JFQ 《食品质量 1745 - 4557 0146 - 9428 Hindawi 10.1155 / 2018/2910481 2910481 研究文章 生物电控制的 青霉菌digitatum在采后柑橘类水果 荧光假单胞菌 http://orcid.org/0000 - 0002 - 3919 - 8304 王 植绒 1 江 Mengyao 1 陈 Kewei 1 http://orcid.org/0000 - 0002 - 3534 - 2903 王 Kaituo 2 3 杜 非常高 1 2 4 Zalan Zsolt 2 5 Hegyi 费伦茨 2 5 http://orcid.org/0000 - 0003 - 4960 - 7308 康ydF4y2Ba Jianquan 1 2 4 Aguayo Encarna 1 食品科学学院 西南大学 2天盛路 贝贝 重庆400715 中国 southwest.edu 2 Chinese-Hungarian食品科学合作研究中心 重庆400715 中国 3 生命科学与工程学院 重庆三峡大学 重庆404000 中国 sanxiau.edu.cn 4 农产品的质量与安全风险评估实验室在存储和保存(重庆) 农业部 重庆400715 中国 agri.gov.cn 5 食品科学研究所国家农业研究和创新中心 布达佩斯h - 1022 匈牙利 2018年 14 11 2018年 2018年 09年 07年 2018年 10 09年 2018年 14 11 2018年 2018年 版权©2018植绒王等。 这是一个开放的文章在知识共享归属许可下发布的,它允许无限制的使用,分布和繁殖在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确的引用。

细菌拮抗物的有效性 荧光假单胞菌控制绿色霉菌引起的 青霉菌digitatum橙子( 类化合物等,简历。金城)和可能的行动的方式进行评估。是否 在体外或 在活的有机体内,治疗与热压处理过的文化或文化游离滤液抑制能力有限 p . digitatum,而 p . digitatum被显著地抑制细菌液( p .荧光在营养肉汤液体介质)和细菌悬液( p .荧光与活细胞无菌蒸馏水)。有一个积极的浓度之间的关系 p .荧光细菌悬液及其生物有效性。此外, p .荧光是有效的预防性应用而不是在治疗应用。在接种的伤口,的人口 p .荧光是一个大约28 - 34倍增加孵化后20°C 8 d和4°C 16 d,分别和 p . digitatum能有效地刺激生长和繁殖的 p .荧光。此外, p .荧光能够抑制孢子萌发和芽管伸长的 p . digitatum对柑橘皮以及诱导阻力增加几丁质酶(CHI)活动,推进活动高峰 β1,3-glucanase (GLU)、过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶(PAL)。所有这些结果支持的潜在应用 p .荧光绿色的模具在采后柑橘。 中国国家重点研发项目 2016年yfe0130600 tet_16_cn - 1 - 2016 - 0004 1。介绍<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>柑橘类水果是世界上重要的商业水果和广泛分布。据估计,2017年全球柑橘产量在5000万吨(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。除了良好的知觉的特性,柑橘含有高水平的抗氧化化合物,包括维生素C、黄烷酮类和花青素<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,柑橘类水果在运输和储存期间暴露在许多用于采收后的疾病,其中绿色模具所致<gydF4y2Baitalic> 青霉菌digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,是最具破坏性的疾病之一,造成重大的经济损失和资源在世界<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。此外,<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>可引起过敏反应产生无数空运的孢子(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"> 7<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。传统上,应用噻苯咪唑等合成杀菌剂和抑是主要的方法来控制绿色模具(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"> 8<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"> 9<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),而导致病原体耐药性(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"> 10<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。公众压力减少杀菌剂使用和获得健康和安全的水果推动发展没有化学方法控制采后病害的研究(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。在不同手段,利用拮抗微生物的生物防治水果腐烂似乎是一个很好的选择(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"> 12<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"> 14<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>的生物防治柑橘采后病原菌主要是由各种各样的微生物拮抗剂等<gydF4y2Baitalic> 枯草芽孢杆菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"> 15<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"> 16<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),<gydF4y2Baitalic> 假单胞菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>仕达屋优先计划<gydF4y2Baitalic> 。<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),<gydF4y2Baitalic> Debaryomyces hansenii<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"> 18<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),<gydF4y2Baitalic> 克勒克酵母顶端成尖形的<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"> 13<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),<gydF4y2Baitalic> 假丝酵母membranifaciens<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),等等。<gydF4y2Baitalic> 荧光假单胞菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>革兰氏阴性细菌,是一种常见的和丰富的居民在土壤和植物表面(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"> 19<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),有能力抑制或抑制多种病原真菌<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"> 20.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。作为一个有效的生物防治剂,<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>已经被广泛的研究植物病害的根际生产抗生素如phenazine-1-carboxylicacid (PCA)和2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) [<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"> 22<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"> 23<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),产生挥发性化合物(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"> 25<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),排出含铁细胞与铁[竞争<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"> 26<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),为营养和空间竞争网站(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"> 27<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)和诱导系统阻力(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"> 28<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"> 29日<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,很少有研究或报告其潜在成生物药物在水果采后病害,尤其是柑橘类水果。