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BMRI

生物医学研究的国际

2314 - 6141 2314 - 6133

Hindawi

10.1155 / 2017/4969076

4969076

研究文章

补充膳食栗色或白坚木单宁对瘤胃微生物群落和脂肪酸的乳制品母羊

Buccioni

阿里安娜

¹ Pallara

葛拉齐亚

¹ Pastorelli

罗伯塔

² 贝里尼

莱蒂齐亚

¹ Cappucci

爱丽丝

³ Mannelli

Federica

¹ Minieri

莎拉

⁴ Roscini

瓦伦提娜

⁵ Rapaccini

斯特凡诺

¹ Mele

马塞洛

³ Giovannetti

她曾

http://orcid.org/0000 - 0001 - 7188 - 549 x Viti

卡洛

Pauselli

马里亚诺•

⁵ Chorianopoulos

尼科斯

^{1

戴尔'Ambiente Dipartimento愿望delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e

佛罗伦萨大学

那里delle Cascine 18

50144年佛罗伦萨

意大利

unifi.it} ^{2

Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e环境

每拉Ricerca Consiglio Agricoltura e l 'Analisi戴尔'Economia Agraria

通过di Lanciola 12 /

50125年佛罗伦萨

意大利} ^{3

Dipartimento愿望Agrarie

Alimentari e Agro-Ambientali

比萨大学

通过德尔Borghetto 80

56124比萨

意大利

unipi.it} ^{4

Dipartimento愿望Veterinarie

比萨大学

Viale delle Piagge 2

56124比萨

意大利

unipi.it} ^{5

Dipartimento愿望Agrarie Alimentari Ambientali

佩鲁贾大学

Borgo XX Giugno 74

06121年佩鲁贾

意大利

unipg.it}

2017年

31日 12 2017年

2017年 25 08年 2017年 19 10 2017年 04 12 2017年 31日 12 2017年

2017年

这是一个开放的文章在知识共享归属许可下发布的,它允许无限制的使用,分布和繁殖在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确的引用。

