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2490519

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系统回顾对Clinimetric演奏乐器的性质职能治疗实践

https://orcid.org/0000 - 0003 - 4361 - 8102 Romli

默罕默德Hibatullah

¹ ²

尤努斯湾

Farahiyah

³ 贝拉尔迪的乳白色

安娜

^{1

护理与康复

医学和健康科学学院

马来西亚Putra大学

43400年Serdang

雪兰莪州

马来西亚

upm.edu.my} ^{2

马来西亚研究老龄化研究所(myage)

马来西亚Putra大学

43400年Serdang

雪兰莪州

马来西亚

upm.edu.my} ^{3

康复中心和特殊需要的研究

职业治疗计划

健康科学学院

马来西亚Kebangsaan大学

50300年吉隆坡

马来西亚

ukm.my}

2020年

1 8 2020年

2020年 19 03 2020年 24 04 2020年 16 06 2020年 1 8 2020年

2020年

这是一个开放的文章在知识共享归属许可下发布的,它允许无限制的使用,分布和繁殖在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确的引用。

玩是儿童的主要职业。儿科职业治疗师利用游戏进行评估或干预的目的。然而,玩不是正确衡量职业治疗师,和玩乐器的使用是有限的。这个系统综述旨在识别演奏乐器相关职业治疗实践及其clinimetric属性。系统的搜索进行了六个数据库(MEDLINE,学术搜索完成,CINAHL心理学和行为科学收集,斯高帕斯,与东盟引文索引)2020年1月。纳入研究的质量评估使用法律和MacDermid临床测量研究的评估报告,并使用Terwee演奏乐器进行评估的心理属性的清单,而临床实用程序从每个乐器。初始搜索确定了1098篇文章,只有30篇文章包含在最终的分析中,提取8演奏乐器。这些工具主要是实践在西方文化中,它包含多个心理证据。修订后的诺克斯幼儿园玩规模被认为是最广泛和全面的发挥仪器外在方面,而嬉闹+测试的测试环境支持力统一测量是一种很有前途的玩乐器的内在方面,这两个工具利用观察。我孩子的玩是一个潜在的摄取玩乐器。 However, the current development of play instruments in the occupational therapy field is immature and constantly evolving, and occupational therapists should exercise good clinical reasoning when selecting a play instrument to use in practice.

