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height="24"><span class="text">提交</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored undefined icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-krDsej ewCAZX hide__submenu journalSubmenuCheck" id="journalnav__submenu"> <button class="sc-itybZL kdvWPs journalSubmenuCheck"><span class="sc-htoDjs gvAGTV sc-fzsDOv hAFFGk journalSubmenuCheck icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="9"></span></button> </div> <div class="sc-dTdPqK lkWWFY hide__submenu journal__nav__desktop" id="journalnav__submenudesktop"> <div order="0" class="sc-kUaPvJ ehYbwJ"> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> <div class="sc-gPWkxV legory"></div> </div> <div class="sc-jVODtj epgILe"></div> <span class="sc-fONwsr kCfRMJ"></span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="sc-nrwXf byflLi breadcrumb__wrapper journal_article__BreadCrumbStyle-sc-12fk6zy-2 bjwAQR article"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aa/" aria-label="Advances in Astronomy">天文学的发展</一个>/<gydF4y2Ba一个cl一个年代年代=”年代c-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-eitiEO jXeALb breadCrumb" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aa/contents/year/2011/" aria-label="2011">2011年</一个>/<gydF4y2Ba年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”年代c-bhlBdH UVThf">文章</年代p一个n></d我v><d我vclass="threeColumn__ThreeColumnWrapper-sc-1bf4078-0 dDyxFF threeColumnWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__LeftWrapper-sc-1bf4078-1 fkVFlF leftWrapper"> <button type="button" class="sc-eKZiaR dzZrgS section__button " id="sectionButton"><span class="sc-htoDjs diutvq icon__dots dots__detector icon-colored _3n-7Ho7DlfjMlZbrRr9Q4a icon-themeable" title="" font-size="22"></span>文章部分</gydF4y2Babutton> <div class="sc-bEjcJn jLUVhb static_contents__section_links links__hidden "> <div id="leftSectionMenu" class="sc-cbkKFq prcY sc-bGbJRg dVCLgr left_section_menu"> <p>在这一页上</p><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#abstract" aria-label="">文摘</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#introduction" aria-label="">介绍</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#conclusion" aria-label="">结论</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#acknowledgments" aria-label="">确认</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#references" aria-label="">引用</一个></年代p一个n><年代pan class="sc-likbZx bBmZJZ grey" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-ePZHVD ewHMLz" href="#copyright" aria-label="">版权</一个></年代p一个n></d我v> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__ContentWrapper-sc-1bf4078-3 bbzREB contentWrapper"> <div class="threeColumn__Content-sc-1bf4078-4 jknsZc content"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-0 eSvjPB article_contents"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleContentsSectionsWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-1 jntdRu article_contents__sections_wrapper"> <div class="articleContent__ArticleWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-2 hAzjHP"> <div class="sc-chbbiW mBGSe article_header_class"> <p class="sc-kZmsYB bkiEfx article_type">评论文章|<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->开放获取</p><d我vcl一个年代年代=”年代c-RcBXQ ztvYg article_citation"> 体积<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2011年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n>文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 189379年<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> <span class="sc-fZwumE cUsFHx">|</年代p一个n><一个cl一个年代年代="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-fQejPQ duuwge" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/189379" aria-label="Doi-link">https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/189379</一个></d我v><d我vcl一个年代年代="sc-LKuAh lcOiDF article_full_citation"> <div class="sc-hzNEM gsmOCv isHide"> <p>诉h . Satheeshkumar p . k .苏雷什<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> ”<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”一个djust-article-svg-size">重力和大的额外维度</年代p一个n>”,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --><i>天文学的发展</我>,<ggydF4y2BaydF4y2Ba!-- --> 卷。<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2011年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 文章的ID<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->189379年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 12<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->   页面<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> 2011年<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->。<gydF4y2Ba!-- --> https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/189379</p></d我v><button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iBEsjs kPshFw" color="">显示引用</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <h1 class="sc-iRbamj jZOxOO sc-iSDuPN llcjrt article_title adjust-article-svg-size heading-title">重力和大的额外维度</h1></d我v><d我vcl一个年代年代="sc-jrIrqw eHMFfo article_authors"> <hr class="sc-cEvuZC XkrFe hr__author"> <span class="">诉h . Satheeshkumar<年代up>1<ggydF4y2BaydF4y2Ba!-- -->,<gydF4y2Ba!-- -->2</年代up>和</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s=""><b>p . k .苏雷什</gydF4y2Bab><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="mailto:" aria-label="Mail Option"><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-hjRWVT irNWJI icon-colored _2zt-1j0LmaF8UjTQAM413G icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a><sup>1</年代up></年代p一个n><d我v class="sc-fHxwqH dMuGGA isHide"> <p><sup>1</年代up><年代p一个n>大学物理学院海得拉巴,印度海德拉巴500 046</年代p一个n></p><p><sup>2</年代up><年代p一个n>贝勒大学物理系韦科,TX 76798 - 7316,美国</年代p一个n></p></d我v> <button class="sc-hSdWYo etauus sc-iQtOjA kfDwZY" color="">显示更多</gydF4y2Babutton> </div> <div class="articleContent__EditorWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-3 evMkvU"> <div class="articleContent__TextWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-8 fYrLtk"> <b>学术编辑器:</gydF4y2Bab>凯撒巴比里</d我v><d我vcl一个年代年代=”一个rt我cleContent__PublicationTimeLineWrapper-sc-2yl9jy-4 fjviok"> <div class="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">收到了</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">09年9月2011年</年代p一个n></d我v><d我vclass="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC notPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">接受</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2011年11月02</年代p一个n></d我v><d我vclass="articleContent__PublcationCol-sc-2yl9jy-5 hgKieC isPublished"> <span class="articleContent__PublicationField-sc-2yl9jy-6 cIribm">发表</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="articleContent__PublicationValue-sc-2yl9jy-7 khHUcu">2012年1月23日</年代p一个n></d我v></d我v> </div> <article class="sc-jtRlXQ fpReqq article_body "> <div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="header" id="abstract">文摘</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba量子引力的想法可以实现TeV规模是极具吸引力的理论和实验。这个建议会导致额外空间维度比普朗克尺度大。这里,我们给出一个非常系统的基础理论与大型额外维度和身体的后果。</p><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="end-abs"></span> <h4 id="introduction">1。介绍</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba额外维度的思想陷入物理学的领域在1920年代当Kaluza et al。<一个href=”#B1a">1</一个>)和克莱因(<一个href=”#B1b">2</一个>]试图统一电磁引力,通过假设电磁场源于第五组件(<年代vghe我ght=”12。925” id="M1" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:20.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.575001 12.925" width="20.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.8,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>)的一个五维度规张量。弦理论的发展在1980年代早期振兴额外维度的想法。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba大型额外维度的第一个迹象在弦理论是在1988年从研究问题的超对称性破坏Antoniadis et al。<一个href=”#B2">3</一个>]。介绍了超对称的基本粒子的质量与重子兼容。量子引力没有超对称性引入了一个新的规模,普朗克质量<年代vghe我ght=”14。2”我d="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.362499 14.2" width="42.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.41,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>GeV,<年代vghe我ght=”14。2875年”我d="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:27.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.3125 14.2875" width="27.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>倍比观察到重电弱规模。这就是所谓的质量层次的问题。因为没有superparticle预测的超对称,没有生产的加速器,他们必须比观察到的重粒子。超对称,因此应该被打破。另一方面,保护质量等级要求它打破规模不能超过几伏特的电压。假设超对称性破坏在弦理论产生的额外维度的紧化的过程,Antoniadis et al。<一个href=”#B3a">4</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B3c">6</一个>)表明,它的能量破坏规模与规模<年代vghe我ght=”14。2”我d="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:49.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.575001 14.2" width="49.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.12,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。几乎没有兴趣这种大尺度的模型,因为大型字符串相关耦合问题的理论原因。</p><p>1996年年年,威滕(<一个href=”#B4">7</一个>)提出,字符串的大小是一个免费的参数理论,<我>先天的</我>普朗克长度没有关系。特别是,它可以是一样大<年代vghe我ght=”14。2”我d="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:34.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.8125 14.2" width="34.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>米也就是以下限制可以探测距离目前的实验(<一个href=”#B5">8</一个>]。以来,随着许多对偶对称性,计算有效耦合成为可能,大路上开放研究模型与额外维度比普朗克长度大得多。</p><p>1998gydF4y2Ba年,Arkani-Hamed Dimopoulos和德瓦利(添加)<一个href=”#B6">9</一个>)拒绝了层次问题,引入超对称方法在电弱能量(紧电弱规模首次被认为是在<一个href=”#B7a">10</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B7c">12</一个>])。而不是担心不方便板材长度的大小,他们也想知道重力看起来就像如果它在电弱规模,使它比我们意识到的。问题已经解决了通过改变基本的帮助下普朗克尺度<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>新空间维度大相比电弱规模。这个框架的最具吸引力的特性是,它不像弦理论实验排除在外。首先,量子引力已经降低了<年代vghe我ght=”14。2”我d="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:27.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.3125 14.2" width="27.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>GeV来<年代vghe我ght=”10。6375" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.13792pt;width:44.912498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.912498 10.6375" width="44.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.115887" y="0"> T</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.2551" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.806433" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。其次,时空的结构一直在大幅修改sub-mm距离。因此,它产生了新的预测可以检测到在加速器,天体物理,和处理实验<一个href=”#B8">13</一个>]。此外,该框架可以嵌入在弦理论<一个href=”#B9">14</一个>]。然而,目前,唯一nonsupersymmetric字符串模型可以实现额外维度,打破只有标准模型粒子在低能量没有额外的无质量问题(<一个href=”#B10">15</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B11">16</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba最简单的添加场景特点是本地化的SM字段在一个四维子流形的厚度<年代vghe我ght=”18。962年5” id="M9" style="vertical-align:-4.16687pt;width:32.137501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.137501 18.9625" width="32.137501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.9625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.83)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0100002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.2489281" y="9.0100002"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在额外的<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度,而重力扩散<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度。的<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>额外维度紧化和拓扑<年代vghe我ght=”18。4125” id="M13" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:59.8125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.8125 18.4125" width="59.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℜ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.02,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.37,60.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.05,57.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vghe我ght=”14。987年5” id="M14" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:23.112499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.112499 14.9875" width="23.112499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.01)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.41,60.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维紧流形的体积<年代vghe我ght=”11。2” id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.75 11.2" width="17.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.04)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。所有额外维度都有平等的大小<年代vghe我ght=”10。887年5" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:59.462502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 59.462502 10.8875" width="59.462502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.315455" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.355844" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.607344" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.209167" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M18" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个额外维度的半径。重力的基本尺度<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M19" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和紫外线标准模型的规模是几个电子伏特左右。的<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M20" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维普朗克质量是<年代vghe我ght=”11。1” id="M21" style="vertical-align:-3.27548pt;width:47.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.1875 11.1" width="47.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.04,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.2489281" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,唯一的短途规模理论。因此,重力就与规部队在疲软的规模。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba在本文中,我们想要呈现的大部分功能添加模型。最近其他评论的主题中可以找到<一个href=”#B12a">17</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B12d">20.</一个>]。有兴趣的读者可以参考(<一个href=”#B13a">21</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B13c">23</一个>卡鲁扎—克莱恩(KK)]好评的理论,和一个非常好的介绍额外维度可以在找到<一个href=”#B14a">24</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B14c">26</一个>]。</p><h4gydF4y2Baid="localization">2。本地化</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba为什么没有任何的标准模型粒子或字段,在任何实验迄今为止进行的消失在额外维度?回答这个问题自然会带领我们走向理论与SM物质和字段局部膜。之后,新的问题出现了,什么是标准模型的机理字段是局部膜吗?本地化的粒子在墙上(膜)在高维空间回到阿卡玛(<一个href=”#B15">27</一个>],Rubakov和Shaposhnikov [<一个href=”#B16a">28</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B16b">29日</一个>),和维瑟<一个href=”#B17">30.</一个>)的想法依赖指数定理在背景光孤子(<一个href=”#B18a">31日</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B18b">32</一个>]。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec2.1">2.1。费米子</h5><p>RugydF4y2Babakov和Shaposhnikov<一个href=”#B16a">28</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B16b">29日</一个>)构建第一个字段的理论模型与本地化费米子。Arkani-Hamed et al。<一个href=”#B6">9</一个>广义包括他们的框架。无质量的四维费米子本地化的畴壁(零模式)是为了模仿SM粒子。他们收购小群众通过希格斯机制。显式表达式给出了费米子零模式在不同的背景在<一个href=”#B19">33</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B21">35</一个>]。在低能量下,他们相互作用可以产生只有零模式,所以物理学实际上是四维的。这种可能性标准模型解释的起源三代一直在探索(<一个href=”#B22">36</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B23">37</一个>]。零在高能量模式相互作用,然而,将产生连续模式,额外的维度将开放,和粒子能够离开膜,逃入额外的维度,从这个世界消失。对于一个四维的观察者,这些高能过程将是什么样子<年代vghe我ght=”15。762年5” id="M22" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt;width:106.4px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 106.4 15.7625" width="106.4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.39,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.89,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.33,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.28,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> →</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.12911" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.38061" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.544588" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.107944" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.359444" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.835278" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.086777" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>或<年代vghe我ght=”15。762年5” id="M23" style="vertical-align:-2.7337pt;width:131.9875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 131.9875 15.7625" width="131.9875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.7625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.39,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.89,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.33,67.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.28,62.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> →</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.12911" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.2563" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.596519" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.848022" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.012001" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.575356" y="0"> h</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.826855" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.302689" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.554192" y="0"> g</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。我们将在后面讨论这些和类似的流程是如何实际上可能在加速器和探测器额外维度的存在。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec2.2">2.2。表字段</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba表字段的字段内定位机制理论提出的背景是德和Shifman<一个href=”#B24a">38</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B24b">39</一个>]。它是基于观察表字段可以在封闭阶段大部分在破碎阶段时在膜;然后,限制潜在的阻止了低能量传播到大多数膜计字段。这已经被推广到高维(<一个href=”#B6">9</一个>]。Antoniadis et al。<一个href=”#B9">14</一个>)表明,这个框架自然可以嵌入在I型弦理论。这已经很明显的优势,就是制定一致的引力理论,有额外的效益评估理论的定位三个膜是自动的(<一个href=”#B25">40</一个>]。进一步有趣进展实际字符串模型建立了(<一个href=”#B26">41</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba标准模型领域只是局部膜的宽度<年代vghe我ght=”17。674999年” id="M24" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:30.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.825001 17.674999" width="30.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.26,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在大部分的<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度。在足够硬碰撞的能量<年代vghe我ght=”14。525” id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:67.3125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 67.3125 14.525" width="67.3125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.525)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.38)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.02,60.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.88,63.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≳</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.27,60.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,他们可以获得在额外维度和逃离我们的四维世界,带走的能量。通常在理论与额外的紧凑的尺寸大小<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>与动量,紧凑的尺寸,从四维的角度解释粒子的质量<年代vghe我ght=”10。9125" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:23.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.85 10.9125" width="23.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>但仍然四维世界的本地化。这是因为,在激发这些粒子所需的能量,波长和紧凑的尺寸的大小是可比的。在添加的情况下,情况是完全不同的:额外维度的粒子可以获得动量电子伏特的能量,因此波长比额外维度的规模小得多。因此,他们只是逃避额外维度。事实上,对于能量高于阈值<年代vghe我ght=”14。35”我d="M29" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:25.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.875 14.35" width="25.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.02,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,逃到额外维度由相空间巨大的青睐。这意味着大幅上限的横向动量可以看到在四维空间<年代vghe我ght=”14。35”我d="M30" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:61.299999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 61.299999 14.35" width="61.299999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.65,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.69,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,这可能是在加速器如果光束能量足够高的产量与质量重心的能量大于碰撞<年代vghe我ght=”14。35”我d="M31" style="vertical-align:-3.22281pt;width:25.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.875 14.35" width="25.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.02,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.8858881" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba注意,而能源可以失去额外维度,电荷(或任何其他的测量量子数)不能丢失。这是因为光子质量在我们的宇宙和一个孤立的局部区域电场中不能存在无法穿透,所以费用不能自由地逃入散货,尽管能源可能会丢失大量的中性粒子的形式传播。相似的结论可以被考虑到了软光子发射过程中(<一个href=”#B27a">42</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B27b">43</一个>]。一旦颗粒逃逸到额外维度中,他们可能会或可能不会回到四维世界,取决于的拓扑<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维紧流形<年代vghe我ght=”14。325” id="M33" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:21.887501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.887501 14.325" width="21.887501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。最有趣的情况下,粒子绕额外维度,定期返回,碰撞,沉积能量与频率我们的四维世界<年代vghe我ght=”13。775年”我d="M34" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:25.275px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.275 13.775" width="25.275" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.7,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p><h4gydF4y2Baid="relating-plank-scales">3所示。有关板材尺度</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba重要的问题,我们想要的答案是多大额外维度可能没有我们让他们注意到直到现在。为此,我们需要了解如何有效的四维世界,我们观察会产生高维的理论。让我们调用的根本(高维)普朗克尺度理论<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M35" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,假设<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>额外维度和额外维度的半径<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。我们将执行这个简单的练习在三种不同的方式。普朗克质量的定义方程<年代vghe我ght=”20。4125" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-4.85864pt;width:114.5875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 114.5875 20.4125" width="114.5875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,57.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.26,60.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="1.61"> √</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m -23.62,70.71 43.24,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.62,60.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℏ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.2392368" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.427982" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.903816" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,1.47,57.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>广泛使用在本节中,在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”16。4125” id="M39" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:34.287498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.287498 16.4125" width="34.287498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.87)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.77,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是牛顿引力常数在四维空间和其他符号通常的意义。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec3.1">3.1。高斯定律</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba最简单的推导是一个微不足道的高斯定律的应用。的<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M40" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维高斯定律给出了引力作用<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq1"> <svg height="31.387501" id="M41" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 31.387501" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,31.3875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-46.89)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,74.11,51.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="128.57001" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.66" y="-11.8"> N</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.549633" y="-11.8"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.988438" y="-11.8"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.615269" y="-11.8"> g</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.991798" y="-11.8"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.142796" y="-11.8"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.294029" y="-11.8"> v</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.545528" y="-11.8"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.021362" y="-11.8"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.609726" y="-11.8"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.161057" y="-11.8"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.636894" y="-11.8"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.112724" y="-11.8"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.364227" y="-11.8"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="89.615723" y="-11.8"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.167053" y="-11.8"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="102.81889" y="-11.8"> fl</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.77056" y="-11.8"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="116.02206" y="-11.8"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.3699999" y="0.70999998"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.346434" y="0.70999998"> v</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.297861" y="0.70999998"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.849194" y="0.70999998"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.163689" y="0.70999998"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.891022" y="0.70999998"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.442356" y="0.70999998"> l</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.91819" y="0.70999998"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.169689" y="0.70999998"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.033356" y="0.70999998"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.584686" y="0.70999998"> d</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.999687" y="0.70999998"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.863358" y="0.70999998"> u</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.114853" y="0.70999998"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="94.515907" y="0.70999998"> f</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="98.366837" y="0.70999998"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.91817" y="0.70999998"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.4695" y="0.70999998"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="119.17183" y="0.70999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="139.64999" y="-4.9200001"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="151.67789" y="-4.9200001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.92,53.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.6,56.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.78,53.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.733488" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="25.083233" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,280.06,56.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.765083" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.880251" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.431581" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.29525" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.334919" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.22575" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.615265" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="194.06" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="198.2235" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="204.47501" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”17。8125” id="M42" style="vertical-align:-3.24037pt;width:113.45px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 113.45 17.8125" width="113.45" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.82,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.67,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-28.78,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.656064" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.0891199" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16.82,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.815095" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.978594" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.63019" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.106024" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.357525" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>单位球的表面积在吗<年代vghe我ght=”10。75" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:9.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.375 10.75" width="9.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>空间维度。请注意,<年代vghe我ght=”10。9125" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.9125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”20。4125" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-4.19464pt;width:100.45px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 100.45 20.4125" width="100.45" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.32" y="0.94"> √</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.3392611" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.50276" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.754259" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.230095" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.481594" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.284428" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m -9.02,70.71 7.6,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.02,59.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.5893211" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.065155" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>我们有<年代vghe我ght=”14。725” id="M46" style="vertical-align:-3.24037pt;width:54.087502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 54.087502 14.725" width="54.087502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.82,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.67,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba现在假设一个质点<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>被放置在原点。能够重现这种情况之一uncompactified理论把“镜子”群众定期在所有的新维度。当然在距离测试质量<年代vghe我ght=”10。7375" id="M48" style="vertical-align:-0.32603pt;width:40.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.825001 10.7375" width="40.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> ≪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.705688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M49" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>“镜子”群众做出微不足道的贡献力和我们有<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M50" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维力法,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq2"> <svg height="29.8375" id="M51" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 29.8375" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,29.8375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-48.13)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.13,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,150.86,54.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.99,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2647228" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.891554" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.931942" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.11,54.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.733488" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="25.083233" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.8,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.67,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.55,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.43,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 241.8,60.42 27.5,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.39,48.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.49,51.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.5,57.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="203.62" y="0.36000001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="207.78349" y="0.36000001"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="214.035" y="0.36000001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>为<年代vghe我ght=”10。7375" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-0.32603pt;width:40.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.825001 10.7375" width="40.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> ≫</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.705688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,另一方面,大众离散镜之间的距离不能分辨,它们看起来就像一个无限<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>空间维的“线”,统一的质量密度。这个问题类似于找到无限的引力场的质量与统一的质量/单位长度,在圆柱对称和高斯定律给出答案。完全相同的过程后,我们考虑一个“缸”<年代vghe我ght=”10。6125" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.8625 10.6125" width="11.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>围绕着<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M55" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维线的质量,长度<年代vghe我ght=”10。725" id="M56" style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:5.4124999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.4124999 10.725" width="5.4124999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和结束帽是三维球体的半径<年代vghe我ght=”7。