反刍动物衍生产品在饮食和全球经济有重要的作用;因此,能够控制瘤胃微生物生态系统,改善其质量,是畜牧业的根本重要性。本研究的目的是评估膳食补充剂的影响与栗子和白坚木单宁对微生物群落和脂肪酸,奶牛瘤胃液体的母羊。多元PCR-DGGE概要瘤胃微生物群落的分析显示之间的相关性的存在栗色或白坚木饮食、具体<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属十八3组DGGE概要文件,增加<我talic> 独联体9日,<我talic> 独联体12,<我talic> 独联体15;十八2<我talic> 独联体9,<我talic> 独联体12;十八2<我talic> 独联体9,<我talic> 反式11;十八2<我talic> 反式11和<我talic> 独联体15;和第18章<我talic> 反式11的内容,减少18:0浓度。DGGE乐队序列的系统发育分析揭示了细菌的存在代表相关属<我talic> Hungatella,<我talic> 瘤胃球菌属,<我talic> 真细菌和非保密Lachnospiraceae家庭成员,这表明这些类群可能受单宁的饮食。这项研究的结果表明,单宁栗色和白坚木可以通过减少不饱和脂肪酸的biohydrogenation瘤胃微生物群落的变化。意大利degli研究di佛罗伦萨 Gruppo Mauro萨维奥拉Srl Radicofani 1。介绍<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>瘤胃微生物生态系统的操作被认为是最重要的畜牧科学提高饲料效率和增加ruminant-derived产品的质量(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。最新发现表明,丹宁酸,第二个最丰富的植物酚类木质素后,可用作天然饲料添加剂调制瘤胃发酵的抑制特定的瘤胃微生物物种(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。单宁化学分为两组,hydrolysable和浓缩单宁能够影响经济增长和许多种类的瘤胃微生物的代谢活动<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。单宁归因于不同的毒性作用机制,如酶活性的抑制,底物或金属离子剥夺,有害生物膜(行动<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。此外,丹宁酸对瘤胃微生物的影响似乎强烈依赖于它们的化学结构,他们在瘤胃酒的浓度,和所涉及的微生物物种<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"> 5<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。由于这个原因,<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>研究请阐明这类多酚对瘤胃微生物群落的影响,因此其实际就业在反刍家畜。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>最近,许多研究已经试图了解如何增加健康的脂肪酸的浓度(FA) rumenic酸(RA,十八2<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11)或vaccenic酸(VA 18:1<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11)和瞬态中间的细菌biohydrogenation (BH)的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),在反刍动物奶和肉(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"> 8<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。在以BH细菌似乎参与,<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团是特别敏感的单宁(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"> 9<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"> 13<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。选择性抑制<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>的最后一步,涉及黑洞亚油酸(洛杉矶,第18章第2节的过程<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12),可以提供一个积累vaccenic酸(VA, 18:1<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11)在瘤胃级别,因此,更多的RA在反刍动物产品(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"> 14<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。单宁减少<我talic> 在体外<gydF4y2Ba/italic>活动和增长<我talic> b . proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"> 15<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"> 16<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。此外,文献[<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)表明,白坚木的包容<我talic> (Schinopsis lorentzii)<gydF4y2Ba/italic>单宁在母羊饮食影响了<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团选择性地在乳制品和增强RA的内容。然而,有限的信息是可用的<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>不同来源的丹宁酸对瘤胃微生物的影响和FA黑洞。因此,本研究的目的是调查的影响以栗母羊饮食补充(十)或白坚木(,)单宁提取物(hydrolysable和浓缩单宁,resp)对瘤胃精足总,总瘤胃细菌组成的社区,,最后,在的组成<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>群社区,通过使用一个聚合酶链reaction-denaturant梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)的方法。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2"> <title>2。材料和方法<gydF4y2Ba/title> <sec id="sec2.1"> <title>2.1。动物和实验设计<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>实验研究中心的应用生物学、意大利佩鲁贾大学。动物被处理根据意大利法律的指导方针对动物福利的实验动物(意大利卫生部,2014)和佩鲁贾大学的伦理委员会动物使用和护理。三柏加马斯卡舞曲x不会分泌乳汁Appenninica母羊(6岁,60.5±3.4公斤的体重)配备了瘤胃套管的内部直径10厘米(Ankom技术公司,马其顿,纽约,美国)。动物被单独写。实验3×3拉丁方设计。每个母羊饲料三个连续三实验21 d的时期,包括15 d的适应,在每一个。在21天瘤胃白酒取样。3×3拉丁方出现2次,目的是获得更多的复制。在整个实验期间,母羊可以免费获得水和干草,在集中管理每天两次(07:30时和18:30)。运动每天收集一次。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.2"> <title>2.2。饮食<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>之前测试的实验饮食是相同的<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>试验(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。饮食是由碎草干草(粒度> 4厘米的长度),随意和集中管理(800克/头/天),含有84.5克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>干物质(DM)的大豆油,52.8 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>膨润土的DM(控制,作为补偿的惰性成分单宁介绍),或52.8 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM的栗单宁(十)或52.8 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM的白坚木单宁(,)。的化学成分提要和集中展示在表的成分<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。单宁的剂量选择获得饮食单宁浓度接近1.6%的预期DM的摄入量。结果从先前的研究在文献的基础上,这一剂量被认为是安全的动物和实际的农民<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"> 7<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"> 18<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab1"> <label>表1<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>成分、化学成分和脂肪酸的干草和大麦滚的实验集中和管理的母羊。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left"></th> <th align="center">草干草<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">大麦滚<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">控制饮食<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">十、饮食<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">是饮食<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left"> <italic> 成分(g公斤<gydF4y2Ba/italic> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mprescripts></mml:mprescripts> <mml:none></mml:none> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mtext mathvariant="italic"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula> <italic> DM)<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">大麦<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">213.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">213.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">213.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">玉米<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">211.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">211.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">211.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">麦麸<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">158.5<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">158.5<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">158.5<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">大豆粉(44 CP)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">126.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">126.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">126.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">甜菜浆<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">89.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">89.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">89.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">大豆油<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">84.5<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">84.5<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">84.5<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">膨润土<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">52.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">栗单宁提取<gydF4y2Basup>2<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">52.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">白坚木单宁提取<gydF4y2Basup>3<gydF4y2Ba/sup></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">52.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">糖蜜<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">41.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">41.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">41.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">CaCO<gydF4y2Basub>3<gydF4y2Ba/sub></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">10.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">10.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">10.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">碳酸氢钠<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">5。3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5。3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5。3<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">磷酸氢钙<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">5。3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5。3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5。3<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <italic> 化学成分(g公斤<gydF4y2Ba/italic> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mprescripts></mml:mprescripts> <mml:none></mml:none> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo> - - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mtext mathvariant="italic"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula> <italic> DM)<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">有机物质<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">847.0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">859.9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">816.9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">858.1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">869.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">粗蛋白<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">111.2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">121.0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">165.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">173.7<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">170.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">乙醚萃取物<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">12.0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">16.1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">109.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">105.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">102.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">NDF<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">636.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">134.1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">174.7<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">181.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">172.1<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">ADF<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">501.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">54.2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">77.