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>因此,本研究的主要目的是评估的有效性<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在控制柑橘绿霉菌引起的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum体外<gydF4y2Ba/italic>病原体通过测量菌落直径琼脂板和孢子萌发率和计算<gydF4y2Baitalic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>通过计算发病率,调查的种群动态<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在伤口网站及其影响防守发酵几丁质酶的活动(气),<gydF4y2Baitalic> β<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1,3-glucanase (GLU)、过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶(PAL)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2"> <title>2。材料和方法<gydF4y2Ba/title> <sec id="sec2.1"> <title>2.1。水果材料<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>橙色(<gydF4y2Baitalic> 类化合物等<gydF4y2Ba/italic>)简历的果实。金城handharvested在商业成熟的成年树木生长在一个果园,标准文化实践了,贝贝,重庆,中国,和橘子被运送到了我们实验室在4 h在这项研究中。水果被选为他们的统一的大小,颜色,没有身体伤害或害虫和病原体感染。四个伤口(5毫米宽×4毫米深)用无菌针在赤道的一面。然后,水果被放在板凳上,分为组在完全随机区组设计(CRBD)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.2"> <title>2.2。病原体<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p> <italic> 青霉菌digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>博士提供的是请温家宝从植物保护学院,西南大学,重庆,中国,维护在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA:液体提取物200克新鲜土豆,20克葡萄糖,20 g琼脂和水总量为1000毫升)在4°C。后培养的病原体在PDA上一周25°C,使用无菌循环和文化被刮用无菌蒸馏水洗净(SDW)含有0.05% (v / v)渐变- 80准备分生孢子的悬架。孢子浓度测定和调整到所需的浓度使用血细胞计数器(法生化试剂仪器有限公司,上海,中国。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.3"> <title>2.3。拮抗剂<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p> <italic> 荧光假单胞菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>Zsolt Zalan博士是来自食品科学研究所国家农业研究和创新中心,布达佩斯,匈牙利,维持在4°C在营养肉汤琼脂培养基(NA: 18 g营养肉汤(NB)和20 g在1000毫升去离子水琼脂)。注射液体文化原始文化的循环NB的50毫升250毫升厄伦美厄烧瓶16 h在旋转瓶在200转/分钟。在这之后,细菌浓度约为1.5×10<gydF4y2Basup>10<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升。不同制剂的对手准备在此基础上细菌的液体。细胞培养在4000×g离心10分钟,和细菌沉淀在底部的管,而上层清液中只有少数的细菌。然后,(a)<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>无介质(文化滤液)是通过使用一个0.22准备的<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>聚碳酸酯膜滤器(合肥Biosharp有限公司,中国)来过滤的上层清液允许调查的独立影响细菌代谢产物分泌<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;(b)稀释细菌液体。细菌液体(约1.5×10<gydF4y2Basup>10<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升)被稀释成1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升通过增加获得的无菌培养基(a);(c)热压处理过的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>文化,由高压灭菌法1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌中获得的流体在121°C (b) 20分钟;和(d)细菌悬液制备用SDW洗两次细菌沉淀去除残余培养基和调整为1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升的SDW。SDW用作控制在我们的调查。所需的浓度调整为浊度测定法(WZT-1M、金佳科学仪器有限公司,上海,中国。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.4"> <title>2.4。<斜体> P的影响。荧光的菌丝体生长< /斜体> <斜体> P。digitatum < /斜体><gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>根据执行分析(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"> 18<gydF4y2Ba/xref>与一些细微的修改。一个洞(6毫米×2毫米深度)是由使用打孔机中心1/2 PDA / NA (PDB 500毫升、9 g NB, 20 g琼脂和水总量为1000毫升),和20<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>L 1×10<gydF4y2Basup>6<gydF4y2Ba/sup>孢子/毫升孢子悬浮液注入。与此同时,各种处理液体的拮抗剂(1)注入相同的孔同样体积的孢子悬液,和(2)独立、各种处理液体被无菌接种环画两条线(约30毫米)上下对称中心(25毫米)孢子洞。板块在25°C 7 d,孵化的功效<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>决定通过测量每个模具的水平和垂直的直径斑块的帮助下一个游标卡尺(梁丰国际集团有限公司,香港,中国)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.5"> <title>2.5。<斜体> P的影响。荧光< /斜体>的孢子萌发和芽管伸长<斜体> P。digitatum < /斜体><gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>描述的试验进行了王et al。(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"> 30.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)与轻微的修改。4毫升的5×10<gydF4y2Basup>6<gydF4y2Ba/sup>孢子/毫升悬挂和2毫升无菌培养基(部分<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2.3"> 2。3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>(一)),细菌液体(部分<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2.3"> 2。3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>(b))、热压处理过的文化(部分<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2.3"> 2。3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>(c))和细菌悬液(部分<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2.3"> 2。3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>(d))与不同浓度和SDW加入50毫升包含14毫升PDB厄伦美厄烧瓶,分别。至少有100<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>每复制在显微镜下检查孢子萌发率和萌发管长度12 h的孵化后28°C在旋转瓶在150转/分钟。当生殖管的大小等于或大于孢子长度、分生孢子被认为发芽(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"> 30.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"> 31日<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.6"> <title>2.6。<斜体> P的影响。荧光< /斜体>对柑橘的控制<斜体> P。digitatum < /斜体><gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>柑橘受伤如上所述(部分<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2.1"> 2。1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。20那时伤口处理<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>L一提到的五个细菌制剂并允许晾干2 h。然后,同样体积的1×10<gydF4y2Basup>4<gydF4y2Ba/sup>孢子/毫升无性孢子的暂停<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>微量吸液管被接种到每个伤口站点。水果的表面干燥时,水果放入保鲜包,每个橙色放在保鲜打开袋子,以避免相互干扰。把水果都是放置在一个恒温恒湿培养箱(lh - 150 C,齐心科学仪器有限公司,上海有限公司,中国)在20°C下90%相对湿度(RH)。病变直径测定通过水平和垂直的均值每个病变的直径,和疾病发病率被感染伤口的数量计算。任何水果伤口与可见霉菌增长被认为是感染。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.7"> <title>2.7。<斜体> P的影响。