0124998" id="M57" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。在我们的例子中,lh等于<年代vghe我ght=”14。05”我d="M58" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:89.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 89.125 14.05" width="89.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.7268538" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.890353" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.991577" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.930742" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.708328" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.959827" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.337318" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.114902" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-5.6,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,而中包含的总质量<年代vghe我ght=”10。6125" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:11.8625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.8625 10.6125" width="11.8625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是<年代vghe我ght=”14。05”我d="M60" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:71.387497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.387497 14.05" width="71.387497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.652796" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.430382" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.593882" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41.12,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.28,63.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.95,68.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.1,63.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。将双方,我们找到正确的<年代vghe我ght=”13。987年5” id="M61" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:24.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.75 13.9875" width="24.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.81)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-57.12,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>力学定律,可以识别<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq3"> <svg height="38.862499" id="M62" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.862499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-40.91)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.58,52.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,158.76,49.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.38,52.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.23" y="-10.69"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.74,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 193.61,56.03 29.18,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.27,44.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.91" y="-19.440001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.36,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.733488" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="25.083233" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 225.18,56.03 37.67,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238,44.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.19,41.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.05,53.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="210.07001" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="214.23351" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.485" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”15。2”我d="M63" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:51.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.6875 15.2" width="51.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,59.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.44,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-35.55,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>卷的紧化维度。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba两个测试大量的质量<年代vghe我ght=”10。925" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:41.012501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.012501 10.925" width="41.012501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.2,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-44.11,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>放置在一个距离<年代vghe我ght=”10。7375" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.32603pt;width:40.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.825001 10.7375" width="40.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> ≪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.705688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>会觉得一个引力势由高斯定律<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M66" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq3"> <svg height="36.862499" id="M67" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 36.862499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,36.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-42.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.78,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.93" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.077898" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.241398" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.342621" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.981955" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.58,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.46,65.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.34,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 174,59.37 28.91,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174,45.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.69,50.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.0100002"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.34,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 205.3,59.37 20.33,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.3,47.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.41,50.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.87,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.728054" y="0"> ≪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.869186" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.72131" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.960308" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="235.25" y="2.1199999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.4135" y="2.1199999"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="245.66499" y="2.1199999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>另一方面,如果群众被放置在距离<年代vghe我ght=”10。7375" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-0.32603pt;width:40.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.825001 10.7375" width="40.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> ≫</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.705688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,他们的引力通量线不能继续渗透在额外维度,和往常一样<年代vghe我ght=”10。9125" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:18.6625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.6625 10.9125" width="18.6625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>潜在的,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq4"> <svg height="36.862499" id="M70" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 36.862499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,36.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-42.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,134.37,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.98" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.077898" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.241398" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.342621" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.981955" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.22,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.1,65.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.98,62.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 176.59,59.37 43.01,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.59,45.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.28,50.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.0100002"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.5,45.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.76,50.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.99,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 221.99,59.37 6.26,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.57,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.92" y="-8.7600002"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.0835" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.648054" y="-8.7600002"> ≫</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.789188" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.641312" y="-8.7600002"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="251.55" y="-6.6399999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="255.7135" y="-6.6399999"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="261.965" y="-6.6399999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>所以我们的有效的四维<年代vghe我ght=”14。35”我d="M71" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:26.65px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.65 14.35" width="26.65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq6"> <svg height="19.0625" id="M72" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.0625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.94,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.63,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0786881" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.64,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.36,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.58,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.84,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.68,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.44" y="-0.22"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.6035" y="-0.22"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.855" y="-0.22"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h5 id="sec3.2">3.2。操作方法</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba在这种方法中,我们第一次写下的行动高维引力理论,包括dimensionful常数,然后在尺寸上减少比较的数量。在这里,我们使用不同数量的质量维度进行分析。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba给出了高维行元素<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq5"> <svg height="27.5875" id="M73" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 27.5875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,27.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-49.93)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.3,57.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.45,62.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.8,57.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.519997" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.5" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.199928" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.815695" y="5.0900002"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.814255" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.580002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.231598" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.41" y="-5"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.109928" y="-5"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.220001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.871597" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.760002" y="-5"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.75856" y="-5"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="294.32001" y="-0.47999999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="298.48349" y="-0.47999999"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="304.73499" y="-0.47999999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>相应的它作为除einstein - hilbert作用量<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>尺寸可以写成<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq6"> <svg height="35.587502" id="M75" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,122.88,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.01,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.53,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.120001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.05,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.1,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8800001" y="3.1600001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 225.19,70.47 32.7,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.19,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.35,58.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,255.39,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> ℛ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,269.7,59.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,290.75,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="183.37" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="187.53349" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="193.785" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>为了使行动无量纲,我们需要乘以适当的权力的基本普朗克尺度<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M76" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。自<年代vghe我ght=”14。05”我d="M77" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:44.287498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.287498 14.05" width="44.287498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.55,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-43.5,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>有尺寸<年代vghe我ght=”10。8125" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:44.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.0625 10.8125" width="44.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.554213" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.894432" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vghe我ght=”13。775年”我d="M79" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:36.862499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.862499 13.775" width="36.862499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> R</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.61,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度2,<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M80" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>应该有能力<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9896574" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.329878" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>;因此,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq9"> <svg height="35.587502" id="M82" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,97.06,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,105.19,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.71,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.592442" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164,60.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.9700003"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2641602" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.25928" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.13,46.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0900002" y="-7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.62,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,228.84,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.96" y="3.1600001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 251.01,70.47 32.7,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.01,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,260.17,58.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,281.21,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> ℛ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,295.52,59.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,316.57,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.55" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="161.7135" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.965" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>虽然通常是由四维操作<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq10"> <svg height="35.587502" id="M83" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,126.59,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,134.72,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.9,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.592442" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.19,59.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.13" y="9.1499996"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0686879" y="9.1499996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.8,46.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0900002" y="-7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.29,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.99,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.96" y="3.1600001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 242.17,70.47 22.36,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.17,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.32,58.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.03,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> ℛ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.33,59.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,287.03,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="180.84" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="185.00349" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="191.255" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="197.5065" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”14。35”我d="M84" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:26.65px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.65 14.35" width="26.65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是观察到的四维普朗克尺度<年代vghe我ght=”14。2”我d="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42.362499 14.2" width="42.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.41,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>GeV。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba现在,比较这两个行动,我们认为时空是平的,<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>紧凑的额外维度。因此,<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度量是由<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq11"> <svg height="20.975" id="M88" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 20.975" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.56,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.71,65.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,134.06,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.889999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157.7,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.7,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,189.26,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,199.48,58.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9299998" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.581596" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.94,65.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.77,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.3,65.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.97,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.56,65.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.44,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> Ω</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,289.39,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.21"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="9.21"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2641602" y="9.21"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,300.07,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.8" y="0.38"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="171.9635" y="0.38"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="178.215" y="0.38"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="184.46649" y="0.38"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”12。925” id="M89" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:16px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 12.925" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个四维坐标,<年代vghe我ght=”20。975年” id="M90" style="vertical-align:-5.61282pt;width:33.412498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.412498 20.975" width="33.412498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.22)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> Ω</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.21"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="9.21"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2641602" y="9.21"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>对应的线素平额外维空间在某些参数化,<年代vghe我ght=”12。925” id="M91" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:20.0875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.0875 12.925" width="20.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.2,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是四维闵可夫斯基度规,<年代vghe我ght=”16。7125” id="M92" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:21.924999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.924999 16.7125" width="21.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.63)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.74,60.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>周围的四维波动指标最小值。从这,我们计算表达式<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq7"> <svg height="30.025" id="M93" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 30.025" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,30.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-47.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,103.26,51.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 116.48,70.71 32.7,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,116.48,56.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.63,58.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.68,56.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9699998" y="1.59"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.997887" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.94,59.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.79,51.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 192.01,70.71 22.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.01,56.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.16,58.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.86,56.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.631029" y="1.59"> ℛ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.3,60.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,275.82,54.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> ℛ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,299.66,60.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.36,54.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.50999" y="-1.99"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="161.67349" y="-1.99"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.925" y="-1.99"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="174.1765" y="-1.99"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>用这些量(<一个href=”#EEq9">9</一个>),我们得到<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq8"> <svg height="35.587502" id="M94" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,92.67,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.79,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.32,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.592442" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,159.61,59.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.13" y="8.1300001"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.91,46.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0900002" y="-7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.741596" y="-7.6999998"> Ω</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.95,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2641602" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.63,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.88,59.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,228.81,46.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0900002" y="-7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.3,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8800001" y="3.1600001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 276.1,70.47 22.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.1,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,285.25,58.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,295.95,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> ℛ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.25,59.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,320.96,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="146.91" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="151.0735" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.325" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="163.57649" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>的因素<年代vghe我ght=”18。8125” id="M95" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:60.775002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60.775002 18.8125" width="60.775002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.95)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∫</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.79" y="-0.02"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.441596" y="-0.02"> Ω</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.21,58.55)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2641602" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-37.53,61.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-28.28,66.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>只不过是额外维空间的体积,我们表示<年代vghe我ght=”16。174999年” id="M96" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:22.4625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.4625 16.174999" width="22.4625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2641602" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。对于环形紧化,它只会被给予<年代vghe我ght=”17。25”我d="M97" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:87.199997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 87.199997 17.25" width="87.199997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.2)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.92)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,59.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2641602" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.61,62.92)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.442884" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.044708" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.296928" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-7.14,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。因此,上述行动的<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq14"> <svg height="35.587502" id="M98" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,96.31,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.44,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,128.96,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.592442" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.25,59.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1300001"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.47,54.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1599998" y="0.0099999998"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.4115" y="0.0099999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.013325" y="0.0099999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.265545" y="0.0099999998"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.9,59.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.84,46.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0799999" y="-7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.32,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.19,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8800001" y="3.1600001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 268.29,70.47 22.35,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.29,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,277.44,58.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.14,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5" y="1.59"> ℛ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,302.44,59.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,313.15,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="154.72" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.8835" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="165.13499" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="171.38651" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>比较(<一个href=”#EEq14">14</一个>)和(<一个href=”#EEq10">10</一个>),我们发现<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq15"> <svg height="19.0625" id="M99" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.0625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.85,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.54,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0786881" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.55,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.27,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.49,61.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.016823" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.269043" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.93,66.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.77,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="210.10001" y="-0.22"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="214.2635" y="-0.22"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.515" y="-0.22"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="226.76649" y="-0.22"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h5 id="sec3.3">3.3。kaluza klein方法</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba最后,我们可以理解这个结果纯粹从四维的观点产生的引力子的卡鲁扎—克莱恩励磁的求和。从四维的角度来看,一个<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M100" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维重子与动力<年代vghe我ght=”14。6875年”我d="M101" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:69.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 69.224998 14.6875" width="69.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.25)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.67,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.8,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> …</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.68,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-20.83,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在额外的<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度看起来像一个巨大的粒子的质量<年代vghe我ght=”13。55” id="M103" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:14.0125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.0125 13.55" width="14.0125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.5006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6145668" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。由于动量在单位的额外维度是量子化的<年代vghe我ght=”10。9125" id="M104" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:23.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.85 10.9125" width="23.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,这对应于一个无限的为每个塔KK激发态<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M105" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度,大规模分裂<年代vghe我ght=”10。9125" id="M106" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:23.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 23.85 10.9125" width="23.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。而这些KK模式非常弱耦合(~ 1<年代vghe我ght=”16。5375” id="M107" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:33.549999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.549999 16.5375" width="33.549999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.91,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),它们巨大的多样性可以给任何影响很大增强他们调解。在我们的例子中,两个测试之间的潜在质量不仅<年代vghe我ght=”10。9125" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:18.6625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.6625 10.9125" width="18.6625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>贡献与通常的无质量的引力子还有汤川势由所有的大规模模式:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq9"> <svg height="45.025002" id="M109" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 45.025002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,45.