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">72.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">74.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">诽谤联盟<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">105.7<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">14.9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">10.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">13.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">8.7<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">灰<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">69.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">21.0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">84.6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">39.9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">39.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">我(MJ公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">7.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">9.9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">13.1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">14.1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">14.1<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">内尔(Mcal公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1。2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2。0</td> <td align="center">2。1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2。1<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <italic> 脂肪酸(g / 100 g的总脂肪酸)<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">16:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">35.5<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">18.2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">14.0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">14.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">14.9<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">SA 18:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5。8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">4所示。6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3所示。6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3所示。4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3所示。4<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">9.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">21.2<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">23.3<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">22.9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">22.0<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">洛杉矶,第18章第2节<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">28.5<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">45.0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">51.4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">51.7<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">51.8<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">LNA、十八3<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2。8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">6.0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5。8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5。6<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5。8<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">其他足总<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">18.1<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">4所示。9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1。9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2。0</td> <td align="center">2。1<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table-wrap-foot> <fn> <p> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn> 1<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>大豆油脂肪酸概要(g / 100 g的总脂肪酸):0,11.01;C18:0 3.6;C18:1<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,22.09;C18:2<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12日,53.7;C18:3<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15日,7.2。<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn> 2<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>从栗木Hydrolysable单宁提取(<我talic> 齿栗叶的可能<gydF4y2Ba/italic>机)含有750克的等效鞣酸/公斤DM (Gruppo Mauro提供的萨维奥拉Srl Radicofani,锡耶纳,意大利)。<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn> 3<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>从白坚木浓缩单宁提取<我talic> (Schinopsis lorentzii)<gydF4y2Ba/italic>每公斤含有456克的等效鞣酸DM (Guido Lapi SpA,卡斯特尔Franco di惊喜,比萨,意大利)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </fn> </table-wrap-foot> </table-wrap> </sec> <sec id="sec2.3"> <title>2.3。丹宁酸来源<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>栗单宁(750克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM而提供的等效鞣酸)Mauro萨维奥拉Srl (Radicofani,锡耶纳,意大利),而提取,g(456公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM圭多提供的等效鞣酸)Lapi SpA(卡斯特尔Franco di惊喜、比萨、意大利)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>提取都据伯恩斯(滴定<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"> 19<gydF4y2Ba/xref>评估相当于鞣酸。化学成分及气相色谱的状况、被刊登在Campo et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"> 20.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]和的特点,为其它Vasta et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.4"> <title>2.4。饲料采样和分析<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>每天饲料样品收集,储存在−80°C,直到进一步的分析。样本然后地面进行化学分析轧机Cyclotec 1093 (PBI国际米兰,意大利),使用一个毫米的网格大小。浓度的粗蛋白(CP)、醚提取物(EE)和灰分测定采用AOAC公认方法976.06,920.39,和942.05,分别<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"> 21<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、和木质素(ADL)内容确定根据范所以et al<我talic> 。<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"> 22<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),使用热稳定的淀粉酶和亚硫酸钠,表示包括残留的灰烬。代谢能(我)和净能量哺乳(NEL)计算根据美人蕉et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"> 23<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。提要提取足总根据Folch et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24<gydF4y2Ba/xref>据克里斯蒂),酯化(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"> 25<gydF4y2Ba/xref>与19:0](σ化工有限公司,圣路易斯,密苏里州,美国)作为内部标准,并确定使用下面描述的相同的步骤的FA瘤胃样本。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.5"> <title>2.5。瘤胃样本收集和脂肪酸概要文件<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>瘤胃内容从每个采样前母羊早上喂瘤胃从两个不同的网站,经过21天的试验在每个饮食和立即冻结在−80°C,直到进一步的分析。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>英足总提取根据Folch et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24<gydF4y2Ba/xref>据Buccioni)和甲基化等。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。英足总甲酯(名声)组成由色谱法,根据Buccioni et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。个人饥饿量化使用戊酸(5:0)和nonadecanoic酸(19:0)甲基酯(鳕鱼W275204和鳕鱼N5377,分别地。西格玛化工有限公司,圣路易斯,密苏里州,美国)作为内部标准和比较确定的名声峰的相对保留时间的样本,与标准的混合物37混合组件的名声(18919 - 1 - amp C4:0-C24:0、鳕鱼,Supelco, Bellefonte, PA,美国),个人18:1<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9和第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11(46903年和v1381鳕鱼,分别地。,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), individual 18:2<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>1255年11(鳕鱼,Matreya Inc .愉快的差距,PA,美国),CLA混合标准(鳕鱼05632;Sigma-Aldrich,圣路易斯,密苏里州,美国),发表了异构配置文件(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"> 26<gydF4y2Ba/xref>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"> 28<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。18:1同分异构体洗脱顺序执行根据克雷默et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"> 29日<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。此外,标准的亚麻酸(放大器)同分异构体(47792年鳕鱼,Supelco化工有限公司,圣路易斯,密苏里州,美国)和洛杉矶同分异构体(47791年鳕鱼,Supelco化工有限公司,圣路易斯,密苏里州,美国)和出版异构配置文件(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"> 30.<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)被用来识别感兴趣的同分异构体(共轭<我talic> α<gydF4y2Ba/italic>亚麻酸,CALNA十八3<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15;vaccelenic酸,VLA,十八2<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15)。两个细菌混合酸甲酯(47080 - u Supelco鳕鱼,化工有限公司,圣路易斯,密苏里州;GLC110 Matreya,愉快的差距,PA)和个人标准14:0的甲酯<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,14:0<我talic> 迷人<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,15:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和17:0<我talic> 迷人<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(鳕科鱼21-1211-11,21-1210-11,21-1312-11,21-1415-11,Larodan马尔默,瑞典)被用来确定分支FA概要文件。国米和intra-assay变异系数计算通过使用参考标准黄油(CRM 164年,社区的参考,布鲁塞尔,比利时)和检测阈值的0.001 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>FA (<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"> 31日<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。所有FA成分结果表示为g / 100 g FA。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.6"> <title>2.6。DNA提取、PCR扩增<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>总DNA提取1毫升每个冷冻瘤胃液体,使用快速DNA旋转工具土壤(MP生物医学,圣安娜、钙、美国)做了一些调整。短暂,每个样本解冻和转移到15毫升管,含4.5毫升的缓冲区组成的150毫米氯化钠,10毫米<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>Tris-HCl, pH值8.0,10毫米EDTA涡大力,离心机在200年<我talic> g<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在4°C 5分钟。一毫升的上层清液被转移到一个2毫升离心管,离心,享年14600岁<我talic> g<gydF4y2Ba/italic>在4°C 5分钟。颗粒在978年被解散<我talic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>122年缓冲磷酸钠和L<我talic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>L的缓冲区(两种解决方案都是由土壤DNA快速旋转工具,MP生物医学,圣安娜、钙、美国),然后处理,根据制造商的指导方针。DNA产量在260 nm量化其吸光度,DNA质量使用琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证1% (w / v)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>提取的DNA作为模板用于PCR扩增V6-V8区域的16 s rRNA的总细菌或基因<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>组。使用以下引物对PCR扩增进行:F968GC和R1401总细菌(片段大小~ 470个基点),根据Nubel et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"> 32<gydF4y2Ba/xref>],F968GC和B无伤大雅的<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团(片段大小~ 470个基点),根据金et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"> 33<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。反应进行了使用一个iCycler热循环(Bio-Rad实验室,赫特福德郡,英国)25<我talic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>L卷包含1 x PCR缓冲(67毫米Tris-HCl, pH值8.8,1.66毫米(NH)<gydF4y2Basub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub>)<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>所以<gydF4y2Basub>4,<gydF4y2Ba/sub>MgCl Tween-20 0.1%), 1.5毫米<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>,250年<我talic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>M deoxynucleotide三磷酸腺苷(核苷酸),每个引物的400海里,1 u Polytaq(变异较大,佛罗伦萨,意大利),和10 ng的DNA。