1。介绍<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>职业治疗儿童发现作为一个全球最大的实践领域(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。对于孩子们来说,玩是最重要的占领主导他们的使用时间。能治疗目标之一,同时可以作为媒介的介入,这有助于提高个人的功能性能(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。玩被发现有利于生物、物理、心理、和社会发展(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"> 5<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。一般来说,玩是一个学习的过程,儿童装备必要的物理、心理、认知和社会技能,促进正常发育为典型的孩子(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。因此,选择正确的游戏活动达到目的的一种手段或带孩子的最佳结果是很重要的。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>使用标准化的评估可以促进从业人员确定适当的玩游戏活动作为一个目标或设置为媒介干预。然而,利用标准化职业治疗玩乐器,即使研究的结果是有限的在职业治疗干预(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"> 7<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)或以游戏为主的干预(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。审查没有发现研究的概述,系统地识别和调查标准化职业治疗仪器在玩<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"> 8<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。审查的一些研究文献检索中没有被发现,但在系统的格式。Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>诺克斯)列出三种工具:幼儿园玩规模(及其变异),测试的嬉闹,玩历史;然而,这项研究没有系统地搜索来确定其他游戏为主的乐器。斯特奇斯(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"> 9<gydF4y2Ba/xref>提出了一些演奏乐器;然而,只有发挥历史和学前教育规模较为被确定为职业的乐器。两个评论(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"> 10<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11<gydF4y2Ba/xref>儿童]调查功能评估,确定只有麦当劳玩库存作为乐器玩的工具。限制两个评论是搜索仅限于一个杂志的平台。缺乏全面审查的研究作为指导原则将阻碍职业治疗专业人员有效地使用一个适当的玩乐器,并计划一个适当的干预。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>心理学、言语治疗、物理治疗和特殊教育是其他学科,利息以外的职业治疗。几个工具是由其他职业,和几个评论调查这些乐器的心理属性(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"> 12<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"> 14<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,每个学科观察各个方面不同。职业治疗评估游戏本身,而其他行业利用游戏活动作为媒介来评估一个特定的组件(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"> 15<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。例如,心理学家观察发挥专门评估认知功能并确定认知或社会能力(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"> 13<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"> 14<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,物理治疗师观察发挥评估儿童的物理能力(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"> 12<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。此外,唯一instrument-focused系统综述(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"> 12<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)游戏为主的评估,而不是玩评估调查。但评估nonplay方面利用玩游戏为主的评估活动,如电机或认知功能,而评估评估玩为了玩。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>一项研究发现,职业治疗师使用各种类型的评估来评估,但一些不是传说<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"> 16<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。例如,大多数职业治疗师使用葡萄地适应行为量表和巴特尔发展库存评估自适应行为和一般物理、认知和社会发展一个意图来评估。这可能导致误导判断干预规划;有证据表明,玩是用来引出改进在其他领域,如精细运动技能和认知功能(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"> 16<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。因此,不同的哲学基础工具可能会阻碍职业治疗师有效进行评价和解释研究结果有效地为目的的游戏。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>Kuhaneck和他的同事们(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"> 16<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)显示一个下降的趋势使用职业治疗师之间玩乐器。几个原因提到了如缺乏可用的演奏乐器和缺乏知识继续教育现有的演奏乐器。林奇et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"> 18<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)在他们的调查也发现了相似的发现,职业治疗师认为玩重要,但表示缺乏教育无论从研究,理论,应用评估,或干预导致挑战play-centered实践。与此同时,Wadley和Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"> 19<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)发现,职业治疗师和老师欣赏儿童玩耍的重要性;然而,父母和家庭成员的治疗价值的理解是有限的和不考虑儿童的主要目标功能的结果。使用标准化的评估是循证实践的一部分(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"> 20.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),增强了自信,加强沟通和消息传递(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>玩的重要性。因此,应进行系统回顾聚集在职业治疗实践发挥评估相关的使用通知从业者在可用的工具,加强循证实践,并选择最好的仪器与客户有效的沟通媒介。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2"> <title>2。材料和方法<gydF4y2Ba/title> <sec id="sec2.1"> <title>2.1。研究目标<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>这个系统回顾已经登记在INPLASY(注册号:202040156)和普洛斯彼罗(<egydF4y2Baxt-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020170370"> CRD42020170370<gydF4y2Ba/ext-link>)。本文的目的是确定和收集clinimetric演奏乐器由职业治疗师的证据。Clinimetric指的是心理属性(即的证据。有效性和可靠性)和临床实用的乐器<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"> 22<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.2"> <title>2.2。研究鉴定<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>系统搜索进行了六个电子数据库,即学术搜索完成,CINAHL, MEDLINE,心理学和行为科学收集,斯高帕斯,东盟引文索引。关键字是由作者和回顾以前的文献中讨论。以下关键词:使用(“玩”或“游戏为主”或“玩具”)和(“评价”或“评估”或“测量”或“电池”或“测试”或“仪器”)和(“有效性”或“可靠性”或“灵敏度”或“精度”或“特异性”或“响应”或“心理”)与轻微的变化。布尔操作符,括号,截断,只要适当使用通配符。东盟引文索引,只有“玩”这个词被键入的有限功能的搜索引擎,不允许搜索字符串。作为搜索是压倒性的数量,限制对关键字存在的只有play-related标题的关键词。搜索是2020年1月21日进行的。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>手动搜索是由筛选的参考列表包括研究。此外,确认仪器是寻找原来的文章。一个创新的方法使用谷歌学术搜索中的“引用”选项进行所有原始和包括文章分配更多潜在的文章(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"> 23<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。相关的引用被选择,筛选过程进行了资格。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.3"> <title>2.3。合格标准<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>每个检索研究评估它的资格根据下面的纳入和排除标准。入选标准仪器(i)研究了休闲游戏的类型(无竞争力发挥或运动),(2)仪器通常评估,(iii)研究调查仪器的心理属性(iv)仪器使用只在玩(不是多维仪器的一部分),和(v)仪器相关的职业疗法的使用。最后一个标准是由审查所涉及的仪器发现发达或职业治疗师检查仪器的原始研究的作者。排除标准(我)不是(即主要研究。,review and editor note), (ii) no full text available, (iii) full text is not available in English, (iv) grey literature (e.g., thesis, book, and conference), and (v) nonpeer review journal article.</p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.4"> <title>2.4。研究选择<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>重复最初在筛选过程中删除。第一作者筛选的标题资格根据预先确定的标准,其次是独立筛选由两位作者的文摘和全文。preconsensus协议计算通过比较最终接受了两位作者之间的文章。两位作者之间的任何有分歧通过讨论解决,直到达成共识。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.5"> <title>2.5。数据提取和分析<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>包括文章最后分析故事体地分析。提取每一篇文章的研究目标,研究设计、调查工具,评级机构的数量和特点,参与者的数量和特点,国家的研究,发现在心理属性。提取演奏乐器被发现在其临床实用程序集中在应用程序和管理方面。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.6"> <title>2.6。这项研究的质量评价<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>两个质量评估工具。每一篇文章的质量评估使用由法律和质量评估评价形式MacDermid [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。Terwee的清单<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"> 25<gydF4y2Ba/xref>是用来评估的心理在每个仪器发现证据。尽管健康状况的一致同意的标准选择测量仪器(COSMIN;(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"> 26<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)被认为是黄金标准来评估的质量评估工具的工具,然而,它也有一些局限性中使用这个系统综述。首先,COSMIN专门开发评估文章展示patient-reported健康测量仪器的结果,这可能不适合一些职业治疗测量工具,如演奏乐器,是复杂的,不同的管理程序,包括观察评级或代理,和由环境和生态元素(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"> 27<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"> 28<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。第二,尽管COSMIN的有效性是足够的<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"> 29日<gydF4y2Ba/xref>],COSMIN通过kappa分析的可靠性很差(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"> 30.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。因此,使用法律和MacDermid形式和Terwee清单更适合本研究。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>临床测量研究报告质量评估评价形式(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]是一个12项清单评估质量的五个心理研究领域的研究问题,设计、测量、分析和建议。这种形式是每一项分配一个0 - 2分(2、最佳实践;1,可以接受但非最优实践;和0,实质上不充分或不适当的练习)。只有6项可以表示为N / A(不适用),因为它涉及到纵向的研究(即。,两次试验法的)。通过添加所有计算总分从每一项成绩,然后转换为百分比。更高的分数表明更好的质量。形式是由康复专家从职业治疗和理疗背景和优秀的评分者间信度(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"> 31日<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"> 37<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)在使用环境相关仪器(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"> 28<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。质量评估是由两位作者通过讨论和验证。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>Terwee清单是一个评估工具来确定仪表的心理属性的质量(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"> 25<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。为此,研究分组根据描述的仪器,和每个仪器的心理属性的摘要就准备根据八个类别,即(我)内容效度,(2)内部一致性,(iii)效标效度,(iv)建构效度,(v)再现性(协议和可靠性),(vi)响应性,(七)地板或天花板效应,(八)可解释性。每个仪器当时评估质量标准和评价根据四类:积极的(即。,+),这意味着与健壮的方法拥有一个想要的结果;中间(即。,吗?),which means having a desired outcome with less robust methodology; poor (i.e., -), means having an undesired outcome or having poor methodology; and no information available (i.e., N/A). When two or more studies investigated the same property, the highest quality score for that item was recorded.</p> </sec> </sec> <sec id="sec3"> <title>3所示。结果<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>总共有1098篇文章检索;1043人从电子数据库搜索,获得另一个55后来确定的参考列表包括研究和相关文献列表发现使用谷歌学术搜索的“引用”选项。最终,如图<gydF4y2Baxref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>63 (<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"> 38<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100"> One hundred.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)文章在全文中排除筛选和30<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"> 101年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130"> 130年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)个人研究后选择筛选过程由两位作者(preconsensus接受协议全文:79.4%)。的描述每个包括个人及其心理研究报告提出了表<gydF4y2Baxref rid="tab1" ref-type="table"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig1"> <label>图1<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>筛选过程。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/oti/2020/2490519.fig.001"></graphic> </fig> <table-wrap id="tab1" content-type="sidewaystable"> <label>表1<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>个人研究的特点和心理报告。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">作者<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">一年<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">仪器<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">客观的<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">研究设计<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">国家<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">参与者<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">评定等级<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">发现<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">Dender & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108"> 108年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2017年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">绿皮书<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">探索的内容和文化社会方面有效性的乐器<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">定性<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">6对原住民的孩子(即。