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-35.98)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.17,61.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.077898" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.241398" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.342621" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 141.18,56.17 27.5,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,141.18,44.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,150.05,41.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,154.93,44.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.81,41.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.35,53.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.56,49.92)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.8,46.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.68,38.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.23,60.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.8,65.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.9095364" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.631072" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.659936" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="15.00968" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.76008" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="19.193136" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="25.669617" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="28.584032" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 234.23,56.17 38.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.79,44.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.85" y="-8.7600002"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="217.08" y="-6.5799999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.2435" y="-6.5799999"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.495" y="-6.5799999"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.74651" y="-6.5799999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>显然,对于<年代vghe我ght=”10。7375" id="M110" style="vertical-align:-0.32603pt;width:40.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.825001 10.7375" width="40.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> ≫</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.705688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>普通质量,只有引力子的贡献和我们通常的潜力。为<年代vghe我ght=”10。7375" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-0.32603pt;width:40.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.825001 10.7375" width="40.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> ≪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.705688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>然而,大约<年代vghe我ght=”14。175” id="M112" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:38.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.375 14.175" width="38.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.66)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,62.92)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.015623" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.491457" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.592682" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-46.19,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>KK模式做出未压制的贡献,所以潜在的增长更迅速<年代vghe我ght=”13。987年5” id="M113" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:47px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47 13.9875" width="47" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.81)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.1,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.25,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.67,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。更确切的说,<年代vghe我ght=”10。7375" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-0.32603pt;width:40.825001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.825001 10.7375" width="40.825001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.7375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.41)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> ≪</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.705688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq10"> <svg height="87.537498" id="M115" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 87.537498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,87.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-1.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,108.78,61.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.077898" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.241398" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.342621" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 107.79,56.03 27.5,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,107.79,44.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,116.66,41.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,121.54,44.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,130.42,41.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,139.96,52.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⟶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.35" y="-10.69"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.48,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 164.31,56.03 27.32,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.42,44.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.190001" y="-8.75"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.969999" y="-3.8299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.580002" y="-16"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 214.95,56.03 18.95,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.95,44.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.15" y="-3.8299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.840821" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.7,65.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.33,52.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.86" y="7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.950001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,279.68,57.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.53,52.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.9264221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,296.02,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.7455201" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.893968" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,139.96,13.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.23" y="-10.69"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.37,20.59)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 153.19,16.15 27.33,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.7,3.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.8,7.34)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.49,13.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.48" y="-9.21"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.15,19.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 196.47,16.15 27.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.47,4.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.00432" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.65,9.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.47,13.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.38,9.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.23,13.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4147587" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.578258" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.043749" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.64" y="-20.84"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.8035" y="-20.84"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.05499" y="-20.84"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.3065" y="-20.84"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在利用勒让德复制公式:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq11"> <svg height="41.487499" id="M116" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 41.487499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,41.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-38.81)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,128.65,49.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4200001" y="4.9200001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 146.63,52.83 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,146.63,40.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4499998" y="-3.8399999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.129999" y="-8.7600002"> Γ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.559999" y="-3.8399999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.130001" y="-16.01"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 181.75,52.83 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.75,40.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4400001" y="-3.8399999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.82" y="-8.7600002"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.360001" y="-16.01"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 212.11,52.83 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.11,40.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.92" y="-8.7600002"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.290001" y="-18.01"> √</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 249,70.71 7.6,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249,59.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 236.26,52.83 21.48,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.26,38.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.52,44.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.93,49.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4147587" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.578258" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.043749" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="208.94" y="-2.5699999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.1035" y="-2.5699999"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.355" y="-2.5699999"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.60651" y="-2.5699999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>这个收益率相同的关系<年代vghe我ght=”16。4125” id="M117" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:34.287498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 34.287498 16.4125" width="34.287498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.87)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.77,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vghe我ght=”16。4125” id="M118" style="vertical-align:-4.68874pt;width:47.212502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.212502 16.4125" width="47.212502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.87)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.77,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.4479518" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.362368" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.738368" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.733488" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="25.083233" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>正如前面发现的:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq12"> <svg height="19.0625" id="M119" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.0625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.85,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.54,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0786881" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.55,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.27,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.49,61.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.414999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.016823" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.269043" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.93,66.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.77,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="210.10001" y="-0.22"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="214.2635" y="-0.22"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.515" y="-0.22"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="226.76649" y="-0.22"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h4 id="size-of-extra-dimensions">4所示。额外维度的大小</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba额外的空间理论的一个重要问题是额外维度的机制是隐藏的,所以实际上是四维的时空迄今为止已知的物理而言。最合理的实现这一目的的方法是假定这些额外维度是有限的紧化。然后,人会需要探针长度尺度对应于额外维度的大小能够检测到它们。如果额外维度的规模很小,那么人会需要非常大的能量能够看到额外维度的后果。因此,通过额外维度的规模非常小,可以有效地隐藏这些维度。最重要的问题,所以需要问多大额外维度的大小可能与观测的冲突并没有进入?</p><p>gydF4y2Ba新的物理只会出现在重力部门当距离尽可能短的额外维度的大小实际上是达到了。然而,很难测试重力在很短的距离。原因是,重力是一个比所有其他势力较弱的相互作用。大距离,重力是占主导地位的;然而,作为一个开始会较短的距离,分子间的范德华力,最终光秃秃的电磁力将占主导地位,这将完全压倒了引力。这就是为什么牛顿引力相互作用定律只有经过测试下降到一毫米的一小部分使用基本上Cavendish-type实验(<一个href=”#B28">44</一个>]。因此,真正的绑定一个额外维度的大小<年代vghe我ght=”12。3”我d="M120" style="vertical-align:-1.29163pt;width:77.537498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 77.537498 12.3" width="77.537498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.3)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.007441" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.13319" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.472691" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.200024" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在额外维度,如果只有重力传播。如何将一个较大的值接近实验束缚影响基本普朗克尺度<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M121" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>吗?因为我们有关系<年代vghe我ght=”19。0625” id="M122" style="vertical-align:-4.24588pt;width:99.800003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 99.800003 19.0625" width="99.800003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.26,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0786881" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.26,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-21.53,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-6.31,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,2.94,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,如果<年代vghe我ght=”14。7125” id="M123" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:69.762497px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 69.762497 14.7125" width="69.762497" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.7125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.23)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.007441" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.483273" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-24.89,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,基本普朗克尺度<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M124" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>将降低<年代vghe我ght=”14。35”我d="M125" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:26.65px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.65 14.35" width="26.65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。它能走多低?如果<年代vghe我ght=”14。6”我d="M126" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:49.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.375 14.6" width="49.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.84,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> <</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>TeV,这将意味着量子引力应该已经扮演了一个角色在对撞机实验,一直执行直到现在。因为我们还没有看到一个提示,必须实施<年代vghe我ght=”14。6”我d="M127" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:49.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.375 14.6" width="49.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.84,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≥</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>TeV。所以尽可能低的值,从而最大可能的额外维度的大小<年代vghe我ght=”14。6”我d="M128" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:49.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.375 14.6" width="49.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.84,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>TeV。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba让我们检查一个半径需要多大,如果事实上<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M129" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>TeV的秩序。扭转表达式<年代vghe我ght=”19。0625” id="M130" style="vertical-align:-4.24588pt;width:99.800003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 99.800003 19.0625" width="99.800003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.26,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0786881" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.26,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-21.53,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-6.31,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,2.94,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们现在会<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq13"> <svg height="41.862499" id="M131" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 41.862499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,41.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-38.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,114.85,58.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 113.35,53.94 9.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.35,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.92" y="-8.75"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.947886" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,151.88,47.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.95,43.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.36" y="-16.469999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.88,56.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 167.52,53.94 21.23,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,167.52,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.09,38.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,189.94,43.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,199.32,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.45,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.191385" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> T</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.670099" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.221432" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.248596" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.47509" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.726589" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,279.44,55.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.74712" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.180176" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.47,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="166.39999" y="-1.3200001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="170.56349" y="-1.3200001"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="176.815" y="-1.3200001"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="183.0665" y="-1.3200001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>我们已经使用<年代vghe我ght=”17。887年501" id="M132" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:63.287498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.287498 17.887501" width="63.287498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.69)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.84,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.3,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>GeV和<年代vghe我ght=”18”我d="M133" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:73.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 73.224998 18" width="73.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47.26,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-22.72,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>GeV。转换成传统的长度尺度,一个人应该保持转换因子<年代vghe我ght=”14。375” id="M134" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:164.60001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 164.60001 14.375" width="164.60001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.5)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.3269978" y="0"> G</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.354164" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.905497" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.01,65.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.67,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.231054" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.184643" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.436142" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,27.02,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,44.35,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>在心里的。使用这个,我们最终得到的<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq14"> <svg height="18.674999" id="M135" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 18.674999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.76,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.946606" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.900192" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.151691" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.17,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.19,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.777586" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.029085" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.47,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.7519999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.185056" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.59,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.278666" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="206.28" y="-0.55000001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="210.4435" y="-0.55000001"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.69499" y="-0.55000001"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="222.9465" y="-0.55000001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>为<年代vghe我ght=”10。8125" id="M136" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.8125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”14。2”我d="M137" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:58.275002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.275002 14.2" width="58.275002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.007441" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.68,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>厘米,这种情况下显然是排除在外,因为它将修改牛顿万有引力在太阳系距离。然而,已经有两个额外的维度,一个更小的数字<年代vghe我ght=”10。6875年” id="M138" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:41.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.5 10.6875" width="41.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>毫米。这只是边缘排除最新的重力实验执行在西雅图(<一个href=”#B29">45</一个>]。相反,一个可以设置一个绑定两个大尺寸的额外维度从西雅图实验,这给了<年代vghe我ght=”15。5875年”我d="M139" style="vertical-align:-1.29163pt;width:124.1125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 124.1125 15.5875" width="124.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ≤</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.007441" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.13319" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.472691" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.200024" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="65.390694" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.431076" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.682579" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,17.99,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>1 / GeV。这将导致<年代vghe我ght=”14。6”我d="M140" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:49.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.375 14.6" width="49.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.84,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≥</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>TeV。我们将会看到,两个额外的维度,事实上更严格的范围比直接绑定重力测量。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba为<年代vghe我ght=”11。0625" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 11.0625" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,额外维度的大小小于<年代vghe我ght=”14。2875年”我d="M142" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:29.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29.3375 14.2875" width="29.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.57)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,65.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>厘米,这是不太可能直接通过重力测量短时间内进行测试。因此,对于<年代vghe我ght=”11。0625" id="M143" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 11.0625" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg> <svg height="14.6" id="M144" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:49.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.375 14.6" width="49.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.84,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,TeV的确是一个人仔细调查的可能性。如果<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M145" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>真的是TeV规模,不再会有一个大层次之间的基本的普朗克尺度<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M146" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和弱相互作用的规模<年代vghe我ght=”14。4125” id="M147" style="vertical-align:-3.27548pt;width:36.75px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.75 14.4125" width="36.75" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.2489281" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>;因此,这将解决层次结构问题。在这种情况下,重力会出现弱于其他部队在很远的地方,因为它会稀释的大量额外的维度。然而,这只会是一个明显的层次结构强度之间的力量,一旦订单有以下尺度之一<年代vghe我ght=”7。0124998" id="M148" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:6.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 6.5 7.0124998" width="6.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,一开始看到基本引力,层次就会消失。然而,只要一个假设的平等的力量薄弱,引力相互作用,需要问为什么这不是规模,集额外维度的大小。因此,通过额外维度提出一个非常大的半径,一个只会翻译的层次结构问题的尺度相互作用的问题为什么额外维度的大小太大而自然的价值。</p><h4我d=”gr一个viton-spectrum">5。重子谱</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba在本节中,我们紧化<我>D</gydF4y2Ba我>维重力的<我>n</gydF4y2Ba我>维环和执行模式扩张。引力子对应的荷载<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M149" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维指标。四维指标而言,度规张量包含两次旋转,自旋1,粒子自旋为0。此外,由于这些字段依赖<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M150" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维坐标,它们可以被表示为一个塔kaluza klein模式。卡鲁扎—克莱恩模式的质量每个对应的模量动量的方向横向膜。一个无质量的引力子的照片传播<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M151" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>卡鲁扎—克莱恩引力子维度和大规模的照片传播在4维空间中是等价的。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba的<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M152" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度量是由<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq15"> <svg height="24.975" id="M153" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 24.975" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,24.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-52.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,163.42,59.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.27" y="-7.1054274e-015"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.410004" y="-2.72"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.610001" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="70.959999" y="-2.9100001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.389999" y="-7.1054274e-015"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.989998" y="-7.1054274e-015"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-6.201488" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0.75" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0.44992799" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.065695" y="5.0900002"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0642548" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.309999" y="-7.1054274e-015"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.337887" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.41" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.109928" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.725697" y="5.0900002"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.724255" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.910004" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.609924" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.225693" y="5.0900002"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.224258" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="304.45001" y="0.56999999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="308.61349" y="0.56999999"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="314.86499" y="0.56999999"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="321.11649" y="0.56999999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”21。04999年9" id="M154" style="vertical-align:-4.52803pt;width:98.112503px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 98.112503 21.049999" width="98.112503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,21.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.74,59.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-0.200048" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.52,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.18,59.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.543388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.145214" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-14.61,65.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.25" y="10.57"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”20。725" id="M155" style="vertical-align:-4.52803pt;width:38.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 38.224998 20.725" width="38.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.52,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.25" y="10.56"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="13.285536" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>牛顿常数<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M156" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:65.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 65.099998 11.325" width="65.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.340701" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.38109" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.408257" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.748478" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。它作为除einstein - hilbert作用量的上述指标可以写成<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq16"> <svg height="38.875" id="M157" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-40.9)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.87,57.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.4" y="-4.52"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-1" y="2.73"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.465491" y="2.73"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 174.57,57.77 11.66,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.38,43.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-5.8099999" y="2.73"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.35,48.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,189.5,46.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0900002" y="-7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.99,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,227.89,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0.2" y="3.1600001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-6.6766019" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 241.3,70.47 11.66,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.3,56.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1599998" y="0"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.1599998" y="3.1700001"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.06" y="-1.37"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.66" y="1.59"> ℛ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.71" y="1.59"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.508512" y="1.59"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.459999" y="2.9000001"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="226.57001" y="2.9000001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.73351" y="2.9000001"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.985" y="2.9000001"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="243.2365" y="2.9000001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”16。