在这项研究中,同步变化的影响在叶片根弦长和叶片锥度控制直升机飞行控制系统(即的努力。FCS)的一架直升机。因此,直升机模型(即。,complex, control-oriented, and physics-based models) including the main physics and essential dynamics are used. The effect of simultaneous variation in the blade root chord length and blade taper (i.e., in both chordwise and lengthwise directions dependently) on the control effort of an FCS of a helicopter and also on the closed-loop responses is studied. Comparisons in terms of the control effort and peak values with and without variations in the blade root chord and blade taper changes are carried out. For helicopter FCS variance-constrained controllers, specific output variance-constrained controllers are beneficial.
在这项研究中,直升机叶片锥的综合效应和叶片根弦长控制努力的FCS的直升机与ovc首次评估。此外,比较而言,闭环反应的高峰值,没有叶根和弦的变化和叶片锥度变化并进行评估的文献中尚属首次。这些初步结果已经发表在国际会议(即。,我nternational Research Conference on Science, Management and Engineering [
11])。
对于一个给定的连续线性定常(LTI),可,可检测植物(见[
13,
14])
(1)
x
̇
p
=
一个
p
x
p
+
B
p
u
p
+
w
p
,
y
=
C
p
x
p
,
z
=
米
p
x
p
+
v
,和一个正定矩阵输入惩罚,
R
>
0,确定一个完整的订单动态控制器
(2)
x
̇
c
=
一个
c
x
c
+
F
z
,
u
p
=
G
x
c
,为了应对这一问题
(3)
最小值
一个
c
,
F
,
G
J
=
E
∞
u
p
T
R
u
p
=
t
r
R
G
X
c
j
G
T
,暴露于方差限制输出
(4)
E
∞
y
我
2
≤
σ
我
2
,
我
=
1
,
…
,
n
y
。
在上面的方程中,
y和
z分别描述感兴趣的输出和传感器测量;
F和
G分别是状态估计量和控制器增益矩阵;
w
p和
v是为不相关的高斯白噪声的强度吗
W和
V分别;
x
c是控制器状态向量;
σ
我
2上限对吗
我th输出方差;
n
y是输出的数量;和
E
∞
≜
lim
t
→
∞
E,在那里
E是期望算子。除了先前的信息,
t
r和
T分别象征着跟踪矩阵和矩阵的转置运算符。的数量
J通常被称为FCS的控制努力或FCS的成本,并获得使用状态协方差矩阵,
X
c
j。后的算法(
13,
14收敛和点球矩阵的输出
问发现,OVC参数
(5)
一个
c
=
一个
p
+
B
p
G
−
F
米
p
,
F
=
X
米
p
T
V
−
1
,
G
=
−
R
−
1
B
p
T
K
。
在上面的方程中,
X和
K是两个代数黎卡提微分方程的解决方案:
(6)
0
=
X
一个
p
T
+
一个
p
X
−
X
米
p
T
V
−
1
米
p
X
+
W
,
0
=
K
一个
p
+
一个
p
T
K
−
K
B
p
R
−
1
B
p
T
K
+
C
p
T
问
C
p
。
图
6显示同步变化的影响在叶根弦长和叶片锥度控制努力的FCS盘旋的直升机,40-knot水平直线飞行条件下,分别和80 -结水平直线飞行条件。如图,当一个积极的锥度(例如,
Ω
=
1
−
c
T
/
c
R),直升机的FCS控制努力的增加三个飞行条件。另一方面,增加了叶片根弦长,这是获得使用公式
c
R
=
c
R
0
∗
ξ,降低了控制的努力。因此,应遵循由设计师,如果由于转子叶片锥使用性能原因或其他原因然后叶片根弦长需要为了不增加控制努力或增加能源消耗。我们的广泛的分析表明,这一结果是有效的对不同飞行条件(例如,悬停和80 -结水平直线飞行条件)。
如图
7,定性(即。,the shape of the response) and quantitative (i.e., the magnitude of the response) behaviors of the Euler angles are fundamentally the same for all the three helicopters. This can be explained by the fact that the expected values (
E
∞
y
我
2)(即输出的兴趣。,the helicopter Euler angles in this research article) are very close and satisfy the constraints (
E
∞
y
我
2
≤
σ
我
2)。
图
8显示了一些直升机控制的闭环响应(即。,main rotor collective and longitudinal cyclic blade pitch angles) for all the three helicopters. The most important observation related to variations in the taper and root chord of the main rotor collective blade pitch and longitudinal cyclic controls for all the three helicopters is that the peak values are the smallest for the 1st closed-loop system (i.e., integration of classical helicopter and OVC). Moreover, the peak values of the 2nd closed-loop system are greater than those of the 3rd closed-loop system. These results can be explained by the fact that the control effort of OVCs (see (
3闭环系统)中存在相关
8.18
∗
10
−
4,
16.89
∗
10
−
4,
16.08
∗
10
−
4,分别。此外,控制变化平滑和小。此外,控件不显示灾难性的行为。我们的广泛的分析也表明,这些结果是所有其他控件(即有效。主旋翼,横向循环叶片间距控制和尾桨控制)。最后,之前结果也适用于不同飞行条件下(例如,悬停和80 -结水平直线飞行条件)。
同时叶根和弦的变化和叶片锥在一些控制40-knot SLFC。
6。结论
本研究调查的影响叶片根弦长和叶片锥(即。,我nboth the chordwise and lengthwise directions simultaneously) on the control effort of the FCS of a helicopter, as well as on the closed-loop responses, is investigated. For this purpose, helicopter models (complex, control-oriented, and physics-based models) including helicopter main physics and essential dynamics were used. Three closed-loop systems (i.e., for a classical helicopter, for a helicopter with blade taper and root chord variation, applied in order to keep the blade area fixed, and for a helicopter with taper and root chord variation at the borders) were examined.
当有必要使用锥形由于性能原因,叶根弦的长度也必须增加为了不增加控制直升机的FCS的努力。这个结果也适用于不同飞行条件下(例如,悬停和80 -结水平直线飞行条件)。例如,为我们修改的直升机(即。,Puma SA 330), the control effort was obtained as
8.18
∗
10
−
4在40-knot水平直线飞行条件。当锥被选在边境和根弦常数被选为了保持叶片面积不变,控制努力得到
16.89
∗
10
−
4。此外,当锥和根弦常数都选择在边界,控制努力得到
16.08
∗
10
−
4。
关于闭环系统也获得了一些重要结果。首先,正如对感兴趣的输出(即方差约束。,helicopter Euler angles) are identical for all closed-loop systems (one obtained for the classical helicopter and two others obtained for different taper and root chord variations), the qualitative (i.e., the shape of the response) and quantitative (i.e., the magnitude of the response) behaviors are principally the same. Moreover, the other outputs (e.g., linear velocity states, blade flapping states) do not show any catastrophic behavior. Second, the peak values of the controls (e.g., main rotor collective and longitudinal cyclic blade pitch angles) are the smallest for the 1st closed-loop system. Furthermore, the peak values of the 2nd closed-loop system are greater than those of the 3rd closed-loop system. The previous two results were obtained because the control effort value is the smallest for the classical helicopter and the largest for the 2nd closed-loop system. Finally, all the results obtained for the closed-loop systems are also valid for different flight conditions (e.g., hover and 80-knot straight-and-level flight condition).