荧光< /斜体>浓度生物防除效果<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>受伤的水果之前准备注射20<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>10 L的细菌悬液的浓度<gydF4y2Basup>6<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,10<gydF4y2Basup>7<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>,10<gydF4y2Basup>9<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升。两个小时后,受伤的水果都被同样体积的1×10<gydF4y2Basup>4<gydF4y2Ba/sup>孢子/毫升无性孢子的暂停<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。伤口处理20<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>L SDW之前病原体接种作为控制。把水果都是包装和放置在一个恒温恒湿培养箱在20°C下90% RH 8 d;后来,病变直径和疾病发生率确定如前所述。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.8"> <title>2.8。预防措施和治疗措施的<斜体> P。敌对的荧光< /斜体> <斜体> P。digitatum < /斜体><gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>这部分实验分为两个测试。(1)受伤的水果处理20<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1×10 L<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌悬液;后伤口部位干了0 h, 6 h, 12 h和24小时,每个伤口接种20<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1×10 L<gydF4y2Basup>4<gydF4y2Ba/sup>孢子/毫升无性孢子的暂停<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。(2)水果处理20人受伤<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1×10 L<gydF4y2Basup>4<gydF4y2Ba/sup>孢子/毫升无性孢子的暂停<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;伤口部位干后6 h, 12小时、24小时、48 h,每个伤口接种20<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1×10 L<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌悬液。然后,把水果都是包装和放置在一个恒温恒湿培养箱在20°C和90% RH 8 d;后来,病变直径和疾病发生率确定如前所述。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.9"> <title>2.9。种群动态的<斜体> P。荧光< /斜体>水果伤口<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>整除(20<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1×10 L)<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌悬液应用于每个伤口站点;2 h后,同样体积的SDW或1×10<gydF4y2Basup>4<gydF4y2Ba/sup>孢子/毫升无性孢子的暂停<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>分别在伤口治疗。然后,把水果在孵化20°C或4°C,分别。的人口<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>枚举在不同的时间间隔(0、2、4、6和8 d在20°C和4,8日,12日和16 d在4°C)在孵化。受伤的区域从5水果被剜了无菌打孔机(10毫米直径)和地面在25毫升SDW无菌灰浆,反复研磨。之后,连续10倍稀释的准备,和一个100整除<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>L每个稀释镀在NA的媒介。板块在28°C 2 d,孵化和人口密度(表示为log10 CFU /伤口)是由计数殖民地。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.10"> <title>2.10。<斜体> P的影响。防御酶的荧光< /斜体>水果<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>柑橘受伤如上所述(部分<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2.1"> 2。1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。伤口处理20<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1×10 L<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌悬液2 h,干燥成膜,同样体积的1×10<gydF4y2Basup>4<gydF4y2Ba/sup>孢子/毫升无性孢子的暂停<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>微量吸液管被接种到每个伤口站点。伤口处理SDW作为控制。之后,把水果都是包装和放置在一个恒温恒湿培养箱在20°C下90% RH。在不同的时间间隔(0、2、4、6和8 d),样本取自10独立水果分析防御酶活性和蛋白质含量。几丁质酶的活动(气)和<gydF4y2Baitalic> β<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1,3-glucanase (GLU)测定如前所述在[<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"> 32<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。一个单位的气被定义为所需的酶催化生产1<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>g<gydF4y2Baitalic> N<gydF4y2Ba/italic>乙酰氨基葡萄糖每分钟在37°C。一个单位的GLU被定义为所需的酶催化生产1<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>克葡萄糖当量每分钟在37°C。酶提取和酶化验过氧化物酶(POD)活性和苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶(PAL)活性测定的方法(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"> 33<gydF4y2Ba/xref>与一些细微的修改。POD活性表达为一个吸光度增加470海里每分钟通过使用分光光度计(T6,浦西通用仪器有限公司,北京,中国)。朋友活动被表示为一个吸光度增加每分钟290海里。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.11"> <title>2.11。统计分析<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>使用CRBD所有实验两次,每个处理重复三次。统计分析进行了单向方差分析(方差分析)测试使用SPSS 19.0版软件。所有的实验数据都表示为平均值±标准偏差(X±SD)。时被认为是具有统计学意义的差异<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>根据Dunnett的测试。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> </sec> <sec id="sec3"> <title>3所示。结果<gydF4y2Ba/title> <sec id="sec3.1"> <title>3.1。< /斜体> <斜体>体外抗真菌鉴定<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>拮抗作用<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>对<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum体外<gydF4y2Ba/italic>决定了两种不同的治疗方法在1/2 PDA / NA(表吗<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="table" rid="tab1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>明显(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)通过各种处理液的抑制<gydF4y2Baitalic> 的荧光。<gydF4y2Ba/italic>热压处理过的文化之间没有发现显著差异和文化过滤,以及细菌悬液和细菌之间的流体。然而,拮抗细菌悬液的有效性和细菌液体远远高于热压处理过的文化和文化滤液。当细菌悬液或细菌孢子悬浮液与液体培养<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在板中心的生长和繁殖<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>完全被抑制。