在下列条件下进行PCR反应:最初的94°C的变性5分钟,其次是35周期94°C的20年代,56°C 30年代和72°C 45 s,和最后一个扩展10分钟的72°C。PCR产品验证了琼脂糖凝胶1.2% (w / v) ecectrophoresis。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.7"> <title>2.7。总细菌和<斜体>丁酸弧菌属的PCR-DGGE分析< /斜体>集团的社区<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>PCR扩增子被DGGE electrophoretically分离6%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(丙烯酰胺/ bis 37.5: 1)在1 x TAE缓冲区(40毫米三基地;20毫米冰醋酸;1毫米EDTA)使用50 - 60%变性剂梯度获得100%的变性剂解决方案,v / v去离子的甲酰胺组成的40%,7 M尿素。凝胶是在60°C和75 V 17 Phor-U系统h (Ingeny国际,NL)和电泳运行结束时,凝胶是沾SYBR®黄金(分子探针,尤金或)和凝胶图像数字化使用ChemiDoc XRS装置(Bio-Rad实验室,赫特福德郡,英国)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.8"> <title>2.8。PCR-DGGE片段的序列分析<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>16乐队选择的中间部分<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>DGGE档案无菌切除和放置在20国集团<我talic> μ<gydF4y2Ba/italic>L蒸馏水。通过冻融(PCR产品筛选了<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"> 34<gydF4y2Ba/xref>使用F968 / B)和reamplified fib底漆对没有GC夹,如前所述。PCR DGGE凝胶电泳被检查的产品,然后进行直接测序Macrogen服务(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"> 35<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。色谱图编辑序列使用浓度Lite软件(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"> 36<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)来验证没有模棱两可的山峰和将其转换成FASTA格式。破译找到嵌合体Web工具(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"> 37<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)被用来揭示嵌合体隐藏在16 s rDNA序列。BLASTN程序(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"> 38<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)可以在NCBI网站(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"> 39<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)是用于查找分类密切相关的核苷酸序列。增加作业的准确性,不同的序列相似性阈值被用于不同的分类级别:≥97%的相似性识别和物种水平95%,90%,85%,80%,和75%转让属,家庭秩序,类,分别和门级(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> 40<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>构建系统发育系统树图,显示明显的亲缘部分16 s rRNA彼此基因序列和其他等效长度的序列从基因库中检索数据库使用软件ClustalX) (<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"> 41<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)执行序列比对和软件TREECON 1.3 b (<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"> 42<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)的建设系统树使用neighbor-joining方法(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"> 43<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。引导分析基于1000重采样。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec2.9"> <title>2.9。统计分析<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>统计分析了使用SAS的混合过程<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"> 44<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。数据分析使用以下模型:<gydF4y2Badisp-formula> <mml:math display="block" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <mml:mtable> <mml:mlabeledtr id="eq1"> <mml:mtd> <mml:mtext> (1)<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mtext> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> Y<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> 我<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> j<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> l<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> μ<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> +<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> 一个<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> 我<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> +<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> j<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> +<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> D<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> +<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mfenced separators="|"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> 我<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> ×<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> D<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mo> +<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> R<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> z<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> +<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> e<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> 我<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> j<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> z<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> ,<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> </mml:mtd> </mml:mlabeledtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:math> </disp-formula>在哪里<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> Y<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>因变量,计算在每一个采样周期测量的均值,<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> μ<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>总体的意思是,<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> 一个<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> 我<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>是动物随机效应(<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10"> <mml:mi> 我<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 1<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>3),<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> j<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>是效果(<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12"> <mml:mi> j<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 1<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>3),<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M13"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> D<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>是饮食的效果(<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14"> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 1<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>3),<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> D<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> ×<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> 我<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> </inline-formula>是他们的互动,<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> R<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> z<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>拉丁方的随机复制(<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17"> <mml:mi> z<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 1<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>2),<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M18"> <mml:mi> e<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> 我<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> j<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> k<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mi> z<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:math> </inline-formula>是残差。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>最小二乘方法估计报告。所有统计分析、意义被宣布<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19"> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≤<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>DGGE概要进行了规范化和分析使用GelCompar II软件4.6 v(应用数学、Sint-Martens-Latem、比利时)。乐队(物种丰富度)的数量及其相对丰度作为代理的丰富性和多样性(香农指数,<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M20"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> H<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> ′<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>、辛普森指数D)瘤胃微生物群落,被Pastorelli et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"> 45<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。DGGEs带概要文件,提取存在/不匹配表,过去被导入到软件(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"> 46<gydF4y2Ba/xref>为多元统计分析如前所述,Lagomarsino et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"> 47<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。单向的相似性分析(ANOSIM)和置换多元方差分析(PERMANOVA)进行确定意义的微生物群落结构差异由于不同的饮食方法。为了找到潜在的社区之间的连接成分和瘤胃FA概要文件和证据这些连接可能会如何影响不同的两种不同的饮食典范对应分析(CCA)进行:首先,英足总认为是主要涉及黑洞的过程(即。18:0,硬脂酸,SA);弗吉尼亚州;射电望远镜;洛杉矶;放大器;RA)选择;第二,英足总认为是瘤胃微生物代谢的标记根据Fievez et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"> 48<gydF4y2Ba/xref>被认为(即。,15:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;15:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;17:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;17:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>)。向量的长度和角度的相对重要性表明FA中区别不同的细菌群落瘤胃酒(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"> 49<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。识别分类单元,主要导致分离的微生物群落,根据不同的饮食,DGGE乐队分数也CCA图绘制。的<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团DGGE概要,主要是有关不同FA概要文件被测序。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> </sec> <sec id="sec3"> <title>3所示。结果<gydF4y2Ba/title> <sec id="sec3.1"> <title>3.1。脂肪酸(FA)瘤胃酒的成分<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>单宁的存在在饮食诱导瘤胃酒足总变化的状况。单宁降低PUFA的黑洞导致亚油酸的积累(LA)、亚麻酸(放大器),及其BH中间体,减少累积的硬脂酸(SA)(表<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。特别是vaccenic酸(VA)和rumenic酸(RA)百分比明显高于从母羊美联储本契约和瘤胃酒,比动物样本美联储控制饮食。等18:1同分异构体<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11日,<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>5,<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>6 - 8,<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9,<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>10显示类似的趋势。,饮食也与增加18:2有关<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>10日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12瘤胃酒中的内容。