04999年9” id="M158" style="vertical-align:-0.1881pt;width:14.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.875 16.049999" width="14.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-69.55,62.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-2.4000001" y="2.96"> ℛ</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M159" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维曲率不变。这个动作是不变的<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M160" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维坐标转换,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq17"> <svg height="24.975" id="M161" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 24.975" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,24.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-52.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,151.84,59.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8600001" y="-2.9100001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2800002" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.400002" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="96.400002" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.95" y="-7.1054274e-015"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.81" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.509928" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.125694" y="5.0900002"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.124254" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.360001" y="-7.1054274e-015"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.387886" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.59" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.289928" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.849998" y="3.9300001"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.84856" y="3.9300001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.389999" y="-7.1054274e-015"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.730225" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.639999" y="3.9300001"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="89.62606" y="3.9300001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="102.14" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="101.83993" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="316.03" y="0.56999999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="320.19351" y="0.56999999"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="326.44501" y="0.56999999"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="332.6965" y="0.56999999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>显然,引力子是一个<年代vghe我ght=”10。725" id="M162" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:42px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 42 10.725" width="42" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.725)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.42)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.653036" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.430622" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>对称张量,<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M163" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:65.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 65.099998 11.325" width="65.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.340701" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.38109" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.408257" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.748478" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维度的总数。因此,原则上这张量<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M164" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:72.849998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.849998 13.45" width="72.849998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8773699" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.040869" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.693905" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.034126" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.285625" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.449123" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.924957" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>组件。然而,由于<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M165" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维的一般坐标不变性,我们可以实施<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M166" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>单独的环境修复仪,例如,使用谐波测量<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq18"> <svg height="33.950001" id="M167" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 33.950001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,33.95)"> <g transform="translate(72,-44.84)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.08,55.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14" y="-7.1054274e-015"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.799999" y="-7.1054274e-015"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.029999" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.1900001" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8899279" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.52" y="-6.79"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.219929" y="-6.79"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.23" y="7.23"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.216057" y="7.23"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 212.11,58.7 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.11,46.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4499998" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.110001" y="-8.75"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.439999" y="-8.75"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.35" y="-4.8299999"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.34856" y="-4.8299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.629999" y="-15.54"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.329927" y="-15.54"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.629999" y="-0.36000001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.329927" y="-0.36000001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="255.75999" y="-8.4799995"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="259.92349" y="-8.4799995"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="266.17499" y="-8.4799995"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="272.42651" y="-8.4799995"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>这使得自由度的数量<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M168" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。然而,这还不是一个完整的测量定位。规的转换,满足的方程<年代vghe我ght=”20。475" id="M169" style="vertical-align:-7.39853pt;width:65.675003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 65.675003 20.475" width="65.675003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.62)"> <g> <path d="m -67.78,71.75 13.02,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m -67.58,59.96 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m -54.96,59.96 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m -67.78,59.76 13.02,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.76,63.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.6900001" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.3899279" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.969999" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.997887" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>仍然是允许的,计转换在哪里吗<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq19"> <svg height="20.2875" id="M170" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 20.2875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.2875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.62,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="97.959999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="136.89" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.38" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.52" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.2199278" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.835695" y="5.0900002"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.834255" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.08" y="0"> ⟶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.223053" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.75" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.449928" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.065697" y="5.0900002"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.064255" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.610001" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.950218" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.150002" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="89.84993" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.35" y="3.9300001"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.33606" y="3.9300001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="112.89" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="124.23022" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="136.13" y="3.9300001"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="130.12856" y="3.9300001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="142.58" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="142.27992" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="336.25" y="2.4400001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="340.41351" y="2.4400001"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="346.66501" y="2.4400001"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="352.9165" y="2.4400001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>这意味着另一个<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M171" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>条件可以实施。这意味着,一般一个重子<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M172" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:202.78751px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 202.78751 13.45" width="202.78751" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.8773699" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.040869" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.693905" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.034126" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.285625" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.449123" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.924957" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.952126" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.292343" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="78.543846" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.897049" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="103.93744" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.81481" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="117.97831" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="130.63135" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="141.97156" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="148.22307" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="152.38657" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="155.8624" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>独立的自由度。为<年代vghe我ght=”10。6875年” id="M173" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:39.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.674999 10.6875" width="39.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.340701" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.38109" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,这让平时2为无质量粒子spin-two螺旋性状态;然而,在<年代vghe我ght=”11。1” id="M174" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:39.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.674999 11.1" width="39.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.12)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.340701" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.38109" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们得到5个组件<年代vghe我ght=”11。0375" id="M175" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:39.674999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 39.674999 11.0375" width="39.674999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.340701" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.38109" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,我们得到9组件,等等。这意味着,从四维的角度来看,一个高维引力子将包含粒子除了普通的四维引力子。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba现在,让我们讨论不同的模式<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M176" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.7 10.325" width="12.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从四维视角空间引力子。执行KK减少,我们承担<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq20"> <svg height="38.575001" id="M177" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,114.76,56.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0.41999999" y="2.9100001"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="8"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6399279" y="8"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.255695" y="8"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.254255" y="8"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.67" y="2.9100001"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.861385" y="2.9100001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.64,58.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.8199999" y="8.1300001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.804176" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.4,46.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3699999" y="-15.21"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.99,58.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.99,61.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.08,58.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.31,61.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.403696" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.68,58.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.28,47.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,228.25,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,261.35,47.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,275.66,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,282.81,46.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.46" y="-7.3299999"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="185.06" y="-7.3299999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="189.2235" y="-7.3299999"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="195.47501" y="-7.3299999"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="201.7265" y="-7.3299999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”14。325” id="M178" style="vertical-align:-3.20526pt;width:15.175px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.175 14.325" width="15.175" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.54)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.76,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的体积吗<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M179" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>额外的维紧化空间,<年代vghe我ght=”14。5875年”我d="M180" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:47.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.099998 14.5875" width="47.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.33)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.527766" y="0"> ≡</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.568155" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-40.31,60.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”13。55” id="M181" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:94.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 94.1875 13.55" width="94.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.16)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.815575" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.567915" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.608303" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.859802" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.06105" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.312553" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.526302" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="63.777802" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.991554" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”13。8”我d="M182" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:123.6px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 123.6 13.8" width="123.6" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.8)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.888433" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0896807" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.429182" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.46957" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.721069" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.922318" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.17382" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.387569" y="0"> …</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.978569" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="72.179817" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.21949" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="92.559708" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。这些字段在一个紧化<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M183" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维环<年代vghe我ght=”11。2” id="M184" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.275px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.275 11.2" width="17.275" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.04)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和有以下模式扩展:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq31"> <svg height="186.16251" id="M185" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 186.16251" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,186.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,76.93)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,105.05,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,112.27,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.57,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.130001" y="6.5599999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.253901" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.455387" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.082218" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.58,38.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.94,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.13,58.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.34996799" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.46,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.509998" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.880001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.279146" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.830479" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.081978" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.970001" y="-8.3000002"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.2215" y="-8.3000002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.925026" y="-8.3000002"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.823326" y="-8.3000002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.812981" y="-8.3000002"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.441254" y="-8.3000002"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.17701" y="-8.3000002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 258.43,56.57 35.4,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.5,44.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.530001" y="-1.4299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.990002" y="-8.7600002"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-164.44" y="35.73"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,116.02,5.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,126.66,8.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.119999" y="6.5599999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.241398" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.442884" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.082218" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.67,-5.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.979888" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.02,8.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.97,14.02)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.979888" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.341216" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.62,8.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.509998" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.889999" y="0.0099999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.279146" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.830479" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.081978" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.970001" y="-8.29"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.2215" y="-8.29"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.937531" y="-8.29"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.835831" y="-8.29"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.812981" y="-8.29"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.441254" y="-8.29"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.17701" y="-8.29"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 260.59,12.09 35.4,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.67,0.21)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.52" y="-1.4299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.98" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-166.39" y="35.73"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.34,-38.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.57,-35.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.130001" y="6.5599999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.253901" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.455387" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.082218" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,177.58,-49.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.94,-35.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.98,-30.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.2581279" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.24,-35.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.509998" y="7.3400002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.880001" y="0.0099999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.279146" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.830479" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.081978" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.970001" y="-8.29"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.2215" y="-8.29"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.925026" y="-8.29"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="67.823326" y="-8.29"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="76.800476" y="-8.29"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="90.441254" y="-8.29"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.17701" y="-8.29"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 256.21,-32.39 35.4,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,269.28,-44.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.52" y="-1.42"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.990002" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-90.519997" y="30.559999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-83.330002" y="28.040001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-105.13" y="28.040001"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-112.24421" y="28.040001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-102.56689" y="28.040001"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.16,-75.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.04,-72.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.46,-75.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,213.33,-72.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> …</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.79225" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.006001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.55,-75.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.4,-74.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.2799997" y="-2.52"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.47" y="-69.239998"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="222.6335" y="-69.239998"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="228.88499" y="-69.239998"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="235.13651" y="-69.239998"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>的模式<年代vghe我ght=”14。4375” id="M186" style="vertical-align:-1.95624pt;width:31.625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.625 14.4375" width="31.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.4375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.84,62.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-7.1017041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="1.175282" y="0"> ≠</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.827838" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>KK美国和所有的紧化半径被认为是相同的。从通用坐标变换下的变换性质<年代vghe我ght=”19。975年”我d="M187" style="vertical-align:-7.39853pt;width:82.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 82.875 19.975" width="82.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.975)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.02)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.75" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.4499278" y="5.0900002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.02" y="-7.1054274e-015"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.060389" y="-7.1054274e-015"> {</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.061829" y="-7.1054274e-015"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-31.45,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-25.62,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-14.97,60.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-11.75,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> }</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>应该清楚,零模式,<年代vghe我ght=”15。75” id="M188" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 15.75" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.84,59.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.030001" y="-2.8299999"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.61" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-7.1017041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.575618" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,对应于无质量的引力子,测定玻色子,然后在四维标量。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba上述KK运动模式满足以下方程:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq21"> <svg height="95.6875" id="M189" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 95.6875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,95.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,4.55)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,128.03,53.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 133.88,64.95 13.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 134.08,53.16 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 146.71,53.16 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 133.88,52.96 13.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.69,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.91,61.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.98" y="9.9499998"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.000112" y="9.9499998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.78,53.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="2.4000001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.3" y="-2.52"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.27,61.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.34996799" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.29,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.54" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 222.83,59.37 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.83,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4499998" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.03,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.25,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.45,61.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.979888" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.32,51.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-97.449997" y="27.02"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.07" y="-4.9200001"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.097885" y="-4.9200001"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.349386" y="-4.9200001"> ,</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 166.72,35.52 13.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 166.92,23.73 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 179.55,23.73 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 166.72,23.53 13.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.53,26.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.75,31.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.98" y="9.9499998"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.000112" y="9.9499998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.62,24.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.5,31.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.7700005"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.34996799" y="8.7700005"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.55,26.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-74.529999" y="28.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 167.87,9.53 13.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 168.07,-2.26 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 180.7,-2.26 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m 167.87,-2.46 13.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.68,0.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.9,5.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.98" y="9.96"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.000112" y="9.96"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.77,-1.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.75,5.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.2581279" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.4,0.82)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.47" y="-29.780001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.6335" y="-29.780001"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.88499" y="-29.780001"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="249.13651" y="-29.780001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”15。6125” id="M190" style="vertical-align:-3.50032pt;width:16.4125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.4125 15.6125" width="16.4125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,15.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-59.51)"> <g> <path d="m -71.95,71.75 13.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m -71.75,59.96 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m -59.12,59.96 0,11.59" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <g> <path d="m -71.95,59.76 13.03,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> </g> </g> </svg>四维达朗贝尔操作员和吗<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M191" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的引力子模式的质量吗<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq22"> <svg height="36.037498" id="M192" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 36.037498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,36.