40%左右时培养获得的抑制<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab1"> <label>表1<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>的影响<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>菌丝体生长的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left" rowspan="2">治疗<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" colspan="2">板中央混合文化<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center" colspan="2">板对抗文化<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> <tr> <th align="center">菌丝体生长(cm)<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">抑制率(%)<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">菌丝体生长(cm)<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">抑制率(%)<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">SDW<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">6.20±0.17<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.00±0.00摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">6.28±0.07<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.00±0.00摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">热压处理过的文化<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">4.88±0.08 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">21.23±1.61 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5.18±0.09 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">17.52±1.41 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">文化过滤<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">4.62±0.11 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">25.42±2.26 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5.06±0.12 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">19.51±1.90 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">细菌悬液<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.00±0.00摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">100.00±0.00摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3.70±0.08摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">41.04±1.30<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">细菌的液体<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.00±0.00摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">100.00±0.00摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3.67±0.0.13c<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">41.56±2.13<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table-wrap-foot> <fn> <p>无菌蒸馏水,SDW是由高压灭菌法去离子水为20分钟在121°C。热压处理过的文化是由高压灭菌法1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌液20分钟的121°C。文化过滤是通过使用一个0.22准备的<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>m聚碳酸酯膜滤滤液上层清液。细菌悬液(1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升)准备利用SDW洗两次细菌沉淀去除残留的培养基。细菌液体(1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升)是由稀释文化(约1.5×10<gydF4y2Basup>10<gydF4y2Ba/sup>滤液CFU /毫升)和文化。一列中的值不同字母后跟一个明显不同的根据邓肯的多个范围测试<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>的水平。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </fn> </table-wrap-foot> </table-wrap> <p>如表所示<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="table" rid="tab2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,各种处理液<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>显著(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)抑制孢子萌发、芽管伸长<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,其中细菌悬液和细菌液体,有最大的对抗能力。浓度显著影响细菌悬液的有效性,浓度越高,孢子萌发率较低,小芽管长度。孢子萌发率仅为0.66%,发芽管长度只有3.75<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>米,当细菌悬液的浓度1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab2"> <label>表2<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>的影响<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>孢子萌发和芽管伸长<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">治疗<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">孢子萌发(%)<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">芽管长度(<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>米)<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">控制<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">87.32±1.14<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">49.56±7.29<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">文化过滤<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">30.03±0.28 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">29.90±3.76摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">热压处理过的文化<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">29.67±0.69 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">39.42±3.56 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">1×10<gydF4y2Basup>6<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌悬液<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">19.80±0.59摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">13.27±3.85 d<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">1×10<gydF4y2Basup>7<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌悬液<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5.66±0.43 d<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">7.86±1.60 e<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">细菌液体(1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.00±0.82 e<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">4.17±1.18 e<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌悬液<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.66±0.47 e<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3.75±1.25 e<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table-wrap-foot> <fn> <p>热压处理过的文化是由高压灭菌法1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌液20分钟的121°C。