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab2"> <label>表2<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>脂肪酸从绵羊瘤胃的酒再辅以800 g /头/天的集中含有84克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>大豆油的DM + 0(控制)或52.8 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM的栗单宁提取(十)或52.8 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>白坚木DM的单宁提取(,)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">足总总脂肪酸的g / 100 g<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">控制<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">十、<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">什么<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">扫描电镜<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup></th> <th align="center"> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M21"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>价值<gydF4y2Basup>2<gydF4y2Ba/sup></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">10:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.197 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.186 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.439<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.077<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0473<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">12:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center">0.237 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.387<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.261 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.041<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0402<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">12:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.297 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.318 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.656<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.087<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0213<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">13:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.305摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.453 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.542<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.024<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">14:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center">0.317 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.613<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.404 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.068<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0184<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">14:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.485 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.556 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.438<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.076<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">15:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center">0.116摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.185 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.239<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.020<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0030<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">15:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center">0.378 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.376 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.507<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.039<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0499<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">15:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.776 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.605摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.054<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.017<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">16:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center">0.175 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.178 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.276<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.029<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0353<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">16:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">10428 c<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">17.423 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">23.108<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.712<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">17:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center">7.544<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">7.418<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">6.135 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.288<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0039<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">17:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center">0.189 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.154摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.247<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.010<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">17:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.327 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.342 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.532<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.037<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0013<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">SA 18:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">50.447<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">44.616 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">32.770摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.307<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>5<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.051摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.313<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.132 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.055<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0122<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> tran<gydF4y2Ba/italic>6 - 8<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.476摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.682 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.134<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.131<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0051<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.334摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.602 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.665<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.016<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>10<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.681 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.254<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.359<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.147<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0071<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">弗吉尼亚州,第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.922摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">6.304 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">7.589<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.244<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.535摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.792 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.299<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.033<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>5<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.374 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.697<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.799<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.069<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0007<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>7<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.510摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.297 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.498<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.064<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2.337摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">3.879 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">5.340<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.111<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.414摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.702 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.892<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.014<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0137<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">第18章<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.258<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.315<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.363<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.042<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.1927<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">,第18章第2节<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.123<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.181<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.179<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.049<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.5901<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">洛杉矶,第18章第2节<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.845摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.096 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.926<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.075<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">LNA、十八3<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.305摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.363 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.467<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.023<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0004<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">RA,第18章第2节<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>9日,<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.651摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2.137 