12个孩子)<bre一个k></break>14个社区长者和母亲<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">扩展仪器的文化接受和无偏见的。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Golchin et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109"> 109年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2017年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">建立可靠性、内容和跨文化翻译的有效性波斯语版本的工具<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横断面(有效性)<bre一个k></break>群组(可靠性)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">伊朗<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5职业治疗师<bre一个k></break>31岁正常儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2研究人员<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">内部一致性<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <mml:mi> α<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.752<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>。intrarater可靠性很好(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.99<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)、评分者间信(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.98<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>两次试验法的)和适度强劲(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.69<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.99<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。内容效度强(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <mml:mtext> 表格<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.81<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 1.00<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Stagnitti & Lewis (<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129"> 129年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2015年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查的预测效度仪器使用安南锭角羚语义组织和叙事复述技巧<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">48个典型,学习困难儿童的风险<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3个考官<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器预测23.8%的语义组织和18.2%的故事复述能力。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dender & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"> 107年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2011年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">I-ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">探讨文化适当的适应仪器及其可靠性<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">定性<bre一个k></break>横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">23日澳大利亚土著儿童(即。,12双)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">4土著儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">文化适应是令人满意的。玩具是中性的(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> ><gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。总的来说,玩具使用温和的评分者间信度(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mo> −<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.33<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 1.00<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pfeifer et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120"> 120年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2011年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">建立跨文化的翻译葡萄牙语版本的有效性和可靠性的乐器<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">巴西<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">14个典型的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1职业治疗学生和主管<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">有效性是建立在和巴西打材料和持续时间是合适的上下文。Intrarater可靠性很好(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.90<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.97<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。评分者间信度适中(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.13<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.76<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">McAloney & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117"> 117年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2009年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查仪器的同时效度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">53名正常儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1研究<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">之间存在显著的负相关和社会。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Uren & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128"> 128年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2009年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查仪器的结构效度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">41典型或轻微残疾的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5教师<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">有可能的证据的建构效度仪器佩恩交互式同伴玩规模(PIPPS)和鲁汶幼儿参与量表(LIS-YC)几个组件显著中度相关。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Swindells & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127"> 127年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2006年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查仪器的结构效度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">35岁正常儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2研究人员<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">评分者间信度强(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10"> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.7<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。有可能的证据的建构效度仪器文兰社会性儿童早期量表;整体不显著但是某些方面被发现显著相关。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Stagnitti &山区(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124"> 124年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2004年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">建立两次试验法的仪器的可靠性<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">纵向<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">38个典型和发育迟缓的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1研究<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">两次试验法的可靠性中强劲(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.57<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.85<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Stagnitti et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125"> 125年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2000年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">确定仪器的区分效度和评分者间信度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">82年典型preacademic问题孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3职业治疗师<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">评分者间信度很好(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12"> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.96<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 1.00<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。建立判别效度(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M13"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.001<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Sposito et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123"> 123年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2019年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">验证可靠性的巴西版本的工具<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">巴西<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">135年典型的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2本科学生职业治疗<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">总的来说,内部一致性很好(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14"> <mml:mi> α<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.48<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.95<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。整体intrarater可靠性(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15"> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.18<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.99<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)据报道,是温和的优秀和评分者间信度(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16"> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mo> −<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.03<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.71<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)是温和的。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pacciulio et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119"> 119年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2010年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查的可靠性和可重复性的巴西版本<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">队列<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">巴西<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">18岁正常儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2审查员(一个是研究人员;没有进一步的细节)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">强intrarater相关性两次(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.87<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 1.00<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。