文化过滤是通过使用一个0.22准备的<gydF4y2Baitalic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>m聚碳酸酯膜滤滤液上层清液。细菌悬液制备用SDW洗两次细菌沉淀去除残余培养基和调整设计的无菌蒸馏水。细菌液体(1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升)是由稀释文化(约1.5×10<gydF4y2Basup>10<gydF4y2Ba/sup>滤液CFU /毫升)和文化。一列中的值不同字母后跟一个明显不同的根据邓肯的多个范围测试<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>的水平。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </fn> </table-wrap-foot> </table-wrap> </sec> <sec id="sec3.2"> <title>3.2。<斜体> P的影响。荧光< /斜体>对柑橘的控制<斜体> P。Digitatum < /斜体><gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>的影响<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>柑橘的控制<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>介绍了数字<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>和<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。没有明显差异的发病率或病变直径热压处理过的文化和文化之间滤液,有限的抵御病原体感染。细菌液显著抑制<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,但其有效性大大减少(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>比细菌悬液)。的拮抗作用的最高水平<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>抑制绿色模具衰变,反映疾病发病率和最低的最小的病变直径,观察治疗细菌悬液(图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。同时,统计分析揭示了一个重要的(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)细菌悬液的浓度对发病率的影响和病变直径。细菌悬液提供的保护是更高的浓度增加的拮抗剂。当细菌悬液应用于1.0×10<gydF4y2Basup>9<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU / mL,该病发病率从87.50%减少到30.00%,病变直径是减少从3.09厘米到1.27厘米,分别与控制对SDW(图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig-group id="fig1"> <label>图1<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>的影响<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>柑橘的控制<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>:我,SDW;二、热压处理过的文化;第三,培养滤液;第四,1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌液体;V, 1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升细菌悬液。列有不同的小写字母在同一面板是明显不同的<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>邓肯的多个范围测试水平。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig1a"> <label>(一)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.001a"></graphic> </fig> <fig id="fig1b"> <label>(b)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.001b"></graphic> </fig> </fig-group> <fig-group id="fig2"> <label>图2<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>的影响<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>关注生物防除功效:我,SDW;二世,1×10<gydF4y2Basup>6<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升;三世,1×10<gydF4y2Basup>7<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升;第四,1×10<gydF4y2Basup>8<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升;V, 1×10<gydF4y2Basup>9<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU /毫升。列有不同的小写字母在同一面板是明显不同的<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>邓肯的多个范围测试水平。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig2a"> <label>(一)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.002a"></graphic> </fig> <fig id="fig2b"> <label>(b)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.002b"></graphic> </fig> </fig-group> </sec> <sec id="sec3.3"> <title>3.3。预防措施和治疗措施的<斜体> P。敌对的荧光< /斜体> <斜体> P。digitatum < /斜体><gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>如图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>显著差异(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)观察疾病发病率和病变直径对应不同时期分离<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>接种。细菌悬液接种时迟于病原体或同时适用于伤口,绿色模具衰变的发病率从46.67%到81.67%不等,和病变直径1.88厘米和2.72厘米之间不等。而<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>接种前的病原体,疾病发生率低于35%,病变直径不超过1.7厘米。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig-group id="fig3"> <label>图3<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>预防措施和治疗措施<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>对,<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum。−<gydF4y2Ba/italic>柑橘是接种<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>之前<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;+,柑橘接种<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>之前<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。列有不同的小写字母在同一面板是明显不同的<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>邓肯的多个范围测试水平。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig3a"> <label>(一)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.003a"></graphic> </fig> <fig id="fig3b"> <label>(b)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.003b"></graphic> </fig> </fig-group> </sec> <sec id="sec3.4"> <title>3.4。种群动态的<斜体> P。荧光< /斜体>水果伤口<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>如图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>的人口<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>迅速增加受伤的水果在20°C,从最初的1.44×10水平<gydF4y2Basup>5<gydF4y2Ba/sup>4.05×10 CFU /伤口<gydF4y2Basup>6<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU / 8 d后伤口。