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.08,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.96,58.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.98" y="9.9499998"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.000112" y="9.9499998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.3,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.24" y="-7.25"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.491501" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.39,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.92,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="2.350564" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.48,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 206.54,56.91 29.81,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.38,43.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.63,48.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.55,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="230.32001" y="-0.68000001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="234.48351" y="-0.68000001"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="240.735" y="-0.68000001"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="246.9865" y="-0.68000001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>不同的四维字段来自不同块体积引力子指标,代表审美角度如下:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq23"> <svg height="58.412498" id="M193" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 58.412498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,58.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-25.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.47,58.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⎛</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="10.75"> ⎜</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="21.51"> ⎜</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="32.200001"> ⎝</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.27" y="-1.59"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,197.94,65.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.979888" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.341216" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 207.82,54.7 0,17.25" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.81,60.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.76,65.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.979888" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.341216" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 181.1,54.5 51.42,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.26,38.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,202.2,43.62)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.2581279" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 207.82,25.32 0,28.98" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.398;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.57,38.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.61,43.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.2581279" y="8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232.52,58.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⎞</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="10.75"> ⎟</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="21.51"> ⎟</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="32.200001"> ⎠</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.6300001" y="12.94"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="235.35001" y="12.94"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="239.5135" y="12.94"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="245.765" y="12.94"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="252.01649" y="12.94"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h5 id="sec5.1">5.1。零模式</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba引力子是由一个<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M194" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:104.3625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 104.3625 13.45" width="104.3625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.684044" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="48.461628" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.625126" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="61.664795" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.00502" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.219009" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>矩阵。四维的零模式重子来自左上方<年代vghe我ght=”11。075" id="M195" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:43.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.125 11.075" width="43.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.144253" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>块。只有这样一个无质量的粒子(重子)和旋转两两个自由度。大部分的非对角块引力子向量在四维洛伦兹群的形式。因为有<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M196" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>这样的向量,我们有<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M197" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>相应的无质量粒子自旋1(向量衡量玻色子),每个都有两个自由度。剩下的右下方<年代vghe我ght=”8。7875年004" id="M198" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:32.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.612499 8.7875004" width="32.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,8.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.34)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9896574" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.767242" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>块大部分显然引力子矩阵对应于四维标量场。这已经<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M199" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:63.700001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.700001 13.45" width="63.700001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2139912" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.37749" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.367147" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.707369" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.958866" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.122368" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.598202" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>粒子自旋为0(标量)对应于每个独立的<年代vghe我ght=”8。7875年004" id="M200" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:32.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32.612499 8.7875004" width="32.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,8.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,65.34)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9896574" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.767242" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>矩阵。每个标量有一个自由度。总结所有的自由度,我们得到的<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M201" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:122.4px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 122.4 13.45" width="122.4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.618887" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.608543" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.948765" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="53.162758" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.326256" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="66.328415" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="77.668633" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="83.920135" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="88.083633" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="91.559471" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,这正是自由度的总数<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M202" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维引力子。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec5.2">5.2。kaluza klein模式</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba非零模式,左上角<年代vghe我ght=”11。075" id="M203" style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:43.125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.125 11.075" width="43.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.075)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.144253" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>块代表一个巨大的旋转两粒子(巨大的引力子)与五自由度。原因是一个巨大的引力子与两个组件包含一个正常的四维无质量的引力子也“吃”字段和一个无质量无质量指标标量,如通常的希格斯机制。因此,<年代vghe我ght=”11。5125" id="M204" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:86.074997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 86.074997 11.5125" width="86.074997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.5125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.79)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7148314" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.122608" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.162277" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.502499" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。早些时候,我们有<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M205" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>无质量计玻色子,我们只剩下<年代vghe我ght=”10。8125" id="M206" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 10.8125" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9896574" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.329878" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>作为一个被引力子吃掉。现在这些向量通过希格斯机制,成为大规模吸收一个标量和有三个自由度。现在,只有<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M207" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:63.700001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.700001 13.45" width="63.700001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2139912" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.37749" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.367147" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.707369" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.958866" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.122368" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.598202" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>巨大的标量,每个国家都有一个自由度。总结所有这些非零的自由度模式,<年代vghe我ght=”13。6375” id="M208" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:158.27499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 158.27499 13.6375" width="158.27499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.6375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.618887" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.782387" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.772041" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.112263" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="57.363766" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="64.31543" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="75.655655" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="81.869644" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="86.033142" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="95.022797" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="106.36302" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="112.61452" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="116.77802" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="120.25385" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,这正是自由度的总数<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M209" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维引力子。</p><h4gydF4y2Baid="coupling-of-the-kk-states-to-sm-field">6。耦合KK的SM字段</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba在本节中,我们想要显式地构建通用的交互之间的拉格朗日膜上的物质和各种引力子模式。对于我们的讨论,我们将遵循的工作Giudice et al。<一个href=”#B30">46</一个>和汉族等。<一个href=”#B31">47</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba一般的行动以最小的引力耦合标量<年代vghe我ght=”10。475" id="M210" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:12.05px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.05 10.475" width="12.05" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.475)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>、矢量<年代vghe我ght=”10。55" id="M211" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.325px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.325 10.55" width="11.325" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.55)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.56)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.61)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,费米子<年代vghe我ght=”10。9125" id="M212" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.7875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.7875 10.9125" width="11.7875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是由<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq37"> <svg height="35.587502" id="M213" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.56,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.639999" y="7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.73" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.602784" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.69,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.56,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.8800001" y="-0.16"> √</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 179.04,66.55 15.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.04,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.766043" y="0"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5770578" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.216151" y="0"> ℒ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.09,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.6887999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.94,52.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.05" y="-2.51"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8610148" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.44,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.67,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.459999" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.741037" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.954788" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.282026" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.483273" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.389999" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.2" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.36349" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.61501" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.8665" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>的<年代vghe我ght=”13。5125” id="M214" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:30.637501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 30.637501 13.5125" width="30.637501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.5125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6520758" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.815575" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.229855" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>期限(<一个href=”#EEq37">32</一个>)可以很容易地证明<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq24"> <svg height="35.587502" id="M215" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 35.587502" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,35.5875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-43.53)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.91,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.400002" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.590281" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.630671" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 158.31,57.77 7.42,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,158.9,45.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.11" y="-1.05"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.200001" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.5,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.38,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.96" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.81" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.4,59.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.62,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.5,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.5,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.404655" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.78,60.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2" y="8.6499996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.61,52.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="-2.51"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="191.25999" y="-2.51"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="195.42349" y="-2.51"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="201.675" y="-2.51"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="207.9265" y="-2.51"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq25"> <svg height="38.575001" id="M216" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 38.575001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,38.575)"> <g transform="translate(72,-41.14)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.6,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,111.48,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,123.78,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.09" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.703288" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.904535" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.231773" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.445526" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.410175" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.049507" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="71.470001" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="80.034554" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,209.57,50.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.79,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℒ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.603504" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.943726" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.919998" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.196507" y="-7.25"> ℒ</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 253.18,56.57 23.17,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.18,44.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.490497" y="0"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3015118" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,266.12,49.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,277.54,46.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.46" y="-7.3299999"> |</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.17" y="-3.4000001"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.968512" y="-3.4000001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,298.16,49.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,309.02,53.45)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.85001" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="163.0135" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="169.265" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="175.51649" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>我们已经使用<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq26"> <svg height="199.5125" id="M217" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 199.5125" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,199.5125)"> <g transform="translate(72,87.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.15,58.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> √</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 142.76,70.71 15.21,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.76,58.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.290001" y="-7.2600002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.75354" y="0"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.679482" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.719872" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.747036" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 195.05,61.93 7.43,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.64,50.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.04" y="-8.75"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.017393" y="-8.75"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.370117" y="-8.75"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.621616" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.048401" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.112835" y="-8.75"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-48.34" y="19.780001"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-54.528984" y="19.780001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.75,27.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.45,30.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.24,27.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.24,30.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.85" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.700001" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.16,27.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.16,30.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.25,27.14)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,266.47,30.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0699997" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-119.17" y="22.860001"> ̂</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-125.35899" y="22.860001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.75,12.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.45,7.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.74,12.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.74,7.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.754499" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.72,12.67)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.72,7.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.767002" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.74,12.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,266.96,7.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.064435" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-117.05" y="20.469999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-105.52223" y="20.469999"> ≡</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-93.481842" y="20.469999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.55,-16.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.49,-13.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-14.01" y="25.709999"> √</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-36.939999" y="25.530001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-26.049887" y="25.530001"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 185.09,-27.01 38.01,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.09,-38.59)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.503" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.092321" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.37,-41.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.1,-38.59)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-72.550003" y="23.639999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-61.659885" y="23.639999"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-49.619499" y="23.639999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.49,-57.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.8199999" y="8.1199999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.804176" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.38,-62.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-55.439999" y="21.58"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-0.212551" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.2017279" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.13,-86.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.45,-83.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.74,-78.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.58,-83.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="280.29001" y="-72.879997"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="284.45349" y="-72.879997"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="290.70499" y="-72.879997"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="296.95651" y="-72.879997"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>KK模式,我们替换<年代vghe我ght=”20。92499年9" id="M218" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:71.050003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.050003 20.924999" width="71.050003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.76,65.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.34996799" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.35,60.04)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.217831" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.08,65.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>物理领域<年代vghe我ght=”25。612499" id="M219" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:71.050003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 71.050003 25.612499" width="71.050003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,25.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-51.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-72.38,59.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0.43000001" y="2.9100001"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.76,65.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="12.14"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.34996799" y="12.14"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.35,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.76" y="-2.73"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.23" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.802832" y="0"> d</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-15.08,65.11)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。重定义的字段与自发对称性破缺,并其细节并不在这里。有了这些新的数量,行动的,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="EEq47"> <svg height="43.025002" id="M220" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 43.025002" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,43.025)"> <g transform="translate(72,-37.58)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,107.33,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.400002" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.602784" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.630671" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 140.73,57.77 7.43,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,141.32,45.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.12" y="-2.2"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.32,40.17)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.68,46.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0799999" y="-7.6999998"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.16,59.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.04,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.96" y="4.9200001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.9" y="-2.9100001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.32" y="0"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.58,63.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7147198" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.882608" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.911472" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.34,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.21,51.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.21,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.389999" y="-2.73"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.860001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.12,63.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.979888" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,283.98,54.64)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,292.86,60.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2" y="8.6499996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,298.69,49.72)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.5999999" y="-1.9400001"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="169.17999" y="-1.9400001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="173.34351" y="-1.9400001"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="179.595" y="-1.9400001"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="185.8465" y="-1.9400001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”23。4874年99年”我d="M221" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt;width:63.575001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 63.575001 23.487499" width="63.575001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,23.4875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-53.21)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.42,59.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-0.52999997" y="2.72"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.91,65.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.4,56.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≡</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.74" y="-2.72"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.209999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-22.15,65.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="11.95"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.2581279" y="11.95"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vghe我ght=”20。4125" id="M222" style="vertical-align:-3.66795pt;width:113.4875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 113.4875 20.4125" width="113.4875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.38)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.030001" y="0.41999999"> √</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.977874" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m -36.32,70.71 55.06,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.32,59.38)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.978834" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.142332" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.13199" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.47221" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.723709" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba在下面,我们现在只有三点顶点费曼规则和标量玻色子的能量-动量张量,测量玻色子,费米子,我们使用以下符号:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq27"> <svg height="139.52499" id="M223" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 139.52499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,139.525)"> <g transform="translate(72,39.62)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,110.91,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,119.3,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.911472" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.304976" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,144.71,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.5,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.72,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.48,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3847518" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.28,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.38,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,219.34,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,225.1,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3847518" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.16,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,254.25,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.48,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.23,60.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,284.42,63.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-217.3" y="24.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,77,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.911472" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.304976" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,101.03,36.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.65,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,118.53,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,130.52,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,135.39,36.