两个考官(之间的强相关性评分者间信<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M18"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.78<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.99<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lee & Hinojosa [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116"> 116年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2010年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">建立评分者间信和并发修改后的版本的工具的有效性<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">61年自闭症儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2研究人员<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">评分者间信度很好(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.94<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)和建构效度还有vab适中(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M20"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.52<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>,<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M21"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.01<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Jankovich et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112"> 112年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2008年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">建立评分者间信,建构效度的修订版本的工具<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">38岁正常儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2职业治疗学生<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">评分者间信协议高(81.8% - -100%)。更高的协议实现的观察比年轻的孩子。建构效度显示更高的协议时间和平均年龄比年轻的孩子。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">哈里森& Keilhofner [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111"> 111年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1986年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">确定评分者间信和两次试验法的信度和效度的仪器<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横断面(评分者间信;同时效度)<bre一个k></break>纵向(两次试验法的)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">60学龄前儿童禁用<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3观察员(细节未提及)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">总体评分者间信度是实质性的(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M22"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> ≈<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.67<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。两次试验法的整体相关性强(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M23"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.55<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.97<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。同时效度表明,仪器与Parten适度相关的社会层次(玩<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M24"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> τ<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.60<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.64<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)和Lunzer规模组织的行为(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M25"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> τ<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.50<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.89<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。仪器相关的适度与年龄(<gydF4y2Baitalic> r<gydF4y2Ba/italic>= 0.01 - -0.91)对残疾儿童与正常儿童。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bledsoe & Sheperd [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102"> 102年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1982年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">确定两分,两次试验法的信度和效度的修正后的仪器<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横断面(两分;同时效度)<bre一个k></break>纵向(两次试验法的)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">90年典型的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2研究人员和观察员<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">总的来说,两分,两次试验法的取得了满意的相关性。<bre一个k></break>同时效度表明,与Parten仪器相关适度的社会等级和Lunzer的规模对组织的行为。<bre一个k></break>建构效度表明,仪器与时代紧密相关。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">麦当劳& Vigen [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118"> 118年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2012年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">麦当劳玩库存<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">检查内容、构建和歧视、有效性,内部一致性,两次试验法的仪器的可靠性<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横断面(有效性、内部一致性)<bre一个k></break>纵向(两次试验法的)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">124个孩子<bre一个k></break>17岁的父母<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">自我/ proxy-rating<bre一个k></break>7孩子(两次试验法的)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">内容效度之间的总体适度相关物品。建构效度发现,仪器可以区分典型和残疾儿童。同时效度之间的父子支持率低到中度相关性(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M26"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.04<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.49<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。两次试验法的强烈相关(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M27"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.69<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.82<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>两个时间点之间)。内部一致性:<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M28"> <mml:mi> α<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.79<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.84<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">施耐德& Rosenblum [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122"> 122年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2014年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">我孩子的玩<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">描述了开发、可靠性和有效性的工具<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">以色列<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">334位母亲<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">同时效度与家长老师库存是公平的(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M29"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.33<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>;<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M30"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.001<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。因子分析建立了结构效度(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M31"> <mml:mi> α<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mtext> 年代<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.63<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.81<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。性别(女孩>男孩)和年龄有显著不同的分数。内部一致性:<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M32"> <mml:mi> α<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.86<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lautamo &么(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113"> 113年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2011年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">PAGS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查仪器的评分者间信度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">芬兰<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">78年典型和非典型的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">12专业人员(教师、职业治疗师、物理治疗师)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">生产商在预期的协议(44.1%)和观察到的协议(50.8%)与拉希kappa 0.12。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lautamo et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"> 115年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2011年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">PAGS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">评估工具使用的有效性与儿童语言障碍在典型的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">芬兰<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">156年典型和语言障碍的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">Proxy-rating(教师、特殊教育教师、护士、物理治疗师、职业治疗师)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">分析发现两组之间的显著差异,但80%的项目被认为是稳定的。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lautamo et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114"> 114年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2005年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">PAGS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">确定仪器的结构效度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">芬兰<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">93年典型和非典型的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">Proxy-rating(教师、特殊教育教师、护士、职业治疗师)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器的建构效度建立了内部规模有效性,和人响应有效性实现了强劲的拟合优度值。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">本克先生& Fetkovich [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"> 101年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1984年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">发挥历史采访<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">确定评分者间信而言,两次试验法的可靠性和有效性的发挥历史的采访<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横断面(评分者间信;同时效度)<bre一个k></break>纵向(两次试验法的)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">30健康或残疾儿童的父母<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2研究人员和评级机构<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">同时效度与明尼苏达州儿童发展量表整体温和的强劲。<bre一个k></break>组织有效性是能够区分残疾人和健全儿童(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M33"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.01<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<bre一个k></break>评分者间信度适中的强劲而两次试验法的公平的强烈的相关性。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">斯特奇斯& Ziviani [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126"> 126年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1995年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">Playform<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">探讨一致性评定等级的评级三组之间的仪器<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">13个孩子<bre一个k></break>13的父母<bre一个k></break>1老师<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">三组之间的定性,评级相对相似;父母得分略比孩子们更积极的,但老师是最积极的。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">邦迪et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106"> 106年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2009年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">T-TUM<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查仪器的可译性实践称为T-TUM(前+脚趾统一测量)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">265年非典型的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">至少92%的结果在拟合优度的限制。可靠性增强,<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M34"> <mml:mi> α<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.96<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>T-TUM。