显然,低温(4°C)抑制的增长<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>人口是4.84×10<gydF4y2Basup>6<gydF4y2Ba/sup>CFU / 16 d后伤口。相反,<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>能有效地刺激生长和繁殖的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在室温和低温。日志之间的关系<gydF4y2Basub>10<gydF4y2Ba/sub>伤口(CFU /<gydF4y2Baitalic> y<gydF4y2Ba/italic>)和培养时间(<gydF4y2Baitalic> x<gydF4y2Ba/italic>回归方程所描述的)是显示在图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig-group id="fig4"> <label>图4<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>人口动态<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在柑橘伤口在4°C 16天(a)和20°C 8天(b)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig4a"> <label>(一)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.004a"></graphic> </fig> <fig id="fig4b"> <label>(b)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.004b"></graphic> </fig> </fig-group> </sec> <sec id="sec3.5"> <title>3.5。<斜体> P的影响。荧光< /斜体>气和GLU活动<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>每个治疗组的太极拳活动的初期增加存储和达到峰值的第四天除了控制(SDW),最高的太极拳活动发生在第二天(图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5a"> 5(一个)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。的治疗方法<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>+<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>诱导显著(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)更高的太极拳活动在整个孵化项目,与控制。GLU活动的变化在所有治疗都类似于太极崛起和衰落的趋势(图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5b"> 5 (b)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。柑橘的GLU活动处理<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>也被诱导,诱导持续了4天。此外,治疗<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>减少气和GLU(数据的活动<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5a"> 5(一个)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>和<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5b"> 5 (b)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig-group id="fig5"> <label>图5<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>的影响<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>活动的气(a)和GLU (b),每个值是三个实验的均值。酒吧代表标准错误。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig5a"> <label>(一)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.005a"></graphic> </fig> <fig id="fig5b"> <label>(b)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.005b"></graphic> </fig> </fig-group> </sec> <sec id="sec3.6"> <title>3.6。<斜体> P的影响。荧光< /斜体> POD和PAL的活动<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>POD和PAL的活性变化在柑橘所有治疗都呈现在图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。控制舱活动逐渐增加,达到峰值的第六天。治疗的POD活性<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>+<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>大幅增加在最初的2天,然后逐渐下降,低于控制后的第四天。柑橘类处理的POD活性<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>为21.2%高于控制而达到峰值4.35第四天的U /毫克。除了治疗<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>+<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>PAL活性的其他治疗组第二天达到高峰,其中柑橘接种<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,活动水平最高。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig-group id="fig6"> <label>图6<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>的影响<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>活动的POD (a)和(b)伙伴。每个值的意思是三个实验。酒吧代表标准错误。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig6a"> <label>(一)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.006a"></graphic> </fig> <fig id="fig6b"> <label>(b)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.fig.006b"></graphic> </fig> </fig-group> </sec> </sec> <sec id="sec4"> <title>4所示。讨论<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>与化学农药相比,生物防治是一种更安全、更环保的方法来管理采后腐烂的水果和蔬菜(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"> 16<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。越来越多的研究人员已经将他们的研究成果的使用生物控制剂来代替化学杀菌剂在几十年(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>被广泛用作生物防治剂在农业实践。然而,到目前为止,对水果采后病害的生物防治功效。因此,我们进行了研究评价的影响<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>疾病控制的柑橘类水果,以便为其进一步应用提供实验依据。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>在这项研究中,是否<gydF4y2Baitalic> 在体外<gydF4y2Ba/italic>或<gydF4y2Baitalic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>热压处理过的文化和文化滤液可以抑制<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,但抑制作用非常有限。这个结果表明这一点<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>压力可能产生一些抗生素物质,这不是抑制的主要方式<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。有很多的报告发现生产DAPG, PCA, pyrrolnitrin(打印),pyoluteorin (Plt),和氰化氢(HCN)<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>是非常重要的控制植物病害(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"> 22<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"> 34<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。例如,DAPG、打印和Plt所产生的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>Pf-5在控制中发挥重要作用<gydF4y2Baitalic> 腐霉属最后<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"> 23<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。