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">2.600<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.042<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">班<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>10日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>12<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.163 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.162 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.258<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.017<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.0008<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">20:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.230 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.323 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.637<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.025<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">20:4<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.738<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">1.016<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.959<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.110<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.1855<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">22:0<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.144摄氏度<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.226 b<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.399<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">0.021<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center">< 0.0001<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table-wrap-foot> <fn> <p><sup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>标准错误的意思是;<gydF4y2Basup>2<gydF4y2Ba/sup>的概率显著影响(a、b和c<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M22"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>< 0.05)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </fn> </table-wrap-foot> </table-wrap> <p>考虑到奇怪甚至支链脂肪酸,14:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>内容增加瘤胃液体样本中只母羊美联储,而15:0的内容<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>增加瘤胃酒的单宁酸的饮食。然而,15:0的内容<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>从母羊在瘤胃酒是美联储。瘤胃液体样本母羊美联储控制和CHT饮食17:0浓度最高<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(表<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。考虑到<我talic> 赌注/ iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>足总,12:0的内容<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>本样本的风险高,而15:0吗<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和17:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>含量高,样品。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec3.2"> <title>3.2。栗色和白坚木单宁酸对瘤胃微生物的影响的社区<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>DGGE条带配置文件获得总细菌(补充材料<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="supplementary-material-1"> 1<gydF4y2Ba/xref>显示许多乐队从16 - 28。与生成的配置文件<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>组引物不那么复杂,一个乐队4-16(补充材料<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="supplementary-material-1"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。丰富不受饮食中单宁的存在在瘤胃酒细菌<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M23"> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> (<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.324<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> )<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> </mml:math> </inline-formula>和<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M24"> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> (<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.206<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> )<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> </mml:math> </inline-formula>社区。<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M25"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> H<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> ′<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>指数从DGGE分析获得的细菌<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M26"> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> (<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.352<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> )<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> </mml:math> </inline-formula>和<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M27"> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> (<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.117<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> )<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> </mml:math> </inline-formula>治疗和D之间的相似指数没有显著变化与细菌的饮食吗<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M28"> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> (<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.383<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> )<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> </mml:math> </inline-formula>或<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>组织社区<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M29"> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> (<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.071<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> )<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> </mml:math> </inline-formula>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>ANOSIM测试应用于16 s rDNA PCR-DGGE资料表明,不同的饮食方案明显分离的瘤胃细菌社区和细菌带概要文件的复制动物样本(6×3饮食)为每个饮食更相似(ANOSIM全球测试<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M30"> <mml:mi> R<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.233<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>;<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M31"> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>比时发现)<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团(ANOSIM全球测试<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M32"> <mml:mi> R<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.4216<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>;<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M33"> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.01<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)进行了分析。PERMANOVA分析证实,饮食显著影响微生物群落结构(PERMANOVA全球测试:细菌<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M34"> <mml:mi> F<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 2.446<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>,<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M35"> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>;<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M36"> <mml:mi> F<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> =<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 4.276<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>,<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M37"> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.01<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> </mml:math> </inline-formula>)。PERMANOVA双向测试证实细菌社区及下,明显不同于控制饮食(表<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),对<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团下的社区CHT明显不同于其他人,而控制社区,没有明显不同(表<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab3"> <label>表3<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M38"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>值从PERMANOVA成对比较的带概要文件从16 s rDNA细菌DGGE(黑体,右侧上方)和16 s rDNA<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团DGGE(斜体,左下侧)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">饮食<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">控制<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">十、<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="center">什么<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">控制<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> <bold> 0.0450<gydF4y2Ba/bold> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M39"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mprescripts></mml:mprescripts> <mml:none></mml:none> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> 一个<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula></td> <td align="center"> <bold> 0.0272<gydF4y2Ba/bold> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M40"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mprescripts></mml:mprescripts> <mml:none></mml:none> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> 一个<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">十、<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"> <italic> 0.0196<gydF4y2Ba/italic> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M41"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mprescripts></mml:mprescripts> <mml:none></mml:none> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> 一个<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> <bold> 0.1310<gydF4y2Ba/bold></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">什么<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="center"> <italic> 0.0737<gydF4y2Ba/italic></td> <td align="center"> <italic> 0.0046<gydF4y2Ba/italic> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M42"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mprescripts></mml:mprescripts> <mml:none></mml:none> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> 一个<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table-wrap-foot> <fn> <p> <inline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M43"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> 一个<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> </inline-formula>重要的价值<我nline-formula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M44"> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> (<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mi> P<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mi> <mml:mo> <<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> <mml:mn> 0.05<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> )<gydF4y2Ba/mml:mo> </mml:math> </inline-formula>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </fn> </table-wrap-foot> </table-wrap> </sec> <sec id="sec3.3"> <title>3.3。