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Brentnall et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103"> 103年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2008年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">前<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">评估工具评级的有效性在不同长度和时间点<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">20个典型的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3研究人员和评级机构<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">不同时间点没有显著不同的观察结果(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M35"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.204<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>),但比长的观察时间明显不同(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M36"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.001<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>),但提供不添加信息。延长观察时间较贫穷的两次试验法的价值(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M37"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.033<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)相比,短时间(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M38"> <mml:mtext> 国际刑事法庭<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.408<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.668<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Rigby & Gaik [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"> 121年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2007年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">前<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查仪器的稳定性在三个不同的设置<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">队列<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">16个脑瘫患儿<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1研究<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">分数显示显著差异(即跨三个设置。、家庭、社区和学校)(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M39"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。孩子们在学校里最好玩的在家里最不好玩的。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">汉姆(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110"> 110年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2006年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+大脚趾<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">检查仪器的有效性和可靠性和没有残疾的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">40有或没有残疾的孩子<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2培训评级机构<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">评分者间信协议是100%。项目反应效度是100%,规模和内部效度是100%。嬉闹虽然不多,但高相关的仪器比没有残疾的残疾儿童。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">布朗森和邦迪(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104"> 104年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2001年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+大脚趾<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">对两种乐器的有效性进行评估<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">160儿童和没有残疾的<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">10评级机构(未指定)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">可靠性是可以接受的:<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M40"> <mml:mi> α<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.77<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>。脚趾建构效度是可以接受的(94%)。环境(即。,TOES) is correlated significantly with playfulness (i.e., ToP) (<inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M41"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.401<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>;<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M42"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.01<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。典型的脚趾有重大区别和残疾儿童(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M43"> <mml:mi> z<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 2.96<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>;<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M44"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">邦迪et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105"> 105年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2001年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">前<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">探讨构建和同时效度和评分者间信度的仪器<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">124名儿童(典型和特殊教育)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">26日职业治疗师<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">建构效度解释93%的项目一维的构造在嬉闹。同时效度被发现儿童的趣味与规模适度(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M45"> <mml:mi> r<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.46<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>;<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M46"> <mml:mi> p<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.001<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。评分者间信度达到96%的共识。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Okimoto et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130"> 130年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1999年<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">前<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">调查仪器的可靠性和有效性<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">横截面<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">美利坚合众国<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">54录像mother-CP-child二分体<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3职业治疗师<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">可靠性是97.5%适合在可接受的范围之内的。仪器被发现敏感变化。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table-wrap-foot> <fn> <p>ChIPPA: Child-Initiated假装玩的评估;I-ChIPPA:土著ChIPPA;绿皮书:本土合作伙伴规模;诺克斯PPS:修订后的学前教育规模;PAGS:评估小组设置;上图:嬉闹的考验;脚趾:测试环境支持力;T-TUM: ToP-TOES统一衡量。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </fn> </table-wrap-foot> </table-wrap> <p>个人研究的质量测量使用法律和MacDermid的质量评价工具,和表中给出的结果是<gydF4y2Baxref rid="tab2" ref-type="table"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。总体而言,研究的平均质量分数65.5%(范围、45 - 86%)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab2"> <label>表2<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>质量评估在每个包括研究使用法律和MacDermid [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)工具。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left" rowspan="2">研究<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" rowspan="2">仪器<年代up>◊<gydF4y2Ba/sup></th> <th align="center" colspan="12">评估标准<年代up>__<gydF4y2Ba/sup>(得分:2 =好,1 =温和,0 =差,N / A =不适用)<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" rowspan="2">总分(%)<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> <tr> <th align="center">第一项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">第二项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">项目3<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">第四项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">第五项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">6项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">项目7<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">8项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">9项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">10项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">11项<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">12项<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">Dender & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108"> 108年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">绿皮书<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">82年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Golchin et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109"> 109年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">79年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Stagnitti et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125"> 125年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">77年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Stagnitti & Lewis (<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129"> 129年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">68年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Uren & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128"> 128年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">64年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Swindells & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127"> 127年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">64年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Stagnitti &山区(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124"> 124年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">63年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dender & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"> 107年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">I-ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">59<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pfeifer et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120"> 120年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">59<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">McAloney & Stagnitti [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117"> 117年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">59<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Sposito et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123"> 123年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">73年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Jankovich et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112"> 112年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">73年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lee & Hinojosa [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116"> 116年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">64年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bledsoe & Sheperd [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102"> 102年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">63年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">哈里森& Keilhofner [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111"> 