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.51"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.36039" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.5,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.72,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.5,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,189.51,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.29,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.34,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.34" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.129999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,230.22,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,241.19,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.96,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.23,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.01,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.05,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,293.15,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,303.37,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.15,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,320.16,38.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,326.93,35.56)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.26,14.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,228.57,11.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.6,14.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,245.38,11.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.8288321" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.04,14.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,263.82,11.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,275.87,14.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.080002" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.950001" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-207.8" y="24.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.491217" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.581379" y="0"> ↔</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.634991" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.911495" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,77,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.911472" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.304976" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,101.03,-12.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.65,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,118.53,-10.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.2012482" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,130.52,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,135.39,-12.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3199997" y="-2.51"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.36039" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.5,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,174.81,-12.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.44,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.7,-10.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.48,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.27,-10.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.39,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.66,-10.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,250.44,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,263.23,-10.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,281.35,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,290.61,-10.33)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,297.39,-13.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,307.4,-12.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-153.42" y="22"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-142.07001" y="24.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-137.28999" y="22"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.87,-37.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3847518" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.89,-34.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.67,-37.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.8288321" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.33,-34.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.11,-37.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.16,-34.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.25,-37.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.54,-34.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.31,-37.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,267.98,-34.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,274.75,-37.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,287.54,-34.84)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.09" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="58.959999" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.50372" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.593882" y="0"> ↔</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.647491" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.924" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="180.33" y="-47.91"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="184.4935" y="-47.91"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="190.745" y="-47.91"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="196.99651" y="-47.91"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>四点和五点顶点费曼规则及其推导中可以找到(<一个href=”#B31">47</一个>]。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec6.1">6.1。标量玻色子</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba标量玻色子是守恒的能量-动量张量<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq28"> <svg height="50.450001" id="M224" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 50.450001" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,50.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-31.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,81.55,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,90.43,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,88.43,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,106.29,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.592442" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,132.65,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.87,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.93,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157.82,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,167.36,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> __</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,172.24,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,182.12,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,187.01,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.302952" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.655676" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.42,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.64,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.52,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0900002"> Φ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.69,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,252.23,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> __</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.11,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.315455" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.655676" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,290.65,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,296.48,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,306.02,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> __</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.89,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,320.77,57.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,325.66,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-210.10001" y="24.610001"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-198.75978" y="24.610001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,136.78,33.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,141.67,36.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,151.21,41.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> __</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.09,36.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.96,33.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.79,36.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5397892" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="296.07999" y="-12.28"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="300.2435" y="-12.28"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="306.495" y="-12.28"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="312.74649" y="-12.28"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>计协变导数的定义是在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”17。174999年” id="M225" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:119.7px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 119.7 17.174999" width="119.7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.07,59.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.77,63.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.84,59.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-26.24,63.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.228654" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.380131" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,4.11,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1800003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,9.94,63.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,18.82,68.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”9。9375” id="M226" style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.4375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.4375 9.9375" width="8.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-64.05)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>计耦合,<年代vghe我ght=”17。174999年” id="M227" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:18.612499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.612499 17.174999" width="18.612499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.175)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.99,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1800003"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>表的字段<年代vghe我ght=”11。2” id="M228" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:17.3375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 17.3375 11.2" width="17.3375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.04)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.07,68.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>李代数的发电机</p><p><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="equation" id="eq29"> <svg height="71.699997" id="M229" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 71.699997" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,71.7)"> <g transform="translate(72,-14.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,102.57,59.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0.43000001" y="2.9100001"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,115.19,65.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="12.14"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.34996799" y="12.14"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,120.43,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.07" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5397892" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.54291" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.407776" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.972332" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 166.5,59.42 7.42,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,167.08,47.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.04" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.91,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.2139201" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.05,51.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.3699999" y="-4.9200001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.29,61.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.1499996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.44,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,222.19,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.19,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,254.92,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.911472" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.304976" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,276.86,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,283.64,62.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="10.82"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.53,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,295.31,61.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.3100004"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,300.94,51.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6899996" y="-4.9200001"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-195.19" y="25.549999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-195.72" y="28.27"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,118.26,31.92)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="11.95"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.2581279" y="11.95"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,120.43,23.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5397892" y="0"> Φ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.54291" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.407776" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="36.296207" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.237534" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,178.47,19.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.62,23.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.4,19.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.2139201" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.55,18.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.3600001" y="-4.9200001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.69,19.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,226.34,23.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,239.48,19.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.13,23.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.6,28.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.1499996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,279.74,18.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6899996" y="-4.9200001"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="188.13" y="-22.01"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="192.2935" y="-22.01"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="198.545" y="-22.01"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="204.79649" y="-22.01"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h5 id="sec6.2">6.2。计玻色子</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba守恒的能量-动量张量的测量向量玻色子<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq30"> <svg height="137.46249" id="M230" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 137.46249" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,137.4625)"> <g transform="translate(72,37.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,62.17,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,71.05,54.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,69.05,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,82.74,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.53,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,112.84,39.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.3" y="-16.98"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 124.14,52.73 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.14,40.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4400001" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,141.12,54.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,151.15,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,158.88,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.69,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.54" y="-10.15"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.1,64.75)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 184.23,52.73 15.65,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.93,40.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.14" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,210.04,54.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,214.93,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.89,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,228.79,39.87)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.88" y="-9.7299995"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.219999" y="-7.2199998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.07" y="-9.7299995"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,268.4,55.7)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.8099999" y="8.6400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.29,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,281.02,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3847518" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,293.08,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,313.3,54.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,320.08,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,329.04,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,334.87,49.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,343.84,46.47)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,348.73,47.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-256.72" y="38.259998"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-244.17999" y="31.01"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 104.55,11.96 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.66,0.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.3400002" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.75,5.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,130.06,3.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.3600001" y="-4.9200001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.81,13.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.7,8.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.09,13.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.73,8.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,169.69,5.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.33,8.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.29,5.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.96,8.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.54" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 204.5,11.96 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.5,0.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4499998" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.3" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.19,13.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.08,8.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,238.04,5.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,242.93,6.32)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.79,16.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,253.66,3.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-161.64999" y="30.790001"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-149.11" y="23.540001"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 104.55,-23.75 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.66,-35.63)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.4200001" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.27" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.82,-30)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.65,-26.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,138.04,-21.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.93,-26.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,151.9,-30)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,156.79,-26.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.75,-30)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.42,-26.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.66,-30)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,195.55,-26.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.94,-21.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.83,-26.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,215.79,-30)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,220.68,-26.88)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.65,-30)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.48,-29.39)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9299998" y="-2.51"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="232.39" y="-43.279999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="236.5535" y="-43.279999"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="242.80499" y="-43.279999"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="249.0565" y="-43.279999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>在哪里<年代vghe我ght=”13。425” id="M231" style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.6750002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.6750002 13.425" width="7.6750002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>端依赖项对应添加一个规范固定任期<年代vghe我ght=”19。887年501" id="M232" style="vertical-align:-4.74141pt;width:138.89999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 138.89999 19.887501" width="138.89999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.8875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.09)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.5645552" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.728054" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-52.83,65.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-47,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-38.04,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-29.43,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-10.75,66.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.8100004"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-0.53,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,8.44,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,14.26,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,18.43,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,23.3,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”18。012501” id="M233" style="vertical-align:-4.31735pt;width:81.662498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 81.662498 18.012501" width="81.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.59)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-64.61,68.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.8100004"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.92,61.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.63,66.95)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-23.34,61.94)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-16,68.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.8100004"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3847518" y="8.8100004"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>克里斯托费尔符号</p><p><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="equation" id="eq31"> <svg height="97.987503" id="M234" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 97.987503" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,97.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,6.39)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,61.01,59.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0.41999999" y="2.9100001"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,73.63,65.3)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.979888" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="12.14"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.341216" y="12.14"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,78.87,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.91" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9646511" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.392633" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.2575" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.822056" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 123.78,59.42 7.43,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.37,47.54)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.04" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,138.7,61.36)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.78,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.71" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8514042" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,170.36,61.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.92,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.04,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.69,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,218.82,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,223.69,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.9400001" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.02,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7147198" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.90272" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.296225" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.74,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,285.96,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7147198" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.90272" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.296225" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,309.98,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8600001" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,322.61,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,330.26,56.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,343.4,53.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,348.27,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-238.23" y="26.200001"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-229.66545" y="26.200001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,124.65,32.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,135.52,27.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,144.44,24.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.911472" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.304976" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,168.47,25.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.1,24.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.75,27.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ⋅</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.3515239" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.88,24.46)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.75,25.07)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.79" y="-2.51"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-142.56" y="23.93"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-143.09" y="26.65"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8514042" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,76.7,7.24)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="11.95"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.2581279" y="11.95"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,78.87,-1.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.9646511" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.392633" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.420998" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.309433" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.823975" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.250755" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,139.92,-4.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.07,-1.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.36,3.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,164.45,-4.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,176.05,-4.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3935041" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.08,-1.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,194.96,3.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.51,-1.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,221.89,3.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,234.85,-4.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.51"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,247.47,-4.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,256.74,-1.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,262.86,-4.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.27,-1.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,289.39,-4.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,299.4,-1.58)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,305.52,-4.71)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,310.41,-4.09)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.78" y="-2.51"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8514042" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="157.46001" y="-33.77"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="161.6235" y="-33.77"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.875" y="-33.77"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="174.1265" y="-33.77"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h5 id="sec6.3">6.3。费米子</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba费米子是守恒的能量-动量张量<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq32"> <svg height="73.162498" id="M235" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 73.162498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,73.1625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-13.47)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,52.76,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,61.64,61.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> F</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,59.64,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,73.33,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.604944" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,99.69,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,111.99,53.73)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 117.85,64.65 9.38,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,117.85,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.265683" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,137.48,61.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.37,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.24,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,157.14,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.152916" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.50564" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,189.52,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 196.6,64.65 9.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.6,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.780001" y="2.52"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.41" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="39.939999" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 236.54,59.37 6.26,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.54,47.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 243.99,64.65 9.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.99,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3897533" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; 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" x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3897533" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.278186" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,334,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,338.89,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,348.77,53.12)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,354.6,56.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-272" y="33.98"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-259.45999" y="23.24"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100.89,29.89)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.329968" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 95.14,25.4 15.97,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,100,13.