div> <p>因为污染物被发现底部的概要文件,特别是在的冲积层沉积在前工业化时代之前,它可以显示对应的河流已经到了非常低的水平可能长期枯水时期(例如夏秋季非常干燥的季节,)。最后,第二个污染高峰是指出(铜、铅、锌)100厘米的深度剖面,可以归因于与另一个污染事件在河里排放污染物可能渗透到最近的存款(1800年和1850年之间)。在这方面,有趣的是在图<gydF4y2Baa href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210/fig5/" target="_blank">5 (c)</gydF4y2Baa>如何沉积率大幅增加在最近几年,尤其是在1970年代和1980年代。年平均沉降率是评估在0.79厘米/ y (1973 - 1992)。沉降率的增加实际上对应于同期增加洪水事件(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B17">17</gydF4y2Baa>,<gydF4y2Baa href="#B43">43</gydF4y2Baa>]。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="conclusions">4所示。结论</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>关注的污染水平的冲积土壤Saint-Francois和Massawippi河流(魁北克南部),这项研究的结果表明,污染物(碳氢化合物和微量元素,镉,铅和锌)由河流旅行很长距离(100多公里),这些污染物的渗透到河岸受制于水动力条件等因素(低水平的水,洪水,等等)。此外,河流污染物的运输是一个相对复杂的现象,因为反复出现的洪水的影响激起的沉积物。通过比较获得的价值之间的土壤资料,最大和最小值检测砷、镉和铅从3.01到37.88毫克公斤不等<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>(如),0.11到0.81毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>(Cd)和12.32 - 149.13毫克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1</gydF4y2Basup>(Pb),分别为,<gydF4y2Basup>207年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb /<gydF4y2Basup>206年</gydF4y2Basup>Pb同位素比率值从0.8545到0.8724的所有配置文件。最高价值的微量元素(如,铅和锌)检测在油气层(C<gydF4y2Basub>10</gydF4y2Basub>- c<gydF4y2Basub>50</gydF4y2Basub>),通常位于底部的概要文件(160年、200年和220年厘米深度)。各种山峰记录在配置文件中的土壤和他们的立场表明,各种污染物被河几次运输和渗透土壤基质或沉积在泛滥平原连续洪水。大气粒子进入河流或沉积在河岸也必须被视为另一个记录在冲积土壤污染的来源。在这项研究中,人们发现冲积土壤有效“环境档案”,允许过去的污染事件跟踪,因此,可以作为指示污染物可以在环境中存在很长一段时间。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>注意力被吸引到污染物浓度的重要性相结合的分析方法(包括领导),其中包括铅同位素比值的方法。只使用微量金属浓度的冲积土壤似乎并不足以检测河岸概要文件中不同程度的污染。约会的方法(例如,铅- 210)与污染物分析结合使用也可以变成一个额外的解释数据的分析工具。最后,研究表明,沉积物表面发现(0-20厘米)的冲积土壤污染低于在深层,实际上指向证据表明水质改善随着时间的推移,由于更好的管理污染物排放的城市和政府当局在过去的10到20年。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>本研究的下一阶段将增加土壤样本的数量泛滥平原区域以外的地区(如森林、山地,很少或根本没有被人类活动破坏)区分污染物输入与河流运输或大气沉积有关。</gydF4y2Bap> <p>Pb-Sc之间比较方法的使用和Pb-Zr (Sc、锆是保守的金属(<gydF4y2Baa href="#B44">44</gydF4y2Baa>),没有明显的人为来源)将被评估。这将允许更好的区分自然背景Pb和人为Pb。</gydF4y2Bap> <h4 id="acknowledgments">确认</gydF4y2Bah4> <p>作者要感谢加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会(NSERC)为他们的财政支持。他们愿意承认真诚评论者的建设性意见。他们也愿意承认加拿大的地质委员会(GCC-Quebec)和INRS-ETE实验室对土壤分析的支持以及GEOTOP-UQAM-McGill实验室。</gydF4y2Bap> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</gydF4y2Bah4> <ol> <li id="B1">m . 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dUABlg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aess/2010/235210.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</gydF4y2Baspan></span><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</gydF4y2Baspan><span class="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</gydF4y2Baspan></span> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/aess/2010/235210.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML</gydF4y2Badiv><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" 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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" 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