111年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">54<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pacciulio et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119"> 119年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">诺克斯PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">45<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">麦当劳& Vigen [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118"> 118年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">麦当劳玩库存<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">63年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">施耐德& Rosenblum [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120"> 120年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">我孩子的玩<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">64年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lautamo et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"> 115年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">PAGS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">86年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lautamo &么(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113"> 113年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">PAGS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">77年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lautamo et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114"> 114年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">PAGS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">77年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">本克先生& Fetkovich [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"> 101年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">发挥历史采访<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">67年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">斯特奇斯& Ziviani [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126"> 126年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">Playform<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">45<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">邦迪et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106"> 106年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">T-TUM<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">82年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">布朗森和邦迪(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104"> 104年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+大脚趾<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">82年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">汉姆(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110"> 110年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+大脚趾<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">77年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">邦迪et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105"> 105年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">前<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">77年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Brentnall et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103"> 103年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">前<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">75年<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Rigby & Gaik [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"> 121年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">前<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">59<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Okimoto et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130"> 130年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">前<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">N /一个<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">50<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table-wrap-foot> <fn> <p><sup>__<gydF4y2Ba/sup>项目1:心理属性和研究问题的相关背景;项目2:包含/排除标准;项目3:特定的心理假设;第四项:适当的心理属性的范围;第五项:适当的样本量;项目6:适当保留/随访;项目7:措施的具体描述(管理、评分、解释程序);第八项:标准化的方法;第九项:数据提出了每个假说或目的;项10:适当的统计检验; item 11: appropriate secondary analyses; and item 12: conclusions/clinical recommendations supported by analyses and results.<年代up>◊<gydF4y2Ba/sup>ChIPPA: Child-Initiated假装玩的评估;I-ChIPPA:土著ChIPPA;绿皮书:本土合作伙伴规模;诺克斯PPS:修订后的学前教育规模;PAGS:评估小组设置;上图:嬉闹的考验;脚趾:测试环境支持力;T-TUM: ToP-TOES统一衡量。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </fn> </table-wrap-foot> </table-wrap> <p>8原来职业治疗演奏乐器从30包括文章中提取。包括仪器(我)Child-Initiated假装玩评估(ChIPPA;包括本土合作伙伴规模),(2)经修订的诺克斯幼儿园玩表诺克斯(PPS),(3)麦当劳玩库存(MDPI) (iv)我孩子的玩(MCP), (v)发挥评估小组设置(PAGS), (vi) Playform,(七)播放历史访谈(φ)和嬉闹的考验(顶部,包括测试环境支持力(脚趾)和ToP-TOES统一测量(T-TUM))。一个职业治疗instrument-Play技能库存(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"> 38<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)——发现,但不包括由于没有发表期刊文章,研究其心理属性。一些仪器的发表(即只有一次。,麦当劳’s Play Inventory, My Child’s Play, Playform, Play History Interview, and Play Assessment for Group Setting), whereas some were reported in several articles in different occasions (i.e., Knox PPS, ToP+TOES, and I-ChIPPA). Further analysis on the excluded full text articles was also conducted to identify available play instruments and listed in Box<xref ref-type="other" rid="figbox1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。然而,这些工具提出了信息目的和不包括分析nonoccupational疗法演奏乐器。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p id="figbox1"> <list list-content="algorithm"> <title><大胆>框1:< / >大胆排除演奏乐器。<gydF4y2Ba/title> <list-item> <label></label> </list-item> </list></p> <p>•成人嬉闹量表<gydF4y2Ba/p> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•儿童积极发挥意象问卷<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•儿童发育玩乐器<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•儿童游戏治疗仪器<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•孩子的嬉闹<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•享受午餐玩调查卡片<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•公平调查问卷<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•豪斯同行打规模<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•Lowenfeld世界技术<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•Lunzer规模的游戏<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•玩成熟观测仪器<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•修改修改类游戏<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•Parten社会玩的层次结构<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•佩恩交互式同伴玩耍<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>为老年人•感知的问卷调查<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•行为观测系统<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•玩性能规模<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•嬉闹规模为成人<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•杰克逊的观察播放指令和充满想象力的游戏素质面试<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•象征性游戏测试<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•播放清单<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•社会播放记录<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•假装扮演的考验(也称为华威象征性游戏测试)<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <list-item> <label></label> <p>•跨学科的游戏为主的Assessment-Child开发资源<gydF4y2Ba/p> </list-item> <p></p> <p>仪器通常发现追究并发建构效度和评分者间信两次试验法的可靠性。诺克斯PPS等仪器研究了在相同的心理属性(例如,评分者间信度和同时效度)。同质性的位置被确定,多数研究工具进行了调查在原点的国家。大部分的国家起源Caucasian-dominant国家很大程度上受到了西方文化的影响。总结每个仪器从个体心理的证据研究提出了表<gydF4y2Baxref rid="tab3" ref-type="table"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab3"> <label>表3<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>总结的心理属性的质量工具。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left" rowspan="3">仪器工具<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" colspan="9">Terwee清单(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"> 25<gydF4y2Ba/xref>(分数:+ =积极;吗?=中间;- =差;0 =无信息)<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> <tr> <th align="center" rowspan="2">内容效度<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" rowspan="2">内部一致性<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" rowspan="2">效标效度<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" rowspan="2">建构效度<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" colspan="2">再现性<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" rowspan="2">响应性<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" rowspan="2">地板或天花板效应<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" rowspan="2">可解释性<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> <tr> <th align="center">协议<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">可靠性<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<年代up>一个<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,+<年代up>b<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,+<年代up>c<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">吗?<年代up>b<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">?,?<年代up>b<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">?,?<年代up>一个<gydF4y2Ba/sup><sub>,<gydF4y2Ba/sub>吗?<年代up>b<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">诺克斯的PPS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<年代up>d<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+,?<年代up>d<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">麦当劳玩库存<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">我孩子的玩<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">PAGS<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">发挥历史采访<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Playform<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">+脚趾,T-TUM<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<年代up>e<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,+<年代up>f<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,+<年代up>g<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">+<年代up>f<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,+<年代up>g<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">+<年代up>e<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,+<年代up>f<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,+<年代up>g<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">吗?