Maurhofer et al。<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"> 34<gydF4y2Ba/xref>报道称,主要的作用机制<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>曹国伟抑制<gydF4y2Baitalic> 腐霉属最后<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和<gydF4y2Baitalic> 尖孢镰刀菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>是归因于生产DAPG、Plt、HCN。大多数<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>菌株有能力争夺铁与病原体通过生产含铁细胞(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"> 26<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"> 35<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),铁的含量在果实是有限的,虽然水果伤口是营养丰富<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。此外,天然气、纤维素、葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶也可以生产的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"> 36<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。我们的分离<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>可能没有能力产生抗生素,因为抗生素可以极度抑制病原体的生长即使在非常低的浓度。也,我们筛选的生物合成基因编码的生产抗生素通常与假单胞菌生物防治剂有关。但是,没有分子证据基因编码抗生素DAPG, PCA,打印,Plt、HCN通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)(补充材料(可用<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="sec" rid="supplementary-material-1"> 在这里<gydF4y2Ba/xref>))。目前尚不清楚是否由我们其他抗真菌物质<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>压力。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p> <italic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>被显著地抑制细菌液体和细菌悬液<gydF4y2Baitalic> 在介绍<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和<gydF4y2Baitalic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,细菌悬液显示增加生物防除效果与细菌相比流体对采后柑橘绿色模具,这意味着竞争营养物质可能的一个主要模式的作用<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。结果是同意O′沙利文et al。<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"> 27<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),他发现<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>M14可以充分利用大量的不同的碳源。商业化生物防除代理Bio-Save<gydF4y2Basup>@<gydF4y2Ba/sup>(<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . seudomonas两<gydF4y2Ba/italic>)可以抑制采后病主要是通过各种各样的营养和空间竞争网站(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。在用量试验中,细菌悬液浓度的增加导致更高的生物防除效果。与先前的研究结果是一致的,Zamani et al。<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)和Nunes et al。<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"> 37<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),他注意到,有一个积极的人口密度之间的关系拮抗剂及其生物有效性。此外,接种顺序和接种时间的拮抗剂和病原体也显著影响了生物防治功效。一般来说,<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>了显著减少疾病的发病率在接种前应用<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,越早<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>接种发病率越低,病变直径越小。这与其他研究的结果是一致的<gydF4y2Baitalic> 假丝酵母saitoana<gydF4y2Ba/italic>可以抑制<gydF4y2Baitalic> 青霉菌expansum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>时更有效地应用于苹果果实后,病原体接种比病原体接种后(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"> 38<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。最近,亚伯拉罕et al。<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"> 39<gydF4y2Ba/xref>显示,对手的<gydF4y2Baitalic> 芽孢杆菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和酵母时有效预防性应用但不打算治疗。梅西埃和Smilanick<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> 40<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]表明病原体渗透拮抗剂的水果组织和缺乏会导致治疗的失败控制对手。人们普遍认为的能力快速殖民拮抗剂在水果的伤口是生物电控制的关键活动<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"> 30.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"> 41<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。在我们的研究中,人口<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>28 -增加和34倍,被孵化20°C 8 d和4°C 16 d,分别。还观察到一个有趣的现象<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>能有效地刺激生长和繁殖的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在室温和低温(图<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),这是类似的结果报告的另一作者<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"> 42<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。结果表明,<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>可以种植和利用的大部分营养物质释放的伤口比吗<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;因此,没有足够的养分和空间留给网站<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>殖民的孢子。这些试验的结果进一步表明,营养和空间竞争网站的生物电控制能力发挥了重要作用<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>对<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>大多数真菌病原体感染水果从伤口,气孔,孢子萌发形成生殖管通过皮孔,导致水分、疾病(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"> 8<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。因此,它是合理的调查对手的抑制作用致病真菌的萌发。我们的研究表明,有显著影响(<gydF4y2Bainline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M13"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)抑制孢子萌发、芽管伸长<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>通过<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>与活细胞,即使现在在PDB网站丰富的营养和空间。我们的研究结果类似于华莱士et al。