细菌群落组成与饮食<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>规范总细菌或之间进行对应分析<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团DGGE概要文件和英足总认为是主要涉及黑洞过程(SA);弗吉尼亚州,VLA,洛杉矶;放大器;RA)表明,瘤胃社区单宁饮食治疗是分开控制,数字<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a"> 1(一)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>和<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a"> 2(一个)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。同样,CCA总细菌或之间进行<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团DGGE概要文件和英足总认为是瘤胃微生物的新陈代谢(15:0的标志<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;15:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;17:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;17:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>)根据Fievez et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"> 48<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]表明,瘤胃社区,是分开控制,数字<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b"> 1 (b)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>和<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b"> 2 (b)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig-group id="fig1"> <label>图1<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>典范对应分析(CCA)任命图以脂肪酸细菌社区和变量((a)足总认为是主要涉及黑洞过程(SA, 18:0;弗吉尼亚州,第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11;,第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15;洛杉矶;放大器;RA);(b)足总认为是瘤胃微生物的新陈代谢(15:0的标志<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;15:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;17:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;17:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>))(向量)定义的第一和第二轴。DGGE乐队分数也策划(黑色实心圆)。为每个图意义(全球测试)是在右侧上方。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig1a"> <label>(一)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/bmri/2017/4969076.fig.001a"></graphic> </fig> <fig id="fig1b"> <label>(b)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/bmri/2017/4969076.fig.001b"></graphic> </fig> </fig-group> <fig-group id="fig2"> <label>图2<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>典范对应分析(CCA)瘤胃的分类图<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>有关的社区(符号)和瘤胃脂肪酸变量(a)足总认为是主要涉及黑洞过程(SA, 18:0;弗吉尼亚州,第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11;,第18章<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11日,<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15;洛杉矶;放大器;RA);(b)足总认为是瘤胃微生物的新陈代谢(15:0的标志<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;15:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;17:0<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>;17<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>))(向量)定义的第一和第二轴。DGGE乐队分数也策划(黑色实心圆)。为每个图意义(全球测试)是在右侧上方。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig2a"> <label>(一)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/bmri/2017/4969076.fig.002a"></graphic> </fig> <fig id="fig2b"> <label>(b)<gydF4y2Ba/label> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/bmri/2017/4969076.fig.002b"></graphic> </fig> </fig-group> <p>总细菌和<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团下的社区单宁提取饮食LA呈正相关,LNA、RA和弗吉尼亚州的生产数据<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a"> 1(一)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>和<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a"> 2(一个)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,而只有那些在C15呈正相关<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和C17<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,数据<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b"> 1 (b)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>和<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b"> 2 (b)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。总细菌和<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>组织社区的控制样本呈正相关SA生产,数据<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a"> 1(一)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>和<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a"> 2(一个)<gydF4y2Ba/xref>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec3.4"> <title>3.4。协会和鉴定<斜体>丁酸弧菌属< /斜体>组16 s rDNA PCR-DGGE乐队与关键Biohydrogenation通路中的脂肪酸<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>多元CCA分析产生的数据<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团DGGE允许识别细菌物种或组主要关联到一个特定的足总;因此,细菌被测序DGGE乐队1,2,3,4,5,6,7(表<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)明显与洛杉矶,LNA、RA,弗吉尼亚州,VLA(数据未显示),而细菌对应乐队8,9,10,11,12、13、14和15(表<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)明显与SA(数据没有显示)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table-wrap id="tab4"> <label>表4<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>确定所选聚合酶链反应变性梯度凝胶电泳(16 s rDNA PCR-DGGE)碎片。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">PCR-DGGE<gydF4y2Babreak></break>乐队<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="left">最近的比赛<gydF4y2Babreak></break>(加入基因库;%序列相似性)<gydF4y2Ba/th> <th align="left">相对分类学分类<gydF4y2Ba/th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">(1)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> aminophilum梭状芽胞杆菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_118651.1;93%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(2)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 瘤胃球菌属扭矩<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_036777.1;95%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 瘤胃球菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>spp。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(3)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 瘤胃球菌属力矩(<gydF4y2Ba/italic>NR_036777.1;95%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 瘤胃球菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>spp。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(4)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 瘤胃球菌属力矩(<gydF4y2Ba/italic>NR_036777.1;96%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 瘤胃球菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>spp。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(5)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> clostridioforme梭状芽胞杆菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_0447152;95%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> Hungatella<gydF4y2Ba/italic>spp。<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(6)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_114326.1;93%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(7)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 真细菌uniforme<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_104842.1;94%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(8)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 丁酸弧菌属proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_102893.1;94%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(9)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> oroticum梭状芽胞杆菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_114392.1;94%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(10)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> Blautia waxlerae<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_044054.1;93%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(11)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> Roseburia intestinalis<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_027557.1;92%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(12)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 拟杆菌pectinophilus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_121686.1;90%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(13)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 真细菌hallii<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_118673.1;93%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(14)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> 真细菌hallii<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_118673.1;93%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">(15)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left"> <italic> oroticum梭状芽胞杆菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_114392.1;94%)<gydF4y2Ba/td> <td align="left">非保密Lachnospiraceae<gydF4y2Ba/td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </table-wrap> <p>公认的分类识别DNA的乐队与洛杉矶,LNA、RA, VA透露,他们是属<我talic> Hungatella<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(带5),<我talic> 瘤胃球菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(乐队2,3,4),和非保密Lachnospiraceae(带1、6和7;表<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>;图<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。此外,公认的分类识别的乐队与SA透露,他们与非保密Lachnospiraceae(乐队8、9、10、11、12、13、14和15;表<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="table" rid="tab4"> 4<gydF4y2Ba/xref>;图<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <fig id="fig3"> <label>图3<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>系统发育分析<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>部分16 s rRNA使用引物序列来自PCR-DGGE乐队F968 / B fib和确定物种。这一研究获得的序列粗体所示。基于1000年引导的值> 50%复制的节点表示。的16 s rRNA基因序列<我talic> 大肠杆菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>(NR_024570)被选为事。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <graphic xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/bmri/2017/4969076.fig.003"></graphic> </fig> </sec> </sec> <sec id="sec4"> <title>4所示。讨论<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>饮食PUFA的BH过程强烈降低单宁酸的饮食,无论丹宁酸的类型。然而,结果表明,单宁有更强的能力支持BH-intermediate的积累,如弗吉尼亚州和RA,降低瘤胃SA浓度的酒,如果到CHT单宁相比。最近,我们发现了类似的结果通过与饮食喂养哺乳期乳制品母羊包含豆油补充与否与栗子和白坚木单宁(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。在目前的审判,在瘤胃的酒<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>10同分异构体为18:1和18:2也显著积累应对单宁的补充。以前,在一个<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>试验在哺乳期乳制品母羊(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>)管理的相同数量的大豆油和单宁浓缩饲料不产生显著的影响<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>10同分异构体为18:1 18:2,这表明在目前审判瘤胃环境更有利于从大豆油替代BH途径的。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>浓缩单宁的存在,饮食诱导15:0的增加<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和17:0<我talic> 赌注<gydF4y2Ba/italic>内容和17:0的减少<我talic> iso<gydF4y2Ba/italic>瘤胃酒中的内容。