<年代up>e<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,吗?<年代up>f<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">吗?<年代up>e<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,吗?<年代up>f<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">吗?<年代up>f<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,+<年代up>g<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table-wrap-foot> <fn> <p><sup>一个<gydF4y2Ba/sup>巴西葡萄牙语ChIPPA;<年代up>b<gydF4y2Ba/sup>伊朗ChIPPA;<年代up>c<gydF4y2Ba/sup>本土游戏合作伙伴规模(I-PPS);<年代up>d<gydF4y2Ba/sup>诺克斯的游戏规模;<年代up>e<gydF4y2Ba/sup>嬉闹的考验(上);<年代up>f<gydF4y2Ba/sup>测试环境支持力(脚趾);<年代up>g<gydF4y2Ba/sup>ToP-TOES统一测量(T-TUM)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </fn> </table-wrap-foot> </table-wrap> <p>基于几种工具(即。,ChIPPA,前,诺克斯的PPS,一个nd Play Assessment for Group Settings) and evaluated by observing the children in play activities either in real situations or recorded videos, while some are perception-based by rating a questionnaire (i.e., McDonald’s Play Inventory, My Child’s Play, and Playform), and another is subjective-based instrument that retrieves information from a qualitative interview (i.e., Play History Interview). Most instruments focused on extrinsic elements, such as developmental, behavior and attitude, and skills and performance, except for ToP that views the intrinsic factor (e.g., motivation) of play.</p> <p>在可用性方面,大部分仪器不是商用。只有ChIPPA、诺克斯PPS和顶级商业。然而,ChIPPA是最昂贵的,而另外两个在一个负担得起的范围。对于其他工具,联系作者可能需要获得最初的仪器。该实用程序的描述每个仪器提出了表<gydF4y2Baxref rid="tab4" ref-type="table"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab4" content-type="sidewaystable"> <label>表4<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>可用性的工具。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">仪器<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">描述<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">过程<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">人口<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">政府<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">持续时间<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">得分<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">培训需求<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">可访问性<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">Child-Initiated假装玩评估(ChIPPA)<bre一个k></break>(我)I-ChIPPA<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">评估质量的孩子的能力自行启动假装报复性关税。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">观察两个游戏场景(每15分钟,(我)传统充满想象力的游戏使用玩具,(ii)象征性的游戏使用“垃圾”材料)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">年龄3 - 7岁的儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">治疗师的观察<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">30分钟<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">行为观察被编码,然后计算转化为原始分数。然后计算原始分数转换成百分比根据规范参考。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">自学通过手工(75分钟的视频)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">需要购买<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">I-ChIPPA扩展:<bre一个k></break>本土游戏伙伴量表(绿皮书)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">扩展(即。,绿皮书)provides an added evaluation on social aspect in play.</td> <td align="center">在对绿皮书增加了观察。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">土著澳大利亚<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">类似于原始的乐器<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">同时与原有的评估时间<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">额外的得分倡议在对社会环境。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">额外的阅读期刊文章<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">原来购买的一部分<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">诺克斯的学前教育规模<bre一个k></break>诺克斯(i)规模<bre一个k></break>(2)幼儿园玩<bre一个k></break>(3)修订诺克斯幼儿园玩<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器已经随时间发展的。仪器是评估儿童的发育年龄。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">由4维(空间管理、材料管理、借口/符号,参与)和12个类别的游戏行为。30分钟观察每个内外玩耍。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">年龄0 - 6岁的儿童。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">观察<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1小时<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">每个类别(又名因素)与一个得分+行为时,行为时−缺席,或NA当没有观察的机会。得分是根据年龄和玩开发被转化成得分平均评分因素/维度。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">不是必需的。自我训练通过阅读手册<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">需要购买<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">麦当劳玩库存<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器是测量频率和游戏风格。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">该仪器由两部分组成。第一部分(即。,MPAI) has four categories, and part two (i.e., MPSI) has six domains with a total of 80 items.</td> <td align="center">年龄7 - 11岁的儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">自我报告的(孩子)<bre一个k></break>Proxy-reported(父母)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">15分钟(没有援助)<bre一个k></break>20 - 30分钟(有帮助)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">每一项在五点李克特量表得分。总结个人成绩总分计算的每个部分。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">不需要培训<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">可能需要联系作者吗<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">我孩子的玩<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器是测量感知父母的对孩子们的游戏性能。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器有四类共45项。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">年龄3 - 9岁的儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">Proxy-administered(父母)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">没有提到过<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">每一项在五点李克特量表得分。总分计算,总结个人的分数。更高的分数表明更好的结果。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">不需要培训<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">可能需要联系作者。从这篇文章可以复制<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">发挥评估小组设置(PAGS)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">该仪器是评估组织和充满想象力的游戏的态度。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器有38项中被观察和评估在多次扮演活动。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">年龄2 - 8岁的儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">专业估价者<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">没有具体的时间<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">每一项在四点李克特量表得分。个别项目的原始分数总计,然后计算和分对数转换。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">没有最少的培训(或自我训练)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">可能需要联系作者。从这篇文章可以复制<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">发挥历史采访<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">一种定性的问卷确定播放体验,交互,环境和机会。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">五个时期:<bre一个k></break>感觉运动、象征性和简单的建设性的、戏剧性的和复杂的建设性和赛前,游戏,娱乐。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">孩子年龄约岁<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">治疗师面试的护理人员<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">未指定<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">定性反应在每个epoch-materials(什么),行动(如何),人们(与之),设置(在那里)。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">鼓励训练<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">可能需要联系作者。从期刊文章很难复制<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Playform<bre一个k></break>(我)子窗体<bre一个k></break>(2)父窗体<bre一个k></break>(3)教师的形式<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器评估孩子的能力。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器有20项。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">年龄5 - 7岁的儿童<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">自行管理的(孩子)<bre一个k></break>Proxy-administered<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">平均15分钟(范围十到二十五分钟)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">每一项得分在三分李克特量表(“不是很好”,“很好,”“非常好”)。总分是通过计算“非常好”的回应。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">不需要培训<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">可能需要联系作者。从期刊文章不能复制<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">嬉闹的考验(上)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器评估内在和内部组件,它反映了一个孩子的事务上下文。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器有四个元素共有29项。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">6 months-18岁<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">治疗师的观察<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">15分钟<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">每一项在四点李克特量表得分。然后总计得分总体从原始分数转化成得分。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">自我训练通过阅读手册<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">需要购买<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">扩展:<bre一个k></break>测试环境支持力(脚趾)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">该仪器是评估环境影响的元素。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">仪器有17个项目和重点是五个元素。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">months-12 15岁<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">类似于原始的乐器<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">同时与原有的评估时间<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">每一项在四点李克特量表得分。然后总计得分总体从原始分数转化成得分。<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">自我训练通过阅读手册<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">原来购买的一部分<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </table-wrap> </sec> <sec id="sec4"> <title>4所示。讨论<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>本文发现各种演奏乐器,只有少数是由一个职业治疗师。有些工具还提到了在前面的评论和描述(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"> 9<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),和一些新发现。克莱姆森和他的同事们(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131"> 131年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]表明,乐器应该至少证据内容效度和评分者间信度。相反,Prinsen et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132"> 132年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)指定乐器至少应该建立一个心理证据内容效度,其次是仪器的内部结构(即。、结构效度、内部一致性和跨文化的有效性)。本文中的仪器至少有基本的心理属性。然而,当儿童比其他基于函数的工具(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"> 8<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),演奏乐器发现有有限数量的心理特性研究。心理调查周围的工具主要是评分者间信度和内容效度。因此,调查其他心理特性是十分必要的。此外,研究的方法学质量适中。人口等方面的样本特征类型,数量,大小客户机的参与者和参与者评估员和普遍性可以进一步得到改善。