<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>谁发现的隔离<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1 - 112,出4 - 6抑制分生孢子的萌发<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . expansum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>超过90%的控制。此外,这些结果暗示可能还有其他模式的行动<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>对水果疾病除了竞争营养物质和空间的网站。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>诱导防御反应水果已被视为对手的另一个主要机制抑制感染病原体,和越来越多的证据支持这个观点<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"> 13<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"> 43<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"> 44<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。一般认为,诱导阻力与感应的有关pathogenesis-related (PR)蛋白质和一系列防御酶(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"> 8<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"> 45<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"> 46<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。公关中蛋白质、气和GLU,可以降低病原菌细胞壁单独或协同,是最重要的发现公关可以用作建立标记蛋白质和植物抗病性的诱导治疗后(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"> 8<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"> 45<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"> 47<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。POD是活性氧代谢的关键酶之一,可以参与次生代谢物的合成和代谢<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"> 8<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"> 33<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"> 48<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。朋友是第一个网关酶在phenylpropanoid许多植物次生代谢产物的生物合成途径,如类黄酮、酚类、木质素,水杨酸,等等,密切相关的植物抗病性密切(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"> 33<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"> 49<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。许多研究人员报道,拮抗剂治疗可以诱导系统性抗性收获橙(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"> 13<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"> 50<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),苹果(<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"> 51<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"> 52<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),和柚子<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"> 53<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。在这项研究中,我们发现<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>对柑橘皮能够诱导阻力,增加太极拳活动在贮藏期和推进GLU的活动高峰,POD和PAL。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p> <italic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>ubiquitter自然水、土壤、叶和果实表面,表明它不太可能给人类健康带来额外的风险。然而,有必要进一步严格和毒性研究的设计和实施应使用前成生物药物。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec5"> <title>5。结论<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>总之,本研究的结果显示的应用<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>观察可有效控制绿色霉菌引起的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。可能的行为模式可能包括抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长、竞争营养物质和空间网站,并诱导抗病性。因此,我们建议<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>可以用作生物防除代理反对<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在采后柑橘。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <back> <sec sec-type="data-availability"> <title>数据可用性<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>所有作者同意免费提供任何材料和信息描述的手稿可能合理要求。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec> <title>附加分<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>(我)<gydF4y2Baitalic> p . digitatum<gydF4y2Ba/italic>可以有效地刺激经济增长<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在水果的伤口。(2)<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>是有效的预防性应用而不是在治疗应用。(3)<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>有可能被用作生物防除代理对采后柑橘绿色模具。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec> <title>的利益冲突<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <ack> <title>确认<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>我们感激地承认中国和匈牙利在国际之间的合作技术创新(中国国家重点研发项目,项目编号:2016 yfe0130600(中国)和tet_16_cn - 1 - 2016 - 0004(匈牙利))提供测试材料和相关服务。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </ack> <sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="supplementary-material-1"> <title>补充材料<gydF4y2Ba/title> <supplementary-material id="supp-1" xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/jfq/2018/2910481.f1.pdf"> <label>补充材料<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>生物合成的基因的存在,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) phenazine-1-carboxylic酸(PCA), pyrrolnitrin(打印),pyoluteorin (Plt),和氰化氢(HCN)是由使用引物聚合酶链反应(PCR)集如表1中描述的补充。根据[PCR反应进行<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"> 54<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<xgydF4y2Baref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"> 56<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。我们的<gydF4y2Baitalic> p .荧光<gydF4y2Ba/italic>应变是负数的基因编码DAPG的生产,PCA,打印,Plt、HCN(补充图1)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </supplementary-material> </sec> <ref-list> <ref id="B1" content-type="misc"> <label>1<gydF4y2Ba/label> <element-citation publication-type="other"> 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