自前两个FA与纤维素分解菌株的生长有关,后者与淀粉分解的细菌的生长<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"> 48<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),这种模式或支足总建议浓缩单宁的不利影响纤维素分解细菌。相比之下,支链FA瘤胃酒之间的模式样本及控制饮食很相似,表明CHT单宁不扰乱纤维素分解细菌的生长。的确,以前的<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>实验在哺乳期母羊<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]表明,单宁比在限制、更高效的纤维素分解细菌增殖。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>至于整个瘤胃细菌群落的组成、多样性指数并没有改变。因此,BH模式的变化可能是由于细菌的重组。事实上,丹宁酸的毒性作用在特定菌株可以通过增加补偿单宁抗药性细菌总数。这些数据是按照先前发现的选择性抑制植物提取物含有单宁在特定菌种的生长和活动的代表瘤胃微生物种群(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"> 50<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"> 51<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。Vasta et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),通过T-RFLP分析,表明膳食补充,单宁总细菌群落结构影响羔羊瘤胃的美联储,补充饮食。然而,值得注意的是,单宁用于本研究的比例较低(< 2% DM)比用Vasta et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。因此,现在和以前的数据放在一起<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>试验乳制品母羊,增加饮食中单宁的实际剂量能引起瘤胃细菌总数的变化社区支持的积累及其在瘤胃酒BH中间体。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>细菌参与黑洞的过程被归类为传统上分为两个不同的组:那些属于集团PUFA拉或放大器转换成和那些属于B组加氢,VA到SA (<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"> 14<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。组包含许多已知的物种,其中<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>种虫害是最重要的<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"> 52<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"> 53<gydF4y2Ba/xref>),而<我talic> b . proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>是唯一已知的可耕种的瘤胃细菌属于B组(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"> 54<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"> 55<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,最近的研究表明,其它微生物as-yet-uncultivated系统分为细菌<我talic> 普氏菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,Lachnospiraceae incertae基准和非保密<我talic> 细菌性的<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,<我talic> 梭菌属的,<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和Ruminococcaceae可能参与BH流程与相关角色(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"> 10<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"> 12<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"> 13<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"> 56<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。DGGE分析数据显示2% DM的效果,或CHT单宁的组成<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>组。<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>浓缩单宁(尤其敏感的物种<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"> 16<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。实际上,这些物质能够穿透的细胞壁<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和其他革兰氏阳性细菌和选择性地抑制细胞壁生物合成(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"> 50<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。然而,与此同时,显著的差异<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>物种水平的观察他们对单宁的敏感性(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"> 50<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。持久性和一些乐队的外观而不是其他的<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>DGGE凝胶与这些先前的发现是一致的。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>多元统计允许选择DGGE乐队的代表<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团BH推定地参与的过程<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>。七个乐队消失在母羊再辅以丰富的饮食,而且这种影响是降低瘤胃SA浓度。因此,它是可能的,这组DNA乐队可能代表发挥作用的其他细菌的BH VA SA,确认几项研究的结果(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"> 10<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"> 12<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"> 13<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"> 56<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。的确,这里的乐队确定是高度相关的无教养的瘤胃细菌属于家庭Lachnospiraceae。有趣的是,没有标识为序列<我talic> b . proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>根据文学,这是唯一已知的细菌物种能够有效biohydrogenate PUFA SA在瘤胃。然而,<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>研究显示对比的结果,因为明显的减少数量之间的关系<我talic> b . proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和减少生产SA的瘤胃酒只有数量有限的试验中发现<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"> 2<gydF4y2Ba/xref>,<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"> 3<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。一个可能的解释,我们的数据可能是本研究中使用的丹宁酸的浓度不能修改<我talic> b . proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>瘤胃的增长只有下调产能氢化18:1<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>足总,正如前面提出的Boeckaert et al。<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"> 10<gydF4y2Ba/xref>]。否则,有可能<我talic> b . proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>有一个有限的对股价形成的贡献<我talic> 在活的有机体内<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,其他还没有已知的物种可能有一个更重要的角色在这个步骤中黑洞的途径。因为只有有限数量的瘤胃物种目前已知的,这个假设是可能的。此外,在与其他作者的观点评估海洋藻类的影响(<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"> 10<gydF4y2Ba/xref>和鱼油<gydF4y2Baxref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"> 56<gydF4y2Ba/xref>瘤胃细菌多样性,证明可能消失的许多不文明的关系Lachnospiraceae菌株,遗传距离<我talic> b . proteoclasticus<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和瘤胃SA浓度明显降低。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>我们的研究也证明,这两种类型的丹宁酸诱导增加洛杉矶,LNA、RA和VA和第18章第2节<我talic> 反式<gydF4y2Ba/italic>11和<我talic> 独联体<gydF4y2Ba/italic>15在瘤胃酒,这是与更高强度的七个乐队<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团DGGE概要文件。系统发育分析显示,这些序列是属于属物种的代表<我talic> Hungatella<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,<我talic> 瘤胃球菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>,<我talic> 真细菌<gydF4y2Ba/italic>和非保密Lachnospiraceae。再一次,这些数据确认<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>组织可能参与BH通路,他们数量的增加可能促进瘤胃18:1中间体的积累。其他就业和更强大的分子技术,如功能宏基因组,可能有助于明确这些无教养的黑洞里的细菌的作用途径。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec id="sec5"> <title>5。结论<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>使用栗色和白坚木单宁乳制品母羊的饮食水平低于2% DM减少瘤胃BH过程的程度,降低SA浓度和提高的百分比,LNA、VA, RA和其他18:1同分异构体。变化在足总概要与总细菌和变化有着紧密的联系<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>群社区,即使在存在白坚木他们更明显。乐队消失或增加单宁酸的存在<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>集团DGGE概要文件相关的许多不文明的种Lachnospiraceae,表明这些还不是已知的物种可能发挥作用在PUFA的黑洞。我们的研究表明,板栗和白坚木单宁提供一种有趣的可能性调制良好瘤胃细菌脂质代谢健康FA的前身,在哺乳期母羊的乳腺组织产生的牛奶脂肪合成。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <back> <glossary> <title>缩写<gydF4y2Ba/title> <def-list> <def-item> <term> ADF:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>酸性洗涤纤维<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> BH:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>Biohydrogenation<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> CLNA:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>共轭亚麻酸<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 本:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>栗单宁<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 糖尿病:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>干物质<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> CP:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>粗蛋白<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 情感表达:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>乙醚萃取物<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 费尔南多-阿隆索:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>脂肪酸<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 名声:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>脂肪酸甲基酯<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 拉:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>亚油酸<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 放大器:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>亚麻酸<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 我:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>代谢能<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 警队辨称:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>净能量为泌乳<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> NDF:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>中性洗涤剂纤维<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> PUFA:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>多不饱和脂肪酸<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 问:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>白坚木单宁<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 类风湿性关节炎:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>Rumenic酸<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 山:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>硬脂酸<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 弗吉尼亚州:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>Vaccenic酸<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> 射电望远镜:<gydF4y2Ba/term> <def> <p>Vaccelenic酸。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </def> </def-item> </def-list> </glossary> <sec> <title>的利益冲突<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>作者宣称没有利益冲突。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <sec> <title>作者的贡献<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>阿里安娜Buccioni和葛拉齐亚Pallara是平等的贡献者。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </sec> <ack> <title>确认<gydF4y2Ba/title> <p>作者要感谢以下人员佛罗伦萨大学的:弗朗西斯卡Decorosi,多利亚Benvenuti,和安东尼奥Pezzati技术援助。这项工作已经由佛罗伦萨大学的金融支持手段(Fondi di Ricerca di Ateneo 2013/2014/2015)和Gruppo毛罗。萨维奥拉Srl Radicofani,锡耶纳,意大利。<gydF4y2Ba/p> </ack> <sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="supplementary-material-1"> <title>补充材料<gydF4y2Ba/title> <supplementary-material id="supp-1" xlink:href="//www.newsama.com/downloads/journals/bmri/2017/4969076.f1.pdf" mimetype="application/pdf"> <label>补充材料<gydF4y2Ba/label> <p>补充材料1:DGGE的16 s rDNA PCR产品从DNA提取瘤胃酒使用底漆的总细菌(f968gc - 1401 r)。CTR,控制饮食(84 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM大豆油);饮食(84 g公斤,栗色的单宁<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM豆油+ 52.8 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM的栗单宁提取);饮食,白坚木单宁(84克公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM豆油+ 52.8 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM的白坚木单宁提取);米,标记用于乐队正常化。补充材料2:DGGE的16 s rDNA PCR产品获得DNA从瘤胃中提取液使用底漆<我talic> 丁酸弧菌属<gydF4y2Ba/italic>组(F968GC-B fib)。CTR,控制饮食(84 g公斤<gydF4y2Basup>−1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>DM大豆油);饮食(84 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