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.31" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,118.7,27.34)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.67,19.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 131.53,30.67 9.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,131.53,22.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.265683" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,150.16,19.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,155.05,22.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3900003" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.02" y="3.5527137e-015"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.559999" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 185.61,25.4 6.25,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.61,13.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4400001" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,198.94,19.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,206.85,19.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 212.7,30.67 9.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.7,22.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3897533" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.278186" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.33,19.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.23,22.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3900003" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.02" y="3.5527137e-015"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.549999" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 266.78,25.4 6.26,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,266.78,13.52)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.4499998" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,280.12,19.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,287.1,19.76)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 292.95,30.67 9.39,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,292.95,22.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.265683" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,311.58,19.15)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,317.41,22.27)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3900003" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.32" y="3.5527137e-015"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="150.46001" y="-17.34"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="154.6235" y="-17.34"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="160.875" y="-17.34"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="167.1265" y="-17.34"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>我们使用线性化vierbein在哪里</p><p><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="equation" id="eq33"> <svg height="149.25" id="M236" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 149.25" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,149.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,47.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,99.28,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.84,64.19)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.1300001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,118.31,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.203888" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,140.8,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.5" y="8.1899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.91,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.54" y="-7.2600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 161.45,62.31 7.43,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,162.04,50.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.12" y="-6.2399998"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.97" y="-8.75"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,185.22,64.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="8.3800001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,193.83,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,211.46,64.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-0.5" y="8.1899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.79,59.18)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.0600004" y="2.51"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-138.47" y="30.459999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-138.03999" y="33.369999"> ℎ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,90.94,34.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="12.13"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0.34996799" y="12.13"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,96.18,25.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.639999" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3272381" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.117807" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.982674" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.54723" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 141.82,28.93 7.43,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,142.41,17.05)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.2" y="-8.7600002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.4,22.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.2139201" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.55,23.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,184.75,22.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,192.66,23.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,205.29,22.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.34,25.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,235.46,22.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,244.72,23.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="8.6300001" y="-2.52"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.970221" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,270.05,22.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,277.02,23.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,289.65,22.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,302.63,25.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,320.75,22.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,330.96,23.29)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-202.88" y="26.190001"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-194.31544" y="26.190001"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-188.06395" y="26.190001"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.65,-6.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.3212161" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.95,-5.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8499999" y="-2.52"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.58,-6.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,181.23,-2.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,199.35,-6.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.01,-2.9)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.327718" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.579218" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,233.48,-6.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,240.51,-5.42)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.78" y="-2.52"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-159.00999" y="26.959999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-159.53999" y="29.68"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.8514042" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,94.01,-26.28)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ⃗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.9711361" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-4.98" y="11.95"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-2.2581279" y="11.95"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,96.18,-35.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3272381" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.13031" y="0"> ∶</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.982674" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.871105" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.385651" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.812431" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.79,-38.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.7218721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.94,-35.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.73,-38.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.2139201" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,179.88,-42.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.389999" y="-14.58"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 190.45,-31.98 17.9,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,190.45,-43.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,203.48,-46.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.33,-35.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.360001" y="-7.25"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 224.86,-31.98 17.91,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.86,-43.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,237.89,-46.98)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.74,-35.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.340221" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.591721" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,273.21,-38.23)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> Ψ</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,280.24,-42.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.46" y="-7.3299999"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="187.63" y="-51.599998"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="191.7935" y="-51.599998"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="198.045" y="-51.599998"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="204.29649" y="-51.599998"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <h4 id="confronting-with-experiments/observations">7所示。面对实验/观察</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba在下面,我们将简要地列举一些最有趣的限制这些模型。这些理论的四个主要手段调查如下。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”l是t”><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(1)</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="list-content">从牛顿定律在sub-mm距离偏差。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="list-content">虚拟重子对撞机交换。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="list-content">真正的引力子的生产。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”l是t”><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(我)</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="list-content">失踪的能量在对撞机实验中。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(2)</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="list-content">例如,缺少能源在天体物理学超新星,太阳,红巨星。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(3)</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="list-content">宇宙的后果,例如,暗能量,暗物质,通货膨胀,环结构。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n></span></span></span><span class="list-item"><span class="list-label">(4)</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="list-content">黑洞在对撞机生产。</年代p一个n></年代p一个n></span></p> <p>我们只描述上述主题。有兴趣的读者可以找到其他有用的参考如下,联轴器和统一运行的额外维度[<一个href=”#B32a">48</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B32c">50</一个>),在电弱精密物理后果[<一个href=”#B33a">51</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B33b">52</一个>中微子物理),有大量额外维度[<一个href=”#B34a">53</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B34d">56</一个>],与通货膨胀相关的主题与平额外维度[<一个href=”#B35a">57</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B35e">61年</一个>]。稳定半径大额外维度问题讨论(<一个href=”#B36">62年</一个>]。连接到弦理论模型构建可以发现,例如,在[<一个href=”#B37a">63年</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B39c">70年</一个>]。最新的实验范围的大小和数量或额外维度中发现的<我>对粒子物理</我>(<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B57">71年</一个>]。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec7.1">7.1。从牛顿定律在Sub-mm距离偏差</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba从普朗克尺度之间的关系<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M237" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:43.762501px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 43.762501 13.45" width="43.762501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.190665" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.744877" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>维理论<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M238" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和长途四维理论<年代vghe我ght=”14。35”我d="M239" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:26.65px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26.65 14.35" width="26.65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.35)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.52)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq34"> <svg height="19.0625" id="M240" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 19.0625" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.94,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,180.63,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0786881" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,191.64,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.93,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.77,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,231.46,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.68,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="221.19" y="-0.22"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="225.3535" y="-0.22"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="231.605" y="-0.22"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="237.85651" y="-0.22"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>把<年代vghe我ght=”14。6”我d="M241" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:49.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 49.375 14.6" width="49.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.84,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>TeV然后收益率<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq35"> <svg height="18.674999" id="M242" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 18.674999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.06)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,147.12,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.959106" y="0"> ×</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="52.900192" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.151691" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.53,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.666416" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.099472" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="18.449217" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="21.363632" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="27.358751" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="31.734753" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.23,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> c</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="5.551332" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.278666" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="216.64" y="-0.55000001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="220.8035" y="-0.55000001"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="227.05499" y="-0.55000001"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="233.3065" y="-0.55000001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>为<年代vghe我ght=”10。8125" id="M243" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.8125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”14。2”我d="M244" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:58.275002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.275002 14.2" width="58.275002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.64)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.007441" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-34.68,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>厘米,所以这种情况下显然是排除在外,因为它将在系统修改牛顿万有引力的距离。已经,<年代vghe我ght=”10。8125" id="M245" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.8125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>然而,<年代vghe我ght=”10。6875年” id="M246" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:41.5px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.5 10.6875" width="41.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>毫米,精确的距离,我们目前的实验测量引力强度部队停止(<一个href=”#B40a">72年</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B40c">74年</一个>]。作为<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M247" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:7.8874998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 7.8874998 7.1374998" width="7.8874998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>的增加,<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M248" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6875 10.325" width="11.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>方法<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M249" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:5.3249998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 5.3249998 13.45" width="5.3249998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>TeV<年代vghe我ght=”16。75” id="M250" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:18.9125px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.9125 16.75" width="18.9125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-67.79,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>距离,虽然速度缓慢:此案<年代vghe我ght=”11。0375" id="M251" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 11.0375" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.17)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>给了<年代vghe我ght=”16。75” id="M252" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:105.425px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 105.425 16.75" width="105.425" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,16.75)"> <g transform="translate(72,-58.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.715551" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.755939" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.919439" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.17094" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.510441" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.625607" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="60.176937" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="69.204102" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,1.42,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.99512" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。显然,虽然没有直接测量重力下毫米,SM的精密测试~ 200 GeV意味着SM字段不能感觉这些额外的大尺寸;也就是说,他们必须粘在墙上,或“3膜”,在高维空间。</p><h5我d=”年代ec7.2">7.2。虚拟引力子交换</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba除了引力子的直接生产,大的额外维度的另一个有趣的结果是,虚拟引力子的交换可能会导致增强SM以上某些截面值。一个也可以研究虚拟引力子的交换的影响实验可见的中间状态。虚拟引力子交换可能产生许多更高的维度运营商,导致生产的SM粒子(<一个href=”#B30">46</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B31">47</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B42">75年</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B44b">78年</一个>]。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec7.3">7.3。重子对撞机生产</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba一些最有趣的过程与大的额外维度理论涉及一个引力子的生产模式在大型强子对撞机或缴送工作。除了探测电弱规模的传统角色,他们也可以考虑额外维度的空间通过奇异的现象,比如明显违反能量,锋利的高<年代vghe我ght=”10。925" id="M253" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:16.1625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.1625 10.925" width="16.1625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.925)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.26)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.84,63.31)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>短裤,从额外维度的消失和再现粒子。一些典型的费曼图给出了这样一个过程(<一个href=”#B8">13</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B30">46</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B31">47</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B41">79年</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba因为个人的一生引力子模式的质量<年代vghe我ght=”7。1374998" id="M254" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 7.1374998" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,7.1375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-66.29)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是订单的<年代vghe我ght=”19。0625” id="M255" style="vertical-align:-4.24588pt;width:92.362503px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 92.362503 19.0625" width="92.362503" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Γ</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.802592" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.006479" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.06,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-31.18,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-9.85,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.13" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0686879" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-2.32,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,这意味着每一个重子产生非常长寿的,一旦产生又不会衰变在探测器内,因此,它就像一个稳定的粒子,这是非常弱相互作用自个人KK的交互模式由四维压制普朗克质量,从而带走了未被发现的能量和动量。这将提供失踪的能量信号在加速器实验。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec7.4">7.4。超新星冷却</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba最强的一些限制大型额外维场景来自天体物理学。戈德斯坦玻色子重子是相似的,就可以,中微子至少在一个方面。他们可以带走大部分能量从一个天体物理身体,加快其冷却动力学。这些过程中详细讨论了(<一个href=”#B8">13</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B45a">80年</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B45f">85年</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba我们认为超新星1987 a。在那里,每个粒子的最大可用能源被默认为20至70伏。的生产就可以在超新星axion衰变常数成正比<年代vghe我ght=”17。875年”我d="M256" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:28.924999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 28.924999 17.875" width="28.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.78,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.5" y="8.1899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。引力子的生产也大致成正比<年代vghe我ght=”19。0625” id="M257" style="vertical-align:-4.24588pt;width:164.2px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 164.2 19.0625" width="164.2" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,19.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.75)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-48.53,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.13" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0686879" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-41,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.040149" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="14.515983" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.792488" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.669619" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-7.16,66.2)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,1.16,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,22.08,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,26.93,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,44.09,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,在那里<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M258" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:11.225px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.225 10.325" width="11.225" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是一个典型的超新星内的温度。这意味着边界获得轴子冷却计算可以应用使用替换<年代vghe我ght=”17。875年”我d="M259" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:114.925px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 114.925 17.875" width="114.925" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.7)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.78,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.5" y="8.1899996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-43.35,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> →</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="17.12911" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-17.34,65.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-12.49,60.96)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="3.4758339" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,4.67,65.97)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1300001"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。超新星,<年代vghe我ght=”10。9125" id="M260" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:46.337502px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.337502 10.9125" width="46.337502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.27)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>兆电子伏,axion绑定<年代vghe我ght=”18”我d="M261" style="vertical-align:-3.22282pt;width:56.025002px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.025002 18" width="56.025002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.6)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.01,57.74)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.65,60.86)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≥</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.11,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>GeV意味着一定的秩序<年代vghe我ght=”14。6”我d="M262" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:98.287498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 98.287498 14.6" width="98.287498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-50.84,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ≥</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.319056" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.659275" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.910774" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.162277" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>TeV的<年代vghe我ght=”10。8125" id="M263" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.8125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。为<年代vghe我ght=”11。0625" id="M264" style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 11.0625" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.15)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> ></t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,没有得到一个重要的约束<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M265" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:22.174999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.174999 14.2375" width="22.174999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>从这个过程。当然,当尺寸变得足够大,这样的数量<年代vghe我ght=”13。25”我d="M266" style="vertical-align:-2.05656pt;width:69.287498px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 69.287498 13.25" width="69.287498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.25)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.4)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.727334" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.442884" y="0"> ≳</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.483273" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.734776" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.986275" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>兆电子伏(对应于<年代vghe我ght=”13。0625” id="M267" style="vertical-align:-2.05656pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 13.0625" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.0625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.55)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.65)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> ≳</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>),所有的天体物理学范围应用,因为所有相关温度过低会产生甚至最低的<年代vghe我ght=”10。325" id="M268" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:25.1875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 25.1875 10.325" width="25.1875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.74)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.5272856" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>激发的重子。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba对于太阳,<年代vghe我ght=”10。6875年” id="M269" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:36.875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.875 10.6875" width="36.875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.6875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.45)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.143053" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>凯文,红巨星,<年代vghe我ght=”11。0125” id="M270" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:80.949997px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 80.949997 11.0125" width="80.949997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.19)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.41)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> T</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.102664" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="23.143053" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.394552" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.646053" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="43.985554" y="0"> k</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.087017" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="55.638351" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。因此,即使对于弱规模最大危险,也就是说,<年代vghe我ght=”10。862年5" id="M271" style="vertical-align:-0.13792pt;width:35.075001px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.075001 10.8625" width="35.075001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.31)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> T</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.37821" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.929543" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>和<年代vghe我ght=”10。8125" id="M272" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.8125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>是完全安全的。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec7.5">7.5。宇宙的影响</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba最后,我们来到了早期宇宙。最坚实的方面早期的宇宙观,即原始核合成,在添加框架仍然完好无损。原因很简单。每个粒子的能量核合成期间最多几兆电子伏,太小,大大激发引力子。此外,地平线规模远远大于一毫米,宇宙的膨胀是由通常的四维弗里德曼方程。涉及早期宇宙学问题,比如通货膨胀和baryogenesis,可能会发生变化。然而,这是没有必要的,因为可能只是足够的空间来容纳weak-scale通货膨胀和baryogenesis。</p><p>大的额外维度的宇宙学模型提供新的理解宇宙的方式(<一个href=”#B8">13</一个>]。存在新的场景内的通货膨胀和Baryogenesis braneworld上下文。这些场景显然用膜的性质。例如,通胀对“我们的膜可以获得如果另一个膜瀑布之上的“膜”在发展的早期宇宙膜(<一个href=”#B35b">58</一个>]。是由另一个膜的潜在的“我们的世界”可以看作是传统的通胀的潜力。重子不对称的所需的大小也可以在碰撞过程中这两种膜的<一个href=”#B47">86年</一个>]。更多最近的进展,见(<一个href=”#B48a">87年</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B51">93年</一个>]。添加模型的变体,额外维度组成一个紧凑的双曲流形,可以解决大多数宇宙同质性等问题,平面度,等等,没有通货膨胀<一个href=”#B52a">94年</一个>,<gydF4y2Ba一个href=”#B52b">95年</一个>]。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba一些强有力的约束来自事实的温度,引力子发射到大部分会是一个很有可能的过程。这将空膜从能量密度和所有的能量进入引力子的形式。发现温度,这将不再是一个问题,有比较的冷却率通过普通膜能量密度通过引力子发射哈勃扩张和冷却。给出了两个冷却率<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq36"> <svg height="90.612503" id="M273" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 90.612503" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,90.6125)"> <g transform="translate(72,0.49)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,129.62,62.08)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 129.62,56.91 12.93,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,130.8,45.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,143.75,44.44)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.702096" y="0"> x</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="8.0780964" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="12.454096" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.339985" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.715984" y="0"> 年代</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.120512" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="26.553568" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="30.929567" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,183.02,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="79.309998" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.592442" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.843941" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="37.75906" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="47.511398" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="59.551788" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="68.116341" y="0"> 3</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,271.2,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 258.59,56.91 21.