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>一些职业治疗根据场合演奏乐器推荐。修订后的诺克斯幼儿园玩规模被认为是黄金标准职业疗法发挥评估和适合被用来评估游戏的外在方面。修改后的诺克斯幼儿园玩规模是一个多面手,它包括一个广泛的领域。此外,它是最常见的仪器工具所使用的职业治疗师和考虑容易管理<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"> 16<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。此外,该仪器在接受纪律如心理学家、言语治疗师、从而成为学科之间的良好的沟通工具。嬉闹及其扩展的测试,测试环境支持力,是一种独特的工具,可以使用最广泛的年龄范围和评估的内部元素,如动机;然而,最新的创新工具,被称为ToP-TOES统一测量(T-TUM),是一种很有前途的玩乐器。修订后的诺克斯幼儿园玩耍嬉闹的规模和测试使用的观察。观察提供了定性的研究结果,对从业者来补充他们的评价找到有用的和有价值的定量结果(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,使用观测仪器可能不太适合忙碌的从业者和设置各种限制(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。因此,摄取相关仪器,和我的孩子玩乐器可能用于这一目的。这些工具的选择其他人认为clinimetric属性上的平衡。心理证据只有仪器应用程序并不能保证在实践中;临床实用的工具也起着至关重要的作用<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"> 28<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133"> 133年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,演奏乐器在职业治疗仍不成熟和发展;因此,有几种潜力和机会去探索一个新的仪器开发或改善当前可用的工具。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>玩是一种行为可能受到geosociocultural环境周围的人(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。文化价值意义强加于一个活动,包括玩。例如,一项研究Dender和Stagnitti<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"> 107年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)发现土著儿童欣赏动物玩具,像他们的文化相比常见的商业化农场动物玩具。此外,孩子难以执行假装玩使用给定的“废”材料,因为材料是外国文化。此外,土著儿童也有困难,下楼玩单独作为主要戏剧活动发生在一对或一组在本土文化。大部分工具是在一个发达国家和西方绘画的国家,如澳大利亚和美国。因此,使用一个工具开发的一种文化到另一个截然不同的文化群体后者(可能处于不公平的劣势<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134"> 134年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。乐器的准确性可能减少;然而,治疗不当的工具来适应另一个文化需要可能影响仪器的有效性,它不能告诉任何组评估。跨文化调查儿童功能仪器工具是强调和保证<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"> 135年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。对跨文化调查有限有效性限制在国际上演奏乐器的广泛适用性。因此,演奏乐器的可用性可以跨越国家之间的广泛调查。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>包括研究的作者可能存在偏见,这可能会影响报告的质量。仪器的开发人员或者设计人参与包括研究可能造成对偏见等的讨论结果强调积极的参数和抑制消极的结果(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136"> 136年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。只有诺克斯PPS发现作者的偏见的影响降到最低;包括研究诺克斯PPS都没有参与最初的开发人员的工具。参与最初的开发人员有其好处,如鼓励促进和研究相关的乐器,但是这可能是挑战,如前面提到的偏见。因此,任何利益冲突和资金信息披露妥善解决(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137"> 137年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。读者应该谨慎地评估信息,确保达到一个中立的决策。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>临床实用程序是另一个方面,应考虑除了乐器的心理属性。尽管本文并未广泛搜索临床实用程序,大部分仪器嵌入式报告的临床实用工具,如ChIPPA(参见Pfeifer et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120"> 120年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>])。一些工具,如测试报告的嬉闹的临床实用程序在一个单独的出版物(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138"> 138年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。临床实用方面的注意力从研究人员在适当性(例如,临床决策的重要性和对现有处理工艺)的影响,可访问性(例如,成本效益、可用性和支持peer-professionals和组织),实用性(例如,适用性在设置和专业和培训要求),和可接受性(例如,道德、社会或心理问题)(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139"> 139年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。大多数出版物报道政府的持续时间和培训要求。然而,明确的临床效用应该报道一起的心理属性发布工具。这将增加仪器使用人员的相关性。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>多数的演奏乐器集中在学龄前和学龄儿童;有限的新生儿、婴儿和初学走路的孩子;和青少年可以忽略不计。虽然被称为儿童的主导活动,其实质是可用在寿命(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140"> 140年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141"> 141年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。被忽视的人群有些否认在他们玩耍的权利。心理学等其他学科已仔细考虑这种方法。例如,公平调查问卷是一个通用的仪器评估青少年的社会和伦理的机会玩参与特别是结构化玩(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86"> 86年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。其他研究调查工具来评估嬉闹老年人(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"> 83年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99"> 99年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。等发展阶段变得更加成熟的青少年和成年人,玩概念通常抑制,取而代之的是休闲[<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140"> 140年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),这就是评价不是一个优先级。例如,亨利(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"> 60<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)和Trottier et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"> 63年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)检查仪器在休闲方面的青少年相比,这一概念成为主要焦点在这个阶段的寿命。但是,玩元素应该继续追究整个寿命。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <sec id="sec4.1"> <title>4.1。含义来练习<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>游戏被认为是一个复杂的构造和受相对多重空间的影响。只有一项研究Rigby和Gaik<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"> 121年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]调查测量的稳定性在几个设置(即玩。,home, community, and school) which found that it may influence the playful experience but not exclusive to the specific type of setting. For example, one child may experience the highest level of playfulness at home and lowest at school, whereas another child may experience otherwise. Another study by Kielhofner et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"> 41<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]表明,环境设置和相关人员对播放质量意义重大。这有一个注意考虑环境作为中介因素。因此,在演奏乐器发现综述,T-TUM已成功解决环境影响的问题,但可能需要进一步调查。另一方面,一项由Hyndman et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100"> One hundred.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]表明,一周玩天之间的感知变化和变化对幸福水平感知前后玩了。这方面不是任何职业疗法广泛调查的玩乐器。这个信息应该是至关重要的考虑进行评估,以确保结果的一致性和解释。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>从业者在实践中,需要一个工具,可以提供大量的信息方面,需要最少的培训和管理负担较低,和容易理解<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142"> 142年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,职业治疗专业人员应该考虑两个特征(即(即,技能)和质量特征。,enjoyment) on play either during the evaluation or intervention. Planning a play activity as intervention may support or inhibit the progression of clients depending on the appropriateness of planning. Using an appropriate standardized assessment is one of the ways to facilitate proper and evidence-based planning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。有一个好的标准化评估可以提供信心的从业者合理化服务(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"> 19<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"> 20.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,玩各种歧义有关,和现有仪器的发展现状是有限的一小部分提到的扮演邦迪(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)——“减少发挥技能”(p . 99)即无法提供一个整体的图片在客户机上的游戏状态。解决当前的局限性,从业者应该锻炼良好的临床推理能力。合成的目标(即结果。,年代tandardized assessment result) with clinical reasoning (i.e., values and belief) will strengthen the planning that benefits the client [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143"> 143年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。因此,从业者应该发现仪器与临床推理相结合更好的服务。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec4.2"> <title>4.2。限制和建议<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>注意这个系统综述有几个局限性。首先,文章中只获得期刊出版物,因此,证据的心理属性工具可能并不全面。等心理证据内容效度可以在ChIPPA[等手动工具的书<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144"> 144年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。一些仪器只能在灰色文献格式审查期间捕捉到并不是搜索。例如,孩子和青春期前概要文件可以在书中找到(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145"> 145年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。第二,该报告只包括发表在英语语言。几篇文章发现综述外语但排除由于理解文章的能力有限。这是与缺点涉及相关仪器,提供更多的心理依据,尤其是在跨文化适用性。第三,一些心理属性的仪器简要报告为原始研究的一小部分(见,例如,Okimoto et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130"> 130年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]),妥协报道质量,无法提供详细描述心理证据。第四,使用Terwee的清单还不够全面说明心理属性的类型可用。甚至COSMIN分类法(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132"> 132年<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)不提供可用的广泛类型的有效性和可靠性。根据法律和MacDermid [<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),超过25个类型的有效性和可靠性。因此,未来的研究可能会调查其他类型的有效性和可靠性,可以添加的心理工具除了现有的证据。然而,本文可以为从业者提供一个全面的指南在实践中选择一个适当的玩乐器。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> </sec> <sec id="sec5"> <title>5。结论<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>几个玩评估可用于职业治疗师在实践中使用。结果从标准化玩乐器可能说服利益相关者和客户改变他们的看法扮演孩子康复的主要目标。然而,演奏乐器的发展现状是不成熟和不断发展的。可用仪器不断发展和继续得到改善。然而,诺克斯等工具修改后的幼儿园玩规模适当使用作为外在的综合发挥评价的角度。嬉闹+测试的测试环境支持力统一衡量承诺在评估内在视角的游戏。作为工具使用一个观察的方法,我孩子的玩耍是一个潜在的工具摄取相关报道的结果。然而,从业人员需要考虑的几个方面,如客户的需求,支持,和设施条件和锻炼良好的临床推理在选择乐器使用。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <back> <sec sec-type="COI-statement"> <title>的利益冲突<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <ack> <title>确认<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>这个系统综述的协议已经登记在INPLASY(202040156),完全可用<egydF4y2Baxt-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://inplasy.com/"> http://inplasy.com/<gydF4y2Ba/ext-link>(doi:<egydF4y2Baxt-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.4.0156"> 10.37766 / inplasy2020.4.0156<gydF4y2Ba/ext-link>普洛斯彼罗)以及(<egydF4y2Baxt-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020170370"> CRD42020170370<gydF4y2Ba/ext-link>)。没有要求的伦理审查这篇论文因为没有人类参与者参与。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </ack> <ref-list> <ref id="B1" content-type="article"> <label>1<gydF4y2Ba/label> <element-citation publication-type="journal"> <person-group person-group-type="author"> <name> <surname> 诺瓦克<gydF4y2Ba/surname> <given-names> 我。<gydF4y2Ba/given-names> </name> <name> <surname> 河南<gydF4y2Ba/surname> <given-names> 我。<gydF4y2Ba/given-names> </name> </person-group> <article-title> 儿科的有效性为残疾儿童职业治疗:一项系统回顾<gydF4y2Ba/article-title> <source> <italic> 澳大利亚职业治疗杂志<gydF4y2Ba/italic> <year> 2019年<gydF4y2Ba/year> <volume> 66年<gydF4y2Ba/volume> <issue> 3<gydF4y2Ba/issue> <fpage> 258年<gydF4y2Ba/fpage> <lpage> 273年<gydF4y2Ba/lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi"> 10.1111 / 1440 - 1630.12573<gydF4y2Ba/pub-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="other"> 2 - s2.0 - 85064159638<gydF4y2Ba/pub-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid"> 30968419<gydF4y2Ba/pub-id> </element-citation> </ref> <ref id="B2" content-type="article"> <label>2<gydF4y2Ba/label> <element-citation publication-type="journal"> <person-group person-group-type="author"> <name> <surname> 康奈尔大学<gydF4y2Ba/surname> <given-names> h·R。<gydF4y2Ba/given-names> </name> <name> <surname> 林<gydF4y2Ba/surname> <given-names> T . 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