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.59,43.22)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,272.28,48.1)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="9.1499996"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0786881" y="9.1499996"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,281.01,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2765059" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-123.75" y="32.23"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="-117.0984" y="32.23"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 157.26,16.37 12.92,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,158.44,4.49)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,171.38,3.91)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="3.7196" y="0"> v</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.9205599" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.806448" y="0"> p</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="16.182447" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.558449" y="0"> r</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="23.45536" y="0"> 一个</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="27.341248" y="0"> t</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="29.774303" y="0"> 我</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="32.207359" y="0"> o</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="36.583359" y="0"> n</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.31,13.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.83" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.01,25.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 229.54,16.37 28.91,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,229.54,2.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,243.23,7.57)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.0100002"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,259.65,13.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="208.22" y="-19.379999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="212.3835" y="-19.379999"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="218.63499" y="-19.379999"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="224.88651" y="-19.379999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>这两个都是平等的,所谓的“正常温度”<年代vghe我ght=”14。2375” id="M274" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:15.0625px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.0625 14.2375" width="15.0625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.2375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.61)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.66)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,低于正常宇宙将扩大为四维宇宙。通过将上述两个利率,我们得到的<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq37"> <svg height="43.799999" id="M275" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 43.799999" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,43.8)"> <g transform="translate(72,-36.96)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,97.65,49.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,104.53,46.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,113.07,49.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.610001" y="-9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,149.38,63.4)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.13" y="8.1300001"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3497438" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.344864" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 135.68,52.38 28.92,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,139.53,40.51)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,152.1,37.38)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.198688" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,165.79,41.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,175.17,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.073216" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.068336" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.444336" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,212.33,49.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.291889" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.87,54.43)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="2.9144161" y="0"> 6</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="7.2904158" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="11.64016" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="17.635281" y="0"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="22.01128" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.925695" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="27.358751" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="30.273169" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="34.622913" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="40.618031" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="44.994034" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,290.28,49.26)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 米</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="11.115167" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="16.666498" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.693665" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="177.59" y="-2.0899999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="181.75349" y="-2.0899999"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="188.005" y="-2.0899999"> 7</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="194.2565" y="-2.0899999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>这表明通胀后,宇宙的再热温度应该这样一个低于正常温度,否则会使人口过剩体积引力子和overclose宇宙。这实际上是一个非常严格的限制这些模型,因为,例如,<年代vghe我ght=”10。8125" id="M276" style="vertical-align:-0.10033pt;width:35.099998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.099998 10.8125" width="35.099998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.8125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-63.35)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.6773224" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.71771" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,<年代vghe我ght=”14。6”我d="M277" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:52.6875px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 52.6875 14.6" width="52.6875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.32)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.07,60.37)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-56.52,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>兆电子伏,所以只是几乎没有足够的空间来再热温度以上的核合成。然而,这使得baryogenesis这些模型非常困难的问题。</p><h5gydF4y2Baid="sec7.6">7.6。黑洞对撞机生产</h5><p>gydF4y2Ba其中一个最惊人的预言将会对拥有大量额外维度的理论,由于量子引力的规模是降低TeV规模,一个可以形成黑洞在大型强子对撞机粒子碰撞。黑洞形成视界内当一个物体的质量大小对应于物体的质量。</p><p>gydF4y2Ba什么是地平线在这种模型的特征尺寸吗?这通常可以读出的史瓦西解中给出了四维空间<年代vghe我ght=”13。45”我d="M278" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:44.224998px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.224998 13.45" width="44.224998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.45)"> <g transform="translate(72,-61.24)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.815575" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.855965" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.107464" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq38"> <svg height="36.537498" id="M279" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 36.537498" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,36.5375)"> <g transform="translate(72,-42.77)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,90.88,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,103.03,58.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,111.38,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="4.9200001"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.4" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.427166" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.970001" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.147202" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 152.35,56.91 22.87,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,161.23,45.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.18" y="-3.8299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.870001" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.521597" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,196.66,58.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,204.32,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.73" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="40.381596" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,249.81,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 216.86,56.91 59.02,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,216.86,45.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="4.1634989" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.178162" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="33.708088" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="46.273602" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="49.749435" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="54.850662" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="62.990002" y="-8.75"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="74.330223" y="-8.75"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,296.29,58.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,301.17,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,308.57,58.85)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,313.44,53.78)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> Ω</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3022318" y="0"> ,</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="154.42999" y="-0.47999999"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="158.59351" y="-0.47999999"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="164.845" y="-0.47999999"> 8</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="171.0965" y="-0.47999999"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span>和地平线的距离因子相乘<年代vghe我ght=”13。962年5” id="M280" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:19.424999px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.424999 13.9625" width="19.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.9625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.83)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.6515961" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-61.39,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>消失:<年代vghe我ght=”18。7875年”我d="M281" style="vertical-align:-4.02643pt;width:69.375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 69.375 18.7875" width="69.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,18.7875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-56.97)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-66.85,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0100002"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-51.46,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.040389" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.21759" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>。在<年代vghe我ght=”11。325" id="M282" style="vertical-align:-0.51414pt;width:33.362499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.362499 11.325" width="33.362499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.325)"> <g transform="translate(72,-62.94)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>尺寸在史瓦西解,前因子所取代<年代vghe我ght=”17。674999年” id="M283" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:214.52499px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 214.52499 17.674999" width="214.52499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.675)"> <g transform="translate(72,-57.86)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.0271664" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.367388" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.544588" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="42.110104" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="45.585938" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.238495" y="0"> →</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="73.380104" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="82.407272" y="0"> −</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="93.747498" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="106.31301" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="109.78884" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="113.95234" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,55.7,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.12" y="8.1199999"> ∗</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,75.09,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,80.19,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="10.37112" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,95.41,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>地平线,是由大小<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq39"> <svg height="41.862499" id="M284" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 41.862499" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,41.8625)"> <g transform="translate(72,-38.51)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,148.71,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,153.81,47.69)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,166.21,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.03" y="7.3299999"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.58" y="-7.25"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 188.82,53.94 17.64,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,188.82,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,201.38,38.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,207.65,43.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,217.03,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.099472" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.094591" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.444336" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,251.78,58.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 246.08,53.94 17.64,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,246.08,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,258.65,38.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,264.92,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="202.95" y="-1.3200001"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="207.11349" y="-1.3200001"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="213.36501" y="-1.3200001"> 9</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="219.6165" y="-1.3200001"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>精确解给出了相似的表达除了数值前因子在上面的方程。因此,我们大致知道地平线大小,和一个黑洞将形成如果碰撞参数的影响是较小的,比这地平线的大小。然后,将形成一个黑洞碰撞的粒子质量<年代vghe我ght=”20。4125" id="M285" style="vertical-align:-4.10059pt;width:72.425003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 72.425003 20.4125" width="72.425003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,20.4125)"> <g transform="translate(72,-55.67)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,59.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.38,56.68)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> B</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="5.837584" y="0"> H</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-43.26,59.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> =</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.04" y="0.85000002"> √</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m -19.62,70.71 5.51,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-19.62,59.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>,正如我们所看到的横截面是地平线相对应的几何截面大小差不多的一个给定的碰撞能量:<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”equation" id="eq40"> <svg height="45.1875" id="M286" preserveaspectratio="xMaxYMin" style="vertical-align:-0pt;width:700.9375px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 700.9375 45.1875" width="700.9375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,45.1875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-35.85)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,125.26,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.802592" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.842981" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.444805" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,160.81,55.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="9.0100002"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,173.21,50.81)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="20.719999" y="-7.25"> 1</t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 186.45,53.94 21.22,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,186.45,40.25)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,200.14,45.13)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="-1.13" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.0686879" y="9.1400003"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,208.86,43.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.57" y="-16.469999"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,232,56.83)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.091392" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <g> <path d="m 219.43,53.94 27.59,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.82499999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path> </g> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,224.41,42.06)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,236.97,38.93)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> ∗</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,248.21,43.48)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> </t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,257.59,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="6.8090558" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="9.7234716" y="0"> </t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="14.073216" y="0"> +</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="20.068336" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="24.444336" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,288.37,50.8)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 。</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="179.5" y="0"> (</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="183.6635" y="0"> 5</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="189.91499" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="196.1665" y="0"> )</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg></span></p> <p>的横截面将因此秩序<年代vghe我ght=”13。987年5” id="M287" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:93.550003px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 93.550003 13.9875" width="93.550003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.9875)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.81)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> /</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="13.890833" y="0"> T</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.030046" y="0"> e</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.581379" y="0"> V</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-36.35,66.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 2</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-28,61.03)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> ∼</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0"> 4</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.530886" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>pb, LHC将产生<年代vghe我ght=”14。05”我d="M288" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:21.85px;" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 21.85 14.05" width="21.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.05)"> <g transform="translate(72,-60.76)"> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,60.99)"> <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0"> 1</t年代p一个n><t年代p一个n style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.2515001" y="0"> 0</t年代p一个n></text> <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-59.45,66.16)"> <tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0"> 7</t年代p一个n></text> </g> </g> </svg>每年的黑洞!这些黑洞不稳定但通过霍金辐射衰变。这产生的特性,每个粒子将在一个球形分布等概率。在SM,有60个粒子,其中有6个轻子和一个光子。因此,约10%的时间黑洞会衰变为轻子,2%的时间光子,和5%到中微子,这将是观察到失踪的能量。这些将是非常特定签名的黑洞在大型强子对撞机生产。可以找到更详细的描述黑洞生产(<一个href=”#B53a">96年</一个>- - - - - -<一个href=”#B55">99年</一个>]。</p><h4gydF4y2Baid="conclusion">8。结论</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba尽管额外维度看起来非常奇异的一开始,《盗梦空间》在现代物理学已经帮助我们理解一些长期存在的问题在粒子物理和宇宙学。在过去的二十年,层次结构问题一直是中央SM的动机构建扩展,新的强劲动力或超对称稳定疲软的规模。相比之下,添加有提出问题根本不存在,如果基本短途截止的理论,在重力成为堪计交互,是附近的弱。这导致立即要求新的sub-mm维度和SM领域局部膜在高维空间中。另一方面,它会导致一个最令人兴奋的新物理访问的可能性,因为在这种情况下量子引力的结构可以通过实验探索在不久的将来。总之,有许多新的有趣的问题,出现添加框架。我们的旧思想统一、通货膨胀、自然,层次结构问题,并需要超对称性被遗弃了,一起成功的超对称预测耦合常数统一(<一个href=”#B56">One hundred.</一个>]。相反,我们得到一个新的框架,它允许我们以新的方式看待老问题。</p><h4gydF4y2Baid="acknowledgments">确认</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba作者要感谢Christos Kokorelis对于许多建议和有用的信件。他们感谢Rizwan哈奇安萨里和乔纳森·佩里经历本文的初稿。</p></d我v><d我vcl一个年代年代="xml-content"> <h4 class="references" id="references">引用</h4><ol><l我我d="B1a">t·卡鲁”Zum Unitatsproblem der物理学,”<我>年代我tzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen发育der Wissenschaften祖茂堂柏林</我>,第972 - 966页,1921年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Zum%20Unitätsproblem%20in%20der%20Physik&author=T. 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Arkani-Hamed s Dimopoulos g·德,“现象学、天体物理学和宇宙学的理论和亚毫米尺度量子引力TeV规模,”<我>物理评论D</我>卷,59号8日,21,1999页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenomenology,%20astrophysics,%20and%20cosmology%20of%20theories%20with%20submillimeter%20dimensions%20and%20TeV%20scale%20quantum%20gravity&author=N. Arkani-Hamed&author=S. Dimopoulos&author=&author=G. Dvali&publication_year=1999" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B9">即Antoniadis: Arkani-Hamed、美国Dimopoulos和g .德“新维度一毫米TeV费米和超弦,“<我>B物理快报</我>,卷436,不。3 - 4、257 - 263年,1998页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=New%20dimensions%20at%20a%20millimeter%20to%20a%20fermi%20and%20superstrings%20at%20a%20TeV&author=I. Antoniadis&author=N. Arkani-Hamed&author=S. Dimopoulos&author=&author=G. Dvali&publication_year=1998" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B10">d . Cremades l . e . Ibaez, f . 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Suresh&publication_year=2008" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B47">g·德和g . Gabadadze Non-conservation膜宇宙和baryogenesis全球指控,”<我>B物理快报</我>,卷460,不。1 - 2,47-57,1999页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Non-conservation%20of%20global%20charges%20in%20the%20Brane%20Universe%20and%20baryogenesis&author=G. Dvali &author=G. Gabadadze&publication_year=1999" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B48a">j·库利,b . a . Ovrut, p . j .斯坦哈特和n .图罗克,“火理论:宇宙碰撞膜和热大爆炸的起源,”<我>物理评论D</我>,卷64,不。12篇文章ID 123522 2001。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ekpyrotic%20universe:%20colliding%20branes%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20hot%20big%20bang&author=J. Khoury&author=B. A. Ovrut&author=P. J. Steinhardt&author=&author=N. Turok&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B48b">r . Brandenberger和f . Finelli波动的频谱的有效场理论该宇宙,“<我>高能物理学杂志》上</我>,5卷,不。11日,2001年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=On%20the%20spectrum%20of%20fluctuations%20in%20an%20effective%20field%20theory%20of%20the%20ekpyrotic%20universe&author=R. Brandenberger &author=F. Finelli&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B48c">j·库利,b . a . Ovrut, p . j .斯坦哈特和n .图罗克”密度扰动在该场景中,“<我>物理评论D</我>,卷66,不。4、文章ID 046005, 2002。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.66.046005">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href=”https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Density%20perturbations%20in%20the%20ekpyrotic%20scenario&author=J. Khoury&author=B. A. Ovrut&author=P. J. Steinhardt&author=&author=N. Turok&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B49">p . j .斯坦哈特和n .图罗克”循环宇宙,宇宙演化”<我>物理评论D</我>,卷65,不。12篇文章ID 126003 2002。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.65.126003">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href=”https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cosmic%20evolution%20in%20a%20cyclic%20universe&author=P. J. Steinhardt &author=N. Turok&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B50a">a·林德“通货膨胀理论与火理论/循环的情况下,“在出版社,<一个t一个rget=”_blank" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0205259">http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0205259</一个>。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Inflationary%20theory%20versus%20ekpyrotic/cyclic%20scenario&author=A. Linde" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B50b">r . Kallosh l .卡夫曼和a·林德,“烟火宇宙”<我>物理评论D</我>,卷64,不。12篇文章ID 123523 2001。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Pyrotechnic%20universe&author=R. Kallosh&author=L. Kofman&author=&author=A. Linde&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B51">美国的卡,r . Kallosh a·林德j . Maldacena l·麦卡利斯特和s . p . Trivedi”对通货膨胀在弦理论中,“<我>宇宙论与天体粒子物理学杂志》上</我>,没有。10日,227 - 258年,2003页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Towards%20inflation%20in%20string%20theory&author=S. Kachru&author=R. Kallosh&author=A. Linde&author=J. Maldacena&author=L. McAllister&author=&author=S. P. Trivedi&publication_year=2003" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B52a">g·d·斯达克曼·d·维奇,m .践踏“大额外维度和宇宙的问题,”<我>物理评论D</我>,卷63,不。2001年10篇文章ID 103511。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.63.103511">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href=”https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Large%20extra%20dimensions%20and%20cosmological%20problems&author=G. D. Starkman&author=D. Stojkovic&author=&author=M. Trodden&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B52b">g·d·斯达克曼·d·维奇,m .践踏“同质性、平整度和“大”额外维度”,<我>物理评论快报</我>,卷87,不。23日,第231303条,ID 231303条,1 - 4,2001页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Homogeneity,%20flatness,%20and%20“large”%20extra%20dimensions&author=G. D. Starkman&author=D. Stojkovic&author=&author=M. Trodden&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B53a">美国b·吉丁斯和美国托马斯“高能对撞机黑洞工厂:短距离物理,“<我>物理评论D</我>,卷65,不。5、文章ID 056010, 2002。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010">出版商的网站</一个><年代p一个ncl一个年代年代="sep">|</年代p一个n><一个href=”https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=High%20energy%20colliders%20as%20black%20hole%20factories:%20the%20end%20of%20short%20distance%20physics&author=S. B. Giddings &author=S. Thomas&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B53b">Dimopoulos和g .狱中“黑洞在大型强子对撞机,”<我>物理评论快报</我>,卷87,不。16、ID 161602条161602/1-161602/4,2001页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Black%20holes%20at%20the%20large%20Hadron%20collider&author=S. Dimopoulos &author=G. Landsberg&publication_year=2001" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B54">j·l·冯和公元Shapere“黑洞生产由宇宙射线,”<我>物理评论快报</我>,卷88,不。2、第021303条,2002年。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Black%20hole%20production%20by%20cosmic%20rays&author=J. L. Feng &author=A. D. Shapere&publication_year=2002" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B55">p c . Argyres s Dimopoulos, j . March-Russell“黑洞和亚维度,”<我>B物理快报</我>,卷441,不。1 - 4、96 - 104年,1998页。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Black%20holes%20and%20sub-millimeter%20dimensions&author=P. C. Argyres&author=S. Dimopoulos&author=&author=J. March-Russell&publication_year=1998" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> <li id="B56">s Dimopoulos和h .格奥尔基轻声打破超对称性和SU (5)”,<我>核物理B</我>,卷193,不。1,第162 - 150页,1981。<年代p一个ncl一个年代年代=”refl我nks">视图:<一个href=”http年代://年代cholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Softly%20broken%20supersymmetry%20and%20SU(5)&author=S. Dimopoulos &author=H. Georgi&publication_year=1981" target="_blank">谷歌学术搜索</一个></年代p一个n></li> </ol> </div> <div class="xml-content"> <h4 class="copyright" id="copyright">版权</h4><p>gydF4y2Ba版权©2011 V。h . Satheeshkumar和p . k .苏雷什。这是一个开放的分布式下文章<一个rel=”l我cen年代e”href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">知识共享归属许可</一个>,它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。</p></d我v></d我v></article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="biblio__Wrapper-sc-1nou1lz-0 eyHfWh journal_article__BiblioIntegratorWidget-sc-12fk6zy-5 dbAANp article_widget biblioWrapper hide"> <hr> <h4 class="biblio__H4-sc-1nou1lz-2 becpDt hrTitleRef">更多相关文章</h4><d我v我d=”biblio_widget" class="biblio__BiblioWrapper-sc-1nou1lz-1 cQzzwB"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumn__RightWrapper-sc-1bf4078-2 jzTMLK rightWrapper" id="rightSectionMenu"> <div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyTopToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-0 gbrQxi article_sticky_top_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cBdUnI hRnXob article_top_toolbar"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-exkUMo hymroZ pdf_desktop button__group" href="https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/aa/2011/189379.pdf" aria-label="" target="_blank" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img 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height="24"><span class="text">下载引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-jtRfpW dIjoCg sc-BngTV hmDWcT ref_desktop" href="//www.newsama.com/journals/aa/2011/189379.ris" aria-label="" target="" id="toolbar__dcNavSmall"><span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-kTUwUJ eujois" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="text">引用</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs bqeMOy sc-dqBHgY cQgXqt fileArrow icon-colored _3P4iUn1NDM5G77nWCamJ4l icon-themeable" title="" font-size="20"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal_article__ArticleStickyBottomToolbar-sc-12fk6zy-1 isgRZA article_sticky_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cTjmhe ihmyEq article_bottom_toolbar"> <div class="sc-cugefK itFKcQ accordion" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8" id="toolbar__dofNav"> <span><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">下载其他格式</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">更多的</年代p一个n></年代p一个n> <span class="sc-htoDjs bMdQcY sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL icon-colored _1CwL9R82TPl2HxDleeYGDR icon-themeable" title="" font-size="11"></span> </div> <div class="sc-fnwBNb etzuBr"> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/aa/2011/189379.epub" aria-label="ePub" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> ePub</d我v><我米g一个lt=””class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" height="24"></a> <a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link sc-iNhVCk gWgCNb open_panel" href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/aa/2011/189379.xml" aria-label="XML" property="background-color" color="#D8D8D8"> <div class="sc-eAKXzc WHkfb"> XML</d我v><我米g一个lt=””class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl sc-bfYoXt cGuwDn" title="" role="presentation" 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height="24"><span class="sc-dRFtgE jrsDZP">订单打印副本</年代p一个n><年代p一个ncl一个年代s="sc-gkFcWv gWTCXQ">订单</年代p一个n></年代p一个n><span class="sc-htoDjs kNoiZu sc-gbOuXE jGPvPL right__icon icon-colored _32KP5uexH-Bgs7Kj8Gk1Tz icon-themeable" title="" font-size="16"></span></a> <div class="sc-hBbWxd kdRRST"> <div class="sc-dyGzUR cHatnS"> <div> 的观点<年代p一个n>2739年年</年代p一个n></d我v><d我v> 下载<年代p一个n>1029年年</年代p一个n></d我v></d我v> <div> <div class="sc-drKuOJ kxdGAZ"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1155/2011/189379" data-style="small_circle"></span>引用</d我v></d我v></d我v><nav class="sc-bRBYWo fXBKFa sc-hUfwpO jHPgUP" id="toolbar__iconNav"> <h3 class="sc-Rmtcm hNPrIr">分享文章</h3><ulcl一个年代年代=”年代c-hzDkRC bnbfTS"> <li class="iconBorder"><a class="sc-htpNat bUhGXt link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/189379&via=Hindawi" aria-label="Sharing on Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="sc-EHOje jOLhQl socialTwitter" title="" role="presentation" 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